Today’s lesson we will be looking at:Today’s lesson we will be looking at:Responses to aggressionResponses to aggression

You will be able to:You will be able to:

State two responses to aggression State two responses to aggression which involve the use of force.which involve the use of force.State two responses which don’t State two responses which don’t involve the use of force.involve the use of force.Explain what the United Nations Explain what the United Nations Organisation is and identify what they Organisation is and identify what they do.do.

Countries who are victims of aggression Countries who are victims of aggression have a number of options:have a number of options:

They could try to They could try to negotiate a peaceful negotiate a peaceful settlement in the settlement in the dispute.dispute.

They may return force They may return force with sufficient force to with sufficient force to defend its territory.defend its territory.

They may return force They may return force with greater force as with greater force as part of a counter-part of a counter-attack against the attack against the aggressor.aggressor.

They could call the United They could call the United Nations to intervene with Nations to intervene with peace-keeping forces and peace-keeping forces and the threat of non-military the threat of non-military sanctions such as trade sanctions such as trade sanctions against the sanctions against the aggressor.aggressor.

The United NationsThe United Nations

Set up in 1945Set up in 1945 To promote international To promote international

peace and security.peace and security. Most but not all of the Most but not all of the

world’s countries are part world’s countries are part of the UNof the UN

There are 192 There are 192 countries in the UN countries in the UN only a few which are only a few which are not:not:

Kosovo – Kosovo – independence from independence from Serbia 2008-still not Serbia 2008-still not recognised as part recognised as part of the UN.of the UN.

Vatican (Holy See)Vatican (Holy See)

The UN charterThe UN charter

States that all countries should States that all countries should respect the fundamental human respect the fundamental human rights of all people and establish rights of all people and establish conditions under which justice and conditions under which justice and respect can be maintained.respect can be maintained.

Tolerance should be practiced and Tolerance should be practiced and people should be allowed to live in people should be allowed to live in peace.peace.

The UN charter also states that the The UN charter also states that the international community should to international community should to whatever is necessary to maintain whatever is necessary to maintain international peace and to protect international peace and to protect future generations from war.future generations from war.

Legitimate authorityLegitimate authority

Many argue that if a war is necessary Many argue that if a war is necessary then the UN is the only legitimate then the UN is the only legitimate authority to declare war.authority to declare war.

Article 2.4 of the UN states that Article 2.4 of the UN states that member nations are required to member nations are required to ‘refrain in their international ‘refrain in their international relations from the threat or use relations from the threat or use of force.’of force.’

UN structure:UN structure:

There are various bodies within the There are various bodies within the UN which have the task of trying to UN which have the task of trying to achieve the aim of making the world achieve the aim of making the world a more peaceful place.a more peaceful place.

The International Court of Justice – The International Court of Justice – tries to establish and enforce tries to establish and enforce international laws and broker international laws and broker peaceful settlements to disputes peaceful settlements to disputes which might lead to war.which might lead to war.

Are they successful?Are they successful?

Although some states have ignored Although some states have ignored ruling from the ICJ, it has successfully ruling from the ICJ, it has successfully laid down principles which have laid down principles which have allowed numerous disputes to be allowed numerous disputes to be settled peacefully.settled peacefully.

The UN have helped end wars by The UN have helped end wars by helping establish cease-fires and helping establish cease-fires and arrange peace treaties.arrange peace treaties.

WMD’sWMD’s

The UN have also tried to broker The UN have also tried to broker agreements for conventions to agreements for conventions to control and reduce the use of control and reduce the use of weapons of mass destruction – one weapons of mass destruction – one success being in 1967 there was an success being in 1967 there was an international agreement to ban international agreement to ban development of WMD in space.development of WMD in space.

Peacekeeping forcesPeacekeeping forces

The Un have multi-national The Un have multi-national peacekeeping forces which sends peacekeeping forces which sends flashpoints to protect civilians and to flashpoints to protect civilians and to try and prevent war.try and prevent war.

Peacekeeping forces are soldiers Peacekeeping forces are soldiers provided by the UN’s various provided by the UN’s various member states.member states.

Peacekeeping soldiersPeacekeeping soldiers Soldiers wear blue Soldiers wear blue

berets or helmets – UN berets or helmets – UN colourcolour

Use minimal force to Use minimal force to prevent fighting and prevent fighting and protect civilians.protect civilians.

Orders to shoot are normally Orders to shoot are normally only given when soldiers only given when soldiers have to defend themselves.have to defend themselves.

Sometimes they are Sometimes they are unarmed and act as unarmed and act as observers who report on any observers who report on any breach of peace deals.breach of peace deals.

Geneva Convention.Geneva Convention. The UN established the Geneva The UN established the Geneva

convention to help victims of war.convention to help victims of war. The convention states that civilians The convention states that civilians

must be treated humanely and that must be treated humanely and that pow must not be tortured. pow must not be tortured.

It also bans hostage-taking and It also bans hostage-taking and discrimination on the grounds or discrimination on the grounds or race, religion, nationality or politicsrace, religion, nationality or politics