Today’s Warm-Up Think back to our unit covering World

War I. What do you recall about the Ottoman Empire and the “Sick Man of Europe”?

Write down today’s LEQ – (we’re starting with notes)How and why has the Middle East evolved

through time?

THE MIDDLE EAST

Where Continents Meet The Middle East is where

Africa, Asia & Europe meet.

Shifting Boundaries There are no natural borders that

distinguish the boundaries of the Middle East.

Egypt, Iran, Sudan & Turkey are disputed parts of the region.

The Middle East In fact, the boundaries of the

Middle East are political, and they keep shifting overtime.

From 1600 to today, the map of the Middle East has changed greatly.

1600

1880

1920

Current

HISTORYToday’s LEQ: How and why has the Middle East evolved through time?

Prior to World War I Ottoman Empire was dominant

ruling power from 1299 to 1922. Empire struggled to hold onto

territory as WWI approached. Many regions were influenced by

nationalism & wanted independence.

During World War I Ottoman Empire became

an ally of Germany. When Germany

surrendered, so did Ottoman Empire.

Post World War I Sykes-Picot Agreement-

Secret deal made between Britain & France carved Middle East into spheres of influence.

Post World War I In 1920, League of

Nations established a mandate system of French & British control for 25 years.

During World War II Many nations saw the opportunity

to gain independence. 1941- Iran 1943- Lebanon 1944- Syria 1946- Jordan 1947- Egypt & Iraq

Post World War II Creation of Israel

Holocaust led to pressure to create a Jewish State

November 29, 1947, United Nations changed the region known as Palestine to Israel.

Israel All surrounding

Arab States declared war on Israel in 1948.

Once Arab-Israeli War was won by Israel, Israel took 70% of Palestine.(50% more

than UN intended)

Cold War

Middle East became a strategic area of interest because of its oil reserves.

Cold War•Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979 to support Communism.•Opposing side was led by Osama Bin Laden & supported by US.•In 1989, Soviets finally withdrew from Afghanistan.

Iraq-Iran War

Iraq (Saddam Hussein) invaded Iran in 1980.

Iran was an enemy of US b/c of hostage crisis. So US supported Iraq.

Iraq used chemical weapons against Iran.

Ended in a ceasefire in 1988.

1st Persian Gulf War On August 2,

1990, Saddam Hussein, ordered his army to invade Kuwait.

At the time, Kuwait produced over 10% of the world's oil.

1st Persian Gulf War United Nations/US

intervened. The war only lasted from

Jan to Feb of 1991. Retreating Iraqi’s set fire

to oil wells in Kuwait.

Current War

Operation Iraqi Freedom began in March 2003

Spread to Afghanistan To date, 4,483 American

soldier deaths & 33,183 wounded.