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TOEFLReview of Structure and Written Expression
PROBLEM 1
Please write out the answers to the questions at
the end of __________a. Eighth chapterb. Eight chapterc. Chapter eightd. Chapter the eight
NUMERICAL ORDER The is used with an ordinal number before a
singular count nount to express numerical order.
The following are ordinal numbers :First fourth ninth
Second Fifth twelfth
Third sixth fifteenth
the ordinal number
count nount (singular)
I am outlining
the sixth chapter in my notebook
The following are cardinal numbers :
Cardinal number is used after a noun.
One Four Nine
Two five twelve
three Six fifteen
count nount (singular)
cardinal number
I am outlining chapter six in my notebook
PROBLEM 2
Although the weather in Martha’s Vineyard isn’t ________ to have a year-round tourist session, it has become a favourite summer resort.a. Goodly enoughb. Good enoughc. Good as enoughd. Enough good
SUFFICIENCY – ENOUGH with ADJECTIVES
Remember that enough with adjectives means sufficiency.
Avoid using enough before the adjective instead of after the adjective.
Ex: he should be enough strong to get out of bed. Avoid using as between enough and the
infinitive. Ex: he should be as strong enough to get out of
bed.
S V adjective
enough infinitive
It is warm enough to go swimming
PROBLEM 3
______ to go to the grocery store everyday?a. Do people in your country likeb. People in your country likec. May people in your country likedd. Have people in your country like
MODAL + VERB WORD
Remember that a modal is used with a verb word.
Avoid using an infinitive or an –ing form instead of a verb word after a modal.
Ex. After you show me the way, I can to go by myself.
S modal verb word
They will visit us
PROBLEM 4
In many ways, riding a bicycle is similar to ____.a. The driving of a carb. When you drive a carc. Driving a card. When driving a car
PARALLEL STRUCTURE
In all patterns, ideas of equal importance should be expressed by the same grammatical structure.
Avoid expressing ideas in a series by different structure.
Ex.She enjoys teaching and to write.She enjoys teaching and writing.
PROBLEM 5
Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they _____ the experience of meeting.a. Hadn’t b. Didn’t have hadc. Hadn’t hadd. Hadn’t have
WISHES – EVENTS IN THE PAST
Remember that although the verb wish is in the present tense, the pattern refers to desire in the past.
Desires in the past are expressed by had, could have or would have and participle
Ex. I wish that I bought ice cream yesterday. I wish that I had bought ice cream yesterday.
S Wish (present)
that S HadCould haveWould have
participle
I wish that you had called yesterday
PROBLEM 6
Canada does not require that U.S. Citizens obtain
passports to entry the country, and ________a. Mexico does neitherb. Mexico doesn’t eitherc. Neither Mexico doesd. Either does Mexico
NEGATIVE AGREEMENT – NEITHER AND EITHER
Remember that neither and either have the same meaning, but neither is used before auxiliary verbs and either is used after auxiliary verbs and not.
Avoid using the subject before BE, DO, HAVE or the MODALEx. I didn’t know the answer, and neither he did.
S ModalHaveDoBe not
Verb wordParticipleVerb word-ing form
and neither ModalHaveDoBe
S
She won’t go and neither will I
She hasn’t gone and neither have I
She doesn’t
go and neither do I
She isn’t going and neither am I
NEGATIVE AGREEMENT – NEITHER AND EITHER
Ex.
She is not in agreement, and neither am I.She is not in agreement, and I’m not either.
S ModalHaveDoBe not
Verb wordParticipleVerb word-ing form
and S ModalHaveDoBe
either
She won’t go and I will not either
She hasn’t gone and I haven’t either
She doesn’t
go and I don’t either
She isn’t going and I am not either
AFFIRMATIVE AGREEMENT – SO AND TOO
So is used before auxiliary verbs. Too and also are used after auxiliary verbs.
S ModalHaveVBe
Verb wordParticiple
-ingand so
ModalHaveDoBe S
She will talk to them
and so will I
She has talked to them
and so have I
She talked and so did I
She is talking and so am I
AFFIRMATIVE AGREEMENT
S ModalHaveVBe
Verb wordParticiple
-ingand S
ModalHaveDoBe
tooalso
She will talk to them
and I will too
She has talked to them
and I have too
She talked and I did too
She is talking and I am too
PROBLEM 7
The Consumer Price index lists _________a. How much costs every carb. How much does every car costc. How much every car costsd. How much are every car cost
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Remember that question words can be used as conjunctions.
Question words include the following :
Who What What time
When Where Why
How How long How many/how much
S V question word
S V
I don’t remember
what her name
is
V S question word
S V
Do you remember
what her name
is?
PROBLEM 8
Fast-food restaurants have become popular because manyworking people want ______
a. To eat quickly and cheaplyb. Eating quickly and cheaplyc. Eat quickly and cheaplyd. The eat quickly and cheaply
VERBS THAT REQUIRE AN INFINITIVE IN THE COMPLEMENT
agree decide hesitate need refuse
appear demand hope offer seem
arrange deserve intend plant tend
ask expect learn prepare threaten
claim fail manage pretend wait
consent forget mean promise want
S V complement (infinitive)
We had planned
to leave day before yesterdayAvoid using an –ing form after the verbs list.
Avoid using a verb word after want
Ex.They didn’t plant buying a car.
PROBLEM 9
The examiner made us _________ our identification in order to be admitted to the test center.
a. Showingb. Showc. Showedd. To show
CAUSATIVE MAKE
Remember that MAKE can be used as a causative. In causative, a person does not perform an action directly.
The person causes it to happen by forcing another person to do it.
Avoid using an infinitive or an –ing form instead of a verb word after a person or thing in a causative with MAKE.
S MAKE someone
verb word
His mother
made him take his medicineS MAKE somethin
gverb word
I made the machine
work
CAUSATIVE GET
GET can be used as a causative. GET has less force and authority than MAKE.
S GET someone infinitive
Let’s get Ani to go with us
S GET something
participle
Let’s get our car fixed first
CAUSATIVE HAVE
HAVE has even less force and authority than GET
S HAVE someone verb word
She had us change our will
S HAVE something
participle
I want to have
this book renewed, please
CAUSATIVE LET
With LET, a person gives permission for another person to do it.
S LET someone
verb word
His mother
let him go to school
S LET something verb word
He is letting this machine
cool
CAUSATIVE HELP
With HELP, a person assists another person to do it.
S HELP someone
verb wordinfinitive
He is helping
me type my paper
He is helping
me to type my paper
PROBLEM 10
When a body enters the earth’s atmosphere, it travels _________
a. Very rapidlyb. In a rapid mannerc. Fastlyd. With great speed
ADVERBS OF MANNER
Remember that adverbs of manner describe the manner in which something.
They answer the question, HOW? Adverbs of manner usually end in –ly.
S V adverb (manner)
The class listened attentively to the lecture
PROBLEM 11
Put plants __________ a window so that they will get enough light.
a. Near tob. Near of c. Next tod. Nearly
PREPOSITIONAL IDIOMS
Prefer these idioms
Avoid these errors
Meaning
Accede toAccording toApprove of
Accede on, byAccordingApprove for
MenyetujuiMenurut Menyetujui
Concerned withDepend onEqual to
Concerned ofDepend in, toEqual as
Terkait denganTergantung padaSebesar
From now onGlance atPrior to
After now onGlancePrior
Mulai sekarangMelihat sekilasSebelum
Related toSimilar to
Related withSimilar as
Terkait denganSerupa dengan
PROBLEM 12
Employers often require that candidates have not only a degree in engineering __________.
a. But two years experienceb. Also two years experiencec. But also two years experienced. But more two years experience
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION – NOT ONLY...BUT ALSO Avoid using only not instead of not only. Avoid using but instead of but also.
Avoid using as well instead of as well as. Meaning : maupun, serta
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION – AND ... AS WELL AS
nounadjective as well as
nounadjective
He is intelligent as well as athletic
both nounadjective
and nounadjedtive
as well as
nounadjective
He is both intelligent and artistic as well as athletic
PROBLEM 13
If one of the participants in a conversation wonders __________ no real communication has taken place.
a. What said the other personb. What the other person saidc. What did the other person sayd. What was the other person saying
indirect question
PROBLEM 14
The salary of a bus driver is much higher __________.
a. In comparison with the salary of a teacherb. Than a teacherc. Than that of a teacherd. To compare as a teacher
ILLOGICAL COMPARATIVES - DEGREE Remember that comparisons must be made
with logically comparable nouns.Noun (singular)
More + adjectiveAdjective -er
than thatthose
the rooms are much noisier than those in the backILLOGICAL COMPARATIVES – GENERAL
SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCE
Noun(singular)
Different fromSimilar to
ThatThose
The rules are different from those soccer
The rules are similar to those soccer
PROBLEM 15
Many embarrassing situations occur __________ a misunderstanding.
a. Forb. Ofc. Because ofd. Because
CAUSE – BECAUSE OF AND BECAUSE
Remember that because of introduces a noun or a noun phrase.
because is a conjunction. It introduces a clause with a subject and a verb.
because S V
They decided to stay at home
because the weather
was bad
because of noun
They decided to stay at home
because of the weather
PROBLEM 16
Neptune is an extremely cold planet, and __________.
a. So does Uranusb. So has Uranusc. So is Uranusd. Uranus so
affirmative agreement
PROBLEM 17
The assignment for Monday is to write a __________ about your hometown.
a. Five-hundred-word-compositionb. Five-hundred-words-compositionc. Five-hundreds-words-compositiond. Five-hundreds-word-composition
HYPHENATED ADJECTIVES
Each word in a hyphenated adjective is an adjective and does not change form, singular or plural.
Avoid using a plural form for any of the adjectives joined by hypens even when the noun that follow is plural.
a adjective
- adjective
noun
They have
a four - month old baby
PROBLEM 18
It is important that a TOEFL Office __________ your registration.
a. Will confirm b. Confirmc. Confirmsd. Must confirm
IMPORTANCE – IMPERSONAL EXPRESSION Remember that the following adjectives are in
impersonal expression.essential (penting)imperative (sangat penting)important (penting)necessary (perlu)
Avoid using a present verb instead of a verb word.Avoid using a modal before the verb word.
It is adjective infinitive
It is important to verify the data
It is adjective
that S verb word
It is important that the data
be verified
PROBLEM 19
__________ that the English settled in Jamestown.
a. In 1607 that it wasb. That in 1607c. Because in 1607d. It was in 1607
BELIEF AND KNOWLEDGE – ANTICIPATORY IT
Anticipatory means before.it is believedit is hypothesizedit is knownit is said
Anticipatory it
that S V
It is thought that our ancestors
built this city
PROBLEM 20
Staying in a hotel costs __________ renting a room in a dormitory for a week.
a. Twice more thanb. Twice as much asc. As much twice asd. As much as twice
COMPARATIVES ESTIMATES – MULTIPLE NUMBERS
Remember that the following are example of multiple numbers.
Half Four times
Twice Five times
Three times
Ten times
multiple as muchmany
as
Fresh fruit costs
twice as much as canned fruit
PROBLEM 21
We had hoped __________ the game, but the other team played very well.
a. State University to winb. That State University winc. That State University would wind. State University’s winning
UNFULFILLED DESIRES IN THE PAST – HAD HOPED
Remember that had hoped expresses a hope in the past that did not happen.
Avoid using a verb word instead of would and a verb word
Ex.His father had hoped that he go into business with him
S had hoped
that S would verb word
We had hoped that she would change her mind
PROBLEM 22
This plant is __________ big that it should really be moved outside.
a. Sob. Tooc. Suchd. Very
CAUSE AND RESULT – SO AND SUCH
CAUSE RESULT
S V so AdverbAdjective
That S V
She got up so late that she missed
her bus
CAUSE RESULT
S V such
a Adjective
Count noun
that S V
It was such
a hot day that we went out
EXCESS - TOO
Remember that too means excessively. The too clause expresses cause. The infinitive expresses result.
CAUSE RESULT
too adjective infintive
This tea is too hot to drink
very adjective
This tea is very hot