TOEFL Grammar Vietnamese

7/31/2019 TOEFL Grammar Vietnamese

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1. Ch ng (subject). 7

aa

1.1 Danh t m c v khng m c.aa1.2 Qun t a (an) v theaa1.3 Cch s dng Other v another.aa1.4 Cch s dng litter/ a litter, few/ a fewaa1.5 S hu cch

aa1.6 Some, any

2. ng t ( verb)

aa2.1 Hin ti (present)--2.1.1 Hinti n gin (simple present)

--2.1.2 Hin ti tip din (present progressive)

--2.1.3 Present perfect ( hin ti hon thnh)

--2.1.4 Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( preset perfect pro -gressive)

aa

2.2 Qu kh ( Past)

--2.2.1 Qu kh n gin (simple past)

--2.2.2 Qu kh tip din (Past progresive).

--2.2.3 Qu kh hon thnh (past perfect).

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--2.2.4 Qu kh hon thnh tip din (past perfectprogressive).

aa2.3 T ng lai

--2.3.1 T ng lai n gin (simple future)--2.3.2 T ng lai tip din ( future progressive)

--2.3.3 T ng lai hon thnh (future perfect)

3.S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t.

aa3.1 Ch ng ng tch khi ng t.aa3.2 Cc danh t lun i hi ng t v i t s it.aa3.3 Cch s dng none, noaa3.4 Cch s dng cu trc either ... or v neither ... nor.aa3.5 Cc danh t tp thaa3.6 Cch s dng A number of/ the number ofaa3.7 Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu.aa3.8 Cch dng cc thnh ng There is, there are

4.i t

aa4.1 i t nhn x ng ch ng (Subject pronoun)aa4.2 i t nhn x ng tn ngaa4.3 Tnh t s huaa4.4 i t s huaa4.5 i t phn thn (reflexive pronoun)

5.ng t dng lm tn ng

aa

5.1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ngaa5.2 Ving dng lm tn ngaa5.3 3 ng t c bitaa5.4 Cc ng t ng ng sau gii t

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aa5.5 Vn i t i tr c ng t nguyn th hocVing lm tn ng.

6.Cch s dng ng t bn khim khuyt need v dare

aa6.1 needaa6.2 Dare

7.Cch dng ng t to be + infinitive

8.Cu hi

aa8.1 Cu hi yes v noaa8.2 Cu hi thng bo--8.2.1 who v what lm ch ng.

--8.2.2 Whom v what l tn ng ca cu hi

--8.2.3 Cu hi dnh cho cc b ng (when, where, why,how)

aa8.3 Cu hi gin tip (embedded questions)aa8.4 Cu hi c ui

9.Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh.

aa9.1 Li ni ph ho khng nh.aa9.2 Li ni ph ho ph nh

10. Cu ph nh

11. Mnh lnh thc

aa11.1 Mnh lnh thc trc tip.aa11.2 Mnh lnh thc gin tip.

12. ng t khim khuyt.aa12.1 Din t thi t ng lai.aa12.2 Din t cu iu kin.--12.2.1 iu kin c th thc hin c thi hin ti.

--12.2.2 iu kin khng th thc hin c thi hin ti.

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--12.2.3 iu kin khng th thc hin c thi qu kh.

--12.2.4 Cc cch dng c bit ca Will, would v souldtrong cc mnh if

13. Cch s dng thnh ng as if, as though.aa13.1 Thi hin ti.aa13.2 Thi qu kh.

14. Cch s dng ng t To hope v to wish.

aa14.1 Thi t ng lai.aa14.2 Thi hin tiaa14.3 Thi qu kh.

15. Cch s dng thnh ng used to v get/be used to

aa15.1 used to.aa15.2 get / be used to.

16. Cch s dng thnh ng Would rather

aa16.1 Loi cu c mt ch ng.aa16.2 Loi cu c 2 ch ng

17. Cch s dng Would Like

18. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt dint cc trng thi hin ti.

aa18.1 Could/may/might.aa18.2 Shouldaa18.3 Must

19. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt dint cc trng thi thi qu kh.

20. tnh t v ph t (adjective and adverb).

21. ng t ni.

22. So snh ca tnh t v danh t

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aa22.1 So snh bng.aa22.2 So snh hn, kmaa22.3 So snh hp l

aa22.4 Cc dng so snh c bitaa22.5 So snh a baa22.6 So snh kp (cng ....th cng)aa22.7 No sooner ... than (va mi ... th; chng baolu ... th)

23. Dng nguyn, so snh hn v so snh hn nht.

24. Cc danh t lm chc nng tnh t

25. Enough vi tnh t, ph t v danh t

26. Cc t ni ch nguyn nhn

aa26.1 Because/ because ofaa26.2 Mc ch v kt qu (so that- )aa26.3 Cause and effect

27. Mt s t ni mang tnh iu kin

28. Cu b ng

29. ng t gy nguyn nhn

aa29.1 Have/ get / makeaa29.2 Letaa29.3 Help

30. Ba ng t c bit

31. Cu trc phc hp v i t quan h thay thaa31.1 That v Which lm ch ng ca cu phaa31.2 That v wich lm tn ng ca cu phaa31.3 Who lm ch ng ca cu phaa31.4 Whom lm tn ng ca cu ph

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aa31.5 Mnh ph bt buc v mnh ph khngbt buc

aa31.6 Tm quan trng ca du phy trong mnh phaa

31.7 Cch s dng All / both/ several / most ... + of +whom / whichaa31.8 What v whose

32. Cch loi b cc mnh ph

33. Cch s dng phn t 1 trong mt s tr ng hpc bit

34. Cch s dng nguyn mu hon thnh

35. Nhng cch s dng khc ca thataa35.1 That vi t cch ca mt lin t (rng)aa35.2 Mnh c that

36. Cu gi nh

aa36.1 Cu gi nh dng would rather thataa36.2 Cu gi nh dng vi ng t trong bng.aa

36.3 Cu gi nh dng vi tnh taa36.4 Dng vi mt s tr ng hp khcaa36.5 Cu gi nh dng vi it is time

37. Li ni bao hm

aa37.1 Not only ... but also (khng nhng ... m cn)aa37.2 As well as (cng nh , cng nh l)aa37.3 Both ... and ( c ... ln )

38. Cch s dng to know v to know how

39. Mnh nh ng b

aa39.1 Despite / in spite of (mc d)aa39.2 although, even though, though

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40. Nhng ng t d gy nhm ln

41. Mt s ng t c bit khc.

Phn IIPhn II

Ting Anh vitTing Anh vitI. Cc li th ng gp trong ting anh vit

42. S ho hp ca thi ng t

43. Cch s dng to say, to tell

44. T i tr c gii thiu

45. i t nhn x ng one v you

46. Cch s dng phn t m u cho mnh ph

aa46.1 V+ing m u mnh phaa46.2 Phn t 2 m u mnh ph ch bng

aa46.3 ng t nguyn th ch mc ch m u chomnh ph

aa

46.4 Ng danh t hoc ng gii t m u mnh

ph ch s t ng ng

47. Phn t dng lm tnh t

aa47.1 Dng phn t 1 lm tnh taa47.2 Dng phn t 2 lm tnh t

48. Tha (redundancy)

49. Cu trc cu song song

50. Thng tin trc tip v thng tin gin tip

aa50.1 Cu trc tip v cu gin tipaa50.2 Ph ng php chuyn i t cu trc tip sangcu gin tip

aa50.3 ng t vi tn ng trc tip v tn ng gin tip

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51. Ph t o ln u cu

52. Cch chn nhng cu tr li ng

53. Nhng t d gy nhm ln

54. Cch s dng gii t

aa54.1 During - trong sut (hnh ng xy ra trong mtqung thi gian)

aa54.2 From (t) >< to (n)aa54.3 Out of (ra khi) >< into (di vo)aa54.4 by

aa54.5 In ( trong, ti) - ngha xc nh hn ataa54.6 onaa54.7 at - ti (th ng l bn ngoi, khng xc nh bngin)

55. Ng ng t

56. S kt hp ca cc danh t, ng t v tnh t vicc gii t

GRAMMAR REVIEW

Cu trc cu ting Anh

Subject + Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier.Ch ng ng t v ng tn ng b ng

1. Ch ng (subject) ng u cu lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t.

Ch ng c th l 1 cm t, 1 ng t nguyn th (c to), 1 V+ing,song nhiu nht vn l 1 danh t v 1 danh t c lin quan ti nhngvn sau:

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1.1 Danh t m c v khng m c.- Danh t m c c th c dng vi s m do c hnh thi s t,s nhiu. N c th dng c dng vi a (an) v the.

- Danh t khng m c khng dng c vi s m do n khng chnh thi s nhiu. Do , n khng dng c vi a (an).

- Mt s cc danh t m c c hnh thi s nhiu c bit v d:

person - people woman womenmouse - mice foot feettooth - teeth man -men.

-Sau y l mt s danh t khng m c m ta cn bit.

Sand soap physics mathemat-ics

News mumps Air politics

measles

informa-tion

Meat homework

food economics advert-

ising*

money

* Mc dadvertising l danh t khng m c, nhng advertisement lil danh t m c.

V d:

There are too many advertisements during television shows.

There is too much advertising during television shows.

- Mt s danh t khng m c nh food, meat, money, sand, water, ilc c dng nh cc danh t m c ch cc dng khc nhau ca loi

danh t .V d:

This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat.(ch ra mt loi thc n c bit no )

He studies meats

( chng hnpork, beef, lamb. vv...)

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Bng sau l cc nh ng dng c vi danh t m c v khngm c.

Danh t m c (with countnoun)

Danh t khng m c (with non-countnoun)

a (an), the, some, anythis, that, these, those,none,one,two,three,...manya lot ofplenty ofa large number ofa great number of, a greatmany of.(a) few

few ... thanmore ... than

the, some, anythis, thatnonmuch (thng dng trong cu ph nhhoc cu hia lot of

a large amount ofa great deal of(a) little

less ... thanmore ... than

- Danh t time nu dng vi ngha thi gian l khng m c nhng nudng vi ngha s ln hoc thi i li l danh t m c.

V d:We have spent too much time on this homework.She has been late for class six times this semester.

1.2 Qun t a (an) v the1- a v an

an - c dng:- trc 1 danh t s t m c bt u bng 4 nguyn m (vowel)a, e, i, o- hai bn nguyn m u, y- cc danh t bt u bng h cm.

v d: u : an uncle.h : an hour

- hoc trc cc danh t vit tt c c nh 1 nguyn m.V d: an L-plate, an SOS, an MP

a : c dng:

- trc 1 danh t bt u bng ph m (consonant).

- dng trc mt danh t bt u bng uni.

a university, a uniform, a universal, a union.

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- trc 1 danh t s t m c, trc 1 danh t khng xc nh cth v mt c im, tnh cht, v tr hoc c nhc nln u trong cu.

- c dng trong cc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh.

V d : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of.

- dng trc nhng s m nht nh, c bit l ch hng trm,hng ngn.

V d: a hundred, a thousand.

- trc halfkhi n theo sau 1 n v nguyn vn.

V d: a kilo and a half v cng c th c l one and a half kilos.

Ch : 1 /2 kg = half a kilo ( khng c a trc half).

- dng trc halfkhi n i vi 1 danh t khc to thnh t ghp.

V d : a half-holiday na k ngh, a half-share : na c phn.

- dng trc cc t s nh 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hayone third, one fourth, one fifth .

- Dng trong cc thnh ng ch gi c, tc , t l.

V d: five dolars a kilo; four times a day.

- Dng trong cc thnh ng trc cc danh t s t m c, dngtrong cu cm thn.

V d: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl!

Nhng: such long queues! What pretty girls.

- a c th c t trc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tn h (surname):

V d: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith.aMr Smith ngha l ngi n ng c gi l Smith v ng lng ta l ngi l i vi ngi ni. Cn nu khng c a tc l ngi nibit ng Smith.

2- The

- c s dng khi danh t c xc nh c th v tnh cht, c im,v tr hoc c nhc n ln th 2 trong cu.

- The + noun + preposition + noun.

V d : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; theUnited States of America.

- The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh phV d: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him.

- Trc 1 danh t ng ch mt vt ring bit.

V d: She is in the garden.

- The + tnh t so snh bc nht hoc s t th t hoc only way.

V d : The first week; the only way.

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- The + dt s t tng trng cho mt nhm th vt hoc vt th c thb the v i danh t sang s nhiu.

V d: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep -freezes.

Nhng i vi danh t man (ch loi ngi) th khng c qun t (a, the)

ng trc.V d: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse.

- The + danh t s tch thnh vin ca mt nhm ngi nht nh.

V d: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult.

- The + adji din cho 1 lp ngi, n khng c hnh thi s nhiu nhngc coi l 1 danh t s nhiu v ng t sau n phi c chia ngi th3 s nhiu.

V d: the old = ngi gi ni chung; The disabled = nhng ngi tn tt;The unemployed = nhng ngi tht nghip.

- Dng trc tn cc khu vc, vng ni ting v mt a l hoc lchs.

V d: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic.

- The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.

V d: the East/ West end.

The North / South Pole.

Nhng khng c dng the trc cc t ch phng hng ny, nu n i kmvi tn ca mt khu vc a l.

V d: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany.

- The + tn cc hp xng, cc dn nhc c in, cc ban nhcph thng.

V d: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles.

- The + tn cc t bo ln/ cc con tu bin/ khinh kh cu.

V d: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain.

- The + tn h s nhiu c ngha l gia nh h nh ...

V d: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cn gi lgia nh nh Smith.

- The + Tn s t + cm t/ mnh c th c s dng phn

bit ngi ny vi ngi khc cng tn.V d: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith

who signed this letter.

- Khng dng the trc 1 s danh t nh Home, church, bed, court, hospital,prison, school, college, university khi n i vi ng t v gii t chchuyn ng (ch i ti lm mc ch chnh).

V d: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home.

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to bed ( ng)

to church ( cu nguyn)to court ( kin tng)

We go to hospital (cha bnh)

to prison (i t)to school / college/ university ( hc)

Tng tin bedat church

We can be in courtin hospitalat school/ college/ university

We can be / get back (hoc be/ get home) from school/ college/univer-

sity.

leave schoolWe can leave hospital

be released from prison.

Vi mc ch khc th phi dng the.

V d:

I went to the church to see the stained glass.

He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.

Student go to the university for a class party.

SeaGo to sea (thy th i bin)

to be at the sea (hnh khch/ thu th i trn bin)

Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside : i tm bin,ngh mt.

We can live by / near the sea.

Work and office.

Work (ni lm vic) c s dng khng c the trc.Go to work.

nhng office li phi c the.

Go to the office.

V d:

He is at / in the office.

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Nuto be in office (khng c the) ngha l ang gi chc.

To be out of office - thi gi chc.

Town

The c th b i khi ni v th trn ca ngi ni hoc ca ch th.

V d:We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.

We were in town last Monday.

Go to town / to be in town - Vi mc ch chnh l i mua hng.

Bng dng the v khng dng the trong mt s trng hp c bit.

Dng the Khng dng the

Trc cc i dng, sng ngi,bin, vnh v cc h s nhiu.V d:The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean,the Persian Gulf, the GreatLackes. Trc tn cc dy ni.V d:The Rockey Moutains.

Trc tn 1 vt th duy nht trnth gii hoc v tr.V d:The earth, the moon, the Great

Wall Trc School/college/university +

of+ nounV d:

The University of Florida.The college of Arts and Sciences.

Trc cc s th t + noun.

V d:The first world war.The third chapter. Trc cc cuc chin tranh khu vcvi iu kin tn cc khu vc

phi c tnh t ho.V d:The Korean war.

Trc tn cc nc c t 2 t tr ln.Ngoi tr Great Britain.

Trc tn 1 h (hay cc h st).V d:Lake Geneva, Lake Erie

Trc tn 1 ngn niV d:Mount Mckinley

Trc tn cc hnh tinh hoc ccchm saoV d:Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion.

Trc tn cc trng ny khi trc nl 1 tn ring.V d:Coopers Art school, Stetson Uni-

versity. Trc cc danh t m sau n l1 s m.

V d:World war one

chapter three. Khng nn dng trc tn cc cuc

chin tranh khu vc nu tn khuvc nguyn.

Trc tn cc nc c 1 t nh :

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V d:The United States, the United

Kingdom, the Central Africal Re-public. Trc tn cc nc c coi l 1

qun o.V d: The Philipin.

Trc cc ti liu hoc s kinmang tnh lch s.

V d: The constitution, theMagna Carta.

Trc tn cc nhm dn tcthiu s.V d:The Indians, the Aztecs.

Nn dng trc tn cc nhc c.V d:To play the piano.

Trc tn cc mn hc c th.V d:The applied Math.The theoretical Physics.

Sweden, Venezuela v cc nc -c ng trc bi new hoc tnht ch phng hng.

V d: New Zealand, SouthAfrica.

Trc tn cc lc a, tiu bang,tnh, thnh ph, qun, huyn.V d: Europe, California. Trc tn bt c mn th thaono.V d:Base ball, basket ball.

Trc tn cc danh t mang tnhtru tng tr nhng trng hp

c bit.V d: Freedom, happiness. Trc tn cc mn hc chung.V d:Mathematics, Sociology.

Trc tn cc ngy l, tt.V d:Christmas, thanksgiving.

1.3 Cch s dng Other v another.

Hai t ny tuy ging nhau v mt ng ngha nhng khc nhau v mtng php.

Dng vi danh t m c Dng vi danh t khng m c

another + dt2 s it = 1 ci na,1 ci khc, 1 ngi na, 1 ngikhc.V d: another pencil

other + dt2 s nhiu = my cina, my ci khc, my ngi

na, my ngi khc.V d: other pencils = somemore. the other + dt2 s nhiu =

nhng ci cui cng, nhng ngicui cng cn li.V d: the other pencils = all re-

maining pencils

the other + dt 2s t = ngicui cng, ci cui cng ca 1 b,1 nhm.

other + dt khng 2 = 1 chtna.V d: other water = some more

water. other beer = some morebeer. the other + dt khng 2 = ch

cn st li.V d:The other beer = the remaining

beer. (ch bia cn li)

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- Anotherv other l khng xc nh trong khi the other l xc nh.Nu danh t hoc ch ng trn c hiu hoc c nhc n, chcn dng anotherv othernh 1 i t l .

V d:

I dont want this book. Please give me another.

- Nu danh t c thay th l s nhiu th otherc s dng theo 1trong 2 cch (other+ nouns hoc others) m khng bao gi c s dng(others + DTSN).

- C th dng i t thay th one hoc ones cho danh t sau another,the otherv other.

Lu rng this v thatc th dng vi i t one nhng these v those tuyti khng dng vi ones.

1.4 Cch s dng litter/ a litter, few/ a few- Little + dt khng m c : rt t, hu nh khng.

V d:

There is little water in the bottle.

I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.

-A little + dt khng m c: c 1 cht, dng.

V d:

I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket.

- few + dt m c s nhiu : c rt t, khng .V d:

She has few books, not enough for references.

- a few + dt m c s nhiu : c mt t, .

V d:

She has a few books, enough to read.

- Nu danh t trn c nhc n th di ch cn dng (a) few v(a) little nh 1 i t l .

V d:

Are you ready in money? Yes, a little.- quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = kh nhiu.

- only a few = only a little = c rt t ( nhn mnh).

1.5 S hu cch

The + nouns + noun.

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- Ch c dng trong cc danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khng dngcho bt ng vt.

V d:

The students book.

The cats legs.- Nu c 2 danh t cng ng s hu cch th danh t no ng gndanh t b s hu nht s mang du s hu.

V d:

Tom and Marks house.

- i vi nhng danh t s nhiu c s th ch cn t du l .

V d:

The students books.

- Nhng i vi nhng danh t c s nhiu c bit khng c s ti ui

vn phi dng nguyn du s hu.V d:

The childrens toys.

- N c dng cho thi gian (nm thng, th k, thin nin k.)

V d:

The 1980 events.

The 21 st centurys prospect.

- N c dng cho cc ma trong nm ngoi tr ma Xun v ma Thu. Nudng s hu cch cho ma Xun v ma Thu tc l ta ang nhn cch ho

ma .V d:

The summers hot days.

The winters cold days.

The springs coming back = Nng Xun ang tr v.

The autunms leaving = s ra i ca Nng Thu.

Trng hp ny hin nay t dng. i vi mt s danh t bt ng vt chdng trong 1 s trng hp tht c bit khi danh t nm trong ccthnh ng.

V d:A stones throw.

- i khi i vi nhng danh t ch ni chn hoc a im ch cndng s hu cch cho danh t m khng cn danh t theo sau.

V d:

At the hairdressers

At the butchers

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1.6 Some, any

some v any ngha l 1 s hoc 1 lng nht nh. Chng c s dngvi (hoc thay th) cc danh t s nhiu hoc danh t khng m c.

+ Some l dng s nhiu ca a/an v one:

V d: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/ some dates.+ some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ i t ring/ i t shu.

V d: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses.

Did any of your photos come out well?

+ some c s dng vi :

- Cc ng t th khng nh.

V d:

They bought some honey.

- Trong cc cu hi m c cu tr li l yes.V d:

Did some of you sleep on the floor? ( Ngi ni ch i cu tr li lyes)

- Trong cc cu ngh v yu cu:

V d:

Would you like some wine?

Could you do some typing for me?

+ any c s dng:

- Vi ng t th ph nh

V d:

I havent any matches.

- Vi hardly, barely, scarely ( cc ph t ny u mang ngha phnh)

V d:

I have hardly any spare time.

- Vi without khi without any ... = with no ...

V d:

He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty.

- Vi cc cu hi

Have you got any fish?

Did he catch any fish?

- Sau if/ whethercc thnh ng mang tnh nghi ng.

V d:

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If you need any more money, please let me know.

I dont think there is any petrol in the tank.

2. ng t ( verb)

ng t trong ting Anh chia lm 3 thi chnh:

- Qu kh.

- Hin ti.

- Tng lai.

Mi thi chnh li chia ra lm nhiu thi nh xc nh chnh xc thigian ca hnh ng.

2.1 Hin ti (present)

2.1.1 Hinti n gin (simple present)

Khi chia ng t ngi th 3 s t, phi c s ui v vn phi cc ln.

V d:

John walks to school everyday.

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra thi im hin ti, khngxc nh c th v mt thi gian v hnh ng lp i lp li c tnhquy lut.

- N thng dng vi 1 s ph t nh: now, present day, nowadays. c bitl1 s ph t ch tn sut hot ng: often, sometimes, always, fre-quently.

V d:

They understand the problem now.

Henry always swims in the evening. (thi quen)

We want to leave now.

Your cough sounds bad.

2.1.2 Hin ti tip din (present progressive)

am

Subject + is + [verb+ing ]...

are

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra thi hin ti. Thi gianc xc nh c th bng cc ph t nh now, right now, presently.

- N dng thay th cho thi tng lai gn.

V d:

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He is learning in the US.

L u : phn bit tng lai gn v hnh ng ang xy ra cn cn cvo ph t trong cu)

V d:

The committee members are examining the material now. ( hin ti angkim tra)

George is leaving for France tomorrow. (tng lai gn - s ri ti Php vongy mai)

2.1.3 Present perfect ( hin ti hon thnh)

Have + P2- Dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra trong 1 qu kh ko di vchm dt hin ti. Thi gian trong cu hon ton khng xc nh.

- Ch 1 hnh ng xy ra nhiu ln trong qu kh ko di ti hin ti.

- Dng vi 2 gii t forv since + thi gian.- Dng vi alreadytrong cu khng nh, alreadyc th ng sau havenhng n cng c th ng cui cu.

haveSubject + +already+ P2 has

V d:

We have already written our reports.I have already read the entire book.

Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment.

- Dng viyettrong cu ph nh v cu nghi vn ph nh, yetthngxuyn ng cui cu, cng thc sau:

haveSubject + not +P2 ...+ yet ... has

V d:

John hasnt written his report yet.

The president hasnt decided what to do yet.

We havent called on our teacher yet.

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- Trong 1 s trng hpyetc th o ln ng sau to have v ng phpc thay i. Notmt i v phn t 2 tr v dng nguyn th c to.

haveSubject + + yet + [verb in

simple form] ... has

V d:

John has yet to learn the material. = John hasnt learned the material yet.

We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We havent decidedwhat to do with the money yet.

Ch : Cn thn s dngyettrong mu cu ko nhm viyettrong mucu cyetlm t ni mang ngha nhng

V d:

I dont have the money, yet I really need the computer.

My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do somethingon Saturday nights.

2.1.4 Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( preset perfect progressive)

Have been + verbing.

- Dng ging ht nh present perfectnhng hnh ng khng chm dt hin ti m vn ang tip tc xy ra. N thng xuyn c dng vi 2 gii tfor, since + time.V d:

John has been living in the same house for ten years. = John has live in thesame house for ten years.

Mt s th d

Jorge has already walked to school. (thi gian khng xc nh)

He has been to California three times. (hn 1 ln)

Mary has seen this movie before. (thi gian khng xc nh)

They have been at home all day.

We havent gone to the store yet. (thi gian khng xc nh).

John has worked in Washington for three years.

Hoc

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John has been working in Washington for three years.

(vn cha kt thc - John vn ang lm vic Washington).

Phn bit cch dng gia 2 thi

Present perfect Present perfect progressive

Hnh ng chm dt hin ti,do c kt qu r rt.

V d:

I have waited for you for half anhour (now I stop waiting)

Hnh ng vn tip tc tipdin hin ti do vy khng ckt qu r rt.

V d:

I have been waiting for you for

half an hour.(and continue waiting hopingthat you will come)

2.2 Qu kh ( Past)

2.2.1 Qu kh n gin (simple past)

Verb + ed

- Mt s ng t trong ting Anh c qu kh c bit v ng thi cng

c phn t 2 c bit.- Mt s cc ng t c c 2 dng:

V d:

Light - lighted - lighted

lit - lit

Ngi Anh a dng qu kh thng khi chia ng t v phn t 2 c bit.

V d:

He lighted the candle on his birthday cake.

N thp ngn nn trn chic bnh sinh nht

NhngI can see the lit house from a distance.

Ti c th nhn thy t xa ngi nh sng nh in.

N dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra dt im trong qukh, khng lin quan g ti hin ti.

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Thi gian hnh ng trong cu l rt r rng, n thng dng vi mts ph t ch thi gian nh:yesterday, at that moment, last + thi giannh:

Last night

month

week vv...

L u : Nu thi gian trong cu l khng r rng th phi dngpresent per-fect.

V d:

John went to Spain last year.

Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday.

Maria did her homework last night.

Mark washed the dishes after dinner.We drove to grocery store this afternoon.

George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night.

2.2.2 Qu kh tip din (Past progresive).

Was / were + Ving

- N c dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra vo 1 thi imnht nh trong qu kh khng lin h g ti hin ti. Thi im trongcu c xc nh bng cc ph t ch thi gian nh:

At + thi gian qu kh.

V d:

He was eating dinner at 7 P.M Last night.

- N c dng kt hp vi 1 simple pastthng qua 2 lin t When v while ch 1 hnh ng ang xy ra trong qu kh th 1 hnh ng khct ngt xen vo (tng ng vi cu Ting Vit Khi ang ... thbng).

*

Subject1 + simple past + while + subject 2 + pastprogressive.

V d:

Somebody hit him on the head while he was going to his car.

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Subject1 + past progressive + when + subject 2 +simple past.

V d:

He was going to his car when someone hit him on the head.

L u : Mnh c when v while c th ng bt k ni no trong cunhng sau when nht thit phi l 1 simple pastv sau while nht thitphi l 1past progressive.

- Dng din t 2 hnh ng song song cng 1 lc, ni vi nhau bnglin t while.

Subject1 + past progressive + while + subject 2 + pastprogressive.

V d:He was reading newspaper while his wife was preparing the dinner in thekitchen.

( Mnh khng c while c th c chuyn sang simple past nhnghim khi v s nhm ln vi *)

V d:

Jose was writing a letter to his family when his pencil broke.

While Joan was writing the report, Henry was looking for more information.

When Mark arrived, the Johnsons was having dinner, but they stopped inorder to talk to him.

2.2.3 Qu kh hon thnh (past perfect).

Had + P2

- Dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra trc 1 hnh ng khc trong qukh. (trong cu bao gi cng c 2 hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.

- Dng kt hp vi 1 simple pastthng qua 2 gii t ch thi gian before vafter.

Subject + past perfect + before + subject +past simple

V d:

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I had gone to the store before I went home.

The professor had reviewed the material before he gave the quiz.

Before Ali went to sleep, he had called his family.

George had worked at the university for forty-five years before he retired.

The doctor had examined the patient thoroughly before he prescribed the

medication.

Subject + past simple + after+ subject + pastperfect

V d:

John went home after he had gone to the store.

After the committee members had considered the consequences, they

voted on the proposal.

- Mnh c before v afterc th ng u hoc cui cu nhng saubefore nht thit phi l 1 simple pastv sau afternht thit phi l 1past perfect.

- Before v afterc th c thay bng when m khng s b nhm ln vtrong cu bao gi cng c 2 hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.

V d:The police cars came to the scene when the robbers had gone away.

( trong cu ny when c ngha l after v sau when l past perfect.)

2.2.4 Qu kh hon thnh tip din (past perfect progressive).

Subject + had + been +[Verb + ing]...

N c dng ging ht nhpast perfectnhng hnh ng khng dng li mtip tc tip din cho n thi im simple past. N thng c kt hpvi 1 simple pastthng qua ph t before. Trong cu thng c since hocfor+ thi gian.

- Thi ny hin nay t dng v c thay th bng past perfect.

V d:

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Henry had been living in New York for ten years before he moved to Cali-fornia.

George had been working at the university for forty-five years before heretired.

2.3 T ng lai

2.3.1 T ng lai n gin (simple future)

Will / shall+ [ Verb in

simple form ]

Can / may.

- Ngy nay ng php hin i, c bit l M dng will cho tt c ccngi cn shall ch c dng trong cc trng hp sau:

Mi mc ngi khc 1 cch lch s.

V d:

Shall we go out for lunch?

Shall I take your coat?

ngh gip ngi khc 1 cch lch s.

V d:Shall I give you a hand with these packages.

Dng ng gi khi mua bn, mc c.

V d:

Shall we say : fifteen dollars?

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra vo thi im nht nhtrong tng lai. Thi im ny khng c xc nh r rt. Cc ph t th-ng dng l tomorrow, next+ thi gian, in the future.

Near future. (t ng lai gn)

To be going to do smth - sp lm g.- Dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra trong 1 tng lai gn, thi gians c din t bng 1 s ph t nh : in a moment(lt na), tomorrow.

V d:

We are going to have a meeting in a moment.

We are going to get to the airport at 9 am this morning.

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- Ngy nay, c bit l trong vn ni ngi ta thng dng Present pro-gressive thay th.

- Dng din t 1 s vic chc chn s xy ra d rng khng phi l t-ng lai gn.

V d:

Next year we are going to take a TOEFL test for the score that enables usto learn in the US.

2.3.2 T ng lai tip din ( future progressive)

Will / shall+ be +

[ verb + ing ]Can / may.

- N din t 1 hnh ng s ang xy ra 1 thi im nht nh catng lai. Thi im ny c xc nh c th bng ngy, gi.

V d:

I will be doing a test on Monday morning next week.

- N c dng kt hp vi 1 present progressive din t 2 hnh ngsong song xy ra, 1 hin ti, 1 tng lai.

V d:

Now we are learning English here but by the time tomorrow we will beworking at the office.

2.3.3 T ng lai hon thnh (future perfect)

Will have + P2

- N c dng din t 1 hnh ng s phi c hon tt 1 thiim no trong tng lai. Thi im ny thng c din t bng :by the end of, by tomorrow.

V d:

We will have taken a TOEFL test by the end of this year.

L u : Thi ny phi c l do c bit mi s dng.

3. S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t.Thng thng th ng t ng lin ngay vi ch ng v phi chia theongi ch ng. Song c nhng trng hp khng phi nh vy.

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3.1 Ch ng ng tch khi ng t.- ng xen vo gia ch ng v ng t l 1 ng gii t ( 1 gii t m ukt hp vi cc danh t theo sau). Ng gii t ny khng quyt nh gn vic chia ng t. ng t phi chia theo ch ng chnh.

Subject + [ng gii t] +verb

V d:The study of languages is very interesting.Singular subject singular verb

Several theories on this subject have been proposed.Plural subject plural verb

The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.Singular subject singular verb

The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.Singular subject singular verb

The effects of that crime are likely to be devastating.Plural subject plural verb

The fear of rape and robbery has caused many people to flee the cities.Singular subject singular verb

- Cc thnh ng trong bng di y cng vi cc danh t i ng sau nto nn hin tng ng ch ng. Cm ng ch ng ny phi ng tchbit ra khi ch ng chnh v ng t bng 2 du phy v khng c nhhng g ti vic chia ng t.

Together with alongwith

accompaniedby

as wellas

V d:

The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a partytonight.Singular subject singular verb

Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight.Singular subject singular verb

L u : - Nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng lin t and th ng t lptc phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu (they).

V d:

The actress and her manager are going to a party tonight.

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- nhng nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng lin t orth ng ts phi chia theo danh t ng sau or. Nu l danh t s t th phichia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.

V d:The actress or her manager is going to a party tonight.

3.2 Cc danh t lun i hi ng t v i t s it. l cc ng t trong bng sau:

any + danh ts t

no + danh ts t

Some + danh ts t

anybody nobody somebodyanyone no one someoneanything nothing somethingevery + danh t s it each + danh t s t

everybodyeveryone either*everything neither*

* Either v either l s t nu n khng c s dng vi or v nor.

Lu :

- either (1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi, 3 vt tr lnphi dng any.

V d:

If either of you takes a vacation now, we wont be able to finish this work.

If any of students in this class is absent, he or she must have the permis-

sion of the instructor.

- Neither(khng 1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi, 3 vttr ln phi dng not any).

V d:

Neither of two his classes gets an c

Not any of those pairs of shoes fits me.

3.3 Cch s dng none, no

none of the : c s dng ty theo danh t ng ng sau n.

- nu danh t l khng m c th ng t phi chia ngi th 3s t.

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None + of the + non-count noun + singular verb

V d:

None of the counterfeit money has been found.

- nu sau none of the l 1 danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phichia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

None + of the + plural noun + plural verb

V d:

None of the students have finished the exam yet.

No c s dng cng tu theo danh t ng sau n.

- nu sau no l danh t s t hoc khng m c th ng t phichia ngi th 3 s t.

Singular nounNo + + sin-gular verb

non-count noun

V d:

No example is relevant to this case.

- nhng nu sau no l 1 danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

No + plural noun + pluralverb

V d:

No examples are relevant to this case.

3.4

Cch s dng cu trc either ... or v neither ... nor.iu cn lu nht khi s dng cp thnh ng ny l ng t sau phi chia theo danh t sau or hoc nor. Nu danh t l s t thng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.

Neither nor+ noun + singular noun

+ singular verb

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either or

V d:

Neither John nor Bill is going to the beach today.Singular noun singular verb

Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.Singular noun singular verb

Neither nor+ noun + plural

noun + plural verb either or

V d:

Neither Maria nor her friends are going to class today.Plural plural

L u :

Khi ch ng l 1 verbing th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

3.5 Cc danh t tp th l nhng danh t trong bng di y dng ch mt nhm ngihoc 1 t chc. Cho d vy, chng vn c xem l danh t s t v do, cc ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s t.

congress fam-

ily

group commit-

tee

class

organiza-

tion

team army club crow

dgovern-

ment

jury major-

ity*

minority pub-

lic

- Nu ng t ng sau nhng danh t ny chia ngi th 3 s nhiuth n m ch cc thnh vin ca t chc hoc nhm ang hotng ring r.

V d: The congress votes for the bill.

The congress are discussing the bill (some agree but some dont).

(TOEFL khng bt li ny)

* Majority

Danh t ny c dng tu theo danh t i ng sau n.

The majority+ singular verb

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The majorityof the plural noun +

plural verb.

V d: The majority believes that we are in no danger.

The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.L u : Danh t police lun c coi l danh t ngi th 3 s nhiu do vyng t ng sau n phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

V d:

The police come to the crime scene at good time and arrested a suspect.

Mt s th d:

The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.

The family was elated by the news.

The crowd was wild with excitement.

Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation.

The organization has lost many members this year.

Our team is going to win the game.

Cc cm t trong bng di y ch mt nhm gia sc ng vt cho ddanh t ng sau gii t ofc s nhiu th ng t sau vn phichia ngi th 3 s t.

flock of birds,sheep

herd ofcattle

pack ofdogs

school offish

pride oflions

V d:

The flock of birds is circling overhead.

The herd of cattle is breaking away.

A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.

L u : Tt c cc danh t tp hp ch thi gian, tin bc, s o u ihi cc ng t - i t - b ng i cng n phi ngi s t.

(TOEFL bt li ny).

V d:

He has contributed $50 and now he wants to contribute another fifty.

Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.

Fifty minutes isnt enough time to finish this test.

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Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that recorder.

Two miles is too much to run in one day.

3.6 Cch s dng A number of/ the number of

a number of+ danh t s nhiu +ng t s nhiu

- a number of: mt s lng ln nhng... . i vi danh t s nhiu v ngt phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.- the number of: mt s.... i vi danh t s nhiu nhng ng t phichia ngi th 3 s t.

the number of + danh t s nhiu +ng t s t

V d:A number of applicants have already been interviewed.

The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite

small

3.7 Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu.

Cc danh t sau y lun phi dng dng s nhiu.

Trousers

eyeglasses tongs - cikp

shorts scissors- ciko

tweezers- cinhp

Jeans pants- qun pliers - cikm

V d:

The pants are in the drawer.A pair of pants is in the drawer.

Cc danh t trn thng xuyn dng s nhiu v chng bao gm 2 thcth, do vy cc ng t v i t i cng chng phi ngi th 3 snhiu.

V d:

The pliers are on the table.

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These scissors are dull.

- Nu mun bin chng thnh s t dng a pair of... v lc ng t vi t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s t.

V d:

This pair of scissors is dull.The pair of pliers is on the table.

3.8 Cch dng cc thnh ng There is, there are

Thnh ng ny ch s tn ti ca ngi hoc vt ti 1 ni no . Phiphn bit chng vi ng t to have.

There is

There are

To have ch s s hu (possession)

To possess (get, hold instinctively).

- Ch ng tht ca thnh ng ny i ng sau ng t to be. Nu danht l s nhiu th ng t chia s nhiu v ngc li.

- Mi bin i v thi v th u nhm vo ng t to be cn phn t2 th da vo tr ng t to have/ has been.

there isthere was + singular

subject ... there has been ( hocnon-count)

there arethere were + singular

subject ... there have been ( hocnon-count)

V d:

There is a storm approaching.singular singular

There have been a number of telephone calls today.Plural plural

There was an accident last night.singular singular

There were too many people at the party.Plural plural

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There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.Plural plural

There was water on the floor where he fell.Plural non-count

4. i ti t trong ting Anh chia 5 loi c cc chc nng ring bit.

4.1 i t nhn x ng ch ng (Subject pronoun)Gm :

I weyou youhe

theysheit

Chc nng:

- ng u cu lm ch ng trong cu v quyt nh vic chia ngt.

- ng ng sau ng t to be.

V d: The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Batty.

- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as. Tuyt i khng c dngi t nhn xng tn ng trong trng hp ny.

V d: He is taller than I (am) - khng c dng me.

She is as beautiful as my girlfriend.- i vi cc i t nhn xng ch ng nh we, you v i t nhn xng tnng nh us c th dng 1 danh t s nhiu ngay sau .

V d: We students, you teachers, us workers.

Cc i t nh all, both c th c dng theo li ny vi cc ngi s nhiu.

we

you all/ both

they

V d:

I am going to the store.

We have lived here for twenty years.

It was she who called you. (sau ng t be)

George and I would like to leave now.

We students are going to have a party.

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4.2 i t nhn x ng tn ng

me usyou youhim

themherit

- n ng ngay sau ng t hoc cc gii t lm nhim v ca mt tnng.

- i vi cc ngi i t nhn xng tn ng s nhiu c th dng allhoc both ngay sau .us

you all / boththem

V d:

They called us on the phone.complement

The teacher gave him a bad grade.complement

John told her a story.complement

The policeman was looking for him.sau gii t

To us, it seems like a good bargain sau gii tL u : Nn nh rng nhiu gii t c th c chc nng nh cc thnh phnkhc trong cu, chng hn nh ph t hoc lin t. V vy, ta cn phixc nh cc xem chng ng vai tr g - cn da vo ng cnh chkhng phi da vo s hiu bit bnh thng v chc nng ca chng.

V d:

Janet will make her presentation after him.preposition complement pronoun

Janet will make her presentation after he finishes his speech.conjunction subject pronoun

clause

( mt mnh (clause) gm 1 ch ng v 1 ng t. Trong mnh trn, he l ch ng v finishes l ng t).

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4.3 Tnh t s hu

my ouryour yourhis

her

theirits

- N ng ngay trc danh t v ch s s hu ca ngi hoc vt i vidanh t ng ng sau.

V d:

John is eating his dinner.

This is not my book.

The cat has injured its foot.The boy broke his arm yesterday..

She forgot her homework this morning.

My food is cold.

L u : Its khc vi Its. Its c ngha l it is hoc it has.

4.4 i t s hu

mine ours

yoursyourshishers

theirsits

- Dng thay th cho tnh t s hu v danh t c nhc n trn.

possessive pronoun + possessive ad-jective + noun

- N c th c ng lm ch ng trong cu.

- ng ng sau ng t to be.

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- N c th lm tn ng khi i sau 1 ng t hoc sau 1 gii t.

Do you remember to take your money?

- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as.

Your book is as good as mine.

Mt s th d:

This is my book = This is mine.

Your teacher is the same as his teacher = Yours is as the same as his.

Her dress is green and my dress is red = Hers is green is green and mineis red.

Our books are heavy = Ours are heavy.

Their coasts are too small. Theirs are too small.

I forgot my homework = I forgot mine.

4.5 i t phn thn (reflexive pronoun)

myselfourselves

yourselfyourselves

himselfthemselvesherselfitself

L u : cc ngi s nhiu, ui - selfbin thnh - selves.

Chc nng:

- Ch ch ng lm vic g cho chnh mnh. Trong trng hp ny nng ngay sau ng t hoc ng cui cu sau gii t forhoc to.

V d:

He sent the letter to himself.

You can see the differences for yourselves.

- Ch ch ng t thn lm ly 1 vic g. Trong trng hp ny n ngng sau ch ng hoc cui cu khi ni.

V d:

I myself believe that the proposal is good.

He himself set out to break the long distance flying record.

She prepared the nine-course meal herself.

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The students themselves decorated the room.

You yourself must do this homework.

John himself bought this gifts.

By + one-self = alone.V d:

John washed the dishes by himself = John washed the dishes alone.

5. ng t dng lm tn ng- Khng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng i hi 1 danh thoc i t theo sau n lm tn ng. C mt s ng t li yu cu tnng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng chia lm 2 loi sau:

5.1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng

Bng sau l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n phi l mt ng tkhc. Chng tun theo mu cu nh sau:agree to do something.desire to do something.decide to do something.

agreede-sirehopeplan

strive

at-temptex-pectintend

pre-paretend

claimfaillearnpre-tend

want

de-cidefor-getneed

re-fusewish

de-mandhesit-ateoffer

seem

V d:

John expects to begin studying law next semester.

Mary learned to swim when she was very young.

The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting.

The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next your years.

The soldiers are preparing to attack a village.Cynthia has agreed to act as a liaison between the two countries.

5.2 Ving dng lm tn ng

- Bng sau l 1 s cc ng t i hi tn ng sau n l 1 Ving theo ccmu cu sau:

admit doing something (th nhn lm g)

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V d: He admitted having done wrong.

Enjoy doing something (thch th khi lm iu g)

admit

delaymissreportsug-gest

appreci-

atedenypost-poneresentavoid

enjoy

practiceresistcanthelpfinish

quit

resumecon-sidermindrecallrisk

L u : Trong bng trn c mu ng t:

cant help

cant resist

V d:

With such good oranges, we cant help (resist) buying 2 kilos at a time.

L u : Nu mun t ph nh cho cc trng hp ny t not trcnguyn th b to hoc Ving. Tuyt i khng c cu to dng ph nhca ng t chnh.

V d:

John decided not to by the car.

We regretted not going to the party last night.

Mt s th d:

John admitted stealing the jewels.

We enjoy seeing them again after so many years.

You shouldnt risk entering that building in its present condition.

Michael was considering buying a new car until the price went up.

The Coast Guard reported seeing another ship in the Florida Straits.

Would you mind not smoking in this office?

* Cc ng t bng sau l nhng ng t m tn ng ca chng cth l ng t nguyn th hay Ving m ng ngha ca chng khng thayi.

V d:

begin to do smth = begin doing smth.

begin cant contin- dread

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hatere-gret

standlikestart

uelovetry

prefer

L u :Trong bng trn c mu ng t :

to do smthdoing smth

V d:

waiting such a long time.

to wait such a long time.

I hate to ride her bicycle to school = I hate riding her bicycle to school.

5.3 3 ng t c bit l cc ng t m ng ngha ca chng thay i khi tn ng sau n

l 1 nguyn th hoc 1 Ving.Stop to do smth : dng li lm g.

V d:

He stops to get gasoline.

Stop doing smth : dng vic g ang lm li.

V d:

He stops writing and goes out.

Remember to do smth : nh s phi lm g.

V d:

I remember to send a letter at the post office.

Remember doing smth : nh lm g.

V d:

I remember locking the door before leaving but I cant find the key.

Forget to do smth : qun s phi lm g.

V d:

He forgets to call his friend this afternoon.

Forget doing smth : qun lm g.

V d:

I forget doing the homework yesterday.

L u : ng t forgettrong mu cu mang ngha ph nh.

I forget getting to the airport to meet my girl-friend this morning.

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5.4 Cc ng t ng ng sau gii t

- Tt c cc ng t ng ng sau gii t u phi dng Ving.

verb

adj. +preposition + Ving

nounng t + gii t + Ving

Bng sau gm cc ng t + gii t.

approve of: tnthnhgive up: t brely on: ph thucvo

worry about: lolng v

be better off:insist on: ni nsucceed in: thnhcng trongcount on = rely on

keep on =continuethink aboutthink ofdepend on

put off: trhon

Danh t + gii t + Ving (bng sau)

possibilityofchoice of

methodofintentionof

methodforexcusefor

reasonfor

V d:George has no excuse for dropping out of school.

There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.

There is no reason for leaving this early.

Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem.

Tnh t + gii t + Ving (bng sau)

accus-tomed tointent on

afraid ofinterestedin

capable ofsuccessfulin

fondoftired

of

V d:

Mitch is afraid of getting married now.

We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.

Jean is not capable of understanding the predicament.

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Alvaro is intent on finishing school next year.

Craig is fond of dancing.

We are interested in seeing this film.

- Khng phi bt c tnh t no trong ting Anh cng i hi ng sau

n phi l 1 gii t, c mt s tnh t li i hi ng sau n l mt ngt nguyn th (xem bng sau).

anxiouseager: hohcpleasedusual

boringeasypre-paredcom-mon

danger-ousgoodreadydifficult

hardstrangeable*

eager to do smth: ho hc lm g.

hard to do smth : kh lm g.* able :able capableunable incapable

V d:

These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems.

These students are not yet capable of handling such difficult problems.

Mt s th d:

Mohammad is eager to see his family.

It is dangerous to drive in this weatherWe are ready to leave now.

It is difficult to pass this test.

It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the country.

Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college.

L u :

- Mt s cc ng t ting Anh thng c gii t i km pha sau. Khngc nhm ln gii t vi to ca ng t nguyn th. Chng hn mt sng t trong bng sau:

object to:phn i

look forward to :mong i

confess to : th nhn lm g

V d:John gave up smoking because of his doctors advice.

Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.

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Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.

We are not looking forward to going back to school.

Henry is thinking of going to France in August.

You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.

5.5 Vn i t i tr c ng t nguyn th hoc Ving lmtn ng.- ng trc 1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng th dng ca i t phi ltn ng.

PronounSubject + verb + complement form+ [ to + verb] ...

noun

Sau y l bng cc ng t i hi i t (hay danh t ) i sau nphi dng tn ng.

allowinvitere-mind

askor-derurge

begper-mitwant

con-vinceper-suadeexpect

instructprepareprom-ise

V d:

Joe asked Mary to call him when he woke up.

We ordered him to appear in court.

I urge you to consider your decision.

They were trying to persuade him to change his mind.

The teacher permitted them to turn their assignments in late.

You should prepare your son to take this examination.

Tuy nhin, ng trc 1 Ving lm tn ng th dng ca danh t hoc it phi dng s hu.

dng s hu ca danh tCh ng + ng t ++ [verb + ing] ...

tnh t s hu

V d:We understand your not being able to stay longer.

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He regrets her leaving.

We are looking forward to their coming next year.

We dont approve of Johns buying this house.

We resent the teachers not announcing the test sooner.

We object to their calling at this hour.

6. Cch s dng ng t bn khim khuyt need vdare

6.1 needng t ny c s dng ra sao cn ph thuc vo danh t ng ngsau n l ng vt hay bt ng vt.

- khi ch ng l ng vt (living thing)

Subject as a living thing + need+ to + verb

(cn phi lm g)

V d:

I need to clean my house.

John and his brother need to paint the house.

My friend needs to learn Spanish.He will need to drive alone tonight.-Tuy nhin khi ch ng l mt bt ng vt (unliving thing) th ng tsau need s i khc.

Subject as unliving thing + need +[Verb + ing]

tobe + P2

V d:

The grass needs to be cut. Hoc The grass needs cutting.

The television needs repairing. Hoc The television need to be re-paired.

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The composition needs rewriting. Hoc The composition needs to berewritten.

L u :

need = to be in need of+ noun

to be in need of + noun c th thay th cho c 2 cng thc trn.

V d:

Jill is in need of money = Jill needs money.

The roof is in need of repair = The roof needs to be repaired.

The organization was in need of volunteers = The organization needed vo-lunteers.

6.2 Dare

- Dare khng c dng nhiu khng nh. N ch c dng ph nhv nghi vn. ng t sau n theo l thuyt l c to nhng trn thc t thngb to. N c th dng vi tr ng t to do hoc dng trc tip.

He doesnt dare (to) say anything

= He dares not (to) say anything.

Does he dare (to) say anything = Dares he (to) say anything.

- Dare khng c dng th khng nh tr trng hp - I dare saymang2 ngha:

- Ti cho l.

V d: I dare say there will be a restaurant car at the end of thetrain.

- Ti cng nhn l.

V d: I dare say you are right. Ti tha nhn l anh ng.

- How dare (dared) + subject ... (sao dm).

V d:

How dare you open my letter? Sao cu dm bc th ca ti ra th ?

- Dare cn c dng nh 1 ngoi ng t mang ngha dm, thch theo mucu sau:

To dare smb to dosmth

(thch ai lm g)

They dare the boy to swim across the river in the cold weather.

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7. Cch dng ng t to be + infinitive

BE + INFINITIVE

- N c dng truyn t nhng mnh lnh hoc nhng ch dn ttngi th nht qua ngi th 2 ti ngi th 3.

V d:No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.

(khng ai c php ri to nh ny m khng c php ca cnh st).

He is to stay here until we return.

(n phi li y cho ti khi bn tao quay li).

- Dng vi mnh ifmang tnh bt buc hoc mnh lnh.

V d:

Something must be done quickly if extinct birds are to be saved

He said if he fall asleep at the wheel, we were to wake him up.- truyn t mt d nh.

V d:

She is to be married next month.

(c y s ci vo thng ti)

The expedition is to start in a weeks time.

Cu trc ny rt thng dng trong bo ch v nu n l ta bo thngi ta b be i tit kim ch.

V d:

The Prime Minister is to make a statement tomorrow.= The Prime Minister to make a statement tomorrow.

- Was/ were + infinitive

din t 1 tng v s mnh.

V d:

They said good bye without knowing that they were never to meet again.

(h chia tay nhau m khng bit rng s chng bao gi h gp li nhau)

- To be about to + verb = near future = to be in the point of Ving.

8. Cu hi

8.1 Cu hi yes v no

S d gi l nh vy v trong cu tr li c th dngyes hoc no ucu. Nn nh rng:

Yes + positive verb

No + negative verb.

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Khng c nhm ln dng cu tr li ting vit.

auxiliary be + sub-

ject + verb ... do, does, did

Is Mary going to school today?

Was Mary sick yesterday?

Have you seen this movie before?

Will the committee decide on the proposal today?

Do you want to use the telephone?

Does George like peanut butter?

Did you go to class yesterday?

8.2 Cu hi thng boL loi cu hi m trong cu tr li ngoi yes hoc no ra cn phi thmmt s cc thng tin khc. Cc cu hi ny dng vi mt s cc i t nghivn.

8.2.1 who v what lm ch ng.

Who

+ verb + (complement) +(modifier)what

Who opened the door? (someone opened the door)

What happened last night? (something happened last night.)

Ch : Khng ng khi ni :

Who did open the door?

What did happen last night?

8.2.2 Whom v what l tn ng ca cu hi

whom auxiliary+ + subject +

verb + ( modifier) what do, does, did

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Ch :

Mc d trong vn ni, nhiu ngi s dng who thay cho whom trong loicu hi ny nhng tuyt i khng c dng nh vy trong vn vit (li cbn)

V d:

Whom does Ahmad know from Venezuela? ( Ahmad know someone fromVenezuela)

What did George buy at the store? ( George bought something at thestore)

8.2.3 Cu hi dnh cho cc b ng (when, where, why, how)

when

wherewhyhow

When did John move to Jacksonville?

Where does Mohamad live ?

Why did George leave so early?

How did Maria get to school today?

Where has Henry gone?

When will Bertha go back to Mexico?

8.3 Cu hi gin tip (embedded questions)

L loi cu hi c cc c im sau:

- Cu c 2 thnh phn ni vi nhau bng 1 i t nghi vn.

- ng t mnh 2 phi ng xui sau ch ng khng c cu tocu hi thnh phn th 2.

- i t nghi vn khng ch bao gm 1 t m nhiu khi c th l 2 hoc

3 t chng hn: whose + noun, how many, how much, how long, how of-ten, what time, v what kind.

Subject + verb ( phrase) + question word+ subject + verb

V d:Cu hi : Where will the meeting take place?

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Cu hi gin tip: We havent ascertained where the meeting will takeplace.

Q word subject verb phrase

Cu hi: Why did the plane land at the wrong airport?Cu hi gin tip : The authorities cannot figure out why the plane landed

at the wrong airport. Q word subject phrase

auxiliary + subject + verb + question word+ subject + verb

Do you know where he went?Could you tell me what time it is?

Mt s th d:

The professor didnt know how many students would be in her after-noon class.

I have no idea how long the interview will take.

Do they know how often the bus runs at night?

Can you tell me how far the museum is from the college?

Ill tell you what kind of ice cream tastes best.

The teacher asked us whose book was on his desk.

8.4 Cu hi c ui

Khi s dng loi cu hi ny nn nh rng n khng nhm mc ch hi m nhm khng nh li kin ca bn thn mnh bit.

- Cu chia lm 2 thnh phn tch bit nhau bi du phy.

- Nu ng t phn chnh th khng nh th phn ui l phnh v ngc li.

- ng t to be c dng trc tip, cc ng t thng dng tr ng t todo, cc ng t thi kp: future, perfect, progressive dng vi chnh trng t ca thi .

- Cc thnh ng there is, there are v it is dng li phn ui.

- ng t to have trong ting Anh ca ngi M l ng t thng do ns dng vi tr ng t to do.

V d:

There are only twenty-eight days in February, arent there?

Its raining now, isnt it? It isnt raining now, is it?

The boys dont have class tomorrow, do they?

You and I talked with the professor yesterday, didnt we?

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You wont be leaving for another hour, will you?

Jill and Joe have been to Mexico, havent they?

You have two children, dont you?

(Trong ting Anh, th s dng havent you?)

L u :Trong cc bi thi TOEFL nu ng t chnh l have th ng sau phidng tr ng t do.

V d:

She has an exam tomorrow, doesnt she?

9. Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh.

9.1 Li ni ph ho khng nh.

- Dng ph ho li khng nh ca mt ngi khc tng ng vicu ting vit cng th v ngi ta s dng so v too trong cu trc ny.- ng t to be c php dng trc tip, cc ng t thng dng vi trng t to do, cc ng t thi kp (future, perfect, progressive) dngvi chnh ng t ca n.

- Khi be c s dng trong mnh chnh th thi ca ng t be sdng trong cu ph ho cng phi cng thi vi be mnh chnh.

Subject + verb(be)+ too

Affirmative statement (be) + and +So + verb(be) +subject

V d:

I am happy, and you are too.

I am happy, and so are you.- Khi mt ng t th kp (auxilary + verb), v d, will go, should do,has done, have written, must examine, vv... xut hin trong mnh chnh th tr ng t ca mnh chnh c s dng dng khng

nh, v ch ng v ng t phi ho hp.

Subject + auxiliary only+ too

Affirmative statement + and +

(ng t th kp) So + auxiliaryonly + subject

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V d:

They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.

They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.

Subject +do, does, or did+ too.

Affirmative statement + and +

(ng t n tr be) So + do,does, or did + subject

V d:

Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.

Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too.

John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we.

I will be in New Mexico in August, and they will too.

I will be in New Mexico in August, and so will they.

He has seen her plays, and the girls have too.

He has seen her plays, and so have the girls.

We are going to the movies tonight, and Suzy is too.

We are going to the movies tonight, and so is Suzy.

She will wear a costume to the party, and we will too.She will wear a costume to the party, and so will we.

9.2 Li ni ph ho ph nh

- Dng ph ho li ph nh ca ngi khc, tng ng vi cu tingvit cng khng.

- Cu trc dng cho loi cu ny l eitherv neither.

Nn nh rng: Not ... either / Neither ... positive verb.

Cc trng hp dng ging ht cng thc khng nh.

Subject + negative auxiliary orbe + either.Negative statement + and +

Neither+ positive auxiliaryor be + subject.

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V d:

I didnt see Mary this morning. John didnt see Mary this morning.

I didnt see Mary this morning, and John didnt either.

I didnt see Mary this morning, and neither did John.She wont be going to the conference. Her colleagues wont be going tothe conference.

She wont be going to the conference, and her colleagues wont either.

She wont be going to the conference, and neither will her colleagues.

John hasnt seen the new movie yet. I havent seen the new movie yet.

John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and I havent ether.

John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.

10.

Cu ph nh thnh lp cu ph nh ngi ta t notvo sau ng t to be, trng t to do ca ng t thng, v cc tr ng t ca ng t thikp.

- t anyng trc danh t nhn mnh cho ph nh.

- Trong mt s trng hp nhn mnh cho danh t ng sau b phnh, ngi ta ng t nguyn th v t no trc danh t. ( no =not at all).

Nagative + nagative = Posit-ive

V d:

Its really unbelievable that he has no money.

Nagative + comparative = Superlat-ive

V d:Professor Baker couldnt be more helpful = Pr. Baker was the most helpful.

We couldnt have gone to the beach on a better day. Tc l: Today is thebest day to go to the beach.

Nagative ..., much less +noun.

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(khng m li cng khng)

V d:

He didnt like to read novels, much less text books.

Its really unbelievable how he could have survived, after such a free fall,much less live to tell about it on TV.

Mt s ph t trong ting Anh mang ngha ph nh, khi dng ntrong cu tuyt i khng c dng ph nh ca ng t na.

V d:

Hardly

Scarcely Hu nh khng ( Almost no)

Barely

Hardly ever

Rarely Hu nh khng bao gi ( almost never).

Seldom

Cng thc dng vi cc ph t trn.

Subject + nagative + adverb +positive verb

L u : Barely v scarcely i khi mang ngha va , va son (justenough). Phi cn c theo ng cnh ca cu hoc cc cu tr li diphn nghe tm ra ngha ng.

V d:

He scarcely has money for the tuition fee and not any coins left.

(N va tin tr hc ph v khng cn xu no c.)

11. Mnh lnh thcChia lm 2 loi trc tip v gin tip.

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11.1 Mnh lnh thc trc tip.Mnh lnh thc trc tip l cu m mt ngi ra lnh cho mt ngi khclm vic g . N c th cplease i trc. Ch ng c hiu lyou. Sdng dng n gin ca ng t (Nguyn th b to).

V d:

Close the door. Open the window.

Leave the room. Pay your rent.

Please turn off the light. Be quiet.

Dng mnh lnh thc ph nh c thnh lp nh cng thm donttrcng t.

Dont close the door.

Please dont turn off the light.

Dont open the window, please.

( Please c th ng u hoc cui cu mnh lnh thc lm cho cutr nn lch s hn).

11.2 Mnh lnh thc gin tip.Thng dng vi 4 ng t sau:

to order

to ask

to tell

to say

V d:

John told Mary to close the door.

Jack asked Jill to turn off the light.

The teacher told Christopher to open the window.

Please tell Jaime to leave the room.

John ordered Bill to close his book.

The policeman ordered the suspect to be quiet.

L u :

ui ca Lets ...., shall we.V d:

Lets go out for lunch, shall we?

Khc vi let us trong cu mnh lnh thc.

V d:

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Lets go now (chng ta i thi) khc vi Let us go, please. ( xin hy chochng ti i)

12. ng t khim khuyt.

S d gi l nh vy v ng t ny mang nhng c tnh nh sau:

- Khng c tiu t to ng trc.

- ng t no i sau n cng phi b to.

- Khng bao gi 2 ng t khim khuyt i cng vi nhau, nu c thbt buc ng t th 2 phi chuyn sang mt dng khc.

V d:

Will have tomust

Will be able tocan

Will be allowed tomay

ng t khim khuyt c s dng vi cc chc nng sau:

12.1 Din t thi t ng lai.

12.2 Din t cu iu kin.

12.2.1 iu kin c th thc hin c thi hin ti.

Will/shallIf+ Subject + simple present + subject + +[verb in simple form]

can/ may

V d:

If I have the money, I will buy a new car.

If you try more, you will improve your English.

We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is onlyten oclock now.

If+ subject + simple present tense + subject + ... +simple present tense

Mu cu ny cn c dng din t mt thi quen.

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V d:

If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospitalin the afternoon (khng c ng t khuyt thiu.)

John usually walks to school if he has enough time.

If+ Subject + simple present tense ... + com-mand form* ...

* Nn nh rng mnh lnh thc dng n gin ca ng t. ( simpleform)

Mu cu trn c ngha l nh ai, ra lnh cho ai lm g.

V d:

If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me.

Please call me if you hear from Jane.

12.2.2 iu kin khng th thc hin c thi hin ti.

Would/should

If + Subject + simple past + subject ++ verb in simple form

could/ might

V d:

If I had enough money now, I would buy this house( but now I dont have enough money.)

If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.(but I dont have the time.) ( Im not going to the beach with you.)

He would tell you about it if he were here.( he wont tell you about it.) ( He is not here).

If he didnt speak so quickly, you could understand him.(He speaks very quickly.) (You cant understand him.)

L u :

ng t to be sau if mu cu ny phi chia lm were tt c cc ngi.

I... they were.

V d:

If I were you, I wouldnt do such a thing.

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(but Im not you.)

12.2.3 iu kin khng th thc hin c thi qu kh.

Would/should

If + Subject + past perfect + subject ++ have + P2

could / might

V d:

If we hadnt lost the way we could have been here in time.(but in fact we lost the way, so we were late.)

If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.(We didnt know that you were there.) ( we didnt write you a letter.)

She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.(She didnt sell the house.) (She didnt find the right buyer.)

If we hadnt lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.(We lost our way.) (we didnt arrive early.)

Cu iu kin khng phi lc no cng tun theo ng cng thc trn,trong mt s trng hp 1 v ca cu iu kin qu kh cn mt v li hin ti do thi gian ca tng mnh quy nh.

V d:

If she had caught the flight she would be here by now.

L u :

Trong mt s trng hp cu iu kin khng th thc hin c thi qu kh, ngi ta b ifi v o had ln u cu nhng ngha vngi nguyn.

Had + subject + [verb in pastparticiple ]...

V d:

Had we known you were there, we would have written you a letter.

Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.Hadnt we lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.

12.2.4 Cc cch dng c bit ca Will, would v sould trong cc mnh if Thng thng nhng ng t ny khng c dng ng sau if nhng

nu c dng n s mang ngha sau:

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Ifyou will /would.

Thng c dng trong cc yu cu lch s ( Would lch s hn)

V d:

If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr John is here.

(Nu c vui lng ch mt cht, ti s xem liu ng John c y khng.)

I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me.

If you could + verb in simple form.

Nu ng vui lng - Ngi ni cho rng ngi kia s ng nh mt l tt nhin

V d:

If you could fill in this form.

If you could open your books.

If + subject + will / would.

Nu ... chu - Din t tnguyn

V d:

If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him.

Nu n chu nghe theo li ti th ti c th gip n.

If + subject + will.

Din t s ngoan c.

V d:

If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOFEL test is sure awaitingyou.

Nu cu m c hc ting Anh theo cch ny th trt k thi TOFEL chcchn ang ch n cu.

If + subject +should.

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Din t mt hnh ng d rt c th c song kh nng rt t v khi ningi ni khng tin l s vic li c th xy ra.

V d:

If you shouldnt know how to use this TV set, please call me up this num-ber.

Nu anh khng bit cch s dng chic tivi ny, hy gi in cho ti smy ny. (Ni vy nhng ngi ni khng cho rng l anh ta li khng bit sdng chic tivi .)

If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feelfree to ask me.

(Ngi thy khng cho rng cu hc sinh li khng lm c nhng bi tp - v chng rt d hoc cu hc tr rt thng minh)

- Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta b ifi v o should ln u cu m

ng ngha khng thay i.

V d:

Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feelfree to ask me.

Should it be cloudy and gray, the groundhog will supposedly wanderaround for food - a sign that spring is near.

Nu tri c nhiu my v bu tri xm xt th ngi ta cho l con sc ts i lang thang kim n - l du hiu ca ma Xun ang ti gn.Thc ra, khi s dng cu trc ny th tc gi cho rng khi con sc t

chui ra th rt him khi tri li c nhiu my v bu tri li xm li - cth l do kt qu thng k.

13. Cch s dng thnh ng as if, as though.

(C ngha l : dng nh l, nh th l)

- Mnh ng sau 2 thnh ng ny thng hay dng iu kinkhng th thc hin c v chia lm 2 thi:

13.1 Thi hin tiNu ng t mnh trc chia simple presentth ng t mnh

sau phi chia simple past, ng t to be s phi chia l were ttc cc ngi.

as ifSubject + verb (simple present) + + subject +

verb (simple past) as though

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V d:

The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer.Hin ti qu kh

(It is not winter.)

Angelique walks as though she studied modelling.Hin ti qu kh

(She didnt study modelling)

He acts as though he were rich.Hin ti qu kh

(He is not rich)

13.2 Thi qu kh.

Nu ng t mnh trc chia simple pastth ng t mnh

2 phi chia past perfect.

Subject + verb (simple past) + + subject +verb (past perfect)

V d:

Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.Past simple past perfect

(She didnt win the grand prize.)

Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost.Past simple past perfect

(She didnt see a ghost.)

He looked as though he had run ten miles.Past simple past perfect

(He didnt run ten miles.)

C 2 dng chia sau as ifu din t iu kin khng th thchin c.

L u :

Trong mt s trng hp nu iu kin l c tht th 2 cng thc trnkhng c tun theo. ng t li tr v dng bnh thng theo din binca cu.

V d:

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He looks as if he has finish the test.

14. Cch s dng ng t To hope v to wish.

Hai ng t ny tuy ng ngha nhng khc nhau v mt ng php.

+ ng sau ng t to hope l mt cu din bin bnh thng.

V d:

I hope that they will come. ( I dont know if they are coming.)

( Ti hy vng l h s ti.)

We hope that they came yesterday. ( We dont know if they came.)

+ Nhng ng t to wish li i hi ng sau n phi l mt iu kinkhng th thc hin c. iu kin ny chia lm 3 thi.

14.1 Thi t ng lai.ng t mnh sau s phi l Would / could + verb hoc were +

Ving.

Could + verbSubject + wish + (that) + Subject* +

would + verb + ...were + Ving

Subject* : c th l cng hoc khc ch ng vi ch ng trong mnh chnh.

V d:We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You cant come.)

I wish that you would stop saying that. (You probably wont stop.)

She wish that she were coming with us. ( She is not coming with us.)

14.2 Thi hin ting t mnh 2 s chia simple past. ng t to be phi chia lmwere tt c cc ngi.

Subject + wish + (that) + Subject* + verb in simple past ...

V d:

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I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. ( I dont haveenough time.)

We wish that he were old enough to come with us. ( He is not old enough.)

They wish that they didnt have to go to class today. ( They have to go toclass.)

14.3 Thi qu kh.ng t mnh sau s phi chia Past perfecthoc Could have + P2

Past perfectSubject + wish + (that) + Subject +

Could have + P2

V d:

I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. ( I didnt wash the clothesyesterday.)

She wish that she could have been there. ( She couldnt be there.)

We wish that we had had more time last night. ( We didnt have moretime.)

L u :

ng t wish ch c th nh hng n mnh ng sau nbng cch buc mnh phi iu kin khng th thc hin c.Nhng iu kin thi no li do thi gian ca mnh quytnh khng h ph thuc vo thi ca ng t to wish.

V d:

He wished that he could come to the party next week.Qu kh iu kin tng lai Tng lai

Ph hp v thi

The photographer wished that we stood closer together than we are stand-ing now.

Qu kh iu kin hin ti hin

ti

Ph hp v thi

- Phi phn bit vi to wish dng cu ny vi ngha c g, mongg vi to wish trong mu cu sau:

To wish somebody something

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V d:

I wish you a happy birthday.

15. Cch s dng thnh ng used to v get/be used to

15.1 used to.

Used to + [Verb in simple form]... ( Thng hay, tng)

Ch mt thi quen, hnh ng thng xuyn xy ra lp i lp li trongqu kh.

V d:When David was young, he used to swim once a day. ( Thi quen trong qukh)

Chuyn sang cu nghi vn:

Did + Subject + use to + Verb

= Used + Subject + to + verb.

V d:When David was young, did he use to swim once a day?

used he to swim once a day?

Cu ph nh:

Subject + didnt + use to + Verb

= Subject + used not to + verb.

V d:When David was young, he didnt use to swim once a day.

he used not to swim once a day.

15.2 get / be used to.

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BE / GET USED TO + VING

( tr nn quen vi) (noun)

Lu : Trong cng thc (*) c th thay used to = Would nhng d nhm ln.

16. Cch s dng thnh ng Would rather

Would rather ... than = Prefer ... to

(Thch ... hn l; th ... hn l)

ng sau would ratherphi l mt ng t nguyn th b to (bare in-finitive) nhng ng saupreferphi l mt verb+ing.

V d:

John would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice.

John prefer drinking Coca-Cola to drinking orange juice.

L u :

Vic s dng thnh ng ny cn tu thuc vo s ch ng v nghaca cu

16.1 Loi cu c mt ch ng. loi cu ny ch dng Would rather(khng c than) v chia lm 2 thi :

1. Thi hin ti.

ng t sau Would ratherl nguyn th b to. Nu mun dng ph nht nottrc ng t nguyn th b to ( cng thc 1)

Subject + Would rather+ (not) bare infinit-ive

V d:

Jim would rather go to class tomorrow

Trong cu ny ngi ni mun ni Jim thch n lp vo ngy mai (chhm nay Jim khng mun)

2. Thi qu kh.

thi qu kh sau would ratherl have + past participle (hay cn gi lphn t 2 - P2) - Cng thc 2.

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Subject + would rather+ have + (P2)

V d:

John would rather have gone to class yesterday than today ( John thch ihc vo ngy hm qua hn ngy hm nay).

16.2 Loi cu c 2 ch ng loi cu ny thnh ng c s dng s l Would rather that(c

g, mong g) v chia lm nhng mu cu nh sau:

1. Cu gi nh

L loi cu din t ngi th nht mun ngi th 2 lm mt vicg , nhng lm hay khng cn tu thuc vo vo pha ngi th 2. Dovy cu trc ng t sau ch ng 2 phi l nguyn th b to - Cng thc1.

Subject1 + Would rather that+ Subject2 + bareinfinitive

V d:

I would rather that Jones call me tomorrow ( Ti mun Johnes gi in choti vo ngy mai - Nhng Jones c gi in cho ngi ni hay khng cn tuvo Jones).

We would rather that he take this train. (p chuyn tu hay khngcn tu vo anh y - H ch mun vy).

2. iu kin khng thc hin c hin ti (ngha ca cu tri vithc t).

ng t sau ch ng 2 s chia Simple past, ng t to be s phi cchia thnh Were tt c cc ngi - Cng thc 2

Subject1 + would rather that+ Subject2 + Simplepast...

V d:

Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department ashe does

(In fact his girlfriend doesnt work in the same department.)

Jane would rather that it were winter now.

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(It is not winter now.)

Nhn xt:

- Trong cc cu trn ngha ca v th 2 lun tri vi thc t thi imhin ti.

- Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh dng

3. iu kin khng th thc hin c trong qu kh ( Ngha cacu l tri vi thc t.)

Trong loi cu ny ng t mnh th 2 s phi c chia Past perfect- Cng thc 1.

Subject1 + would rather that + Subject2 + Pastperfect

V d:

Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.

(nhng trong thc t th Jill khng ti lp ngy hm qua v ngi ni chly lm tic l Jill khng ti lp vo ngy hm qua.)

Nhn xt: Trn thc t ngha ca to wish v would rather that(vi nghac, mong mun) trong trng hp trn l ging nhau nhng Wish c s dngtrong ting Anh bnh dn (hng ngy). Cn Would rather thatmang kchtnh nhiu hn.

17. Cch s dng Would LikeThnh ng ny dng mi mc ngi khc mt cch lch s hoc

din t mong mun ca mnh mt cch nh nhn sau phi l ngt nguyn th c to (infinitive).

Subject + would like + [to + verb] ...

V d:

Would you like to dance with me?I would like to visit Hongkong.

We would like to order now, please.

The president would like to be re-elected.

They would like to study at the university.

Would you like to see a movie tonight?

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Did not + verb

Were not + verb

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Lu :

- Nu hnh ng c xc nh c th v mt thi gian hoc thigian l hin ti th dng ng t nguyn th sau like.

- Nhng nu thi gian l khng xc nh th phi dng Verb+ing.

V d:

Would you like a lemonade now? (thi gian l hin ti now)

She likes watching TV every night. (thi gian l khng xc nh - ch sthch hobby)

Hoc I would like eating a steak and salad.

18. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din tcc trng thi hin ti.

18.1 Could/may/might.

Could/may/might+ [Verb in simpleform]

C th /c l.

Ch mt kh nng c th xy ra hin ti song ngi ni khngchc. C 3 ng t c gi tr nh nhau.

V d: It might rain tomorrow It will possibly rain to-morrow

It may rain tomorrow = ORIt could rain tomorrow Maybe it will rain to-

morrow

Ch :

Maybe l s kt hp ca mayv be, nhng n l mt t v khng phi l trng t. N ng ngha viperhaps.

Mt s v d v Could, may, v might:

The president said that there might be a strike next month.

I dont know what Im doing tomorrow. I may go to the beach or I may stayhome.

(Lu l ngi Anh thng ni l stay at home nhng ngi M li ni l stayhome.)

It might be warmer tomorrow.

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I may not be able to go with you tonight.

I dont know where Jaime is. He could be at home.

18.2 Should

Should + [Verb in simple form]

Ngha l :

- Nn ( din t mt li khuyn, ngh hoc bt buc nhng khngmnh lm)

- C khi - dng din t mong mun iu g xy ra.

V d:

It should rain tomorrow ( I expect it to rain tomorrow)

My check should arrive next week. ( I expect it to arrive next week).Lu :

- Had better, ought to, be supposed to ni chung l ng ngha vi shouldvi iu kin l ng t to be phi chia thi hin ti.

- be supposed to ngoi ngha tng ng vi should cn mang ngha quynh phi, bt buc phi.

V d:

We are supposed to have a math test this afternoon, but it was postponedbecause the Professor had to attend a science conference.

( Theo quy nh l ....)18.3 Must

Must+ [verb in simple form]

Ngha l :

- Phi - bt buc rt mnh (ngi b bt buc khng c s la chnno khc)

V d:One must endorse a check before one cashes it. (ngi ta phi k sautm sc trc khi rt tin).

George must call his insurance agent today.

A pharmacist must keep a record of the prescriptions that are filled.

An automobile must have gasoline to run.

An attorney must pass an examination before practising law.

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This freezer must be kept at -200.

- Hn l - din t mt s suy lun c logic da trn nhng hin t-ng c tht hin ti.

V d:Johns lights are out. He must be asleep.(We assume that John is asleep because the lights are out.)

The grass is wet. It must be raining.(We assume that it is raining because the grass is wet.)

Mustc thay th bng have to trong nhng trng hp sau y

- ng sau Will thi tng lai.

V d:

We will have to take a TOEFL test at the end of this year.- Had to thay cho must qu kh.

V d:

The teacher had to attend a science conference yesterday.

thi hin ti have to c thay th cho mustkhi:

Hi xem mnh c b buc phi lm iu g khng hoc din ts bt buc do khch quan mang li lm gim nh tnh btbuc ca must.

V d:

Q : Do I have to leave a deposit?A : No, you neednt but you have to sign in this register, Im sorrybut thats the rule.

19. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din tcc trng thi thi qu kh.

Could/ May/ might+ have +P2 (c l )

Ch mt kh nng qu kh song ngi ni khng dm chc.V d:

It might have rained last night, but Im not sure.(C l m qua tri ma)

The cause of death could have been bacteria.(Nguyn nhn ca ci cht c l l do vi trng)

John might have gone to the movies yesterday.

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(C l John ti rp chiu bng ngy hm qua)

Could + have +P2 (c l c th - nhng thc tth khng)

V d:

We could have solved this problem at that time (But we couldnt in fact)(L ra lc chng ti c th gii quyt c vn ny.)

SHOULD + HAVE + P2 (l ra phi, l ra nn - nhng thc tth khng)

Thnh ng ny tng ng vi Was / were / Supposed to.

MUST HAVE P2 - Hn l

(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c thttrong qu kh)

V d:

Paul did so well in his speech today that he could have rehearsed it manytimes this past week.

(Hm nay Paul c li pht biu rt hay, hn l tun qua n din tprt nhiu ln ).

MIGHT HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - c l lc y ang


V d:

I didnt hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.

I didnt watch that scene on television, I might have been paying attentionto the argument.

MUST HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - chc hn lc y ang


V d:

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I didnt hear you knock, I must have been sleeping at that time.

I didnt see him this morning, he must have been working in the office.

20. tnh t v ph t (adjective and adverb). Mt tnh t bao gi cng b ngha cho mt danh t v ch danh

t. N ng ngay trc danh t . Trong ting Anh ch c mtdanh t duy nht ng sau danh t m n b ngha l: galore( nhiu, phong ph, di do).

V d:

There are errors galore in the final exam.

- Mt ph t bao gi cng b ngha cho:

+ Mt ng t - mt tnh t - v mt ph t khc.

V d:

He runs very fast.verb adv adv

She is terribly beautiful. Adv adj

-Adj + ly= advnhng phi cn thn v khng phi bt c t no c uilyu l ph t. Mt s cc tnh t cng c tn cng l ly.

V d:

Lovely, friendly, lonely.

- Mt s cc cm t m u bng gii t ch a im, thi gian, ph-ng tin hnh ng, tnh hung hnh ng cng c coi l ph t. Vd: in the office.

- Mt s cc ph t c cu to c bit nh soon, very, almost.

- V tr cc ph t trong ting Anh tng i thoi m i nhng cng cnhng phc tp. C mt s quy lut nh sau:

+ Cc ph t b ng s thng xuyn ng cui cu theo th t utin:

ch phng thc hnh ng (ui ly),

ch a im (here, there, at school...),

ch thi gian,

ch phng tin hnh ng,

ch tnh hung hnh ng.

+ Mt ph t khng bao gi c ng xen vo gia ng t v tnng.

V d:

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I have terribly a headache. (cu sai v ph t ng xen giang t v tn ng )

+ Nu trong cu ch c ph t ch thi gian th n th ng lnu cu.

V d:In 1975 I graduated but I didnt find a job.

+ Cc ph t ch tn s (always, sometimes...) thng bao gi cngng trc ng t chnh khi n l ng t hnh ng, nhng baogi cng ng sau ng t to be.

V d:

- They have often visited me recently.

- He always comes in time.

Nhng: The president is always in time.

21. ng t ni. l cc ng t trong bng sau.

becomeremain

appearlooksmelltaste

Cc ng t trn c nhng c tnh sau:

Khng din t hnh ng m din t bn cht ca s vt, s vic,nh mu sc, mi v ...

ng sau chng phi l mt tnh t khng c l mt ph t.

Lu : cc cp ng t

Documents

TOEFL Grammar Vietnamese