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Today’s APOD
Next: Chapter 9 – Outer PlanetsQuiz 7 todayRooftop on Nov. 10, Kirkwood Nov.
12Homework due TODAY
The Sun Today
A100 - Comparing Terrestrial Planets
The Martian Interior
Differentiated like the Earth’s interior into a crust, mantle, and iron core
Having a mass between that of dead Mercury and lively Earth/Venus implies Mars should be intermediate in tectonic activity Numerous volcanic peaks and uplifted highlands exist Olympus Mons and other volcanoes do not show any
craters on their slopes indicating they may still occasionally erupt
SurveyinSurveying the g the Red Red
PlanetPlanet
Mars Topography
North• smooth surface• few craters• lower elevation• ***younger***
South• rough surface• heavily cratered• higher elevation• ***older***
Why are the northern and southern hemispheres of Mars so different?
SurveyinSurveying the g the Red Red
PlanetPlanet
Hypotheses
1. Did a major impact (or several large impacts) resurface the northern hemisphere?
NO - Not circular, no rim…
2. Did an ancient ocean in the northern hemisphere eroded away the surface, erasing the craters?
NO - No shoreline, slopes not consistent, features at boundary suggest compression
SurveyinSurveying the g the Red Red
PlanetPlanet
Plate Tectonics on Mars?
Rising material from the interior creates a “rift” and forms new crust
New crust spreads and is “subducted” where convection in the mantle pulls it down
Compression features will form where new crust encounters old crust
Subduction provides fuel for volcanic activity (Tharsis volcanoes?)
Largest Mountain in the Solar System
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PlanetPlanet
More evidence for plate tectonics? The crust of
mars is thinner in the northern hemisphere
When a rift expands quickly, new crust is smooth and thinPlate tectonics cools the
interior; when the interior cools off, mantle convection ends, and plate tectonics stop.
S N
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PlanetPlanet
Magnetic Stripes
• Mars once had a reversing magnetic field – a core dynamo like Earth’s
• Evidence of mantle convection and plate tectonics• Dynamo ended about 4 billion years ago, before the
interior cooled
• Surface magnetic field measured by MGS
• Bands of opposite N/S polarity
SurveyinSurveying the g the Red Red
PlanetPlanet
Mars Topography
• A mixture of old and “really old” terrain
• Evidence suggests that plate tectonics resurfaced the northern hemisphere early in martian history
Linear shape of Valles Marineris suggests it was a rift formed through plate tectonics
The Atmosphere of Mars Clouds and wind blown
dust are visible evidence that Mars has an atmosphere
Spectra show the atmosphere is mainly CO2 (95%) with traces of N2 (3%), oxygen and water
The atmosphere’s density is about 1% that of the Earth’s
Not a drop of rain…
No rain falls, despite cloudsAtmosphere is too
cold and dryFog seen in valleys
and ground frost has been observed
CO2 “snow” falls on poles during winter
Ancient Atmosphere of Mars
Dry river beds indicate liquid water flowed in Mars’s past
This implies that Mars had to have a denser atmosphere (higher pressure) to prevent the fast vaporization of surface water into the atmosphere
Cratering indicates that this thicker atmosphere disappeared about 3 billion years ago
SurveyinSurveying the g the Red Red
PlanetPlanet
Climate Change on Mars?
ModernCold and Arid
Past?Wet and Warm?
Percival Lowell first popularized the idea that early Mars was warm and wet
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PlanetPlanet
Evidence for Water Ice on Mars
Polar caps
Surface frost, Viking 2
Ground ice (Mars Odyssey)
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PlanetPlanet
Headscarp of Chasma Boreale1000 m of layered ice, frozen sand dunes, andlayered sedimentary rock above a cratered basement
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PlanetPlanet
Viking orbiter found channels
Martian delta Fossil delta on Earth
Evidence for Flowing Water in the Past
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PlanetPlanet
Two Causes of
Climate Change• Orbital and axial variations
• Long-term evolution
Mars is closer to the sun during its southern summer and further from the sun during the northern summer. The southern summer is shorter and hotter, while the northern summer is longer and cooler. The difference affects polar ice loss, weather patterns, and dust storms.
SurveyinSurveying the g the Red Red
PlanetPlanet
• Large CO2 abundance up to ~ 3.8 Gyr allows warm climate and channels
• ~ 3.8 Gyr: Heavy bombardment removes much of early atmosphere
• Further loss of CO2 to carbonate minerals and escape gradually reduces CO2 to present levels
The Martian Atmosphere – Standard Model
But – some problems with this model (nitrogen abundance doesn’t match, not enough carbonates on Martian surface)
SurveyinSurveying the g the Red Red
PlanetPlanet
Alternate Models
• Transient warmings?– large impacts– thermal events, volcanoes
• Water features caused by other fluids?•Pyroclastic flows•Sulfur-rich fluid lavas
W. K. Hartmann
Comparing the
Terrestrial Planets
?
Role of Mass and Radius Mass and radius affect interior temperature This in turn determines the level of tectonic activity Low-mass, small-radius planets will be cooler inside
and hence less active than larger planets This relationship is in fact observed with Mercury
(the least active), then Mars, then Venus/Earth
The Role of Sunlight
Warming from sunlight depends on the planet’s distance from the Sun – the closer the warmer
Warming also depends on the amount and makeup of the atmosphere
Solar warming and atmospheric chemistry also determines the structure of the atmosphere, which may affect the amount of warming On warmer Venus lifts water vapor to great heights in its
atmosphere On cooler Earth, water condenses out at lower heights and
the upper atmosphere is almost totally devoid of water
The Role of Biological ProcessesBiological processes remove CO2 from the
atmosphereSea creatures use dissolved CO2 in ocean
water to make shells of calcium carbonateShells fall form sediment on the ocean bottom Sediment becomes rock, sequesting CO2
With CO2 removed, mostly N2 is leftCO2 is recycled back into the atmosphere by
tectonic activityGreen plants break down H2O, C02 during
photosynthesis, producing oxygen
Comparing Planets Mercury
Low mass No atmosphere No plate tectonics Old crust No life
Venus Massive Extensive
atmosphereActive vulcanism?New crustNo plate tectonicsNo Life
Earth Massive Modest
atmosphere Some vulcanism Plate tectonics New crust Life
Mars Medium Mass Thin CO2 atmosphere
Some vulcanism Early plate tectonics? Old and not-so-old crust Life?
ASSIGNMENTSthis week
Next Week – Ch 9 – Outer Planets
Rooftop session on Nov. 10 Kirkwood Open Nov. 12 Turn in homework!