Today’s Agenda:Today’s Agenda:

Journal Question: What is the current world Journal Question: What is the current world population?population?

*1. Lecture I: Population*1. Lecture I: PopulationAP exam you missed AP exam you missed you must take this during class today you must take this during class today

2. as per our class policy on missed exams or 2. as per our class policy on missed exams or it will turn into a zero.it will turn into a zero.

3. Great job on your AP Exam. I will hand 3. Great job on your AP Exam. I will hand back your scores and overall grade at the end back your scores and overall grade at the end of class.of class.

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The Human The Human Population: Population: Dimensions Dimensions

By Dr. Rick WoodwardBy Dr. Rick Woodward

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Casual Workers in Casual Workers in KenyaKenya

A. A. High population growth and High population growth and slow economic development slow economic development combine to combine to produce a large produce a large unemployed workforceunemployed workforce..

Casual Workers in KenyaCasual Workers in KenyaB. B. Competition for scarce, low-Competition for scarce, low-

paying factory jobs leaves many paying factory jobs leaves many people without employmentpeople without employment. .

C. Working six days a week for 10 C. Working six days a week for 10 hours a day and earn at most $50 a hours a day and earn at most $50 a month. month.

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A. A A. A populationpopulation is a is a group of group of organisms of the same species organisms of the same species living in the same place at the living in the same place at the same timesame time

B. There are B. There are millions of different millions of different populations all evolving according populations all evolving according to their own self interest in a to their own self interest in a particular environmentparticular environment. .

PopulationsPopulations

C. C. Each population is a part of the Each population is a part of the environment environment of its neighbors, so of its neighbors, so any evolutionary change has a any evolutionary change has a

ripple effectripple effect..

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Distribution of World Distribution of World Population 2010Population 2010

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Current World Current World PopulationPopulation

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Human Population Human Population Expansion Expansion

A. It was A. It was 1830 when the world 1830 when the world population reached the 1 billion population reached the 1 billion markmark..

B. By 1930, just 100 years later, B. By 1930, just 100 years later, the the population doubled to 2 billion.population doubled to 2 billion.

C. Barely C. Barely 30 years later30 years later, in 1960, it , in 1960, it reached 3 billionreached 3 billion..

Human Population Human Population ExpansionExpansion

D. By 1975 (D. By 1975 (15 years later15 years later) it ) it reached reached 4 billion4 billion..

E. Thus, the population doubled in E. Thus, the population doubled in just 45 years, from 1930 – to 1975.just 45 years, from 1930 – to 1975.

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Human Population Human Population ExpansionExpansionF. In 1987 it crossed the 5 billion F. In 1987 it crossed the 5 billion

mark.mark.G. G. In 1999, world population In 1999, world population

passed 6 billion passed 6 billion and is currently and is currently growing at a rate of nearly 77 growing at a rate of nearly 77 million people per year.million people per year.

H. In H. In 2011, world population 2011, world population reaches 7 billionreaches 7 billion

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Human Population Human Population ExpansionExpansion

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Human Population Human Population ExpansionExpansion

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The Population The Population Explosion! Explosion!

A. The A. The U.N. Population Division U.N. Population Division projects that world population will projects that world population will pass the 7 billion mark in 2011pass the 7 billion mark in 2011, , the 8 billion mark in 2028, and the the 8 billion mark in 2028, and the 9 billion mark in 2052.9 billion mark in 2052.

Population Growth & Population Growth & Internet UsageInternet Usage

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Middle East 2012Middle East 2012A. Population & Age Disparity: A. Population & Age Disparity:

(1) Population:(1) Population:

(2) Average Age:(2) Average Age:

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Middle East 2012Middle East 2012A.A. According to the According to the World BankWorld Bank, the , the

Middle East and North AfricaMiddle East and North Africa (MENA) are to face an (MENA) are to face an unprecedented challenge unprecedented challenge in the in the next two decades. next two decades.

B.B. More than 65 percent of the More than 65 percent of the region’s population are under region’s population are under the age of 24.the age of 24.

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The World BankThe World BankA. An international organization A. An international organization

dedicated to dedicated to providing financing, providing financing, advice and research to advice and research to developing nations to aid their developing nations to aid their economic advancementeconomic advancement..

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The World BankThe World Bank

B. The World Bank B. The World Bank was created at the end was created at the end of World War II as a result of many of World War II as a result of many European and Asian countries needing European and Asian countries needing financing to fund reconstruction effortsfinancing to fund reconstruction efforts. .

C. By giving C. By giving loansloans, and offering advice and , and offering advice and training in both the private and public training in both the private and public sectors, the World Bank aims to , the World Bank aims to eliminate eliminate poverty by helping people help poverty by helping people help themselves. themselves.

21

The World BankThe World BankD. D. 72% of the world’s 72% of the world’s

poorest 1 billion poorest 1 billion people live in (so-people live in (so-called) middle called) middle income countriesincome countries..

E. E. Low-incomeLow-income countries are defined countries are defined by the World Bank’s by the World Bank’s definition of < $995 definition of < $995 per person GDP.per person GDP.

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Today’s Agenda:Today’s Agenda:

1. Journal Question: What is the function of 1. Journal Question: What is the function of the World Bank?the World Bank?

2. Lecture II: Historical Patterns of Growth & 2. Lecture II: Historical Patterns of Growth & Demographic TermsDemographic Terms

3. Rude Behavior: Your Choice; Class Cut or 3. Rude Behavior: Your Choice; Class Cut or Detention Detention

4. Quiz next Friday on Population & Soil4. Quiz next Friday on Population & Soil

5. Final Exam will be Comprehensive AP Exam5. Final Exam will be Comprehensive AP Exam

6. AP Readiness Signatures6. AP Readiness Signatures

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Looking Historically at Patterns of Looking Historically at Patterns of GrowthGrowth

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Reasons for the Patterns Reasons for the Patterns of Growth:of Growth:

A. The main reason for the A. The main reason for the slow and slow and fluctuating population growth prior fluctuating population growth prior to the early 1800sto the early 1800s was the prevalence was the prevalence of of diseases that were often fatal:diseases that were often fatal:

1. 1. SmallpoxSmallpox2. 2. DiphtheriaDiphtheria3. 3. MeaslesMeasles 4. 4. Scarlet feverScarlet fever

B. These B. These diseases hit infants diseases hit infants particularly hardparticularly hard..

Reasons for the Patterns of Reasons for the Patterns of GrowthGrowthC. It was C. It was not uncommon for a not uncommon for a

woman who had seven or eight woman who had seven or eight live births to have only one or live births to have only one or two children to reach adulthoodtwo children to reach adulthood..

D. In addition, epidemics of diseases D. In addition, epidemics of diseases such as the such as the black plague of the black plague of the 1414thth century, typhus, and century, typhus, and cholera eliminated large cholera eliminated large numbers of adultsnumbers of adults..

E. E. FaminesFamines also took their tolls also took their tolls periodically.periodically.

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Reason for the Reason for the Patterns of GrowthPatterns of Growth

F. Prior to the 1800’s the human F. Prior to the 1800’s the human population was essentially in a population was essentially in a dynamic balance.dynamic balance.

G. G. Breakthroughs: In the late Breakthroughs: In the late 1800’s, Louis Pasteur and others 1800’s, Louis Pasteur and others discovered that diseases were discovered that diseases were caused by infectious agents (now caused by infectious agents (now identified as various bacteria, identified as various bacteria, viruses, and parasites) and that viruses, and parasites) and that these organisms were transmitted these organisms were transmitted via via water, food, insects, and water, food, insects, and rodents.rodents.

H. Soon H. Soon vaccinationsvaccinations were developed were developed for the different diseases.for the different diseases.

I. I. Sewage and drinking waterSewage and drinking water were were also also treatedtreated..

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Other Breakthroughs:Other Breakthroughs:A. In the A. In the 1930’s the discovery of 1930’s the discovery of

penicillinpenicillin resulted in cures for resulted in cures for otherwise otherwise often-fatal diseases often-fatal diseases such as pneumonia and blood such as pneumonia and blood poisoningpoisoning..

B. B. Improvements in nutrition Improvements in nutrition and medicineand medicine..

C. C. Better sanitationBetter sanitation..D. The human population began D. The human population began

growing almost growing almost exponentiallyexponentially. . ((Refer to previous slides for Refer to previous slides for

population explosionpopulation explosion))

How Antibiotics Work….How Antibiotics Work….

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Demographic TermsDemographic Terms

A. A. Growth RateGrowth Rate (annual rate of increase) (annual rate of increase) = The rate of growth of a population, as = The rate of growth of a population, as a percentage. Multiplied by the existing a percentage. Multiplied by the existing population, this population, this rate gives the net rate gives the net yearly increase for the populationyearly increase for the population..

B. B. Total Fertility RateTotal Fertility Rate = The average = The average number of children each woman has over number of children each woman has over her lifetime, expressed as a yearly rate her lifetime, expressed as a yearly rate based on fertility occurring during a based on fertility occurring during a particular year.particular year.

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Demographic Terms Demographic Terms

C. C. Infant MortalityInfant Mortality = Infant deaths = Infant deaths per thousand live births.per thousand live births.

D. D. Population Profile (age Population Profile (age structurestructure)) = A bar graph plotting = A bar graph plotting numbers of males and females for numbers of males and females for successive ages in the population, successive ages in the population, starting with youngest at the starting with youngest at the bottom.bottom.

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Demographic TermsDemographic Terms

E. E. Population MomentumPopulation Momentum = The = The tendency of a population to continue tendency of a population to continue growing.growing.

F. F. Crude Birth RateCrude Birth Rate = The number = The number of live births per thousand in a of live births per thousand in a population in a given year.population in a given year.

G. G. Crude Death RateCrude Death Rate = The number = The number of deaths per thousand in a of deaths per thousand in a population in a given year.population in a given year.

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Disparities Among Disparities Among NationsNations

A. To understand population dynamics A. To understand population dynamics one must look at the one must look at the tremendous tremendous disparities among nations.disparities among nations.

B. In fact, people in wealthy and poor B. In fact, people in wealthy and poor countries live almost in separate countries live almost in separate worlds, worlds, isolated by radically isolated by radically different economic and different economic and demographic conditionsdemographic conditions..

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Rich Nations, Poor Rich Nations, Poor NationsNations

A. The A. The World Bank, an arm of the World Bank, an arm of the United NationsUnited Nations, divides the countries of , divides the countries of the world into three main economic the world into three main economic categories, according to average per categories, according to average per capita gross national income.capita gross national income.

(1) High-income, highly developed, (1) High-income, highly developed, industrialized countries.industrialized countries.

(2) Middle-income, moderately (2) Middle-income, moderately developed countries.developed countries.

(3) Low-income, developing countries.(3) Low-income, developing countries.

Today’s AgendaToday’s Agenda

You are required to have a Barron’s AP You are required to have a Barron’s AP Environmental Science Book for this Class (This Environmental Science Book for this Class (This was clearly written on your syllabus in bold printwas clearly written on your syllabus in bold print))

Lecture: III Population Growth & Disparity Lecture: III Population Growth & Disparity

AP Readiness on January 21 (UCLA)AP Readiness on January 21 (UCLA)

Final on January 30Final on January 30th th

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High-income, highly High-income, highly developed, industrialized developed, industrialized

countries:countries:A. This group includes the United A. This group includes the United

States, Canada, Japan, Australia, States, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, the countries of New Zealand, the countries of western Europe and Scandinavia, western Europe and Scandinavia, Singapore, Taiwan, Israel, and Singapore, Taiwan, Israel, and several Arab states.several Arab states.

B. 2001 gross national income per B. 2001 gross national income per capita, $9,206 and above; average capita, $9,206 and above; average of $26,710.of $26,710.

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Middle-income, moderately Middle-income, moderately developed countries:developed countries:

A. Mainly the countries of Latin America A. Mainly the countries of Latin America (Mexico, Central America, and South (Mexico, Central America, and South America), northern and southern Africa, America), northern and southern Africa, China and some smaller eastern Asian China and some smaller eastern Asian countries, eastern Europe, and countries countries, eastern Europe, and countries of the former USSR.of the former USSR.

B. 2001 gross national income per capita B. 2001 gross national income per capita ranges from $745 to $9,205; average of ranges from $745 to $9,205; average of $1,850.$1,850.

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Low-income, developing Low-income, developing countries:countries:

A. The group comprises the countries A. The group comprises the countries of eastern, western, and central of eastern, western, and central Africa, India and other countries of Africa, India and other countries of central Asia, and a few former central Asia, and a few former Soviet republics.Soviet republics.

B. The 2001 gross national income B. The 2001 gross national income per capita, less than $745; average per capita, less than $745; average of $430.of $430.

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TerminologyTerminology

A. The A. The high-income nationshigh-income nations are are commonly referred to as commonly referred to as developed developed countriescountries..

B. B. Middle-income and low-income Middle-income and low-income countries countries are often grouped are often grouped together and referred to as together and referred to as developing countriesdeveloping countries. .

(Third World Countries; terminology (Third World Countries; terminology phased out)phased out)

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DisparitiesDisparities

A. The A. The highly developed countrieshighly developed countries make up just make up just 16% of the world’s 16% of the world’s population, yet they control population, yet they control about 81% of the world’s wealthabout 81% of the world’s wealth..

B. The low-income developing B. The low-income developing countries, with countries, with 41% of the world’s 41% of the world’s population, control only 3.4% of population, control only 3.4% of the world’s gross national the world’s gross national incomeincome..

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Human Poverty Human Poverty Index (HPI)Index (HPI)

A. The Human Poverty Index (HPI), is based A. The Human Poverty Index (HPI), is based on information about:on information about:(1) (1) Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy(2) (2) LiteracyLiteracy(3) (3) Living StandardsLiving Standards

B. Between 10% - 15% of the people in B. Between 10% - 15% of the people in developed countries are poor (unable to developed countries are poor (unable to afford adequate food, shelter, or afford adequate food, shelter, or clothing) compared with about 45% of clothing) compared with about 45% of those in developing countries.those in developing countries.

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I=PATI=PAT

X

Developing Countries

Population (P)Consumptionper person

(affluence, A)

Technological impact perunit of consumption (T)

Environmentalimpact of population (I)

Developed Countries

XX

XX

X =

=

=

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Population Growth in Population Growth in Rich and Poor NationsRich and Poor Nations

A. The A. The developed worlddeveloped world, with a population of , with a population of 965 million965 million in mid-2003, is growing at a in mid-2003, is growing at a rate of 0.1% per yearrate of 0.1% per year. (These countries will . (These countries will add less than 1 million to the world’s add less than 1 million to the world’s population in a yearpopulation in a year))

B. The B. The remaining countriesremaining countries, whose mid-2003 , whose mid-2003 population was population was 5.35 billion5.35 billion, are increasing , are increasing at a rate of at a rate of almost 1.6% per yearalmost 1.6% per year. (. (adding adding over 76 million in a yearover 76 million in a year).).

C. Consequently, C. Consequently, over 98% of world over 98% of world population growth is occurring in the population growth is occurring in the developing countriesdeveloping countries. .

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The great wealth gap between The great wealth gap between rich and poorrich and poor

Fig. 2-9

Richest fifth82.7%

Poorest fifth1.4%

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Pressures on the Pressures on the EnvironmentEnvironment

A. Human Pressure on the A. Human Pressure on the environment was the outcome of environment was the outcome of three factors:three factors:

(1) (1) PopulationPopulation

(2) (2) Affluence (wealth)Affluence (wealth)

(3) (3) Technology Technology

I = (P) (A) (T)I = (P) (A) (T)

I = I = Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Impact

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Big Foot PrintsBig Foot Prints

A. Because of differences in consumption, A. Because of differences in consumption, the the average Americanaverage American places at least places at least 20 times the demand on Earth’s 20 times the demand on Earth’s resources, including it ability to absorb resources, including it ability to absorb pollutantspollutants..

B. Major B. Major world pollution problems, world pollution problems, including the depletion of the ozone including the depletion of the ozone layer, the impacts of global climate layer, the impacts of global climate change, and the accumulation of toxic change, and the accumulation of toxic wastes in the environment, are largely wastes in the environment, are largely the consequence of the high the consequence of the high consumption associated with affluent consumption associated with affluent lifestyles in the developed countrieslifestyles in the developed countries..

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The United StatesThe United States

A. The A. The United States, with only 5% of the United States, with only 5% of the worlds populationworlds population, is currently , is currently responsible for over responsible for over 24% of the total 24% of the total global emissions of carbon dioxide, global emissions of carbon dioxide, the major greenhouse gasthe major greenhouse gas..

B. Likewise, much of the B. Likewise, much of the global global deforestation and loss of biodiversity is deforestation and loss of biodiversity is due to consumer demands in due to consumer demands in developed countriesdeveloped countries..

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Demographic TransitionDemographic Transition

A.A. The concept of The concept of stable, non-growing stable, non-growing global human population based on global human population based on people freely choosing to have people freely choosing to have smaller familiessmaller families is possible because it is possible because it is already happening in developed is already happening in developed countries.countries.

B.B. Factors that bring about demographic Factors that bring about demographic transition: transition: (1) Modernization (Economic (1) Modernization (Economic Development)Development)(2) Epidemiologic Transition (2) Epidemiologic Transition

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Modernization Modernization

A.A. Early demographers observed that Early demographers observed that modernization of a nation brings about modernization of a nation brings about more than just a lower death rate more than just a lower death rate resulting from resulting from better healthcarebetter healthcare: A : A decline in fertility ratedecline in fertility rate also occurs as also occurs as people choose to limit the size of their people choose to limit the size of their families.families.

B.B. The basic premise of the The basic premise of the demographic demographic transitiontransition is that there is a is that there is a causal link causal link between modernization and a decline in between modernization and a decline in birth and death rates.birth and death rates.

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Epidemiologic TransitionEpidemiologic Transition

A.A. At present, cancer and cardiovascular At present, cancer and cardiovascular disease account for most mortality, disease account for most mortality, and many people survive to old age.and many people survive to old age.

B.B. This This pattern of change in mortality pattern of change in mortality factors has been called the factors has been called the epidemiologic transitionepidemiologic transition and and represents one element of the represents one element of the demographic transition.demographic transition.

C.C. Epidemiology is the study of Epidemiology is the study of disease in human societiesdisease in human societies. .

Today’s AgendaToday’s Agenda Finish population lectureFinish population lecture AP Readiness Seminar at UCLA Tomorrow: Attend!AP Readiness Seminar at UCLA Tomorrow: Attend! Start reviewing with your AP Readiness Exam Book Start reviewing with your AP Readiness Exam Book

from Barons. from Barons. This is mandatoryThis is mandatory. . We still need to cover ecology, succession, soil, We still need to cover ecology, succession, soil,

federal laws, endangered species and mathematical federal laws, endangered species and mathematical formulas which deal with energy conversions. formulas which deal with energy conversions.

You should be studying every night for at least an You should be studying every night for at least an hour. Your success is determined by your intrinsic hour. Your success is determined by your intrinsic motivation to succeed. I have given you everything motivation to succeed. I have given you everything that you need to know. Make me proud!that you need to know. Make me proud!

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Phases of the Demographic Phases of the Demographic Transition Transition

A.A. Phase IPhase I is the primitive stability resulting from a high is the primitive stability resulting from a high crude birth rate being offset by an equally high crude crude birth rate being offset by an equally high crude death rate.death rate.

B.B. Phase IIPhase II is marked by a declining crude death rate is marked by a declining crude death rate (epidemiologic transition). Because fertility and crude (epidemiologic transition). Because fertility and crude birth rates are high, the population growth accelerates birth rates are high, the population growth accelerates during phase II.during phase II.

C.C. Phase IIIPhase III has a declining crude birth rate, but has a declining crude birth rate, but population growth is still significant.population growth is still significant.

D.D. Phase IVPhase IV has modern stability achieved by a continuing has modern stability achieved by a continuing low crude death rate, but an equally low crude birth rate.low crude death rate, but an equally low crude birth rate.

E.E. Developed countriesDeveloped countries have generally completed the have generally completed the demographic transition, so they are in Phase IV.demographic transition, so they are in Phase IV.

F.F. Developing countriesDeveloping countries are still in are still in Phase II and IIIPhase II and III..

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What do developing countries What do developing countries need to do to undergo the need to do to undergo the demographic transition?demographic transition?

A.A. This key questionThis key question has been debated for has been debated for some time.some time.

B.B. In 1798, Thomas Malthus, a British In 1798, Thomas Malthus, a British economist, pointed out that economist, pointed out that populations populations grow exponentially, but there are definite grow exponentially, but there are definite limits to the expansion of agriculturelimits to the expansion of agriculture..

C.C. Two schools of thought:Two schools of thought:(1) Concentrate on population policies and (1) Concentrate on population policies and family-planning technologies to bring down family-planning technologies to bring down birth rates.birth rates.(2) Concentrate on development, population (2) Concentrate on development, population growth should slow down with growth should slow down with modernization, as it has with developed modernization, as it has with developed countries. countries.

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Key Concept:Key Concept:

A. A. Poverty, Population Growth, and Poverty, Population Growth, and DevelopmentDevelopment (modernization) are all (modernization) are all linked. -linked. -Placing an enormous Placing an enormous impact on natural resources and impact on natural resources and environmental degradation. environmental degradation.

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6 Factors that Contribute to the 6 Factors that Contribute to the Population Explosion in Population Explosion in

Developing NationsDeveloping Nations1.1. Culture & Large Family SizeCulture & Large Family Size

2.2. Culture & Fertility RatesCulture & Fertility Rates

3.3. Helping HandsHelping Hands

4.4. Importance of EducationImportance of Education

5.5. Status of WomenStatus of Women

6.6. Availability of ContraceptivesAvailability of Contraceptives

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Culture & Large Family Culture & Large Family SizeSize

A.A. Security in One’s Old AgeSecurity in One’s Old Age..

B.B. A traditional custom and A traditional custom and expectation in developing countries expectation in developing countries is that is that old people will be cared old people will be cared for by their childrenfor by their children..

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Culture & Fertility RatesCulture & Fertility Rates

A.A. Infant and childhood mortality.Infant and childhood mortality.

B.B. Closely coupled with the Closely coupled with the desire for desire for security in one’s old agesecurity in one’s old age is the is the experience of high infant and experience of high infant and childhood mortalitychildhood mortality..

Culture & Fertility RatesCulture & Fertility Rates

C. The common and often personal C. The common and often personal experience of experience of children dying leads children dying leads people to try to make sure that people to try to make sure that some of their children will some of their children will survive as an old-age “insurance survive as an old-age “insurance policy.”policy.”

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Helping HandsHelping Hands

A.A. Women of developing nations Women of developing nations desire many childrendesire many children “ “to help to help me with my workme with my work.”.”

B.B. Women do most of the work Women do most of the work relating to the direct care and relating to the direct care and support of the familysupport of the family..

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Importance of EducationImportance of Education

A.A. In traditional, subsistence-agricultural In traditional, subsistence-agricultural societies, societies, education often seems education often seems unnecessaryunnecessary, and this remains the case , and this remains the case for many children in the developing for many children in the developing world, world, especially girlsespecially girls..

B.B. Children who are sent to school soon Children who are sent to school soon become an become an economic liabilityeconomic liability (they still (they still eat, but they no longer help grow their eat, but they no longer help grow their food), one that many in the poor food), one that many in the poor countries cannot afford. countries cannot afford.

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Status of WomenStatus of Women

A.A. The traditional social structure in many The traditional social structure in many developing countries still discourages and, in developing countries still discourages and, in many cases, many cases, bars women from obtaining bars women from obtaining higher education, owning businesses or higher education, owning businesses or land, and pursuing careers.land, and pursuing careers.

B.B. Such Such discrimination against womendiscrimination against women forces forces them into doing what only they can do: them into doing what only they can do: bear children.bear children.

C.C. Often respect for women is proportional Often respect for women is proportional to the number of children she bearsto the number of children she bears..

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Availability of Availability of ContraceptivesContraceptives

A.A. Studies show a strong correlation Studies show a strong correlation between lower fertility rates and between lower fertility rates and the percentage of couples using the percentage of couples using contraception.contraception.

B.B. In fact, each 12% increase in In fact, each 12% increase in contraceptive use translates into contraceptive use translates into one less child.one less child.

C.C. Contraceptives are frequently Contraceptives are frequently unavailable or too expensiveunavailable or too expensive. .

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ConclusionsConclusions

A.A. The The six factors supporting large familiessix factors supporting large families are are common to pre-industrialized, agrarian common to pre-industrialized, agrarian societiessocieties..

B.B. With With industrialization and developmentindustrialization and development, , however, generally come however, generally come factors conducive factors conducive to having to having small families. small families.

C.C. These factors include the relatively high cost of These factors include the relatively high cost of raising children, the existence of pensions and raising children, the existence of pensions and a Social Security System, the existence of a Social Security System, the existence of opportunities for women to join the workforce, opportunities for women to join the workforce, free access to inexpensive contraceptives, free access to inexpensive contraceptives, adequate healthcare, wide educational adequate healthcare, wide educational opportunities and high educational opportunities and high educational achievement, and an older age (maturity) at achievement, and an older age (maturity) at marriage.marriage.

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SolutionSolution

Why not just lend money to these Why not just lend money to these developing countries to help them developing countries to help them with their infrastructure with their infrastructure development?development?

Theoretically, development projects Theoretically, development projects are intended to generate additional are intended to generate additional revenues that would be sufficient for revenues that would be sufficient for the recipients to pay back their the recipients to pay back their development loans with interest.development loans with interest.

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The Debt CrisisThe Debt Crisis

A.A. The World Bank, many private lenders, and The World Bank, many private lenders, and wealthy nations lend money to developing wealthy nations lend money to developing countries. countries.

B.B. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, many developing countries many developing countries are unable to pay back their loans because are unable to pay back their loans because of corruption, mismanagement, and of corruption, mismanagement, and honest miscalculationshonest miscalculations. .

C.C. Over time, developing countries as a group Over time, developing countries as a group have become increasingly indebted.have become increasingly indebted.

D.D. Their total debt reached $2.44 trillion in 2001Their total debt reached $2.44 trillion in 2001

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Ecosystem CapitalEcosystem Capital

A.A. The debt crisis is also a crisis for ecosystems, The debt crisis is also a crisis for ecosystems, because poor countries are because poor countries are forced to forced to liquidate their ecosystem capital in order liquidate their ecosystem capital in order to service the debts they have incurred.to service the debts they have incurred.

B.B. Because these countries are often areas of Because these countries are often areas of high biodiversity, liquidating the capital often high biodiversity, liquidating the capital often means a loss of those habitats the preserve means a loss of those habitats the preserve countless species that may be found nowhere countless species that may be found nowhere else on earth.else on earth.

C.C. It also means a loss of those It also means a loss of those global servicesglobal services that the ecosystems provide, such as that the ecosystems provide, such as storing storing carboncarbon..

04/19/23 67Fig 2-3

sunEarth

NaturalCapitalAir; water, land, soil, biodiversity,minerals, raw materials, energy resources, and dilution, degradation,and recyclingservices

EconomicSystems

Production

Consumption

Heat

Depletion ofnonrenewableresources

Degradation and depletion of renewable resources used faster than replenished

Pollution and waste from overloading nature’s waste disposal and recycling systems

Recycling and reuse

Ecological Economic Ecological Economic TheoryTheory

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Resource ManagementResource Management

A.A. The world’s poor depend on local The world’s poor depend on local ecosystem capital resources –ecosystem capital resources –particularly water, soil for growing particularly water, soil for growing food, and forests for firewood.food, and forests for firewood.

B.B. They often live on marginal lands of They often live on marginal lands of high ecological sensitivity: steep slopes, high ecological sensitivity: steep slopes, dry lands, and so forth.dry lands, and so forth.

C.C. Many lack access to enough land to Many lack access to enough land to provide an income and often depend on provide an income and often depend on foraging in woodlands, grasslands, and foraging in woodlands, grasslands, and coastal ecosystems.coastal ecosystems.

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Resource ManagementResource ManagementD. Over 2 billion people depend for D. Over 2 billion people depend for

their heating and their heating and cooking needs on cooking needs on biomass fuels biomass fuels (woods, grasses, etc.) (woods, grasses, etc.) that they gather from natural areas.that they gather from natural areas.

E. Such pressures have E. Such pressures have stripped the stripped the forests forests from the Garo Hills in from the Garo Hills in northeast India and are destroying northeast India and are destroying the mangrove swamps of West Africa.the mangrove swamps of West Africa.

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Utilizing Resources Utilizing Resources PoorlyPoorly

A. A. Failing to replant trees and thus Failing to replant trees and thus preventing soil erosionpreventing soil erosion. .

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The 5 Keys to Alleviating The 5 Keys to Alleviating PovertyPoverty

1.1. Education/LiteracyEducation/Literacy2.2. Enhanced health and nutrition Enhanced health and nutrition

leads to lower child mortalityleads to lower child mortality..3.3. Family planning education and Family planning education and

services leads to fewer children services leads to fewer children and stabilization of the and stabilization of the populationpopulation..

4.4. Enhanced earning capacity.Enhanced earning capacity.5.5. Better resource managementBetter resource management

(environmental protection)(environmental protection)

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Unsustainable vs. Unsustainable vs. SustainableSustainable

Characteristic

Production emphasis

Natural resources

Resource productivity

Resource throughput

Resource typeemphasized

Resource fate

Pollution control

Guiding principles

UnsustainableEconomic Growth

Quantity

Not very important

Inefficient (high waste)

High

Nonrenewable

Matter discarded

Cleanup(output reduction)

Risk–benefitanalysis

EnvironmentallySustainableEconomic

Development

Quality

Very important

Efficient(low waste)

Low

Renewable

Matter recycled,reused, or composted

Prevention(input reduction)

Prevention andprecaution

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Population Growth Population Growth More often what happens More often what happens

is that the resources is that the resources slowly decrease, the slowly decrease, the growth rate slowly growth rate slowly decreases, and they decreases, and they meet.meet.

This point that they This point that they oscillate around is the oscillate around is the carrying capacitycarrying capacity of the of the environment for that environment for that particular organismparticular organism

So when would you So when would you “harvest” these “harvest” these individuals? (1,2,3,4,or 5)individuals? (1,2,3,4,or 5)

S - shaped curve

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World Population TrendsWorld Population Trends

World Population TrendsWorld Population Trends Source: International Monetary Source: International Monetary

FundFund

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Please make sure that Please make sure that you understand the Big you understand the Big

PicturePicture

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