to write Arabic with a pleasing in a manner easily ... · Contract OEC -3 -6-061784P.0508 ... The language of this course is contemporary Literary Arabic, the literary language that

DOCUMeNT ResUP111

ED 028 443 48 AL 001 845

By-McCarus, Ernest; Rammuny, RajiA Programmed Course in Modern Literary Arabic Phonology and Script.Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Center for Research on Language and Language Behavior.Spons Agency-Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, D.C. Bureau of Research.

Bureau No- BR -61 784Pub Date 1 Feb 69Contract OEC -3 -6-061784P.0508Note-202p.; Text included in Studies in Language and Language Behavior, Progress Report VIII:EMS Price MF-S1.00 HC-S10.20Descriptors -*Arabic, Contrastive Linguistics. Graphemes, Handwriting Instruction, Handwriting Skills,

*Language Instruction, Pattern Drills (Language), *Phonology, *Programed Materials, Programed Texts,Pronunciation, Supplementary Textbooks, *Writing, Writing Skills

Identifiers *Modern Literary ArabicThis course is designed to teach the non-Arabic speaker to read printed Arabic.

to write Arabic with a pleasing hand," to distinguish accurately the phonologicalcontrasts of modern literary Arabic, and to pronounce it in a manner easilycomprehensible to Arabs. Dialogs and proverbs are included for reading practice;grammatical structures are not dealt with. The course may serve as an introductionto, or be used concurrently with, a basic course. Typical lessons present a set ofletters related in form. plus certain auxiliary signs. For each letter or sign there arethree sections: (1) its pronunciation value, with explanations and drills if it differsfrom or is lacking in English; (2) the various shapes of this letter in its printed formand drills in reading it; and (3) the written forms of the letter, also with _practice drills.At the end of each unit there are review drills for the unit as a whole. The material ispresented usually one small .feature at .a time, and the student proceeds at his ownrate. Pronunciation features are recorded on tape as well as desCribed phonetically.Answers to oral drills are on tape; written answers are given in the left margin of thefollowing page. For information on the tapes, write to the authors at the Center forResearch on Language and Language Behavior; University of Michigan. Ann Arbor.Mich. 48108. (AMM).

U.S. DEPARTMENT -OF HEA-Lii, EitleATIONi WAFARI

OFFICE OF EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE

iPERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS

STITIP00.101 NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE riDUCitTION

,POSITION OR POLICY. ,

A PROGRAMMED COURSE IN MODERN LITERARY ARABIC

PHONOLOGY AND SCRIPT

Ernest McCarus and Raji Rammuny

ge--s-/7/yeg-ia

Introduction

This course is designed to teach the non-Arab to read Arabic script with

acceptable pronunciation. Specifically, its goals are the ability to read

printed Arabic, to write Arabic with a pleasing hand, to distinguish accurately

the phonological contrasts of modern literary Arabic, and to pronounce it in a

manner easily camprehensible to Arabs. Although same dialogs and proverbs are

included for reading practice, grammatical structures are not dealt with. This

course may well serve, however, as an introduction to or be used concurrently

with a basic course.

The language of this course is contemporary Literary Arabic, the literary

language that differs from all spoken dialects of Arabic and yet is the only

form of Arabic that is written throughout the Arabic world. It is the most

universally understood form of Arabic, being used not only in publicationg but

also on the radio, on very formal occasions, etc. There are only superficial

variations in script and pronunciation over the Arab world; where a choice

had to be made, as, for example, in the pronunciation of , the authors have

followed Jordanian usage.

* * * * * * *

This course is a refinement of an earlier non-programmed set of materials,

also done at the Center for Research on Language and Language Behavior; those

materials were based on a contrastive analysis of English and Arabic phonologies

(tempered with the authors' collective experience in teaching Arabic to non-

Arabs); an analysis of the MLA writing system; and a frequency count of vocabu-

lary used in the leading Arabic textbooks currently in use. The typical lesson

of this course presents a set of letters related in form, e.g., d. c. 4,

plus certain auxiliary signs, e.g. the vowel points, nunation, etc. For each

letter or sign there are three sections: (a) its pronunciation value, with

explanations and drills if it differs from or is lacking in English; (b) the

various shapes of this letter in its printed form and drills in reading it;

(c) the written forms of the letter, also with practice drills. At the ehd of

each unit there are review drills for the unit as a whole.,

39

AL 001 845

2

* * * * * * *

The individual taking this course may proceed at his awn rate of speed.

The material is presented usually one small feature at a time; certain matters

of pronunciation are recorded on tape as well as described phonetically. After

a given feature has been presented, it is tested in a drill, which may be oral

(marked "on tape"), or written, or both. The answers to oral drills are on

tape, while the written answers are always given in the left margin of the

following page.

If the student makes more than three errors in any given drill, he should

return to the beginning of tnat section and repeat the intervening drills; if

he makes more than ten errors in the review drills at the end of the Unit, he

should repeat the entire unit.

* * * * * *

The authors wish to acknowledge with thanks the kind help afforded by

Professor John C. Catford, who read the entire course, and gave valuable sug-

gestions, in particular on the phonology portions, in addition to drawing the

illustrations of Arabic consonants.

40

A PROGRAMMED COURSE IN MODERN LITERARY ARABIC

PHONOLOGY AND SCRIPT

UNIT 1

The letter I aa

The letter J d

The letter.0

The vowel sign a

(..

3

The Arabic alphabet has 28 letters plus a number of wIxiliary

signs written above or below the letters. Arabic is written from

right to left.

1. The letter 1 aa and the short vowel-sign a- the let-

ter J d,

A. Pronunciation

Arabic has three vowels, each of which can be long or short.

This unit will deal with the first pair of long and short vowels,

I aa and / a. There are no exact English equivalents, and

at the same time there is variation within the Arab world in their

pronunciation; imitation of your teacher is the best approach.

However, the following observations should be useful.

1. From the Arab's point of view, the difference in these two

vowels is length, the amount of time used to pronounce them. In a

careful reading, stressed long I aa will be twice as long as

stressed short / a. In most of the Arab world 1 aa is pro-

nounced roughly like a in English "bad", but much longer in duration.

41

4

The short vowel a is much shorter, normally about half as long,

as a matter of fact. Its quality ranges between the vowel a in.

English "bat" (but much shorter in duration) and u in English "but"

(but again shorter in duratiOn). The following drill illustrates

the difference between I and

Drill 1. (On tape) Listen. to the following pairs but do not repeat.

2. To Americans, who are not accustomed to distinguishing

differences in vowel length, the difference in vowel quality is far

more striking than the difference in length. However, the Arab

also reacts to the difference in quality, since in normal reading

or speaking unstressed long vowels tend to be shortened and vowel

quality b(acomes the key distinctive feature. To illustrate: 1.3

daam 'it lasted' sounds like English "dam", while s:.$ dam 'blood'f --

sounds like English "dumb". In the following drill, pay close at-

tention to the quality and quantity of each vowel and imitate as

accurately as you can.

Drill 2. (On tape) Repeat on signal.

3. Another important feature of Arabic vowels is the effect

of long vowels on word stress. In the following drill, note that

long vowels attract word stress; if there are no long vowels, the

first short vowel in the word is stressed.

Drill 3. (On tape) a.Lfsten , but do not repeat. b Now, repeat

Drill A. (On tape) Indicatewhether the pairs that will be read

to you are same or different. Check the proper block.

Note: Drills are set up in Arabic order, proceeding from

right to left.

Different Same

Example: . 1

L] 2

o El 3

o 0 4

D 5

42

Drill 4. (Cont.) Different Same

Drill 5. (On tape) Indicatewhich of the following pairs contain

the long vowel 1 . Check the proper block.

2 1

Example: 0 gil . 1

El 0 . 2

0 LI . 3

El 0 . 4

El 0 . 5

n r:i. 6

0 0 . 7

Now, do the same with the following two-syllable words.

r:1 0 . 8

. 9

1=1

Drill 6. (On tape)

a. Listen to the following words, noting length of vowel.

Say the mode word, and then repeat it changing the

length of the vowel (i.e., long to short or short to

long).

b. Listen to the correct answer on the tape.

c. Repeat the correct answer to yourself.

d. Listen to the correct answer again.

Answers

. 6

. 8

9

.10

. 2

. 3

=1*

LC-X

7

. 5

. 6

Lci,]on .8

1111111.1I,

1XX=8.

.12

Drill 6. (Cont.)

B. Reading

Example: a.

a. Tape:

Student:

b. Tape:

c. Student:

d. Tape:

daam

daam - dam

daam - dam

daam - dam

daam - dam

Drill 1. The long vowel aa in Arabic is represented by the

letter I , called 9alif; see box at right.

Find the same letter below and circle it.

Drill 2. The letter J daal represents the consonant d

as in English "dandy".* Find the same letter.-

below and circle it.

Si

J

6

Drill 3. The consonant j and the long vowel 1 combined

are pronounced daa. Read the following combina-

tions. (Stress the first syllable of each word.) -

IJIJ IJ

Drill 4. The sign , called fatba in Arabic, represents

the short vowel a; it 1771ways placed over a

letter. Thus the combination of the letter J

plus is '5 , pronounced da. Find the com-

bination :P.) below and circle it.

Drill 5. Read the following:

fi n

Si

Si

*Technical description: J d is a voiced dental stop.

ISi

44

Answers

A. Pronun-ciation

Drill 6.

Check tape

B. Reading

Drill 1.

You shouldhave circledsix itemsincludingthe firstone given asan example.

Drill 2.

You shouldhave circledfive items.

Drill 3.

Check tape

Drill 4.From now

on we shallgive younumbers only.Seven

Drill 5.

Check tape.

C. Writing

Drill 1. The letter I , pronounced aa, is written fromtop to bottom as indicated by the arrow. Makethe same letter belowtfollowing the guidelinesfirst and then independently, sounding out thevalue aa of the letter as you make it. Start

at the right and work left.

I 1 I

Drill 2. This combination of and 1 is pronounced

1.) daa. Copy the same combination below,paying special attention to spaces betweenletters of the same syllable as well as spacesbetween the syllables nemselves.

40,1)4-

Drill 3. The combination of J and ths.short vowelsign 4' forms the syllable , pronounced

da. Note how in writing the short vowel signwe start from the top slanting diagonal-

ly to the left. The sign is added afterthe completion of the letter J . Copy the

model below, following previous instructions.

4-'011

,g=;')

Drill 3. Continued

Drill 4. Turn back to Drill 2. Look at the model pattern, thenturn to this section and make the model once. Now, turnto Drill 3 and do the same with the model pattern. Repeat

these two models one after the other three times, keepingin mind space relationship between the letters and syl-lables.

The letter j h.*

A. Pronunciation

The letter j has the value of th in English "this", "either",

and "bathe"; the phonetic symbol used to transcribe,this consonant

is The Arabic name of this letter is Nal.

B. Reading

A special feature of the Arabic alphabet is the use

of dots to distinguish letters from each other. Thus, j

is equivalent to J plus a dot above.

Drill 1. Give the names of the following:

Drill 2. J enters into the same combination with vowels as

does J . Read the following:

JJ 51j 51J 1j 1J

4JIJ JJ JIJ JIJ JJ*Technical description: j voiced interdental fricative.

C. Writing

Drill 1. is written the same as J plus a dotabove. As indicated by the numbers, thedot is written last. Practice the modelbelow.

9

ec-

Drill 2. This word is pronounced b,sada. In copyingthe model, pay special attention to spacerelationship between the letters of theword.

J '13i ft 4

I I

ift

Drill 3. Read the following items from right to left.Then copy the items following the guidelines.Say each item as you make it.

4114.nI ef) aroi

. I

Drill 4. Which are the correctly written words?

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

47

Answers

Part C.

Drill 4.

Numbers:2, 4, and 8.

3. Stress

If a word has two or more syllables, one syllable is pronounced

louder than the rest; this loudness is called "word stress", or,

simply, "stress". There are three simple rules for determining the

placement of stress in Arabic. The first rule is that the last syl-

lable of the word is not stressed. Thus, if the word has only two

syllables, the next to the last one is stressed.

Compare the following (C stands for any consonant, V stands

for short vowels and VV for long vowels):

CagCaa

IJIJ

Drill 7.

CagCa

5IJ

(On tape)

a. Listening

b. Imitation

CgCaa CgCa

1,35 JJ

IJIJ 5IJ IJ5 JJ4

IJIj .51j IJj JJ

U.) 51.) US J J4

1,31j ilj 1,31 JJ4!

IJIJ 5IJ IJ5 JJ

1J1j 5IJ IA JJ1

IjIJ JIJ4

I J .5.. IJ J

jIIj ilJ 1.11 JJ#.!

The second rule is that in words of more than two syllables,

if the second last vowel is long, it is stressed. Compare:

CaaCgaCa CaCagCa CagCa(a)

JIJIJ 51J:3 5IJ

Drill 8. (On tape)

a. Listening

SIJIJ filJJ 5IJ

SIJIj i1.3.3 Lilj

JIJIJ JIJJ 5IJ< /e .ejIjIj jljj 5Ij

b. Imitation

11

The third rule is that if the vowel of the second-last syl-

lable is not long, then the third-last syllable is stressed,thus:

CaCagCaa

, /, i /J li I ..),

Drill 9. (On tape)

a. Listening

CafiCaCa CgCaCa

/ 4JJIJe ,o'JJJ

e 1, / .-

JJ1J) JJIJ JJJ

4 /1./ .,3JIJ JJjJJNJ)

. ..eJJI J) jJIJ JJJ

JjI; JjIj jJjb. Imitation

49

Drill 10. Read

1J:91.51.1

LL

51j1j 51j 11j1J

12

Drill 11. (On tape) You will hear ten items. If the item read is

the same as the word written, circle the item; if not,

circle the check mark on the left.

Example: X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X IJIJ .10

The above rules for stress placement do not apply to Egypt and

North Africa. The rules for the placement of word stress that apply

to Egyptian usage are given below for those interested. In the fol-

lowing, a "short syllable" is one conbisting of a consonant and a

vowel, symbolized CV. A "long syllable" is one containing more than

two symbols, i.e. CVC, CVV or CVVC.

1. The last syllable of the word is not stressed. Thus, if the

word consists of two syllables, the first syllable is stressed:

bihi lAkum

mádaa yfikun

50

Drill 10.

Check tape

Drill 11.

X

X

1

. 2

. 3

. 4

5

6

. 7

8

JIj,9.10

13

2. If the word consists of three short syllables, the first

yllable is stressed:

CVCVCV

kitaba

sdbabu

3. If the word ends in a long vowel which is preceded by

three or more short syllables, the next to the last syllable in

the word is stressed:

...CVCVCVCVV

katabdhaa

fankasardtaa

waktasabdhaa

tarakahdmaa

malikatuhdmaa

4. Otherwise, if none of the above conditions is met, and if

the word contains a sequence of four or more short syllables, the

third one in that sequence is stressed:

CVCVCVCV

katabahu

sababdhu

malikátu

malikátuhu

walmalikdtu

waktasabdhu

5. Otherwise, if the next.to the last syllable is long, it

s stressed:

...CVCCV(C) ...CVVCV(C),

katfibta kitadbu

katdbtum kari&un

yukallimuhana

6. Otherwise, the vowel following the last long syllable in

the word is stressed:

...CVCCV... e..cvvcveee

yaktdbu raasdla

yaktdbuhaa kitaabdka

kattábahaa naazilatun

waktásabu

madrásatun

faltáfit

wastafhdma

""4.

14

52

4. Review Drills

1. Ten words will be readl each one twice. If the word con-

tains the long vowel I , write this letter in the first

column from the right; if not, write the short vowel,sign

me in the second column.111=11111111111

2. (On tape) Ten words will be read, each one twice. For

each word two choices are given below. Circle the cor-

rect choice.

Example:

AnswersDrill 1.

1

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

. 9

. 10

3

..31.3. 4

5

.il..i. 6

J JJ . 7

1.31.3. 8

.JJIJ

Drill 3.

Check tape

9

10

3. Read./J

4 1 .jIjIJ JJIJ

4. Circle identical

Example:

items then

16

5IJ IJ

1.31J IJIj

write one like them.

. 1

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

54

Answers

Drill 4.

1,/ 1/t) )) )))//. 1 /).> )r)

17

55

UNIT 2

The letter uu/w

The vowel sign

1. The letter 3 and the vowel sign

A. Pronunciation

The sign I (called damma in Arabic) represents the short

vowel u, pronounced like u in English "put".

The letter (Arabic name: waaw) represents the long vowel

uu, pronounced roughly like oo in English "moon".

In addition, the letter also represents the consonant w,

equivalent to w in English "wait".

The two vowels differ not only in quality-u in "put as opposed

to oo in "moon"-but also in quantity. As with 1 and (see

Unit 1) stressed uu is twice ao long as u in any given utter-_

ance; compare:

1121 'Be generous!'

juud 'generosity'

These differences between 3 and are illustrated in the follow-

ing drill.

Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening; b. Imitation.


Drill 3. (On tape) Each of the following sets of three words will

be read twice. Place a check in the columns indicating

identical items.

2 1

. 1

. 2

. 3

. .4

. 5

. .6

. 7

. 8

. 9

.10

Answers

Part A.

Drill 3.

2 1

XX XX

XX XX

NX__XX XX

ICX XX

3C/C XX

xx xx

xx xx

pc xx

xxxxxx xx

1

. 2

3

4

5

6

7

. 8

. 9

. 10

Drill 4. (On tape) The following pairs include fhe long vowel

uu and the 'short vowel NP u. Listen to each pair,

then check the block which corresponds to the item

that contains the long vowel.

Drill 5.

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

19

(On tape):

a. Listen to the following words noting length and quality

of vowel. Say the model word, then repeat it changing

the length of the vowel (i.e., long to short or short

to long).



d. Listen to the correct answer on the tape.

B. Reading

Drill 1. This is the Arabic letter

same letter below.

ci

) waaw. Circle the

) j

Drill 2. This combination of the letters j

and ) is pi ,pronounced iuu. Find the same

combination below and circle it.

Li

57

Answers

Part A.

Drill 4.2 1

ED ED .

CI 2

El 3

El 4

ID 5

6

,g 7

KIC8

Drill 5.Check model

tape.

Part B.

Drill 1.

IIDrill 2.

Drill 3. This syllablevowel-sign isbination with

-9.

Jconsisting of j plus the short

pronounced ).1.1. Compare this com-

those below and circle it.


Drill 5. Read the following:,

Li#,J J .

...3

9

s

/ 9

20

We mentioned in Section A that ) may also have the value of

a consonant. When this letter is followed or preceded by a vowel

(i.e., 1 aa, a, ) UU 9 u) it has the value of the conso-

nant w as in English "wish". Illustrations:

Drill 6. Circle those items

'YU .59

J)...)...) .4

IJJ .10 JiJ) .9

At the end of

vowels tends to be

/0wada

waada

./, dawada

daawada

that include )

51; .3

9 n

as a consonant.

.2 J)...3 .1

!J,JJ .7 1.21J .6

a word the difference between long and short

and J..) dadu areneutralized; thus 9

daduu

both pronounced the same, the final

oo in English "boot" but shorter.

Drill 7. Read the following:

J

vowel in each being roughly like

-/

Answers

Part B.

Drill 3.

Drill 4.

Check modeltape.

Drill 5.

Check model.

tape.

Drill 6.

You shouldhave circlednumbers 3, 5,6, and 9.

Drill 7.

Check modeltape.

C. Writing

Drill 1. This is the letter .9 waaw; the arrow shows youhow to make this letter. Make the same letterbelow, naming the letter j as you make it.

21

9 9 9eat

9

NI10111,3...s.

1k

Drill 2. This is the syllable duu. Make the same syllablebelow and pronounce it as you make it.

OP

1 1 1 I _5)1 fb

Drill 3. This is the syllable du. Notice that dammau has just about the same shape as waawexcept that it is smaller and placed

above the letter. POI:low preVious 'instructions

for making this syllable.

59

Drill 4. This is the word wadaadu. Make the same word

below.

22

4 j t 9 -

Drill 5. First read the following items, then copy them following

the guidelines. Say each item as you make it.

.)

2. Review Drills

Drill 1. Indicate by checking the proper block whether the following

statements are true or false.

False True

0 0 1. Vowel length is insignificant in Arabic.

0 0 2. Like I and.0. is pronounced twice'

as long as '2 .

0 0 3 . In Arabic I and , are letters, but

and "It are vowel signs placed...

above letters.

L=1

LI]

4. The letter only functions as a vowel.

5. Stress in Arabic is not influenced by

the vowel length.

Answers

Review Drills

Drill 1.F T

1g4 . 1

. 2

g 3

[1 . 4

gl El 5

23

Drill 2. (On tape) If the word read contains the long vowel )

write this letter in the first column; otherwise, write

in the second column.

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

. 9

.10

Drill 3. (On tape) For each word read, two choices are given below.

Circle the correct choice.

P 0..1 ..)

oJ1J

J)JI .J)J

, , .JJ.,..)

9JJI)P

.9J1JI ."JJo..1)...)

./Ji

s , PJ..)..;

P 1J.,..L.,

)liJIJ

.

.

.

.

.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

61

Answers

Review DrillDrill 2.

JP

2

.10

Drill 3.

JJ.

/ AJr.) JJ 4

JJJ.,

,J)0'Jj1) J1J

24

Drill 4. (On tape)Ten words will be read, each one twice. Fill

in the missing syllable(s) in the blanks provided.

Write all final vowels short.

1

.> 2

4/->. 3

1' 4

. 5)

. 6.>

. 7

. 8

. 9

1 0

62

The letter

The vowel-sign

The sign

1. The letter a and the vowel-sign

A. Pronunciation

The vowel sign, (called kasra in Arabic) represents the short

vowel i, pronounced like i in English "fit.

The letter a (yaa/ in Arabic) represents the long vowel

roughly like i in English "machine" or ee in "seed". This letter

also represents the consonant y. (like in English "yes"); this

will be explained below under B. Reading.

At the end of a word the distinction between long ii a and

short i is neutralized: they both sound roughly like ee in

"beet", but shorter. Thus, ks JJ dadii and JJ dadi are both pro-.

nounced the same. This is true of all pairs of long and short

vowels, except that when I aa represents a dual form it is pro-

nounced somewhat longer than # a, e.g., 5Ij aada 'he defended'

but 1J1.3 aadaa 'the two of them defended'.


The following drill illustrates the difference in length and

quality between 4.5 and . Pay special attention to the shifting

of stress from the third last to the second last syllable in each

pair.

Drill 2. (On tape) a. Listening, b. Imitation.

27

Drill 3. Indicate by checking the proper block whether the follow-

ing pairs are same or different.

Different Same

El El . 1

ID 0 . 2

El 0 . 3

El El . 4

El El . 5

O 0 . 6

O 0 . 7

O 0 . 8

O ID . 9

El p . 10

Drill 4. Check the proper block for the short vowel i and the

long vowel a ii.

61 [C]

/

. 1

El 0 . 2

O 0 . 3

O I:] . 4

O El . 5

O 0 . 6

I7-] 0 . 7

O r3 8

65

Answers

Part A.

Drill 3.

2

3

5

7

9

Drill 4.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

28

Drill 5. Place a check in the column that corresponds to the vowel

in the word you hear.

. 2

4

. 5

6

7

8

9

.10

B. Reading

Drill 1. This is the letter L5 yaw?. Find the same

letter below and cir.Cle it.

Drill 2. Give the names of the following letters.

(.5

Drill 3. This combination of J and the long

vowel cs is pronounced dii. Read:

lj

J,J

Ii

66

Answers

Part A.

Drill 5.

)1 _t

Part B.

Drill 1.

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

. 9

. 10

Drill 2.

Checkmodel tape.

Drill 3.

Checkmodel tape.

Drill 4. The combination of J plus the short vowel ,-

sign is di. Read: ..:J

/ s .J J

_

r)d

dlJJ

)-$L.) LS J

.. !

.J.9 9j J

/ d .JIJ9 JJ... d

.e

Arabic letters are of two kinds: connectors,

29

letters that are connected to both preceding andJ sF Independent

following letters; and non-connectors, letters 4.4 Joined to fo

which are connected to preceding but not to following lette

lowing letters.

All letters studied so far--that is, 1 J j 9 and )

are non-connectors. We now take up a , which is a connector.

A special feature of connectors is that they assume abbreviated

shapes when joined to other letters. Thus, the independent shape of

yap-the shape of the letter when not connected on either side--is

. When joined to a following letter it takes the shape ;

you will see that the abbreviated Alapes contain the most character-

istic features of the full letter, in this case the short vertical

line plus the two dots below the letter. (The shape of ts whenS.

it is joined on both sides and its final joined shape will be

given in a later unit.)

Drill 5. The letter cs represents the consonant y when it follows

or precedes "a vowel, but represents the vowel ii in all

other cases. Read:

-

, ,rat. -

/ .rd.' ..0.0 °.d.9 -

J1.4,4.3 1.4At. a ftle.j J.) J4.,

67

Answers

Part B.

Drill 4.

Checkmodel tape.

Drill 5.Check

model tape.

Drill 6.Check

model tape.

Drill 7.Check

model tape.

C. Writino

Drill 1. This is the Arabic letter c.5 yae.Look at the model above, then say the

name of this letter as you make it

below.

Sf I1116

(5 (5 csSOP

J....111

OSP

IF

Drill 2. Trace over the following, then copy them saying each item

as you copy it.

Drill 3. This is the shape of C5 when it is joined

to a following letter. Practice the model

below.

)04=='

4°- a

"^

,

31

Drill 4. Trace over, then copy the following as usual. Notice that

the two dots of ..J are added.after the completion of the

first non-connector, as in

J 3

Drill 5. Turn back to Drill 2. Look at the first three items, then

turn to this section and write them (one at a time). Do

the same with the last two items in Dr1114 . Check your

answers by going back to both Drills 2 and4 .

Drill 6. This is the shortIt is written theexcept that it isletter instead ofthe model below.

vowel-sign kasra.

same as 0' fatha,

written below tfieover it. Practice

/- .°

Drill 7. Trace over the following, then copy them below, pronouncing

each item as you copy it.

...4111;01LII-.°

6

4 4

69

39

Drill 8. Trace over, then copy the following.

02. The sign sukuun.

Every consonant is, of course, either followed by a vowel or. 9

it is not. If it is, it receives a vowel sign, e.g., J ,J ,

and J . There is a special sign, called sukuun, which denotes/ 9 / 0 1

the absence of any vowel, e.g., JJ dadu but JJ dad. You might

remember sukuuno

as a small zero indicating the absence of any

vowel.

Drill 1. Read:

Drill 2.

9,JI5J

t5 4.'"/ JJI9

. 9D1J5J1J J5J

The sign0

sukuun is a small circle written

above a letter, as you see in the model.

Practice writing sukuun below.

Z.41.3

0 0 0 0

70

33

3. Stress. We have seen that if the second last syllable of a

word contains a long vowel, that syllable is stressed. We now see

that the second last syllabel is also stressed if it ends in a con-, .4.

sonant--that is, a letter with sukuun over it. Thus:

wadádwa.

Stress-summary. If the second last syllable is long (i.e.,

contains a long vowel or a short vowel followed by two consonants),

that syllable 'is stressdd. Otherwise, the third last syllable is

stressed.

Drill 1. Read the following, paying attention to the placement of

stress:

4.. ."Revievi',Drills

Drill 1. Indicate by checking the proper block whether the following

statements are true or false.

False True

-^

I

1. Like ) , the letter a functions

both as a vowel and a abnsonant.

2. There is no difference betweenfattia and kasra in writing and

placement.

3. 1 and are aon,connectors,

but a is a connector.

4. Long vowelsare usuallyexcept fora dual form.

at the endiof wordsshortened in Arabic,

when it represents

5 The sign ° shows that the letter

over which it is placed is not

pronounced.

71

Answers

Review Drills

Drill 1.

34

Drill 2. (On tape) Each word read will contian one of the vowels

indicated at the head of the columns. Write the correct

vowel in the appropriate column.

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

. 9

.10

Drill 3. Pronounce the following words, and then circle items that

are the same.

JJ

"

J

/CS -111.

ji;f

'2J/J)Oe

.35 J

LS 4t

-ja 4.4jI/

J/J,

/tS5 41.

?JJ

a 4e.

J

J J5

45 .35 j

0,

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8.

72

Answers

Review Drill

Drill 2.

1

2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

1 . 8

IP

Drill 3.

35

Drill 4. (On tape) Dictation. Five items will be read to you, each

one twice. Write them below.

.41.1 - 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

73

Answers

Review Drills

Drill 4.

. 1

:31, 2

.,.").9 :3

4

11,

5Jar

36

74

Unit 4

Double cosonants: The auxiliary sign shadda

The letter

The letter

The letter 0

1. Double consonants

37

A. Pronunciation

Any Arabic consonant can be doubled, i. e., prolonged in its

pronunciation. The sign ") called shadda, written above a letter,

indicates a doubled consonant. For example,

9 /wadat 'she paid blood-money'

w/waddat 'she wanted'

The difference in pronunciation between short and long consonants

produces different words, as in the examples above; therefore, when a

consonant is written double (i.e., is written with Id* over it) you

must be careful to pronounce it double, or you will produce the wrong

meaning.

English does not have double consonants (in spite of such

spellings as butter, amle, hissing, etc.) within a word, but may get

them when two words succeed each other, as in "night-time", "bad debt",

or in compbund words such as "bookkeeper", "penknife", etc.


In Arabic, any consonant in the language may be pronounced double,

and examples of each are easy to find. In English, double w and z do

not occur even in word compounds or when two words come together.

Compare "How will he go?" and "When will he go?"; the double ww that

you would expect in the first sentence (MOW will) sounds like the single

w in the second sentence. In Arabic, however, double ww and double

are pronounced approximately twice as long as single w and In

pronouncing ww, as in dawwa, keep the lips tensely rounded for an

extra second or so. Likewise, in pronouncing yx, as in danra, hold_ _

the tongue and jaw steady for an extra second or so, prolonging the)!

sound.

75

38


Drill 3. (On tape) Listening. Check the block that corresponds to

the word with the doubled consonant.

Example

2 1

El El

D LI 2

O 0 . 3

D O 4

El CI 5

O U 6

El El 7

El El 8

Drill 4. (On tape) Identification. Indicate whether the item

read on tape has a doubled consonant (yes) or does not (no).

Example

No Yes

ID Ig 1

El 0 2

0 0 . 3

O 0 . 4

El 0 5

El 0 . 6

1:1 El . 7

EI 0 . 8

O l=1 . 9

O LI .10

76

Answers

Part A.

Drill 2.

Checkmodel tape.

Drill 3.

2 1

. 2

. 3

5gi

g . 6

. 7

. 8

Drill 4.

No Yes

39

B. Reading40

The symbol , called shadda in Arabic, is placed over a con-

sonant letter to show that the consonant is pronounced double, as in

4-5-1

wadda

bawwaba

Drill 1. (On tape) You will hear two possible readings for each ofthe following items; check the box for the correct reading:

g El 1 n_rill 2. Read the following:

C. Writing6

The sign

B A

;AZ

tS,

. 1 .1)

. 2

P

. 3 JI)J

Ito. 4 J

0.1

5'a!

e. 6

. 7

w. 8

/J1,4J

shadda is composed of two "teeth";

it is always placed above a consonant letter. It is

written from right to left, as illustrated above.

77

Answers

Part B.

B A

XXXX

XXXX

XXXX

XXXX

. 1

2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

Drill 1. Follow the model as you write shadda below.

. 40 LA) up) to 4A) 41)

Fatha and damma are written above shadda, as in:

t.0_A) buddar

buddu

Kasra may be written directly under shadda, or under the letter

itself, as in: o

.)5.)

Drill 2. Practice the following.

4.4am/

ot to, :.)

2. The consonant , b

A. Pronunciation

The letter , called baa/ in Arabic, represents the consonant

b, like in English "bat". Arabic b is pronounced like English b;

unlike English b it is often pronounced double in the middle of words,

as in:

dabbarait J

tabbat


41

B. Reading

Indepen-dent

has four different shapes, depending on what

kind of letter, if any, precedes or follows it. The

independent form is used when the letter is not joined

on either side. See model:.

e /'

Drill 1. Circle the letter below.

Li 41

Drill 2. Give the names of dm following:

4.

Drill 3. Underline in the following words:

e e. w 4,

S 4

4°. I

1./4 Irl, 4»%r, J r 1)

Drill 5. When s- occurs joined to a following

letter, it takes the shape .

Underline this joined form below.

)I CT: I:

J,

--4ic--..-1#

A

4

Independent

Joined to afollowing letter

79

9111.0.4

Drill 6. Read:

ft/

Drill 7. When the letter occurs joined

to preceding and following let-

ters, it takes the form as in

the model above. Underline the

medial form of in the words

below:

Drill 8. Read:

/1T-)1e.

Drill 9. In its final joinedtakes the shapeline this shape ining:

s

4-Stkr.

C. Writing

le 5

10.9.

,

form,. Under-

the follow-

3

. 7

)÷4

,

=11 i ...:..

5,-1-

42

Independent

Joined to a follow-ing letter,Joined on both sides

Independent

Joined to a follow-ing letterJoined on both sides

Finalioined

2

6

.e/

.

I

5

Drill 1. This is the independent form of (,) . Notice

the similarity between the letter _) and the

first part of (.0) . See how the model letter

is written, then'copy it below as usual.

t (4

80

43

I _1

re

Answers

Part B.

Drill 8.

Check tape.

Drill 9.

Numbers:1, 2, 4, 5,and 7.

. .

Drill 2. Pronounce the folloahg wOrds aS you copy them

.0.916° 4)3

Drill 3. The letter CIA is a connector. The model

shows you the shape it takes when joined

to a following letter. Note that this

joined shape consists of the most char-

acteristic part of the independent form

of the letter; generally the characteris-

tic part is the first part of the indepan-

aent form plus whatever dots it has. Copy

the model below.

I.

Drill 4. Trace over and then copy the following. Remember to add

the dot of L.) after the completion of the first non-

connector. 4

GS"'")---"6:11

9

0LJ /

81

Drill 5. Note that the characteristic part of CT)

is slightly modified when joined on

both sides.

44

-.1.0111111.1

Drill 6. Trace over and then copy.

.Drill 7. Finally, when (.I) is joined to a preceding

letter only, the independent shape is

linked to the preceding letter. Practice

this shape below.

Drill 8. Trace over, then copy.

) 5 L-4-)41. ,*

-/

.00 e

e.

Drill 9. The shapes of CI) you have already

practiced are used in printed

Arabic. There are some nativespeakers, however, who also use

them in writing. Usually, written

Arabic uses the variants for

(1.1 and ..ts for .4 as shown above.Practice the models below.

Independent


82

-.rade

4511&-le1101110.4


3. The consonant c"..- t

A. Pronounciation

Arabit:- (teat) AW:13U1fiCierit1y like* English to cause no-proble'm in

pronunciation. Like all other Arabic consonants, it can be pronounced

doubled in the middle of a word, as in:

fattara

kattaba

Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening, b. Imitation

B. Reading

The letter is exactly like tr. in its various shapes except

that it has two dots above instead of one below. Compare the follow-

ing two charts with each other, then do the dtills.4-

lExample Shape,

c..C.4..1.3

:

.1.4.

. . ,c-4

.

Exam le Shape-. :

4,. ..' 4-

..:

-:-

Independent

Joined to a following letter

Joined on both sides

Final joined

83

Answers

Part A.

Drill 1.

Check tape.

Drill 1. Underline both the independent shape of and the shape

joined to a following letter.

).11;Q.13 .

9i) L1-1.3 I

ue Jw

Drill 2. Read:/

1/1/21 ..0

Drill 3. Underline the shapes of c% when it is joined on both sides

and when it is final joined.

c:p

/I lc

Drill 4. Read:f

LI

ci"-

C. Writing

Like 4..) , C.) is a connector. It is written exactly like (1)

in all its shapes except for the placement of two dots above instead

of a dot below. Note that the two dots printed (") are replaced by

the sign in handwritten Arabic. Study the chart below, then do

the drills.

Independent

1Joined to a following letter


Final joined

Answers

Part B.

Drill 1.

c% : 1,

4, 7, and8.

1 2,

3, 5, and6.

Drill 2.

Check tape

Drill 3.

: 1,

5, 6, and7.

: 2,

3, 4, and8.

Drill 4.

Check tape,

47

Drill 1. The diill provides you with practice in writing words con-

taining the independent shape of 4:j .

Drill 2. Practice the following words, which contain the shape of CDjbined to a following letter.

..

Drill 3. The words of this drill include (.) joined on both sides.

Drill 4. Here are five words which include the shape of C.J when it

is joined to the preceding letter only.

48

Drill 5. Trace over and then copy the following, paying special

attention to the variant shapes of c.:)

Drill 6. Turn back to Drill 4, page 47. Look at the first word and

then turn to this section and copy it in the space below.

Do the same with the third word in Drill 6, page 44, the

second word in Drill 10, page 45; the second word in Drill 2,

page-47; and the last word in Drill 4, page 47.

i=111111

4. The letter %!.= 8.

A. Pronounciation

The letter 4. (called Ciaa? in Arabic) represents the sound th

as in English "think". It is transcribed with Greek theta: 6.

Notice that both Arabic and English have the consonants 4. 6,

i.e., thias in English "thin, theme, ether, bath", as well as j

1..e., th as in English "this, them, either, bathe". English unfortu-

nately spells both consonants the same way with th, while Arabic uses

a special symbol for each. As a mnemonic device you might remember

that 4.. has three dots and is pronounced like the th in three, while

j has the other pronunciation.

The consonant may, of course, like any other consonant, be

pronounced double:..

kaeeara

ma0eala


86

49

8. Reedit%

The letter 4: has fo.r shapes, which are exactly identical to

those of 4.. and c: except that 4% has three dots " above the

letter. Compare the following charts, one with the other, before

you do the drills that follow.

yams.

Exam le Shaped.

4-11

---4...

d..11;.4.

......

. ,'14 4".

Example ' Shape

'c...lj c...

.16

4..h.A.

, 4

xamfile Shape'

.144 -:

%IA; -1.-

4

Drill 1. Give the names of the following letters:

Independent

Joined to following,-letterJoined on both aides

Final joined

Drill 2. In the following, underline the independent shape of and

its bhape joined to following letter.

d.11,3b 4,1

Drill 3. Read:

o' 1tUV!

,

Drill 4. Underline the shapes of %!= when it it joined on both side's

and when it is final connected.

dr, 0

/441 44e,

Drill 5. Read:

, Ltc t ./ 60/, 4/a 7 -'me/ C4r4 "Iteo

40141.

9 /

87

Answers

Part B.

Drill 1.

Check tape

Drill 2.

: 1,

3, 4, and8.

A: 29

3, 5, and7.

Drill 3.

Check tape

Drill 4.

A 1,

2, 4, 7,and 8.

: 3,

5, 6, and7.

Drill 5.

Check tape

50

C. Writing

is a connector and is written, in all its shapes, like

and 4:J except for the three dots above. Note that in handwritten

Arabic the sign is used in place of the three dots. See chart

below.

Example Shape/ de ok

Cm)

C-4 3a Ls

C201

A7/4 /

Cw02,1d, -4.

e4'°

1

Independent



Final joined

The following four drills provide you with practice in writing

the four shapes of U .

Drill 1. L..) in its independent shape.

t

40.

ADrill 2. .J joined to following letter.

88

51

ADrill 3. joined on both sides.

Drill 4. 60.0 final joined.

AI.,(A 29) .

(La.

Ti

Drill 5. Variant shapes of (..) .

e

5. RevieW Drills

Drill 1. If you hear doubled consonants in the following words

write 44 over the doubled consonqnts. Otherwise, leave

the word as it is.

Example:4

1

2

3

dItt . 4

5

44; 6

7

c..44 . 9

.10

8

89

Answers Drill 2. (On tape) CircIethe words read on tape..,

Review Drills..,,J

Example: ....lj c.1..) . 1

Drill 1.. b

c.t., ' Lr- . . 2

,.

.,.

. 1 r-r .c..); . -t....1160, ,0 p4

ci

4. / 9 4 . .0 . / 5r.)..J . 3 r.1-" 7.146:.

9 .f..

A A 1..:-. L 4.44

L . 6.-...."...t. . ; `-",

%.... 5;. 7

I. IS.

t., ' A A

7.

6- . L.-÷:.

. 8

7 Drill 3. Read: /, .-,..

. 1,4

/.0%,:.)4 . 8 .

%-...1- .

C. Ert 9. .

re4

cr -...-)k.....4..

cs; im . io, -

..0 ,

:-.) %-.- yt cft-te..

Drill 4. (On tape) Dictation.

Answers

Review Drills.

Drill 2.

c.1.3 . 1

. 24

. 3

. 4uelP

. 5

czL 6

8c4m1.

Drill 3.

Check tape

Drill 4.

1

2

3

4

5

6

5 3

9 1

1. The letter J1100

Unit 5

The letter

The letter

54

A. Pronunciation

raa? represents the consonant r as pronounced in Spanish or

Italian caro. It is entirely unlike American English r, which in

reality is more vowel than consonant: what, for example, are the

vowels that are pronounced in "bird", "burred" and "berg"? In

spite of the spelling, all these words are pronounced brd or brg,

the r being the vocalic element. Indeed, if "berd" were a word,

it too would be pronounced brd.

Arabic j r by contrast is a true consonant. It is a flap-

consonant produced by rapidly tapping the upper gum with the tip of

the tongue. Listen to the following Arabic words that have r

between two vowels, as read in Drill 1.

Drill 1. (On tape) Listening.

This sound is found in many languages, such as Spanish,

Italian, Japanese, etc. It is also found in American English oc-

casionally, as in the pronunciation of "three" = Orli, where r is

a flap rather than a vowel: and normally in the pronunciation of t

between vowels. That is, t in words such as "letter", "biting",

"Otto", etc., is in reality a "flapped r" like Arabic j . Pre-

pare to pronounce by first practicing words like "oughta" in

("I ought to go"); "gotta" (in "I gotta go"); "lotta" in ("A lot

of time").

Drill 2. (On tape) Imitation.

While j r is a flap, double r - that is, oi rr-is a

trill (a rapid succession of several flaps). This is like rr in

Castilian Spanish carro 'car' or perro 'dog'.

92

Drill 3. (On tape). a. Listening. Listen to the following pairs

of Arabic words in which the only difference is the pre-

sence of rr as oposed to r.

If you have difficulty in producing a good trilled rr 5 ,

first try to get a "feel" for it by making the flap several times in

rapid succession, e.g., ra-ra-ra-ra; then curl the tip of your tongue

upward until it touches the gum; holding it there gently, blow air

forcefully across it, making little adjustments in the precise loca-

tion and muscular tension of the tip of the tongue, until you get it

flapping vigorously. At first, you may have to use considerable

breath-force. You may find it useful first to pronouce sh (as in

English "shoe") to position the tongue properly; then, holding the

tongue firm, bring the tip of the tongue up to the gum, almost to

the point of blocking off the stream of air. A forceful expulsion

of air should produce a trill.

Drill 4. (On tape) b. Imitation.

Drill 5. a. Listen to the following words. Say each word, then

repeat it doubling the consonant j .



d. Listen to the tape again.

B. Reading

Drill 1. This is the independent form of the letter

j raa7 Circle the same letter below.

J ) J

A%.

Drill 2. Underline the letter j in the following.

//j11 . 4 'rJ j 3 ..0) . 2

s -32J. 8 rJr 7

. 6

J J

ejIj

. 5

Answers

Part B.

Drill 1.

Drill 2.

Initial:2, 8

Medial:

3, 5, 6

Final:

1, 4, 7

Drill 3. Read.

Drill 4. The letter j

to a precedingto a followingthe model avoe

9t.5 J9J

may occur joinedletter, but not

one. Look at

then underline

the similar form below.

Drill 5. Read.

C. Writing

8

1 I. 3

.0/7

Drill 1. Note how in writing the letter

start above the line and curve

moving towards the left as you

Practice the model below.

. 2

. 6

wedownwardsee above.

56

Joined to letterpreceding.

.;)

111r

Drill 2. Trace over, then copy the following.

Drill 3. This is the shape of ....,/

with a preceding letter.

combination is written in

Copy the model below.

when it combinesNote that theone movement.

-710111e.

94

517

Drill 4. Practice the following:

; IpIh / *

`a):P.L1.°4

2. The letter z.

A. Pronunciation

The letter ; zayn represents the consonant z, as in English

zero, vocalize". Arabic j and English z are similar enought to

permit the substitution of one for the other without problem. Arabic

, like other Arabic consonants, may of course be doubled, as in:

"

bazara

bazzara.

B. Readirla

The letter j has two shapes which are exactly like those of

except for the dot above. See charts below.

Drill 1. Underline the letter

61)

*/4tx . 4 J./

8JJJ )5)1 e

Drill 2. Read:

in the following.

Independent

Joined to precedingletter.

7 Alt 6

/ . Ji

I .t

JtJ JJ1. 41. ja..

4

95

...,,,

Answers

Drill 1.

Independent:1, 2, 3, 7,and 8.

Joined: 4,

and 6.

Drill 2.

Check tape

58

C. Nriting

In writing, the two shapes of J are exactly identical to those

of except that the former have a dot above. This is illustrated

in the charts below.

Independent

Joined to preceding letter

Drill 1. The following words include the independent shape of

Trace over, then copy them.

).3

Drill 2. Practice the following words which contain ./ joined to

preceding letter.

I .0

4

Review Drills

Drill 1. (On tape): If the word read is the same as the one

written, circle the word; if not, circle the check mark.

0, /X $i) . 6 X r: . 1

X . 7 X .4 ft 2J

P3X J5J9

. 8 X Led J

p f. .X ....1- . 9 X .At J . 4

.- P'

X ts.0)5 .10 x. _4)5)-:

. 5IP

96

. 1

. 2

3

4

5

. 6

. 7

. 8

9

. 10

Drill 2.Check tape

Drill 2. Read.


I '.111 I J.fre J -- J"' JJ

e/

Ate ajr

Unit 6

The letter Li f

The letter n

Nunation 44-un, 4' -an, -in4%

A. Pronunciation

The letter Li (faa7)is pronounced like f in "fat, roof". It

may, of course, be pronounced double.

B. Reading

Drill 1. Li faa? is a connector and has four

shapes. The model on the right shows

the independent shape. Circle the

same shape below.

Drill 2. Read:

J ;

,. 3 LiJj . 2

J . 7

J J

iLiJ

Drill 3. The letter 4-3 takes the shape -.0

when it is combined with a fol-

lowing letter. Underline this

joined shape in the following.

Independent

LiSI

Independent

Joined tofollowing letter.

A eraf. . 4 As 3

. 2 6 1

As'

8 . 7 iLi5 . 6 ()lc 5I.

Answers

Part B.

Drill 1.

Numbers:1, 2, 4, 6,7, and 8.

Drill 2.

Check tape

Drill 3.

Numbers:1, 2, 4, 5,6, 7, and 8.

Drill 4. Read:

Drill 5. When joined on both sides, i takesthe shape .i. . Underline the same

shape below.

4

8

Drill 6. Read:

3

7

Drill 7. Here are the four shapes of Lj .

3

. 7

liL

.... ,4....9 J i .9

c.S Li i, 0...

4...:4;,, .."...,

2

6

61

Independent

Joined to followletter.Joined on bothsides" .

%

c...9 J ,.

c...9

.9

A 4. ...

/.: Li

. 2

.?6

9ye; . 1

k:. ).;:; 5

Independent

Joined to folloing letter.Joined on bothsides.Final joined.

va fw, P21,

99

5

Answers

Drill 4.

Check tape

Drill 5.

Numbers:1, 2, 3, 4,6, and 8.

Drill 6.

Check tape

Drill 7.

Numbers:1, 2, 5, and

7.

Drill 8. Read:

C. Writing

Drill 1. Like CI) , 4..., , C.) the letter (...,

is written on the line(unlike../ft.diand

..., which go below the line.) Notethe similarities between the circle

of (...9 and the circle of ....9 .

Practice the model.

62

.;

Independent

C__9 t 4 C__9

Drill 2. Copy the following, tracing over the dotted lines first.

.1) .c _9 I

1

Drill 3. Only the characteristic part of (.29

--the circle plus the dot, as in the

box at right--is used when this letter

is joined to a following letter. Copy

the model below.

Joined tofollowingletter.

9 -.9 9

100

Answers

Part B.

Drill 8.

Check tape

63

Drill 4. In copying the words below, remember to add the dot of

a0 well as other dots after the completion of the first

non-connector (or the last letter of the word if there are

no non-connectors).

ti cLi 1 4

Drill 5. Follow the model as you writejoined on both sides. Joined on both

sides.

Drill 6. Copy the following in the usual way.

.0

Drill 7. When joined to preceding letteronly, c, takes the shape onthe right. Make this shape

below.

440

Final joined.

101


64

011

The letter 0 n.

A. Pronunciation

The letter 0 (nuun)has the value of English n as inuno, moon .

B. Reading

Drill 1. 0 nuun is a connector. Here is the

independent shape. Underline this

shape in the words below.

071j1; . 4 3

/. 8 41 7

Drill 2. Give the names of the following.

Drill 3. Read:..

J

31.1 : Independent

The shape of 0 when it is joined to a following letter and the

shape connected in both directions are exactly like those of and

I.:- except that the 0 shapes take a dot above. See chart on next

page.

102

Answers

Part B.

Drill 1.

Numbers:1, 2, 3, 4,5, and 7.

Drill 2.

Check tape

Drill 3.

Check tape

Joined on both sides Joined to followilla_lmtLkEusE

.:;,..

... c..

.Star

..0

A...

'''SI

a0J...

..; C)

Drill 4. Underline the shape of 0 joined to following letter and

its shape joined on both sides.

Drill 5. Read:

/ /C)r-:

. 3 . 2 a J1; . 1

.0.,7 . 5

L.2.

c.. .;.1)19.

A' .OP .1

ts. J..

Drill 6. A final joined 0 takes the shape as

shown in the model.

Read:

ce cr

Cr)

C. Writing4. 'A

/ .41t:04t

Drill 1. Ndte thht unlike Cr:I} L1, Le4 and

which are all written on the line,

0 goes below the line. Practice

the model below.

Answers

Part B.

Drill 4.

Numbers:1,

5,

and

2,

6,

9.

3,

7,

4,

Drill 5.

Check tape

Drill 6.

Check tape

66

Drill 2. Trace over, then copy.

( II

E44.1L2

a

Drill 3. The followingwords include the shape of 0 joined tofollowing letter. Pronounce tach word as you write it.

6

Drill 4. Here are words with u joined in both directions.

Drill 5. Note that final is a descendingletter; that is, the preceding let-ter is joined to it at the toprather than at the bottom as with

) C:01 ) C.. . Compare OS7and. Practice the following.

Final joined

104

Drill 6. The independent shape C) as well as

the final joined or may have the

variants shown above. These vari-

ants are used in written Arabic

only. Make these variants below,following the directions shown by

the arrows.

67

Independent

Final joine

c-.;) e.)

Drill 7. Trace aver, then copy.

9 U.01a/

er4944 ...

"' Jo I

The chart below contains a summary of all the written shapes of

Exan_ jkleL_plae

(1)1r

11_..

(....4 4 ...s

a

4C..r.`...." .

4OA* .........

Independent

/Joined to following letter


iFinal joined.

105

68

3. Nunation (in Arabic,01.}1:: tanwiin) is the adding of an n (Arabic

0.).; nuun)at the end of a word which is not definite in meaning.

For example:

chlbaabu 'the door'

baabun 'a door'

This final -n, which always follows one of the short vowels, is

written in a very special way: it is symbolized by the writing of

the short-vowel sign twice, thue(an abbreviation of"

) for -un,

for -an, and for -in. The Arabic names for these signs are

dammataan (literally, "two dammas"), fathataan ("two fathaq) and

kasrataan ("two kasra's") respectively. These will now be dealt

with individually.

.90dammataan -un.

A. Pronunciation9,

The ending -un is pronounced,as would be expected from the

spellingllike u in English "put" plus n. Remember that Arabic u is

a short vowel, and must always be pronounced short and clipped; it

is never drawled or prolonged as English vowels may be.

B. Reading,

Drill 1. This is the tanwiin sign -un written

over the last letter of the word.

Point to each of the following words

as you listen to then as, they are

read on the tape.

ul; 4.44 j0 /J.» A

9.

daarun

#. I J

Drill 2. Read:JO 1

as. 19 CO; J:19 C' JIJ

C. Writing

Drill 1. The tanwiin sign -P.' is composed of double

.9 combined and written in one stroke.

Copy the model below.

-44?)

106

69

Drill 2. Trace over then copy the following.. oNote that 'As is written

above the final letter in each word.

4%fathataan -an

A. Pronunciation,

Fathataan -an is pronounced like -one in English "done",

or -un in "pun". Remember that Arabic short a is never lengthened

or drawn out in pronunciation.

B. Reading

Fathataan consists of two fatha's as indicated earlier. It is

normally written over 1 , which does not affect the pronunciation.

In a sense, fathataan could be defined as the combination of ?alif

plus two fatha's which has the pronunciation value of -an: I°

Drill 1. Listening (on tape). The following pairs of words contrastdammataan and fathatdan; read them silently as you listen

to the tape., o

1 J34 .........3

. '

LiUS , C:91. V A

P.1APP P f

,.,cltw

9Z -- 1

,.4; _ 4,,

Drill 2. Read:

C. Writing

1

I Jj;a_f

14e:

4!Drill 1. In making the tanwiin sign we write

doubled parallel to each other.Practice the model below.

1.0-10.1

am/one '

107

70

Drill 2. Pronounce each of the following words as you write them.

lir

kasrataan -in

A. Pronunciation

Kasrataan -in is pronounced like -in in English "tin"i it

is a short vowel, of course, and is never lengthened in pronunciation

(or drawled) as is often done in English.

B. Reading

Kasrataan is written below the last letter of

the word, as is illustrated at the right.

1

daarin

Drill 1. Listening (on tape). Read silently the following words as

they are read on tape.

01 I MI

.. 0' I1E4 J

..

Drill 2. Give the names of the following signs:

ge.

Drill 3. Read:

):1'144:0

C. Writing

0

-.r J *-1

Drill 1. The tanwiin sign 0 is written exactly like4 except that it is written below the

final letter in the word. Practice the

following. See next page.

1.0 8

A. Review Dtills

Drill 1. Identification on teTe).

Example

,111111...

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

6

. 7

. 8

Drill 2. If the word read is the same as the word written, circlethe word; if not, circle the check mark.

AX

XXX t jowl

, .'X (:).ted, 5

, AX 41 ..".; 6

.,X li:i..) . 7

X 0 C'

, !X

X 0-,J;

A, ..10

Drill 3. Read:

Answers

Review Drills

Drill 1.

of% 40 4-

XX XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

Drill 2.

X

1

2

3

. 4

5

6

. 7

8

X

X

X

Drill 3.

Check tape

8

9

10

Drill 4. True or false:

False True

Drill 5. Dictation (on tape).

IVVIMIWW.47.4=1.1=111,1111V0*M.

72

1. The letter faa? is an extensionof waaw plus a dot above it.

2. The position of the dot(s) dis-tinguishes the forms of 41.. ,

, , a , and 0 ,when connected to followingletter or joined on both sides.

3. i is a connector.

4 In wtiting the syllable ).; we

start with the dot.

5. The tanwiin signs -'94've pro-nounced with the consonant 0added to the short vowels do

110

Answers

Review Drills

Drill 4.F T

I21)§

D 2

D 3

1#1 Ll 4

5

Drill 5.

.1111-) . 1.

. 2

3(..)64-

. 4

eeCix.r . 5

. 6

73

111

Unit 7

The letter J 1

The letter L'3 k

The letter <5 g

1. The letter j 1

A. Pronunciation

Arabic 1 ( J laam) corresponds to English 1: compare (listen

to tape) Arabic laam and English "lamb". In both of these words,

where 1 precedes a vowel, 1 is produced by touching the tip of the

tongue to the teeth (Arabic) or to the tooth ridge behind the teeth

(English) as the air passes around the side of the tongue. When,

however, 1 follows a vowel, English and Arabic differ in their pro-

nunciation of it. In English, post-vocalic 1 is pronounced with

the back part of the tongue tensed and raised up towards the velum,

giving the 1 a velar or "back" kind of coloring. Arabic, on the

other hand, uses the same pronunciation of 1 after vowels as it does

before vowels. The following drill illustrates this difference in

post-vocalic l's.


Drill 2. (On tape) Eight English and Arabic words will be read to

you. Listen carefully then check the proper block.

Arabic English

Answers

Part A.

Drill 1.

Check tape

Drill 2.

Arab.Eng.

75

Before you practice Arabic words, try pronouncing some English

words with final 1 as an Arab would pronounce them in Arabic.

Drill 3. (On tape) "Editation.

Drill 4. (On tape) a. Listenihgi b. Imitation.

The point has just been made that Arabic 1 differs from English

1 in that it is pronounced the same after vowels as it is before

vowels. There are two exceptions to this: 1 after vowels is pro-

nounced in Arabic like post-vocalic English I (a) when it is in

the same word as certain "back" consonants, such as 3 which will

be presented later in this unit, or (b) in(certain forms of the word

Compare (listen to tape) the word 1.11 7ilaahun 'a god'for

with '''',7allaahu 'God', which is transcribed with 1 to show that itlr

is pronounced like 1 in English "feel" rather than "leaf". Note

also that the vowel aa after 1 is pronounced like a in "father".1r

That is, you must simply memorize the fact that the word IllallaahuT

meaning "God" is pronounced wi,111 post-vocalic I rather than the pre--7

vocalic type. In the word A lillaaht Goe1 ,-however,.1 is,-the pre-

vocalic type because it follows the palatal vowel i.

This backed pronunciation, in which the back of the tongue is

tensed and raised up toward the soft palate, or velum (as for the

vowel in "good"), is called velarization,, and is symbolized by a

dot under the letter. The non-backed variety is referred to as plain.

Thus, 1 is plain, while 1 is velarized.

B. Reading

Drill 1. This is the letter J laam in its

independent shape. Circle the

same letter below.1

Independent

Answers

Part A.

Drill 3.

Check tape

Drill 4.

Check tape

Part B.

Drill 1.

Numbers:1, 2, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, and9.

Drill 2. Say the names of the following letters.

Drill 3. Read:

Drill 4.

#J1,-;

Joined to a following letter, Jtakes the shape J . Compare this

shape with the independent one,then underline the joined shape

below.

Drill 5. Read:

Drill 6. Note that the combinationis written )1 . Read:

j

3,;0 1)

'31.)

0.4-1

Drill 7. J has the shape when it isjoined to following and precedingletters,as you see on the right.

Read:

0.44:c

9 #.,

o)ti

76

'31.3

JL

Independent

Joined to follow-in letter

7.-1

.11-.) : J..

Independent

Joined to follow-ing letter.Joined on bothsides.

114

Answers

Part B.

Drill 2.

Check tape

Drill 3.

Check tape

Drill 4.

Numbers:1, 2, 3, 5,6, 7, and 8.

Drill 5.

Check tape

Drill 6.

Check tape

Drill 7.

Check tape

Drill 8. These are the four shapes ofCompare the final joined shapewith the others, then read thefollowing.

C. Writing

. _

/-

0I

-

a

a-

-.

. s J.:L: . 4 ti313 . -3 . 2

/. 9 . 8

CY12°

Drill 1. Note how in making the independent.shape of we start above theline writing 1 and curvingdownward below the line,thenleftward and again upward to apoint on the line. Copy the model

77

Independent

Joined to follow-ing letter.JOined on bothsides.Final joined,

7 J1,-;

Independent

d

Drill 2. Sound out each of the following words as y'ouvrite.theM:,

Drill 3. The shape of tp) joined to a followingletter does not go below the line asyou see on the right. Copy the model

below.

Joined to afollowing lett

a

.."",,+,004,="7.:ZggegAZW.71.,,t7e717,

115

Answers

Part B.

Drill 8.


78

Drill 4. Copy the following words as usual.

1, Jono 0.°

i.

Drill 5. When connected in both directions,

the shape of 4) should be written

in one movement, moving from the

preceding letter upward and then

retracing the same path downward

into the following letter. Follow

the arrow above in making the model

below.

Joined on bothsides.

01111111e-=11.111/1111112111111111111e=1.1.1111g


Drill 7. When 4.) occurs final joined, the preceding

letter is connected to it just above the

curve. Like the shape joined on both

sides, the final joined shape of t) moves

from the preceding letter upward and then

retraces it path downward and into the

curve, as you see above.

Finaljoined.

116

Drill 7. Continued

I I I I . I 1 .1.TI I I I I 1 I I .1 1.

79


aifcif1"4.9

Cor.

2. The letter 0

A. Pronunciation

The Arabic letter 0 kaaf represents the k as in English "kit,

baker, task".

B. Reading

Drill 1. 0 is a connector and has four shapes.--7--The model here shows you the indepen- 0 lj

dent shape. Circle the words that in-clude this shape:: -1

si ,4 44:44.; . 3 4.:34,1 . 2 'LW . 1

,p2. .

tpit . 9 Obi . 8 J1.1 . 7

PJL; 5

Drill 2. Read:

Independent

IP A

Drill 3. When joined to a jollowing letter 0takes the shape .) . Read:

5 'OS

-e e.J

Independent

Joined to fol-lowing letter.

Answers

Part B.

Drill 1.

Numbers:1, 2, 3, 4,6, and 8.

Drill 2.

Check tape

Drill 3.

Check tape

Drill 4. Pay special attention to 0to a following 1 or jthen read the following.

9.lesolo 6'

'it%

%JP

when itLook at

eoralt

Drill 5. Compare the shape of e) when ik isjoined on both sides with the othertwo shapes, then circle words 6on-taining the shape joined on both

sides.

. 2

. 4

. 6

Drill 6. These are the four shapes of

. Study the chartcarefully then read:

is joinedthe model

/.4) 0,4015

80

44.414A__

..3 Ij

, :

MIMI

1

. 3

. 5

I j t di

,

C. Writing

Drill 1. The independent shape of 42) is

written like the indpendentshape of 3 except that itsbase is made fairly flat and thelastjoart.continues'beyond a point

on the line, curving rightward thendownward and leftward as you see

above. Copy the model below.

Independent

Joined to fol-lowing letter.Joined on bothsides.

Independent

Joined to follow-ing letter.Joined on bothsides.Final joined.

Independent

ei eJ& ei ei

ci118_

Answers

Part B.

Drill 4.

Check tape

Drill 5.

j6S: .

)#)0

. 3

to,cyle . 4.

J.1 . 5

411°'

Drill 6.

Check tape

1

2

6

81


-Gat

Drill 3. The shape of (0 when joined to afollowing letter is written intwo movements as shown by thearrow (right). It is exactlylike t) when joined to a follow-ing letter, but, with the additionof the extra line on top.

Joined to followingletter.

Drill 4. In cying the.following words, remember to add the stroke

of after the completion of the first non-connector.

cz:61-0. -"*"/ e'

Drill 5. When joined on both sides, the shapeof ej is written exactly like theshape of tj in this position ex-cept that a stroke is added above.Do the following drill.

40.z Joined onboth sides.

/ se

111,1

--s

119

82

Drill 6. When caJ is joined to following1 or 4.) or when it is pre- Joined to following 1

ceded by another letter and or jfollowed by 1 or LI it takes

the special shape indicatedabove. Note that in this caseis written from bottom to top.See the model

Joined to preced-ing letter and to jfollowing or ,1

JI 14' J41

Drill 7. Trace over and then,copy.

up;.:PP g6,30

Drill 8. The final joined shape of d rests

on the line. The preceding letteris joined to it at the baseethenmoves upward and retraces its path

downward then into the base. See

the model above.

Finaljoined.

01. L L tJL,

120


83

4,0Is .01 a

Akf Led.4 /117,4 r3j..Ls 4,L)


Drill 11. t2J has the variant di in both

its independent and final joined

shapes. This is the printedshape; however, it is also used

in writing.

Independent

Final joined

--J Le) d (1,4 dJ

a6

a

r


s

121

3. The letter84

A. Pronunciation

qadf differs from i primarily in point of articulation.

4:3 , like English k, is pronounced at various points between the pa-

late and the velum, depending on the adjacent vowels. Compare, for

example, the fronted k in "key" with the backed k in "cool". 3 , on

the other hand, is always produced with the root of the tongue making

closure at the uvula, regardless of contiguous vowels (see illustration).

J

To pronounce ta , say k as in the word "hawk". Hold this final

k this is, maintain the contact between the back of the tongue and the

soft palate. Now, while maintaining contact, slide your tongue 'cack

till the backest part of your tongue is touching the backest part of

the soft palate, including the uvula. This is the place of articula-

tion for R. Practice making this extreme back tongue uvula contact

until you get R. el and 3 stand in opposition to each other in

their influence on adjacent vowels. 0 requires the fronted pronun,

ciation of following vowels, while 3 requires the backed. Thus

the vowel 1 in ..115 kaad sounds like a in "cad" while the vowel in

JU;qaad sounds like o in "cod". This difference in vowel quality

will help you both in identifying which of the two consonants has

been said and in producing the proper sound yourself.

The sound of t5 is said to be like the cawing of a crow; if

you can produce the "caw" of a crow, this may help you with 3 .

The essential task is to touch the back est part of your tongue to

the uvula as you say "ah". Technical Summary

3 Unaspirated voiceless uvular stop.

: Aspirated voiceless velar stop122

85


Drill 2. (On tape ) Imitation.

Drill 3. (On tape) Are the following same or different? Check the

proper block.

Different -Same

El [1 1

El 1::]. 2

El D . 3

o o 4

El LA

in Q . 6

EI 0 . 7

o in . 8

121 0 . 9

El 0 .10

Drill 4. (On tape) If the ,word read contains the sound 0 write

the letter 0 in the block givent if it contains the

sound ',3 leave the block blank.

2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

123

4.71.1111

Answers

Part A.

Drill 3.

Dif. Same

Drill 4.

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

B. Reading

Drill 1. Look at the independent shape of

j on the right, then under,

line the same shape below.

5

. 10

0: 6LVJ

CU)

. 4

. 9

c,"'

//4L9,f

3

8


J

Drill 3. Read:

a /J

86

Independent

2 c36Jo

7 cb.,

J LAi

Drill 4. The shapes of 3 joined to a following letter and its

shape joined on both sides are like the shapes of in

these two positions except that 3 takes two dots rather

than one. See charts below.

J1;

Read the following:

pp.?

fa;1

0/r.x.rDrill 5. 3 has the shape 3- when it

occurs final joined to a pre-ceding letter. The followingdrill contains all the shapes

of 3 . Circle words con-lrafilihk-- the final joined

shape only.

.jt.50. %:41;

. ,71. /; tie) J xi

0

2

4

Joined toletter.

Joined on

1

6

following

both sides.

0 . 01; t s,z

e..

t.N.4 ) 4-7..

9ti»

Lys 6,,.; Jiit

1

3

Independent


124

Answers

Part B.

Drill 1.

Numbers:1, 3, 4, 617, 9, and 10,

Drill 2.

Check tape

Drill 3.

Check tape

Drill 4.

Check tape

1

2

3

4

Drill 6. Read:

ot.,u.e.)

C. Writing

Drill 1. The independent shape of (.1 is like

the independent shape of (..:9 except

that it is more-rounded and goes

below the line, whereas 4,, is flat

andKestb on the line; 1.3 also has,

of course, two dots whilec." has

one.

87

Independent

AO (L (3 (3 (3 (3

(i 9 ci L9 c_9

'Drill 2. Trace over and thet copy.

C.,

Drill 3. When occursjoihed to a followingletter or connected in both direc-

tions, it takes the same shapes of

cJ in these two positions except

for the two dots. Study the models

above,before you dothe following

drills.

4L-rt.

Joined to fol-lowing letter.Joined on bothsides.

jt9

125

Answers

Part B.

Drill 6.

Check tape

88

es.

Drill 4. (3 connected on both sides:

Drill 5. Again, the final joined shape of Cji goes

below the line and is more rounded than

the shape of CJ in this position.Practice the following.

Finaljoined

Drill 6. Both the independent and final joined

shapes of u have the variant shapes

shown there. Both shapes are very

common in written Arabic. Practice

the variants below.

9 9-190 tz9

Iwo

Independent

Final joined

4 0

Drill 7. Trace over, and then copy.

6

126

89

Drill 8. Sound out each of the following words as'you write them.

4. Review Drills

Drill 1. (On tape) Indicate! whether the following words contain a ei

or k5 sound. Write the proper letter in the appropriate

column.

Ow

. 2

. 3

. 4

5

. 6

7

8

9

.10

Drill 2. (On tape),I am going to read seven words. If the word read

is the same as the one written, circle the word, if not

circle the check mark.

CIRCLE THE WORD I SAY:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

16-2;.17.S,

(_5) "1:4

" azoturv.

j'Anaj

8

9

. 10

.11

.12 127

0

Answers

Review Drills

41.

eJ

-15

Drill 2.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

.10

Drill 3. Read:


Arabic sentences for reading.

t J0

I 6.. h. )1

'Perf511

.

kit!)

90

0/LS) -t9

gait".5 044.

1. Do not lie (speaking to male).

2. Your house is near.

3. Rafiq wrote a book.*

4. We live in a hotel.

VOCABULARY

.11111-

no ("do not" in negative commands)

you lie, prevaricate (speaking to a male)

house, your house (speaking

near, close

he wrote

Rafiq (boy's name)

a book

we live

in

a hotel

to a male)

*In modern usage, proper names (names of persons and places) are not

inflected; that is, they are spelled and pronounced without final

short vowels or nunation.

nmoy**

128

Answers

Drill 3,Check tape

Drill 4.

. 1

. 2

. 3

.4. .5AX3P/'21Af

da*9 6

91

129

92

Unit 8

The letter Lr s

The letter ot s

Pause

1. The letter Lr. s.

A. Pronunciation

The letter Lp. (siin)is represented by s as in English "sit,

missing, guess". The difference in pronunciation between s and

z, voicing, is a basic one, common to many pairs of consonants,

and found in all languages; an understanding of it will be of

substantial aid to you in mastering the new, unfamiliar consonants

of Arabic. Let us see now what voicing is.

First, pronounce s alone, prolonging it: sssss. Then pro-

nounce a prolonged zzzzz. Note that they are pronounced in

exactly the same way as far as the shape of the tongue and position

of the jaw are concerned. As a matter of fact, you can pronounce

ssszzz without any change in lips, tongue, etc. However if you

hold your throat as you say sss and zzz, you will be aware of a

buzzing sound that accompanies zzz but not sss (or if you lay the

palm of your hand on top of your head, you can actually feel the

vibration of zzz). This buzzing is produced by the vibrating of

the vocal cords, and is called voicing. A sound produced with

voicing, such as z, is said to be voiced, while those not accom-

panied by voicing, such as s, are unvoiced or voiceless. In

English and Arabic, all vowels are voiced, as are the nasals m,

n and ns. (as in "sing") and the semivowels w and :E. h is voice-

less. Voiceless-voiced pairs of consonants (consonants that are

identical except for voicing) are s-z; f-v; 04; sh-zh (z in

I I

Wen....0.1eartiL

azure"); .2.-b; t-d; k-z_, and ch-1.

130

B. Reading

Drill 1. Here is the independent shape of the

letter v. I Give the names of the

following letters:

Drill 2. Read:

9t.1"

P P ,t1"J 41.

1

ViP ulP L;61i;

4:-

3

LA4

kr

kr"

kr L

93

Independent

Drill 3. Study the shape of U. joined to

a following letter, then circle Independent

the same shape below: Joined to follow-ing letter.

L

. 5

4. .10

Drill 4. Read:

0

fe

6 L, . 7

es*

Lr . 2

#

Drill 5. Compare the shape of ty. joined

on both sides with the othershapes, then circle thisshape in the words below.

. 5

# 40Lacr 10 1.4

tr It.f/'

e

U._

:A....

....._

. ._%.....

.

,. ........

Independent

Joined to follow-ing letter.Joined on bothsides.

. 4 3 J Lei . 2 . 1

. 9 Lif;p.ht . 8 . 7 . 6

131

Answers

Part B.

Drill 1.

Check tape

Drill 2.

Check tape

Drill 3.

Numbers:1, 3, 4, 5,

6, 7, 8, and

10.

Drill 4.

Check tape

Drill 5.

Numbers:1, 2, 3, 5,

6, 7, 8, and

9.

Drill 6. Read:

Drill 7. Study all the shapes of u on

the right, then read the follow-ing.

04"1°

p. K041'

6sit;

C. Writing

e'.-1

ii.il,...,a ....,

16........;

_

.....

-,I :.tr'J : Lly'

-

L

, -

J'ae.44

Drill 1. This is the independent written shape

of 0-4. Note that it is writtenwith a single stroke, beginning with

the upstroke /lion the right. The

last part is rounded and goes belowthe line. Note that it has a singlesmooth line instead of the three"teeth" of the printed form.

Lr45

kr-t-

94

Independent


Independent

'Drill 2. Trace over and then copy.

ty,-4 3,9,t 01,

132

Answers

Part B.

Drill 6.

Check tape

Drill 7.

Check tape

Drill 3. When cry is joined to a followingletter, the last part is omittedas illustrated in the model.

-armAIM01--

95


--roe& Aw1411- """mfi 0000pow.

Drill 4. Practice:

Drill 5. When joined in both directions,the shape is like its shapewhen joined to a followingletter except for the upstrokeat the beginning. Copy thefollowing as usual.


Drill 6. Again, the final joined shape ofsgis the same as the indepen-shape, except for the up-

stroke which is retained onlywhen finalcr- is joined tosame letter (as irixj!1.4.1.11

Practice:

Final joined.

r

133

96

Drill 7. This drill includes all the written shapes of (rof Pro-

nounce each word as you write it.

) fre

The letter 4 sLr

A. Pronunciation

4'The Arabic letter 0,1, slin is pronounced like sh in English

"she, pusher, rush". The symbol used to transcribe it is

B. Reading

The four shapes of are exactly like those of 0. except for

three dots above It. . See charts below.

/ ,11tor, Ii

A

',J1414 III.a

magiV

.0 .0

7"'s Ir

A44,,,,

A

Drill 1. Give the names of:

kJ"

9/1kr, ..

,

,51. to

0%AM

//...

,. .... ..

kr') II crk-

Drill 2. Circle the independent shape ofjoined to a following letter.

Independent

Joined to followingletter.Joined on both sides

Final joined

J

as well as its shape

, ,5 . 4 a J1-1, 3 V', 2

Pl." .10 utili . 9 ..1411) . 8 7 . 6

134

1 k;

Answers

Part D.

Drill 1.

Check tape

Drill 2.

Numbers:

1, 3, 5, 6,8, and 9.

Drill 3. Read:

/4 6cr.)

/

97

Drill 4. In the following, ciFcle the shape of t joined on both

sides and its final joined shape.

Drill 5. Read:

./krt.2)A3

MA.4.5)4.416,

2

5

8

A 1

ol.J L.7,; .

C.:;131u 7

" L lot-r"; -

C. WritingA

Again, all the shapes ofo-v are written like their correspon-

dent shapes of u....swith the addition of the three dots, which are

written in a single movement like those of the letter . Examine

the following charts before you do the writing drills.

I/ I o_a

/0 A

,"-..C....6......eL_;

po /4

-.11...4 ____...4

#../ / . e

I .., Al

Independent

Joined to following letter

Joined on both sides.

Final joined.

Drill 1. (1...4 : independent and joined to following letter.

411111Ms.

"p.

(7-04

135

Answers

Part B.

Drill 3.

Check tape

Drill 4.

Numbers:1, 2, 3, 5,8, and 9.

Drill 5.

Check tape

98

ADrill 2. joined on both sides and final joined.

....... e-9p

I..f....4. A .... . OP t 4

--A2j--)

*444.9--.1.4-(:)..."1'0 0

1

o

I s . I

Drill 3. Note that the independent and thefinal joined shapes may also bewritten with a downward slantingstroke at the end instead of thethree dots t . Practice the

illmagigiiimigem

Independent

Final joine(

models below.

_ __ r ,r r .

-1/1mir-fVim-4 Vg--4 iir's

pDrill 4. lirmf and (1-..r : Review drill.

.:.

-, .. .-_ _ _ _ -

w ger....

a

I i I

3. Pause

In reading and speaking Modern Literary Arabic there is a special

feature of style that involves the final words of utterances. In brief,

vowels occurring at the end of the last word in an utterance (whether

an entire sentence or part of a sentence) are shortened: long vowels

become short vowels, and short vowels (including nunation) are dropped.

Illustration:

/ .0 AIV"» 4111.44'°.

'Your house is close by2 :

136

99

#is pronounced baytuka qariib, with the of %; suppressed. If

the speaker pauses after the word 0:4; , it will be pronounced

baytuk, with / suppressed. Further illustrations:

,

01446;)

L:re

'house'

wrote'

'he wrote'

'We live ina hotel'.

'we reside'

'France'

Full form

baytun

kataba rafiiqun

kataba

naskunu fiifunduqin:.

naskunu

faransaa

.1,49 9

0 :)1.4746.1.

Pause Form

bayt

kataba rafii

katab

naskunu fiifunduq.

naskun

faransa

Thus, if the sentence is read as a single

utterance, it is pronunced naskunu fii funduq. If, however, there

is a pause after the first word, it is pronounced naskun fii funduq.

Drill 1. a. Read theutterance in

following,pronouncing the final word in eachits pause form.

0.,j;

tieJ T°:'D

411° Ce 05.146.; 3

0 ,"

1

2

b. Read the following, pausing whenever there is a dash--and using the pause form in each case.

<MINS Ike Altar" 11111=1

ft .#(...'w'..JO. J - .

e. ....... a..... je, .

A oe ,-,.....-J-L4 UP. 0 '.

03/J. ... us.... .

MOM.

; /.4:70 Low

%

2

3

4

5

6

7

137

Answers

Drill 1.

Check tape

100

Nunation is lost in pause, along with the preceding short vowel.

In case of fatha with nunation, however, the full form rather than

the pause form is generally used; the three vowels with nunation are

illustrated below using the word for "book":

'book'

,LS.

Full Form Pause Form

kitaabun

kitaabin

kitaaban

kitaab

kitaab

kitaaban

The pause form that one would expect from the rules--loss of

nunation, shortening of long vowel,giving Lk6kitaaba--was used in.

earlier Arabic, but is only rarely heard today.

Note that the loss of a short vowel may result in a cluster of

two consonants, as in 1:rc, 'I drank', pronounced laribt in its

pause form; the stress remains unchanged.

Henceforth you will be expected to use the pause form as

appropriate.

4. RevieWTDrills

Drill 1. (On tape) I am going to read six words. If what is readis the same as the word written, circle the latter; if not,circle the check mark.

X

X

X

X

X

X

Now, circle the word I say:

138

Answers

Review Drills

Drill 1.

X

X

1

LV 2

6y1'; 3

4

5

6

Drill 2.

Check tape

Drill 3.

2

3

4

Drill 2. Read:

101

. ," ..IteV1.) %.....-temt cym

"A .?it OW 00 Le C...71 441? ..r.-t-, ., A d k-3) 5

Itep) cs; crjt; oil. j..;i4t., Of

Drill 3. Dictation (on tape).


1. I drank Coca-Cola.

I thanked Nancy.

How did he travel?

The Russian Ambassador isin France.

-# Vt5)s v147 "s

c3....A.;

../9 'it.

'V"' t

Vocabulary

p.c.41

V-4S

4-21P

/ se

4:710

I drank

Coca-Cola

I thanked

Nancy

how?

he traveled

ambassador

Russia

in

France

139

Unit 9

The letter 00-.-

The letter 0i.

102

1. The letter s 00

A. Pronunciation

Arabic has two s's: (siin) s and cro (saad) s. They are

pronounced differently and sound different. Arabic 0. is like

English s in "see, east", while 00 s is velarized--that is, the

back part of the tongue is positioned-as for the vowel in "good" as

s is pronounced; the tongue as a whole is tense as Le is pronounced.

Listen to the tape as these two sibilants are pronounced in isolation;

0. should be higher pitched, while 00 , being velarized,should be

lower in pitch:

a. LI. ssss

b. 00 ssss

An even more striking difference between the two s's is the ef-

fect they have on adjacent vowels; listen to these two items on tape:

a. L. saar 'he moved on'1b. .0L0 saar 'he became'

Not only are the s's different, but the pronunciation of I aa is

radically different in the two words. From the Arabic point of view,

these are considered the front and back pronunciations of the same

vowel, namely I aa. The English speaker, on the other hand, is

struck by the fact that Arabic I corresponds to two English vowels,

the a in sad and the o in sod. The vowel a in sad is a front vowel

(produced by the front part of the tongue and in the front part of

the mouth), while the o in sod is a back vowel. From the Arabic

point of view, there are two s's and one vowel, the quality of that

vowel being determined by the quality of the adjacent consonant.

Thus, when the Arab hears the English words sad and sod he hears two

different s's (c.rw

an& np ) but one vowel ( I ), and would spell

them Ji. and JL0 respectively. In Arabic, the consonants are constant

140

103

with the vowel a dependent variable, while in English the consonant

is the variable and the two vowels are the constants.

Arabic English

A. = sad

Aoo = sod

This fact is important and useful in both hearing Arabic and pro-

nouncing it accurately. While (.1., and ,e are pronounced differently,

and you should practice the different tongue positions in your pro-

nunciation drills, the difference in vowel quality is an even more

significant clue. If you get the vowels right, the consonants

cannot be far wrong.

Drill 1. (On tape) Listen to the following pairs with v., and 0. .

Drill 2. (On tape) Repeat after each pair.

Drill 3. Identification test: Put an XfinIthe appropriate column,

indicating whether the word on tape contains a or a

U.

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

. 9

.10

So far we have discussed only the long vowel aa 1 . The same

discussion is equally applicable to short a (fatha), the main

difference being that the front and back varieties of a are half

as long as the corresponding varieties of 1 aa.

Drill 4. (On tape) Imitation.

141

Answers

Part A.

Drill 3.

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

. 2

. 3

4

. 5

6

. 7

8

. 9

. 10

Drill 5. (On tape) rdentification test:

k.r

. 2

. 3

4

. 5

6

. 7

8

. 9

. 10

104

There are alsl differences in the other long and short vowels.

Specifically for 7 i the front variety that goes with LI. is like the

i in English sit, while the back variety is like e in English nurses.

Drill 6. (On tape) Listen to the following pairs of words which con-trast the difference in sound of - i. Repeat the pairs of

.words on tape.

Drill 7. Long ii is the same with the addition of the vowel i in

machine. Listen to the tape, noting the differences inquality between cr.sii and tie sii.

Drill 8. (On tape) Identification test: Put an X under the proper

letter.

L.P

4

. 2

. 3

4

. 5

6

. 7

8

9

.10

142

Answers

Part A.

Drill 5.

U.

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

2CX

Drill 8,,

U.

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

30C

XX

XX

XX

. 1

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

. 9

.10

. 1

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

: 9

7".

105

We have seen (1) that tx is front and that, in reference to it,

vo is back; and (2) that the presence of uo in the word requires

the back pronunciation of adjacent vowels. There is another differ-

ence between the two s's: in pronouncing 00 the muscles of the tongue

and throat are tensed up, while with ty. they are relatively relaxed.

This difference is highlighted before uu.


The vowel j uu, which is like oo in English boot, is already a

back vowel and so cannot be any more backed when next to .00 . . There

is a discernible difference in tenseness, however, as illustrated above.

Drill 10. (On tape) Idtmtifitatton, test.

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

This tenseness ig found with 1 and a as well, but ti is not

so apparent with them as in the case of uu.

Drill 11. (a) Listen to the following words. Record each word, thenrepeat it changing the tr sound to 00 or 00 tot".

(b) Listen to the correct reading on the model tape.

. 10 (c) Repeat the correct answer. Then continue, with thenext item and so on.

To summarize, Arabic vowels can be said to have a front pronun-

ciation, which is the usual pronunciation, and a backed or back pro-

nunciation, which is required by velarized consonants. We have hgd

two velarized consonants so far: 00 (as opposed to tr ) and 5 (as

143

Answers

Part A.

Drill 10.

cr Le-

XX

XK

XX

,XX

XX

XX

vv.4u,

XX

. 1

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

106

opposed to el ). The front consonants so far are:

ti j k.? JJ J A Co %T.

The other velarized consonants are LO g land ; they will be treated

in this nncrthe'next.unit.. If a word contains a velarized

consonant, adjacent vowels on either side are also velarized or14

backed, as in "))1..1 'bracelets' vs.-'1)-onds'..) )1151 . This includes all

vowels in the word which came before that velarized consonant, as"At

in itya, (underlining shows extent of backness),V,e0 g4i.421_e--

As a rule, vowels in syllables following a velarized consonant are

front, although there are Arabs who simply pronounce the entire words

with back vowels, as''I or °IC) e° )e°

Technical Summary:

Lr s voiceless dental sibilant

s tense voiceless velarized alveolar sibilant

The following diagrams illustrate the different articulations

of tr and uo .

There are two noteworthy differences.

1 is dental while is alveolar (note arrows)la,

2. The back of the tongue is relaxed for Lr while it is

tensed and raised up to close to the velum for uo .

144

107

B. Reading

Drill 1. Like most other letters LP has four

shapes. Here is the first one.Look at the independent shape above,

then give the names of the following.

IndependentLAI . ut.

Drill 2. (On tape) read:

Drill 3.

Drill 4.

p.

U0,

0

(.74

00

01)

When joined to a following letter,the characteristic part wo isused; note that the little breakin the line, called a "tooth" in

Arabiclis an essential part ofthis shape. Read:

14°,

4'4:7 cfr°

Note also that the "tooth" is re-tained when uo is joined in bothdirections. Circle this thirdshape in the following.

. 5

.10

Drill 5. Read:

.412;

Jeda»

lue

6'04

(ft:

,1011 if

LAO

1

Independent

Joined to following letter.

' L0 "iv

..0,,,_10.27-

0. 4

. 9 J.uo . 8

/ e

Jr"; 7

JuQ

Independent

Joined to folloing letter.Joined on bothsides.

/

. 6

145

Drill 6. Compare the final joined shape of

Llo with the other shapes, thencircle words including the last

shape.

,ZiteD Q*1t

0

%,Ada yiumilk;

Drill 7. Read:

rLPY2;

2

4

jiagalx,

C. Writing

Drill 1. cis, is written in one movement.Unlike the loops of j andwhich are small and circular,the loop of cpois bigger andmore open.

etfil : kr61.0

: ...,, --:

*14:,# , I "

uadea! V.1.) 4,0

kido,

p I

u4.0)

ug":5

108

Independent


Final joined

. 3

UguJ

Independent


t71211/

146

Drill 3. The characteristic part of(jp-Ois usedwhen it is joined to a following let- -

ter. Remember to add the "tooth" be-

for you join .4140 to the following

letter. See model below.

109

Joined to fol-lowing letter.

Drill 4. Trace over and thery.copy.

/e ,ALL,4:7(:)

Drill 5. When joined to preceding and follow-ing letters, the shape of 00 islike its shape when joined to afollowing lettertexcept that it isjoined to the preceding letter bya line coming from under it.


Drill 6. Practice:

.NON I I I

Drill 7. Again, the final joined shape ofol, isconnected to the preceding letter by aline coming from under it as indicatedabove.

Final joined

147

110

Drill 8. Pronounce the following as you write them.

10

'C)"- . 0.4:2391.:

de dede dd.. Ie

v.0

Drill 9. Practice all the shapes of0.4,

j"ce2.9 ceja.P---)

2. The letter LO d

A. Pronunciation

Section I treated the two Arabic s's: the front cr. s and the

velarized o S. Arabic likewise has two d's: a front d J , like

English d, anda velarized d LO called daad, where the whole mid-.

dle of the tongue covers tiCe- roof of the mouth.

As in the case of tar and up , the Arabic-speaker hears the

the vowels in the Englih words "Dan" and "Don" as Variants of I aa,

but considers the d's different; he would ipell these tWo names

phonetically 451.) daan and 4.0t:10 daan respectively, reflecting the back-

ness of the vowel and consonant in "Don".

Before starting the drills, remember that j , like iscr

a front consonant which requires a front pronunciation of adjacent

vowels, whereas (0 like 00 is a velarized consonant (a d pro-

nounced with the quality of the vowel in "good") and thus re-

quires a back pronunciation of adjacent vowels. (See illustration.)

148

111


Drill 2.

Drill 3.

Drill

(On tape) Imitation.

(On tape) Identification. Check the block that corresponds

Oilto the word which includes the sound

2 1

5

6

. 7

4. (On tape) Identification. If the word read contains

write this letter in the block given; otherwise,

leave the block blank.

149

Technical Summary:*

d voiced dental stop

d voiced velarized alveolar stop

Drill 1. The letter LO daad is identical

to Llo plus a dot. Give the

names of the following:

112

Indpendent

1-

Since the dot is the only difference between 0, and LO we will

not introduce the various forms of LO individually as we did with up'

Instead you will be given two charts, one includingall the shapes of

CP and the other including those of LO . Study these charts

carefully, then do the drills that follow.

.. , ,

t../i'. I.ti . ...:,

osaii. ...a..

., : .01°5 : ciL'

kr60' it

. U°..., 1

. ...0,. -; ,

Le-

Independent



Final joined

Circle the words below that contain

. 2 j.40.1ra. .

6 Ler') 5.. P /

JACIP teik 9

2

4.) 51.410 .11

fa (.5 jet, . 13

*Some Arabs pronounce (J., d as alvOiced velatized alveolar flat

fricative. This is the ame pronunciation ás forl 4, which will

be dealt with in the following unit.

150

Drill 3. Read:

Jrat.

' 9 / IraJra, Lira; rJ

k.#1;

C. Writing

Drill 1. The letter u...Pis a connector and is'written the same way as ci4Pplus adot, which is added after the com-pletion of 047. Practice themodel below.

113

Indppendent

eIn Section 1 of this unit you were given some instructions with

each writing drill in order to help you make the correct letter

in all its various shapes. In this section, you will be simply asked

to copy model words and phrases that contain, 04, , since the

ihstructions given forukaapply here.

Brill 2. 0.47 : Independent and joined to following letter.

s-

Drill 3. 0_,C7 : joined on both sides and final joined.

5.9 6 0 od°

d

/

151

Drill 4. Note that the independent shape of ()02

and its final joined shape have the

variants indicated on the right. The

downward slanting stroke added at the

end of the letter replaces

in the case of and

Practice the following:

the dot, as

114

Independent

Final joined

0./

Drill 5. The following phrases contain both ()47 and 040in different

positions. Pronounce each phrase as you write it.

3. Review Drills

Drill 1. (On tape) Listen to the sounds Lk. , 00 , J , Lo in

the following words, then write the appropriate letter

(which represents the sound you hear) on the left.

Example:

AFMCOSFatitT4Zi - .^.4. 4 ar'

4

5

6

7

8

9

.10

152

Answers

Review Drill

Drill 1.

00

J 2

3

5

t:# 6

J 7

in, .10

115

Drill 2. (On tape) Circle the word read to you on the tape.

tio/qt) 0.4.1.A . 1o,Ji3J.2

e 3ume

#00

04.6 tf2Air 4

(A..r.40 3:0; . 500

Now, indicate whether the phrase read is the same as the phrasewritten; if it is the same, circle the -Ohrase; if not, circle the X.

X cflt J Utea' 6

X UAL jit 410 . 7

ea,

X . 8cs":47

X /),:a; 9

? IX J.40; Jaz, . 10

Drill 3._ _Read:9,

c1") 4f

CO1.44°

pr. 0 /

Lk"12:

.

C-111.fr: (.59 t.1"J

.,

csiv1A° (5'46 j>11. ;--)54Of I.



1. Riad is a Lebanese friend.

2. He is studying in Beirut.

3. I visited Riad three yearsago.

4. My friend Riad was hospitableto me.

5. I thanked Riad before mydeparture.

0 0, , 0;".,,,kti lDL,oLj

/ e/C1,Aat cs; 0;1:

,C°1114° `41°11 Oak J `1.-J.; I"

woo

tja.1.4) cias, t

153

Answers

Review Drills

Drill 2.

0.11

. 2

3crwIr"

Jaz"' 5

X . 6

X . 7

p.s 8

o=1;

x . 9

JL JA0).10

Drill 3.

Check tape

Drill 4..4

2

3

4../Ce.)

5

. 6

0.054.)a,.A..02. 7

Vocabulary

0"It '

C . I

tx)-14.

?"7)

LP4

456

014°, .'irkam

j,11.w

116

Riad (boy's name)

friend

Lebanese

he studies, he is studying

in

Beirut

visited

before, ago

three

years

he acted hospitably toward

he was hospitable to me

departure

my departure

154

Unit 10

The letter 1 t

The letter 1WIMP

1. The letter 1 t

117

A. Pronunciation

(taal).:2 and J. (taa7)0 constitute the third pair of front

and velarized consonants. C. is quite like English t ; I, t

however, differs from it in four ways:

1. The tongue is quite tense in the pronunciation of t 1,WIMP

as opposed to C.. t.

2. For 1* t the back part of the tongue is in position

for the vowel of ligood", so supplying the velar effect.

3. c% t and English t are slightly aspirated--that is,

pronounced with a little burst of air; 1, t, however, is un-

aspirated.

4. c".. takes the fronted pronunciation of adjacent

vowels, while .6 t is accompanied by the backed variety.

Thus, c".. b taat sound like English "tat" and 1,1J6 taat sounds

like English "tot".

Listen to these differences in the following words:

155

118

The following diagram illustrates the differences in tongue

shape and tongue placement.

CL.

As with the other velarized-plain pairs of consonants, the

quality of the adjacent vowels is your clue as to their identity,

and your best aid in pronouncing them properly.

Technical Summary

t voiceless dental stop

ip t unaspirated voiceless velarized alveolar stop.

Drill 1. (On tape) Listening-, and imitation.

Drill 2. (On tape) Identificatfm. Check the proper block.

Different Same

2

3

. 4

5

6

7

. 8

9

.10

Answers

Part A.

Drill 2.

Dif. Same

Pg .

D 2

1:1. 5

ig . 8

gi 9

.10

119

Drill 3. (On tape) Identification. Check the block which corres-

ponds to the word that contains 1* .

B. Reading

Drill 1. This is the letterCircle the same letter below.

. 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Independent

ID ID Li # ID IDf

0*

ki ) ID ID 4...i J Le I, C..


a' cr j J j J 4. C.".. 1- 1

q 5 0 J el 4.5i I -12' I tiz tr

Drill 3. Circle ID in the following words.

,, 0 .0 /1 O.

ID 1j.... . 3 titAt . 2 Itii . 1

/

lyLr .10 Lite

...!. 9

.9 ,vi..7 V . 6

Drill 4. Read:

1;1Aez. 1st;

0 1

SY;

157

Answers

Part A.

Drill 3.

Part B.

Drill 1.

1 71

Drill 2.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Check tape

Drill 3.

Numbers:1, 3, 5, 7,8, and 10.

Drill 4.

Check tape

Drill 5. When joined to a following letter,

1, is simply linked to it with-

out change. Compare both indepen-

dent and joined forms (right),then

circle the joined form below.

5 Ls6L.

Cr416.10

Drill 6. Read:

e121,:4

9 "jib 8

Drill 7. The shape of -6 is the sate in allpositiOns,:being.terdIy"lInked di-rectly to the preceding or follow-

ing letter; see'box..' Circle the

wbrds below that contain the last

two shapes.

/. 1'. 4

Y.*.

120

Independent

Joined to follow-ing letter.

2 16 1

.o. 7 tpoj . 6

/

Iit,e

jzio

..12; jai.,

. 3 . 2

Independent

Joined to a follow-ing letterJoined on both sides

Final joined

ItLes ;,J6: 7 liza6 'IL; 6J.1:115I; S 5

Drill 8. Read:

-611A°

ti.11" '1;1f .;14

PP

L51. j1)

soUm; .

C. Writing

Drill 1. The letter ,J, consists of two parts:

resembles the first part of(j00 °,and i which

is added next, written from top to bottom.

Practice the model below.

Independen

J, b158

Answers

Part B.

Drill 5.

Numbers:1, 3, 4, 6,8, 9, and 10.

Drill 6.

Check tape.

Drill 7.


Drill 8.

Check tape.

121

1

Drill 2. Trace over and then copy the following.

Like Eit.0, the letter JP is a connector.

Note that Le when joined to a following letter

must have a tooth .4.40, whereas must not.

There is no need to give instructions for connecting J. with spre-

ceding and following letters. The same instructions given for ao

apply here, except for the tooth (ir) which is added to but not

to .14, . The following two drills are given for practice.

Drill 3. This drill includes the forms of .19 when joined .to a fol-

lowing letter and when joined in both directions. Trace

over the model line, then copy it below.

Joined to fol-lowing letter

o

Drill 4. This drill reviews all the shapes of J,

159

%,

1. The letter 1 *12?

A. Pronunciation

The letters j(aal) and 1 Jr(aad)represent the last set of

plain/velarized consonants. j is the same as th in English "this,

they." This th is a front consonant; Arabic lj and English "that"

sound the same. On the other hand, 1 )' is the back variety of j ;

in pronouncing 1 the tongue is further back in the mouth than for

j , and the back part of the tongue is in the same position as

for the vowel in "good". The muscles are held tense as in the case

of the other velarized consonants. Again, if you pronounce the

vowels correctly your consonants will be understood.

Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening.

b. Imitation.

One final comment on the velarized consonants is that they

affect not only adjacent vowels, but other consonants as well. That

isoa velarized consonant requires the back p-onunciation of vowels

and also transforms plain consonants to Velarized. Thus the word

e,

-

Pr "

'voice1 is pronounced sawt J4)}. whip" is also pronounced c-r°

sawt; '14 "middle" is pronounced wasat;"Ao (the letter tio ) and Ai**

(the letter LO ) are pronounced 41:rad-Tand oao respectively; and

so forth.

Technical Summary

voiced interdental flat fricative

1; * voiced velarized alveolar flat fricative*

Drill 2. (On tape) Identification. Check the block which corres-

ponds to the word that contains 1

0 I:::. 1

0 LI . 2

. 3LD . 4

L:1 . 6

El El . 8

E] . 9

* Some Arabs pronounce 1 as z, a voiced velarized alveolar sibilant.

160

123

Answers Drill 3. (On tape) Listen to each of the following words.; if the

word contains the sound write the letter J in the

Part A. block provided, but if it contains the sound i leave the

block blank.Drill 2.

. 1

. 2

. 3

LI . 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

El . 8

El . 9

.10

B. Reading

Drill 1. The letter .1; *as? is made of the letter

1, plus a dot. Give the names uf the

following.

ula tio

EIndependent

loJO I I trlhas four shapes which are exactly like'those Of .6 except

for the dot above. -Study the following charts, then do the drills.

,

Independent



Final joined

Drill 2. Circle the words which contain the independent shape of 1as well as the shape joined to a following letter.",

lb .')..'L.9 2 1 5.1 . 1juw, 5 . 6.

)j.;LCD. 9 86-.4 liti 7

...

L.P-ii.. 6

161

Answers

Part A.

Drill 3.

n . 1

Ei . 2

mi . 3

0 . 4

El . 5

D . 6

D . 7

ID . 8

M . 9

El .10

Part B.

Drill 1.

Check tap

Drill 2.

Indepen-dent: 1, 3,

Joined tofollowingletter: 2,4, 6, 9.

Drill 3. Read:

4j1j1;

Drill 4. Circle the words below which include the shape of Ijoined

on both sides and its final joined shape.

Jelit. .

3

6

Drill 5. Read:

, -,.

A44; 04 1,10 ;;Iii4.

C. Writing

, like _1) , is a connector and has four shapes which are

written like those of ..,10p except for the dot. See charts on p.123.

The following drills provide you with practice of the various

14shapes of

Drill 1. : Independent.

Drill 2. : Joined to following letter.

7.,..714NTA-"An*,,,,

t,3 125

Answers

Part B.

Drill 3.

. Joined on both sides..

Check tape

Drill 4.

1, 4,

5

(finaljoined)

2, 6

Drill 5.

Check tape

9

: Final joined.

RevieW Drills

Drill 1. (On tape) Listen to the sounds 2 ID 2 2 / in thefollowing words,,then write the letter that represents the

sound you hear in the appropriate column below.

AO.

. 1

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

. 9

.10

163

AnswersReview DrillsDrill 1.

xx,

XX

XX

XX

XX\

KX

1

2

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

9,4

Drill 2. (On tape) If what is read corresponds to 'what

circle the latter; if it does not, circle the

Drill 3. Read:

Drill 4. True or False.

Do


cs"

1

2

. 7

126

is written,check mark:

1LL.Lz

LAO414

.1 The letters .6 and L haveidentical shapes; the only dif-

ference between them is the dot.

.2 The letters Le , 9 J, ,and

are all connectors.

.3 When connected to a following

letter, 00 and LP behave

like 1, and 1 .

.4 The dot of 1 is added afterthe stroke of

.5 The strokes'of bOth IP and

are wtittenrfroni bbttom-to'top.

1. Lutfi's doctor arrived.

2. Riad is a tall student.

3. Dhafir is a patriotic officer.

4. Dhafir traveled by train.

tytjaJ' J.; 1

i"'t?.)1)..1°e 0'

&.1)) Li' LE

)112'

2

3

4

164

Answers

Review Drills

Drill 2.

X

Drill 3.

Check tape

Drill 4.

false True

. 1

.2

.3

. 4

. 5

.6

Drill 5.

Lk; .1

.2

vocabularye e'e

he arrived

411;doctor

(ALI Lutfi (boy's name)

ird6 student

tall

0'..41Jb Dhafir

1446 officer

7'64; patriotic

in

train

127

165

1. The letter

A. Pronunciation

The consonant

hammer, ram".

B. Reading

Unit 11

The letter

The letter

TaaP marbuuta -at-

miim is pronounced like Englis,h m in

128

uman,

It may be pronounced double, as in oLdf rummaan.

Drill 1. This is theindependentsame letter

. 5

.

lettershape.in the

r

.

( miim in itsUnderline thefollowing.


Drill 3. Read:

)14.4:

J6f

Drill 4. The loop of the letterpart of the letter thatwhen is connected to,

lowing letter. Read:

9 /

..rY4.

Independent

3 . 2 1.3 1r

8 f5t 7 L9u. 6

is theis useda fol-

CY')

Tri J c.1

Independent

Joined to followingletter

Answers

Part B.

Drill 1.

Numbers:1, 2, 4, 5,7, 8, and 10.

Drill 2.

Check tape

Drill 3.

Check tape

Drill 4.

Check tape

Drill 5. When joined on both sides, f is

joined to the preceding letterwith a line that descends fromabove; note in the illustrationin the box that the precedingletter Or letters are writtenabove the line in anticipationof the line descending to con-nect with f . Underline inthe following the shape of f

joined on both sides.

e3141

tt. 4 91.,alM.

nit:, .10/.

. 9 kr.-14a . 8f

Drill 6. Read:

0.»I

c."

,1. -3,

. '

1

%S.I. ....

Diot 4"

Drill 7. When it occurs final joined, f isconnected to a preceding letterfrom above. Note that the fullform of f is used here. Circle

the words including the finaljoined forms only.

Drill 8. Read:

erg eft;

/ v.3.;

rt

Qrue. 7

129

Independent

Joined to followiletter.Joined on bothsides.

'1r 4 ! ty

c.-.. ;

'0'4Cy,/s

r : r

0

f . 1

.., ,:, ....) r 3

. 5

0,1

1

6

Independent

Joined to following letter.Joined on bothsides.Final joined.

167

Answers

Part B.

Drill 5.

Numbers:1, 2, 4, 5,7, 9, and 10.

Drill 6.

Check tape

Drill 8.

1

2

3

4

5

. 6

Check tape

C. Writing

Drill 1. In writing independent fro we begin

with the loop first, thell leftwardand downward below the line. Un-

like the loop of c:9, which is

circular and written above theline, the loop of' ro is on theline, and smaller.1

130

Independent

r


/W 9

Drill 3. The loop is the most characteristic

part of the letter es' 2 and it alone :

is used when joinedito a following let-

ter.0


8AaP


, -6.14P

168

Drill 5. While most letters are joined to apreclpding letter on the line, e.g.,

, etc., fa, is joined

frOm above as indicAted in the

model. Practice the shape of(0° connected on both sides

below.

131

Joined on both side

,


Drill 7. The final joined shape of is similar

to the independent shape eCpt for the

preceding part which should be raised

above the line as in the shape connected

on both sides.

Final joined

Drill 8. The following drill contains all shapes of

7:17-4;rj-'"

4?

169

2. The letter 4 h

132

A. Pronunciation

Arabic (haa?) corresponds to English h as in "hot". There

are, however, three important differences. First, Arabic d h

can be pronounced double, as in the following drill.

Drill 1. a. Listening. Note: Words will be read in pause form.

sahhal

fahham.

mahhad

-ahhaz

tamahhal

e

e e ez ..,

re9 re.71?

b. Repetition. In pronouncing double h, be sure to pro-

long it two or three times as long as you would for

English.

Second, while English h can only be pronounced with a following

vowel, Arabic d h may be pronounced before a vowel or a consonant.

0,

Drill 2. a. Listening. Contrast between a vowel and ah

. /sahl 'easy' JL saal 'it flowed'

nahr 'river' L naar 'fire'

fahm 'understanding' 1r; fam 'mouth'

94 sahr 'month' garr 'evil'

b. Repetition. As an aid in pronouncing, h before con-

sonants, pronounce-A double, e.g., j4 :.1, sahhl. This

exaggerated pronounciation is preferable to not pro-

nouncing it at all, and with additional practice you

will ultimately achieve a balanced pronunciation of it.

4 h can also come as the last sound of the word, as in the

following.

_

170

Drill 3. a. Listening. 133

ILL saah 'shah'

db taah 'he strayed'

gibh 'resemblance'

miyaah. 'waters'

baladuh 'his country'

b. Repetition. Again, exaggerate a at first by prolonging

it.

The other important difference is that Arabic a is pronounced

more forcefully than is English h; this would seem to be

necessary in order to pronounce it double, for example, or at the end

of a word. English h seems by comparison more relaxed and less tense,

even being dropped by some people in certain words, e.g., "mayhem,"

"herb," "humor", or being slurred over in expressions like "Let (h)er

go!" In pronouncing Arabic a be sure to articulate it with force,

making a special effort to pronounce it as audibly as possible when

it is not followed by a vowel.

Drill 3. (On tape) a. Listen to the difference between English h

and Arabic in the following similar words.-

Arabic

c.isb

Lcb

CAA

410.

r-

b. Imitation

English

' ive' hat

'important' ham

'he became thirsty' half

'terror' howl

'anxiety' hum

Drill 4. (On tape) This drill includes 4 before a consonant or at

the end of the word. a. Listening.

171

b. Imitation.

Drill 5. (On tape) Doubled 4

B. Reading

134

a. Listening. b. Imitation

Drill 1. This independent form 4 haa? occurs only

word-final or after a non-connector.Give the names of the following.

J J j0 Lb .b..

5 )

4 w 4 Independent

Lig

Drill 2. Since English h does not occur in word-final position, be

careful to pronounce Arabic 'fully as you read the follow-

ing wordst(read in pause form).

9.2,Lt Psa

Drill 3. 4 takes the shape -44 when it is

joined to a following letter.Circle this joined shape below.

/. to 9J . 5

/ 2 /1.; . 10 jilsb .

Drill 4. Read:

.1d

j

9

PAd

_3

8

0

alSel .

jsb .

2

7

Independent


0

172

Answers

Part B.

Drill 1.

Check tape

Check tape

Numbers:1, 2, 4, 5,7, 8, and 9.

Drill 5. When joined in both directions has

the shape .0e , which goes below the

line. Circle this shape below.

rpti; 5

Drill 6. Read:

9or-ul

Lr;u1.8L

oliffea,;

a

c....6 _A.....

, -i,

0)) 2

044.--4.4 7

Drill 7. These are the four shapes of , in-

cluding the final joined shape 4. .

Circle words below that include the

last shape.

43)4. . 2

4.1 9de, /12i 4

Drill 8. Read:

>1'eaL

6:;.)4.44' t4A)

I4,1 ).4o

3. ; taa? marbuutah

135

Independent

Joined to a following letterJoined on bothsides.

usA)v

'ILL ta I

tto-w ...t

"'Le 4.

- Le

514/ 9 3

Independent

Joined to fol-lowing letter.Joined on bothsides.Final joined.

AA A

411:44

#A71"."14/ 4,1r4)

es/ OA .0

S.

; is a special way of writing c. t when it is the last letter

of certain words. In most cases these words (nouns and adjectives)

are feminine singular. It is called taa? marbuutah ("tied t"). It

is the same in shape asr but with the addition of two dots; it is

always preceded by . Listen to the following on the tape.

173

Answers

Part B.

Drill 5.

Numbers:1, 3, 4, 6,7, and 8.

Drill 6.

Check tape

Drill 7.

41-t)i-te,./7,..4.45,

/9 IA44

Drill 8.

. 1

. 2

. 3

. 4

Check tape

Drill 1. Read:

'Sami's car'

'Lebanon's embassy'

'the city of Beirut'

'the Queen of Britain'

The nunation forms of ;are illustrated by:

madiinatun

madiinatin 'city'

madiinatan

136

Note that Ilalif is not used to spell out fatha plus nunation.

The pause form of ; is -a (occasionally -ah for some speakers)

for all possible readings. Illustration:

Drill 2. Read:

Note: Final A".

Full form

madiinatu

madiinati

madiinata

madiinatun

madiinatin

madiinatan

A

to 1)..44.*6

Pause form

madiina 'city'

/ /

e .I' 415 .1.1 14

0.0

is often_written without the two dots, e.g.

madiina 174

Answers

Part A.

Drill 1.

Check tape

Drill 2.

Check tape

C. Writing

Drill 1. The letter 4) is more triangular thanround, and is written in a clockwisedirection. Note that it rests on the

line. Practice the model below.

LDrill 2. Pronounce the following as you write them.

137

Independent

I I'

. .

Drill 3. The letter4 is a connector. It

takes the shape as in the bm'when connected to a followingletter.

Joined to follminfletter.


a

175

Drill 5. The model shows you how 4 is writtenwhen it is joined in both directions.

Note that this shape is written

below the line.

138


V.

IWO


po 0 n

Drill 7. When Ois final joined it takes theshapect.which is similar to theprinted shape. The variant/4-0 is

also common in handwritten Arabic.Practice both shapes below.

,...Final joined

eL.

Drill 8. Trace andlthen-.copy the following.

ago

176

139

Drill 9. Say each of the following words aloud as you write them.

fLa eL,41,

ow.

4. ReviewiDrills


True False

o n

1. Both the letter haa? and the signsukuun have the same shape.

2. The shape only occurs in finalposition of the word.

3. The loops of the letters waaw andmiim are written the same.

4. When occurs combined in bothdirections, the preceding andfollowing letters should be raisedabove the line.

5. The only difference between haa?and taa? marbuuta is the two dots

which are added above the latter.

6. These two words have the same pro-nunciation and meaning,

s bs ..L.)

7 The pauseAlrorm of words ending in

taa7 marbuuta is pronounced. C% .

177

Answers

Review Drills

Drill 1.

F T

140

Drill 2. (Op tape)Ifyou hear the sound in the following,circle the

number of the word; if you do not hear the sound, circle the

check mark on the left.

. 1

. 2

X . 3

X . 4

. 5

X . 6

X 7

X . 8

X . 9

X .10

Drill 3. (On tape) If what is read is the same as the.phrase or

sentence written check under "yes"; if not, check under

nnon

No Yes

Drill 4. Read:

4f. I.ettt; LI

0>t.r.;14-

4:4064/) 01.

/0444:44."A.1°

.01,* 51..69 .....,

,... . "" .

; L Ji'J,

,

0 . , P ° 'I

. P

4.«. «to eSktbJ'.111.- .44,4,,dta ...

°a 9 DA.011'40 cr.:11h° ..1-071J

44A:,

4".; Eta

178

Answers

Review Drills

Drill 2.

X

X

2

. 4

7

. 10

Drill 3.

No Yes

XX 1

XX 2

XX 3

XX 4

XX 5

XX . 6

XX . 7

XX . 8

Drill 4.

Check tape

Drill 5. (On tape) dictation.

Arabic- sentences for reading.

141

Zuhayr is a famous engineer.

He went to visit the city of

Tehran.

There, he met his girl 'friend

Suhayla.

Suhayla studies in a secondary

school.

.00

11114:6.11°666

4,4;1:

He who endures, overcomes. (Proverb)

.-,pt.r:Llea rgbi

.12

eak.3.40 iLJ.L . 3

ti el vs 4P. 4`41cr.i`r;

.1442 . 5

Vocabulary

Zuhayr (boy's name)

engineer

famous

he went

in order to visit

city

Tehran

he met

there

girl friend

Suhayla (girl's name)

she studies

school

secondary

he who, whoever

he endured

he won, overcame

179

nswers

Review Drills

Drill 5.

49,). .(4) A.)../.+

Unit 12

The letter

The letterC. lc

The letter c, h

1. The letter 4A"

A. Pronunciation

The pronunciation of the Arabic letter c jiim varies over the

Arab world, but this does not create a problem because all pronuncia-

tions are found in English: j as in "judge", z as in "azure" or s as

in "pleasure," and 11 as in "game". The "judge" pronunciation is

found in the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, the Sudan, most of Egypt and

certain rural and desert areas of Syria and Jordan. It is pronounced

like s in "pleasure" (or lin French "jour") in the Levant and North

Africa. Finally, in Cairo and Alexandria it is usually pronounced

like 11 in English "game", but oczasionally like j in "judgE". This

is not a problem for the Arabs, who:iil fatt, prob-ably usual* '-

do not notice the difference. In this course we have chosen the

pronunciation las in "judge". You may also use this value, or that

of your teacher if it is different. In any case, you should expect

that the letter E. will be pronounced in any of these three ways.

may of course be pronounced double regardless of which

value it has.

Drill 1. On tape. a. Listening b. Imitation.

B. Reading

Drill 1. This is the independent shape of

jiim. Give the names of the follow-

ing:

Independent

J .3 J W. ...^.:.

S- 1

Li 1 1 u° v° a.' (..r.J

aI. 94 0 f J 0 J

Drill 2. Read:

e/!

IJ:

Drill 3. Notice that retains its charac-

teristic part .=?.. when._ it is


Read:

Drill 4.

4e.

Lc;

04' :

has the shape 4111 when it isconnected to preceding and follow-

ing letters. Note that this

shape is open whereas the first

two are closed. Circle the same

shape in the following.

. 5

.10e

Drill 5. Read:

caelb;/

. 4 ta .

/.9 J;"'

e I

E.W 1Zo. '

: ......___rJ

3 4..0%.;

?"8 6,7;

J

Drill 6. The final joined shape of is .

similar to the shape joined on

both sides plus the tail that

goes below the line. Compare

this shape with the others,

then circle words that Contain

the same shape.

r+7,7c7

J.

. 2

. 7

c I z...1.-

e...1: ...".....

Z.----c....11

. 2

144

Independent


36-

Independent

Joined to a follow-ing letter.Joined on bothsides.

6

Independent


Final joined

e /ftlf. EhA Lt.

. 4

182

Answers

Part B.

Drill 2.

Check tape

Drill 3.

Check tape

Drill 4.

Numbers:1, 2, 4, 6,7, and 10.

Drill 5.

Check tape

1

4

Drill 7. Read:

C. Writing

2

4

Drill 1. Unlike the characteristic parts of

_IP , and ...lb ,

RI: are oblong, the characteris-

tic part of 5 is rather triangu-

lar. Practice the model below.

145

Independent

r- E E


Drill 3. E; is a connector. When joined t

a following letter, the characteris

tic part _C> is used, written al-

most straight on the line rather

than slanting as in the independent

shape.


"..,

183

r

Check tape


dr/

146

.16,

Drill 5. When joined on both sides,looks like an acute angle; itis joined to the precedingletter from above. Note that

the preceding letters arewritten above the line in an-ticipation of it.

----L1:211=1211


Drill 6. Trace and then copy the following.

Drill 7. This final joined shape starts like

the previous shape, but instead of

resting on the line it slants down

then goes- below the line like the

independent shape. Like the shapeconnected on both sides, this shapeis also joined to the preceding

letter from above. Copy the model

below.

Final joined

184

TO

Drill 8. Practice.

4n

. 12!

Drill 9. Review of all shapes of .

2. The letter E x.

A. Pronunciation

Arabic e. (Kaa?)x has no English equivalent; it is a voiceless

uvular fricative produced by raising up the back of the tongue close

to the uvula (the top of the soft palate). The air stream is forced

through this constricted passage, so creating the desired fricative

noise.

e.differs from k in that k is pronounced by completely block-

ing the passage of the air stream between the velum and the back of

the tongue (see illustration).

11111111110,

,prwpmr

148

You can practice t by first saying aka several times, then

drawing the tongue down from the velum, so creating e . As a

matter of fact, this sound is sometimes heard in English in the

name "Bach" and the newly-coined word yech (or yechch). It also

is found in many European languages, such as the ch in German ach

or Scotch loch, Russian X, etc. Note that Arabic t x is always

a uvular fricative regardless of the following vowel, never be-

coming palatal as, for example, German ch does after i or e. Some

students tend to substitute k for t ; make an effort to remember

which words contain e. , and to pronounce it when required.

Technical Summary

x voiceless uvular fricative

Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening al and t b. Imitation.

Drill 2. (On tape) Identification. Check the proper block.

Different Same

[:]1

. 2

. 3

L:1. 4

. 5

6

F-1. 7

F-]. 8

Drill 3. (On tape) Identification. Check the block that contains

the ,:. sound.

O ID . 1

O 0 . 2

El 0 . 3

0 0 . 4

Li 0 . 5

0 17_1. 6

1::1 0 . 7

186

Answerp

Part A.

Drill 2.

hogo

D

1:1

Drill 3.

gig

DVs-21

g El

. 1

2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

. 1

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

149

Drill 4. a. Listen to the following words. Say the model word,

then repeat it changing 0 to E or to


e. Repeat the correct answer to yourself.

d. Again, lipten to the correct answer on the tape.

Drill 5. (On tape) Identification. If the word read contains a

sound place a check mark in the block provided; if not,

leave the block blank.

B. Reading

Like , the letter

it in all its four shapes,

o2

3

. 4

o 5

6

o 7

. 8

is a connector and is identical to

except for the dot above. Compare the

following charts with each other before you start the reading drills.

C--____C.

0 L.:,- . ..:,. ...,..

At(co :

.

E.

0J .E

tIndependent



Final joined


JJ [..111

Li

4

187

....4.4%qm=er...71.---vamrAMIMMT40.41PFIVNI

Answers

Part A.

Drill 4.

Check tape

Drill 5.

o . 1

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

Part B.

Drill 1.

Check tape

150

Drill 2. Underline the independent shape of t below.

91.../ eo,

C.),"5 . 4 el 3 &ulo . 2 C

1.40

./,w. e Lo

0A!& .10 . 9 8 uye- 7 IJ . 6

Drill 3. Read:

1 A

L.C.

!" < L

C.)1

Drill 4. Underline the joined to a following letter in theL.

following:

.0. I .0 . ,

4.?,-) 5 j)1:,.. . 4 j..4.J . 3 P.4.,- . 2 jUi. . 1

j.....> .10 (...4 . 9it t I't.,..i . El ,......."-))*i; . 7

Jo

J1.44. . 6

Drill 5. Read:

(14 J 111. J4.°"m

to' CL Jeri>f

Drill 6. Underline the shape of t joined on both sides.

P /5 4....%., . 4 rL 3

O

J.4.P.4 860f

LI 10 (.5.0"* 9 041;0

Drill 7. Read:

'31( JP. 11)12:":

.0.'2. %ea.; . 1

.0 e7 J.ww. . 6

Drill 8. Circle words that containthe final joined shape of

a /. b

/4144~ COO;a0.10

CS

2

4

PIP 0./..9

e1

3

e.

188

Answers

Part B.

Drill 2.

Numbers:1, 2, 4, 6,9, and 10.

Drill 3.

Check tap

Drill 4.

Numbers:1, 3, 4, 6,7, and 10.

Drill 5.

Check tap

brill 6.

Numbers:1, 2, 5, 7,8, and 10.

Drill 7.

Check tap

Drill 8.

08::'

C"-s/ ec#,.

Drill 9. Read:/ /

Criel.6

C. Writing

, except

2

. 4

1,eiit cruh,-(,,

i5,10 cr°

1

3

151

a connector and has four shapes identical to those of

for the dot above. See charts below.

4 I

....., /4`

E

6. ___-..los/r4/'A 1 .

64e)

Practice the following:

Drill 1. : Independent shape.

Independent



Final joined

Drill 2. -.A1* : Joined to a following letter.

1 ''._,: 1....1 .0 c?" '

, .(2) Liao

Answers

Part B.

Drill 9.

Check tape

Drill 3.* : Joined on both sides.

0

152

Drill 4. t : Final joined

3: The letter c hA. Pronunciation -1.

Arabic r (haa?) h has no English counterpart. It is producedMNim

by tensing up the throat muscles (specifically, the faucal columns,

the muscles used in gagging) as air is forced through the throat; the

back part of the tongue must be kept as low as possible lest t x

be produced. It is a voiceless fricative produced in the throat, or

pharynx; it is identified as a voiceless pharyngeal fricative.

One suggestion for practicing c is to whisper the word "Hey!"

or "Hey you!" as loudly as you can. Then produce the h alone,

whispered but with the muscles used in gagging tensed up. This

should help give you a feeling for where and how is produced.

An alternative suggestion is to whisper "ae forcefully, again

holding tense those muscles that are used in gagging.

Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening.

, like 4 , can be pronounced not only before vowels but

before consonants, at the end of a word, or double. differs

from in that it is pronounced with the throat muscles quite

tense, who for these muscles are relaxed. Further, the shape

of the tongue for is constant, whereas for d the tongue takes the

190

shape of the following (or preceding) vowel. For example, in pro-

nouncing the combination cob hii, the tongue is shaped forS.

the same as it is for the following is . For up. hii, however,et

.is pronounced in the throat, and a transitional sound is made

as the tongue changes to the shape required for cs ; thus, in the

pronunciation of hii you will hear a slight "ah" sound as the-..

tongue.changes shape; h(a)ii.


Drill 3. (On tape) Identification. Check the proper block.

Different

o 1:1

CD ID

El t=1

Same

Drill 4. (On tape) Identificattos. Check the block which corres-

ponds to the word that contains c .

2 1

2

0 3

o 0 . 4

o. 5

o 6

o 1:1 7

O 09

8

1:1.10

Answers

Part A.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

.10

154

Drill 5. (On tape) a. Listen to the following words. Say the

model word, then repeat it changing to c or c

to . b. Listen to the correct answer on the tape.


d. Again, listen to the correct answer on the tape.

Technical summary:

r h voiceless faucalized pharyngeal fricative.

IMME.

We have seen that ,:. x is a voiceless uvular fricative and

that h is a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. Remember that in

producing t the back of the tongue must-tome near the soft palate;

for the tongue must be kept low to avoid approaching it.

Drill 6. (On tape) a. Listening and . b. Imitation.

Drill 7. (On tape) _Identification. Check the proper block that

contains the

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

B. Reading

The letter c Ilea2 is a connector and has four shapes which

are exactly like those of and

a dot. See charts below.

< 6,C ,

C.

'3 I.;- 6

II

I

/sant.. .....

a C.

e LI,c .. cal,.

9 .4-

;;J .4-, .-

1

except that it does not have

;A10 .. C%.,/ti 6.. .....

..0.,,,i ,..1.-

t .....

C:4 t

Independent


Final joined.

192

Answers

Part A.

Drill 5.

Check tape

brill 6.

Check tape.

Drill 7.3 2 -1 a

oEl El gl fg

I=1,4

g :5

D. El .6

.7

155

Drill 1. Give the n4mes of the following:

J e. 10c-

4...i 1 .1. oi; uo LP c, ;

a ) 4 0 fJ 0

.,

Drill 2. Underline the independent shape of C below.

.,//0 91D 1 Ofcp.p . 5 c...., . 4 cj . 3 E/' 9 2 C . 1

.. .e )6 e .

t "-A. .

C.. lo

1

16 . 9 c )) . 8 Ce 67

Drill 3. Read:

Dtill 4. Underline the shape of r joined to a following letter

and the shape joined on goth sides./

0.......,. . 59 . ft: 0 !j

. 4 kfafto . 3 0.2.-) . 2t ' ejil. . 1.

. 9 . .. P.: .2..-e ''. 9 %re-.) 8 lea,- . 7 d.101 . 6

Drill 5. Read:

t$J6'Of

t.12"J

/jAzta.

gurae".-

Drill 6. Circle vtxrds including the final joined shape of r

?A pP4P:i' 9 e e

CIP,1 Cr. 2 cfre co....1. 1

146.01 gr . 4 riimpalip- . 3',Poo

0`.'e

Drill 7. Read:

/ 9 ee.UL Lit.5 . 2

0: . 4

Ci"

4.0 4:4;, ,

. 1

. 3

193

Answers

Part B.

Drill 1.

Check tape

Drill 2.

Numbers:1, 3, 4, 6,7, and 10.

Drill 3.

Check tape

Drill 4.

Numbers:: 1, 2

3, 4, and 10

4fto : 3, 7

and 9.

Drill 5.

Check tape

Drill 6.

. 1

. 2

IL.3161.

.4

Drill 7.

Check tape

156

C. Writi.La

Again, all the shapes of E are written the same as those of

and e except for the dot. See charts below:

&NINAMIMIIPAIIIMII=I=

e.1t.....

.. _.,::.Li, ,

_..0.-....4 . __Ic,

4'e cf

Practice the following.

Drill 1. : Independent.

a_

z

Independent



Final joined.

Drill 2. A? : Joined to a following letter.

Drill 3. : Joined on both sides.

0.;_51-4°

Drill 4. t : Final joined.

157

Drill 5. Review of shapes.

4. Review Drills


P

1. c is a connector, but c and Eare not.

2. The placement of the dot distinguishesthe letters jiim and xaa? from each

other.

3. The various shapes of c , c andc are written the same.

In writing words dontainingany of the

connected shapes of c or r , the

dot is added after the completion of

the first non-connecter.

5. Only the,final:joined shapes of E 9

r and E are connected to the pre-ceaing letter from above.

195

Answers

Review Drill

Drill 1.

1

2

3

4

5

Drill 2.

Drill 3.

Drill 4.

(On tape) Each word that you will now hear

C r or el . Write on the left the

represefits the sound you hear.

Red:

U /

J.61Y.. 11,01.°/e j441

#.01*.'" 1.1.17

CL:

(On tape) Dictation.

2

3

4

. 5

6

. 7

8

9

.10

158

contains eitherletter which

Note: All dialogues and proverbs are to be memorized henceforth.

1. Khalil: Hello, Jamila.

2. Jamila: Hell, Khalil.

3. Khalil: How are you?

4. Jamila: Fine, thanks.

Arabic proverbs

5. He who strives finds.

6. There'is- no smoke without fire.

7. The guardian may be the thief.

8. A new language is a new man.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

196

Answers

Review Drills

Drill 2.

C.4113

C

C

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

c .10

Drill 3.

Check tape

Drill 4.

1

2

API

1.4o0 4

Vocabulary

(boy's name)

hello

0 (vocative)

Jamila (girl's name)

condition, state

your condition

good (noun), well-being

in good condition, fine

thanks

he strove seriously

he found

smoke

without

fire

its guardian

its thief

tongue; language

new; here: one more

man

159

197

Unit 13

The letter

The letter

160

1. The letter t 5

A. Pronunciation^Pa'

The letter L ( Oito yayn) represents a consonant, V , that

does not exist in English. Listen to it on tape as it is pronounced

in initial, medial and final positions in the word:

sarabun 'Arabs'

na5am 'yes'

baaia 'he sold'

The consonant L is an unusual kind of consonant: it is

basically the vowel "oh" (a as in "father"), but accompanied in its

pronunciation with tensing up of the muscles used in gagging. When

Arabs pronounce this consonant after silence, you may detect a short

"oh" before the L proper is formed. One way to practice L is to

say "ah", and then tense up your throat msucles as in gagging. An-

other way to practice it is to sing "ah", carrying it down to the

lowest note you can; then sing'it one step-lower. Finally, it has

been suggested that the student imitate the "baa" of a sheep as

bleatingly as possible.

Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening: Land long vowels. b. Imitation

It is important to note the effect that t has on adjacent vowels.

Since it is in essence the vowel "ah", there is a tendency for other

vowels to become like "oh" iThen next to it. Thus'the -dhort

vowel I lp-oetry'ismore'likeeln "bet."than lin "bit", while

0

the a in (*.'1, Aacr 'hair' is "ah" rather than "a" as in cat.

Drill 2. (On tape) a. Listening: t contrasted with short vowels.

b. Imitation.

t is a voiced faucalized pharyngeal fricative, while is

the same thing voiceless. Thus, L is the voiced counterpart of c

198

161

One way to practice t. is first to pronounce a prolonged , then

add voicing as you do; this will produce . The next drill con-

trasts c and t. .

Drill 3. (On tape) a. Listening:C.

b. Imitation.

Arabic J and t. are quite different phonetically. However,

t. and English r have in common that they are both based on the

same vowel --the u of "but", symbolized a. r is a retroflexed1a, while is faucalized a. This leads some Aruricansito hear

as j . The following drill contrasts the two consonants.

Drill 4. (On tape) a. Listening: t. and j . b. Imitation.

Drill 5. (On tape) Identification. Check the block that corres-

ponds to t.

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

8

Drill 6. (On tape) Identification. Check the block that corres-

ponds to t.

1

2

3

4

5

6

Technical summary:

..11 voiced faucalized pharyngeal fricative more

properly, voiced faucelized ii&-central vocoid).

199

Answers

Part A.

Drill 5.

2 1

D.p

D.PA D.

lgDrill 6.

g-42

0.3

D g 134al E:15

DEJ.6

3.

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

B. Reading

Drill 1. This is the independent shape of

gayn. Give the names of the

falowing:

a

1/4J°

Drill 2. Underline t in the following.

f L:, c

V 5 V 4

1. 0 .... 9 .0/1,0 10 Vs). 9 V4454

Drill 3. Read:

. 1 !LJJ

? /er,*

km004%

162

1

Independent

t." Lpt c.r

3 . 2

8 L.7

Drill 4. takes the shape ° when joined

to a following letter. Read:

474s

Drill 5. Note that the shape of t whenjoined on both sides is tri-

angular rather than rounded.

Underline the same shapes

below.

e

4.et°J.9 pair

3 dl

f Lo e

t....

4:- 60/,.....:

,

,

2

8 tw)7

Independent

Joined to follow-ing letter

Independent

Joined to followingletter.Final joined.

200

Answers

Part B.

Drill 1.

Check tape

Drill 2.

Numbers:1, 2, 4, 6,8, and 9.

Drill 3.

Check tape

Drill 4.

Check tape

Drill 5.

Numbers:1, 2, 3, 6,8, 9, and 10.

Drill 6. Read:

Drill 7. This chart gives the four shapes

of to . Compare the finaljoined form with the others,then circle the words belowwhich contain the last shape.

,00 e'40, 4 1/1;e tae. . 2

10 Ie6 .

"67 ."4".ev co.) . 4

Drill 8. Read:I

t E.e Ioe!

4P11.* $ "iiiII,

t:,caAevi

e eeY.44.

sop p

lel 10 ljakow J

13

d!.

"14,ar

Independent

Joined to followinletter.Joined on both sid

Final joined

//Pt Pi4.7c J r.frp . 1

I I

Alp .0 Pose/ fsh,

eg"Pgv C4664%.

3

C. Writing

Drill 1. The_letter consists of two parts:

C. (like English c) and c which

is identical to the tail of

Note that the two parts are Sttenin one stroke,as seen above.

trtt"Pl. C.6.771.

PlizoL JLAL..

Independent

E&EEEE--

Drill 2. Sound out each of the following words as you write them.

/

201

Answers

Drill 6.

Check tape

Drill 7.

7 f.

Caw1

?et.. 2

Pa.c?Iw 3,

Drill 8.

Check tape

164

Drill 3. t, is a connector. The characteris-

tic partJ:is joined to a following

letter.



V

Drill 5. Note that the shape of 1..t, when joined

in both directions is triangular ._

rather than round. Practice the model

below.


gim...awmg gamma...!

Drill 6. Practice the following:

e I

_1E40 Lars..0

202

Drill 7. In its final independent shape e, takes

the shape connected on both sides plus

the tail part of the independent shape.

Like the independent shape, it is

written in one stroke.

t"" t~1. t-

165

Final joined



2. The letter

A. Pronunciation

The letter t. fighyn)represents a sound that does not exist in

English: the consonant )1', the voiced counterpart of e. x. E. and

are both pronounced by raising up the back of the tongue towards

the soft palate and almost, but not quite, stopping the passage of

the air. The only difference between the two is that is voice-

less while t. is limiced. The simplest way to produce t. is to

gargle--without water. Another approach is to say aga several times,

gradually moving from complete to incomplete closure between tongue

uvula:. Or, pronounce e, x, and as you do add voicing.

203

166

The following drill contrasts L with , from which it differs

only in voicing.

Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening: e. and L . b. Imitation.

Drill 2. (On tape) Identification% Check the block whia corresponds

to the word containing t

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

. 9

Next will follow a drill contrasting it with ci .

Drill 3. (On tape) a. Listening 5 and L . b. Imitation.

Drill 4. (On tape) If the word read contains L check under

if not, place a check under "no".

NO YES

0111IM

. 2

. 311111

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

. 9

.10

"yes";

204

Answers

Part A.

Drill 2.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Drill 4.

No Yes

XX . .1

XX . 2

XX . 3

XX . 4

XX . 5

XX . 6

XX . 7

XX . 8

XX . 9

XX .10

167

Drill 5. (On tape) Identification. Check the block which corresponds

to t.

3 2 1

ElEl 0Dp El

D 0D Elri DODDDIDEI

2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

In some languages, such as Parisian French and stage German, r

is a voiced uvular trill, which is sometimes replaced by a voiced velar

or uvular fricative: Arabic L . Thus, some students familiar with

French or German tend to confuse Arabic L and j . They are of

course quite distinct as seen in the following drill.

Drill 6. (On tape) a. Listening: j and . b. Imitation.

Drill 7. (On tape) Identification. Check the blocks that correspond

to identical items tontaifting L .

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

. 9

.10

205

Answers

Part A.

Drill 5.

D ENg.FAD.

DD.D

D 1gDD.

Drill 7.

Ebb thl . 1

g ig El 2

Ing 3

. 4

IMPEi. 5

g 6ig Ig 7

gl . 8

. 9

Ei

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Drill 8. (On tape) identification. Check the proper block.

Technical summary:

voiced uvular fricative.

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

B. Reading

raynihas four shapes, which are exactly like those of

except for the dot above. See charts below.

14:0 8

4 6 : 4, ''rA'

..ji

C:1 f

t .

7' 10.. .0

, 0/<et° 9 .1%

//te,

Independent



Final joined

Drill 1. Underline the independent shape of t below.

0. )1:. .

two- do

5e I.ei"u

.

trIA

4

9

. 3

. 8

Drill 2. Give the names of the

1 LI

Drill 3. Read:

"s,

tlee°

9o!

following:

C C

4

/

0

168

2

7t.)

kr

Answers

Part B.

Drill 1.

Numbers:1, 2, 5, 6,8, and 10.

Drill 2.

Check tape

Drill 3.

Check tape

Drill 4.

Drill 5.

Underline

C.se .10

5

Read:

the shape oftff

09

4

roJ

Drill 6. Circle the words thatboth sides as well as

0/h'S;LILZI C1.1)

P e,;Hu* fr,46 4

. 2

Drill 7. Read:


i e. 3 4r,

8 ' .16J

contain the shape of t. joined on

the final joined shape." 1,9

;VIA, J14;14 rAlu 1

2 A.',/

'64

C. Writing

is written the same as L, except for the dot above. This

also applies to all its shapes. Compare the charts below with each

other.

.

11_L:.... ,es ,......C

/. / . .!

4-;4-

Independent



Final joined

Answers

Drill 4.

Numbers:1, 2, 4, 6,7, 8, and10.

Drill 5.

Check tape

Drill 6.

/6) JI.1.;16,.1

tsjiill 2

9,,. 3

61".4

e Lo ees' 4 tr .5

Drill 7.

Check tape

Trace and copy the following.

Drill 1. : Independent

4/0

170

Drill 2. : Joined to following letter.

NW.

Drill 3. : Joined on both sides.

Drill 4. et: : Final joined.

LS.

4

208

171


3. RevieW Drills

Drill 1. Listen for the sounds twords, then write in the

represents the sound you

Drill 2. Read:

'Jb

eJac

, , c , Li in the followingappropriate column the letter which

hear in each word.

C.

1

2

. 3

4

5

. 6

. 7

8

. 9

.10

0.6,6

P ,A11)40 C-9,9

e 0,


209

Answers

Drill 1.

Jxx

XX

XX

XX

XX

cx

XX

XX

Drill 2.

1

2

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Check tape

172

Arabic proverbs

1. No pains, no gains.

2. He who knows his God knows '

himself.

3. An apology worse than a crime.

4. He who taught me one letter,

I am his slave.

5. Don't be too soft lest you besqueezed, nor too dry lest you

break.

....0e; J9/ f% Ae /(LAW/ I

...yJJ 01, ce; iJo1'i'; Li 41 siti;

1

2

3

4

5

Vocabulary

. 1

2

. 3

rest

without

tiredness, fatigue

he knew

lord

his God

self

hemself

apology

uglier than

crime, offense

he taught

he taught me

a letter

I became

to him, for him

slave

don't be

wet

and then you will

dry

and then you will

be squeezed

be broken.

210

173

Unit 14

The symbol

The symbol .slaa

The symbol SA0

1. The symbol

A. Pronunciation

Web

The symbola is called hamza in Arabic; it represents the

consonant glottal stop, whose phonetic symbol is ?, for example

ai raa? "(the letter) j ". Glottal stop is produced by

stopping the passage of air through the windpipe momentarily and

then releasing it with force. If you take a deep breath, hold

it a moment, and then release it, you should hear an audible

explosion" as the air bursts forth out of the windpipe. This

is glottal stop.

Glottal stop is not an Enlgish consonant, although Americans

often pronounce it under certain conditions. For example, say

"oh-oh!" Witha clear break between the two syllables; glottal

stop is the "catch in the throat" that can be beard before the

second "bh". We normally produce it when a clean break is made

between vowels, especially for extra-precise enunciation, as

in "re-entry" (as opposite to "ref-entry" with no break between

the e's). Compare also "an ice man, not a nice man." In some

dialects of English (Brooklyn, Scotch, etc.) the consonant t

is replaced by glottal stop ? betweenvowels, as in "a bo'lle

of beer", "Ii'lle'boy", etc.

Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listen to hamza in the following words;

you will hear first a word without hamza and than a

similar word with hamza. b. Imitation.

211

Drill 2. (On tape) Indicate by checking the appropriate column

whether each of the following words contains hamza.

No Yes

. 1

. 2

. 3111

4

5

.1111

. 6

11111/0

. 71111110

8

Hamza occurs also at the end of syllables and of words, as

in the following drill. Since this is unnatural for speakers of

English, you must make a special effort to produce it.

Drill 3. (On tape) a. Listening. b. Imitation.

Like other consonants, hamza can be pronounced doubled.


Finally, hamza appears at the beginning of words also.


For the Arab, these words in Drill 5 begin with consonants,

while the English speaker hears only the vowel without the glottal

stop. In Arabic, no word or syllable begins with a vowel; a

glottal stop always precedes the vowel, and is always so written.

Drill 6. (On tape) Perception test. Some of the following words

contain hamza, some do not. Put an X in the "yes"

column if there is hamza any place in the word.

Yes Yes

. 6 . 1

. 7 . 2

. 8 . 3

. 9 . 4

.10 . 5

Answers

Part B.

Drill 2.

No Yes

XX

XX

XX

Drill 6.

Yes

XX . 1

XX . 2

XX . 3

. 4

XX . 5

XX . 6

. 7

XX . 8

XX . 9

.10

175

To non-native speakers of Arabic, ? (glottal stop) and

6 (rayn) may sound somewhat similar. They are quite separate,

of course, and distinguish words from each other, e.g., JLsaiala 'he asked' and JJr.0 sacala 'he coughed'. Glottal stop

is a stop, whereas Lis acontinuant in most pronunciations

of Arabic and can be prolonged indefinitely. The next drill con-

trasts and I in the three positions.

Drill 7. (On tape) a. Listening I and tn. . b. Imitation.

Reading

Hamza is not one of the letters of the alphabet, but an

auxiliary sign. As such it is normally written over or under a

letter, called by the Arabs a 1:hair" or"seat"; it is also often

written without a seat., or "aloof". There are three seats, I

and ts, . Hamza may be written over or under 1 e.g., I or

j; over , e.g., !, ; or over a , in which case the two

dots are not used, i.e., V or J . There are specific rules

that determine how to write hamza; for reading hamza, however,

there is one simple rule: the seat, if any, is simply ignored in

pronunciation, glottal stop alone being pronounced.

Drill 1. (On tape) Point to ,each of the following words as you .

hear it read on tape.

Drill 2. Read:

a,kre)

213

C. Writing

Hamza is not a full.fledged letter, but is written for

the most part over or under a seat, and is also written

aloof.

Drill 1. Practice writing it aloof below.

176

Drill 2. Practice writing hamza aloof in the following words.

=11

Drill 3. (On tape) Dictation: hamza written aloof.

Hamza is usually written with a seat. The following drills

practice it in various positions and with the various seats. Drills

4 and 5 practice it in word-initial position, in which case the

seat is exclusively 1 If the vowel is kasra # , ii ii written

under I , thus 1?; ; otherwise it is written over I : Naor

I,I.2b

Drill 4. Pronounce each of the following words as you write them

paying particular attention to the placement of word-

initial hamza.

AI'

214

Part C.

Drill 3.

1

. 2

3

. 4

. 5

. 6

177

Drill 5. (On tape) Dictation..

Now hamza in word-final position.

Drill 6. Sound out each of the following words as you write them,

paying particular attention to the placement of word-

final hamza.

-4

Drill 7. (On tape) Dictation..

Finally, hamza in word-medial position. Here again all three

seats are used.

Drill 8. Practice the following, sounding out each word as you

write it.

Drill 9. Practice the following as in previous drills.

$


4-f 1'0

(2.4 f jiL

I

215

AnswersDrill 5.

(....:40/1

. 2

/3

. 4

A

I

A.e.A/ 6

Drill 7.

. 1

Drill 11. Read aloud and then copy the following words.

178

9 c/7

AA!

eg

The preceding drills have practiced the writing of hamza in

various positions. It is possible to give rules for the writing

of hamza, and useful for dictation, reading unvoweled texts, etc.

For those interested, those rules are given here; you will not be

held responsible for them.

1. Hamza is written aloof:

a. After aa , e.g., sL

I I e II."*".

Notev when hamza follows %ill, it does not take another

1LZqalif with nunation, thus:

b. after ) uu and ) w, e.g., 4},

, so 9 0/0) 'Aft C )). gra'

c. at the end of a word after consonants of

long vowels, e.g., 0 0 fa01,Patt.

1-1,

fult,sJi=1-

Hamza is written with a seat in all Other instances.

The rules are different for word-initial position, word-

medial position and word-final position.

2. Hamza in word-initial position. If hamza is fol-

lowed by kasra i, it is written under ?alif, thus:

as in3

9 e.g.

.Otherwise hamza is written over

* Atei

'father' 461 'nation'.

3. Hamza in word-final position. Hamza is written

over a seat homogeneous with the preceding short vowel,0 0,)"

e.g., I.J4 'principle'; ZilroLZ 'coast' yy 'pearls'.

216

179

4. Hamza in word-medial position. The seat is chosen

according to the adjacent vowels, and according to this

priority: i-u-a. That is,

either side, the seat is 45

if hamza is adjacent to kasra on

, e.g. , SI

'visitor'.

If there is no kasra but there is a lamina, the seat is

e. g. P:j1.!P question'eA1J'Daud, David ' .

Ifdthere is neither kaya nor damma .the seat is / 9

S001e

e.g. 4.n. 'he asked', kr) ea , question, problem.''h

2. The sign madda ?aa

A. Pronunciation.

Madda is a

thus: I' 2;

special sign, always written over 1 as a seat,

it has.the value 7aa. It automatically replaces d except

after another I . Thus Sit; becomes

LI: 'they began' and 391 is written :07

However, in c...-.16t, aloof: because it follows I aa.

comes

,P

B. Reading

Drill 1.

'0 VI

(On tape) Listen to the following words as

on tape.

Drill 2. Read:

/1- 11,TIF'T.!

4. 0)0

C. Writing

The sign madda is written above

right to left as shown above.

ot

ILI; be-

'I eat'.

they are read

1 proceding from

217

Answers

Part B.

Drill 1.

Check tape

Drill 2.

Check tape

180

Drill 1. Practice the model below.

"Nor"WOW

4"..0 AV' enta+ /


14

".1.0


3./ ?alif clastra

In a limited number of words 7alif is wirtten in miniature form1.8

over a consonant letters for example Lub haataa 'this'. This form

of 7alif , called ?alif qadtra 'short alif' in Arabic and often

referred to in English as "dagger alif", is only found in the fol-

lowing common words:

Drill 1. Read the following:k /

4013

'this' (masc.)

'this' (fem.)

'these'

'thus'

'that' (masc.)'thus'

but, however

'God'

'god/

218

Answers

Drill 1.Check tape

4. Revieti 'Drills

Drill 1. Read:

*Cs S /% V )1:0.

Drill..2. :(On tape) Dictation.

For memorization.

J3 31J ugawl

Li L

181

./ts11 t!).j1:L.)

/cilg3L/

1. Amina: Hello, sir.

2. George: Hello, young lady.

3. Anina: Where are you from?

4. George: I am from America.

5. Amina: Where do you live?

6. George: I live in Ann Arbor.

7. Amina: Are you married?

8. George: No. I am a bachelor.

9. Amina: What do you do?

10. George: I study at theUniversity of Michigan.

4..... L 1

..?.., . . I" / di, 7,; ", /-

0 .0 Lel.). $ COP'2

4.....;1 L

lb-,41 4,i..: ill- 1_

Kt.;41 3a, -Lc: ?- . 4

.0 .... .g 2,..,-t1).;.1 : 44,1 5

..,, . i

01 41 4.1:0i : t'ijp. . 6

q rf' "/"..1; vm..e.; I jib ; 'ice I

Liol LI V. acjr. . 8E-41"1

9 /0/.

!(.1Jti 1.3L : zfusi . 9.

.... i.10/ / ce j

P f

3

7

Arabic( Proverbs

11. One man's meat is another

man's poison.

12. Beware the man who has received

:5

410/.0.4

charity from you.

Ott_,*LI

.11r)3 URA.

// 0Comb6661."0"

0. .12

219

nswers

eview Drill

rill 1.

Check tape

Drill 2.

Sta,/,

LL:

,

,s

r1.514

e.,415L4 .8

Vt./4

,

) .

Vocabulary

,

4.41

RI /

, Ont

S:;61

ffSL:

L5'4°I

od

46.'1

L

.44Lrol

Pre

%.1j0,47.

6.41"4:4A%

e

a:0e

r-a /0.1

4"1 ;

182

Amina (girl's name)

Mr.

George

miss; young lady

where?

you (speaking to a male)

America

you live (speaking to a male)

I live

Ann Arbor

(interrogative participle: converts a

statement into a question)

married

bachelor, single

what?

you do, work (speaking to a male)

I study

University

Michigan

disasters

people; tribe

in the opinion of; among

profits, benefits, gains

beware! (spoken to a male)

evil

he who, him who

you gave charity (speaking to a male)

to him.

220

Unit 15

The sign wasla

The definite article JiAlif maqsuura:

1. wasla

No utterance in Arabic can begin with a cluster of two conso-

nants. If, however, the first word of an utterance is one that does

begin with two consonants, such as the imperative forms of certain

verbs, thenia "helping vowel" preceded by glottal stop is pronounced

as part of that word. For example,

-grab qahwatan 'Drink some coffee!'

is pronounced:elt ot o'cl,d'iJ ligrab qahwatan 'Drink some coffee!'

(The hyphen on -grab indicates that this word needs a helping vowel

to make it pronounceable.) Another illustration, using the imp-er-

ative forni of_the verbJ jska"to go-."

1. 72ihab.4 maTa saliimin !Goora"n"

If a word beginning with two consonants follows another word or

a prefix, then the final vowel of that word or prefix serves the

function of a helping vowel. Thus, after the prefix 5 wa- 'and' we

get wagrab 'and drinkr, as in:

xutwatrab 'Take and drink!'

Alif is still used to spell this word, but hamza is now replaced by

the symbol Z1.44 wasla:

Goxt4 watrab 'Take and drink!'

Wasla signifies (1) that the alif over which it is written has no

pronunciation value and (2) that the final vowel of the preceding

word is pronounced with the first consonant following it. Note that

words beginning with two consonants are always written with ?alif

and a helping vowel.

-

Drill 1. (On tape) a. Read the following to yourself as you hear

them read on tape; pay attention to the hamza-wasla op-

positions. Note that wasla indicates that the tin) words

are pronounced as one, With:dd break betweed themb

ft

'Write'

_

I Learn and write'

'Dress.

JMJI

04:7! s

"WalceLtip and dress,:l

your dame'

11'Whats yout name?'

;:name

,

L 'What is his name?'

oki;( 'Drink and eat.'

'Eat and drink.'r 1' I V'w a

o ..:I 'Open and. close f '

AO dig00

j'Close and opentl

I 40).1'w:

0

1.

1)x-1e-01,'OPen them-andoclosethem!ve.,

44.!.:10)

so'0.ose'it and open it!:

b. Read the pairs in a. above.

If a word beginning in two consonants follows a word ending in

a consonant, that consonant receives a.helping vowel, in most cases,

0/'i; the following examples contains who?':

,c. manijtamaca maca gallim? 'Who met with Salim?

Note that kasra has xeplaced sukuun on

4-9.4.44.:1

,

I dal j 'flI"

maninsarafal 'Who left?'

manistalama risaalatii?'Who received my letter?'

185

Drill 2. Read the following pairs of sehtences, paying particular

attention to the liaison of 011 'who?' and the following

wasla:

o

'

e

7-rim" Ca taa''

.00 ".C.4. 1Velgal

Ltb.:

...,0I J cr

cp_wj=th Salim!'

'Who met with Salim?'

'Sit,and

'Who went away?'

114bp "bought a house?'

'Who resigned?'

A word-i.r1 1 hamza that is prefixed with a helping vowel is

called jghilleijAab , 'the hamza of connection'.

2. The definite article Ji

A. Pronunciation

The Arabic definite article6ef

..ktjaCUI ) is prefixed to a noun or adjective, ecp

'a country' -- 'the country'

%"frt.? 'big' 'the big one'

The article is pronounced ?al- when prefixed to a word begin-

9 .

ii (called in Arabic :IJI

ning with one of the following

These letters

letters', the

this since it

are referred to

Arabic word for

begins with one

Drill 1. On tape. a. Pointas they are read.

consonants:

e. , r ecollectively as (...9.2.e. 'moon

It moon", arbitrarily being chosen for

of these letters.

to each of the following pairs of words

'the professor'

'the country'

'the university'

'the war'

'the good'

'the capital'

0 4,1j11.1

4.06,Le-

P°41

.4iNe;10

'professor'

'country'

university'

'war'

'good'

223

Answers

Drill 2.

Check tape

e f

ai,.j"; the room'

)1-7:11 'the cup'

4;41 'the coffee'6

L.eit'the book'

4-4.404! 'the city'

.41.1;11J! 'the gift't/ a!)I 1,J1 'the ministry'

Ipell 'the day'

1 1room

'cup'

'coffee'

'book'

'city'

'gift'

'ministry'

'day'

186

b. You will now be read the first item of each of thepairs that you have just heard. Listen carefullyto each one, then repeat it with the definite article.

The remaining consonants are, logically enought, referred to as tiju:JI

4.44141. 'the sun letters', the Arabic word for "sun" beginning

.1mr4with g (sh as in "shine"): um" Prefixed to a sun letter, the

of the article is pronounced not as 1 but indicates doubling of

the following consonant, e.g.,

41.-1,11) 'student' (taalibun)

, ,

if.,J1.611 'the student' (?attaalibu)

Prefixed to a sun letter, the J of the article loses its ° while

the following consonant is written with to reflect actual pro-

nunciation.

Note that the sun:letters are pronounced more or less in the

same place of articulation as J :

J tja, 00 Liz j

In terms of pronunciation, the J of the definite article is assimi-

lated to (pronounced like) a following consonant if that consonant is

pronounced at the same point_in the mouth as J . The moon letters

and a are exceptions to this rule.

Drill 2. (On tape) a. Point to each of the following pairs of wordsas they,are rea4 to you on tape.

-4 0.

.16.16il _ 4,01;.;

0; i_IJI

,11 IIIwry ....

;',' -; ' lesson'Lrve, ......t0 J 'gold'

est j11..4 td 1 "n". 1.011 'fourth'

.,. l,-; -

;.; Cpi -- dAt.; 'visit'i

.0

'student'

'a second one'

224

,a, .., s ,P,ipill Ia.

4 A1 o i i 0 1,"trill," -- J14'

Lai I La. .

, at I 0 /t;r ji:j 1 jt /6

9.):1:1JI ;171 'noon'

WA . ijiJ 'language'P

4ft / . I I.rij I ''''. ).le river

'hour'

'month'

;morning'

'damma'

'way'

187

b. Repeat after the tape, prefixing the definite articleto each tem. Remember to pronounce the first conso-nant cT each word doubled.

Drill 3. (On tape) Identificatton.. Place a check mark in the proper

column.;69'"

. 2

4

. 5

6

7

. 8

. 9

.10

Note that a word with the definite article cannot receive

nunation.

The hamza of the definite article Ji is hamzatu-1 wasli, and

the vowel a is a helping vowel, as explained earlier in section

1 of this unit. Thus, whenever the article does not occur initiallly

in an utterance, it is pronounced


...)C:t

WCd. LP) 4

Lb I L; '4°o )jil

0,63i

c.r U4')

1.

the lesson

'the first lesson'

'the second one'

'the second lesdon'

225

2

. 3

. 4

5

6

7

8

9

.10

Isj

LI:j 11 lit; I

pt.r.)

b. Imitation

B. Reading

'the third one'

'the third lesson'

'the forth one'

'the fourth lesson'

188

Drill 1. Read the following words which start with moon letters.

L411

P 93:141

0.1,14-111 A MO

9

djii I1/11 I aWl

.4;),-1 c)11'1

Drill 2. Read the following words which start with sun letters.

I lb I 6,4,1 I 1

3...1.1".40

C

Drill 3. Read:

I

441

C. Writing

Practice the following, sounding out each word as you write it.

226

Answers

Drill 1.

Check tape

Drill 2.

Check tape

Drill 3.

Check tape

189

3, 4,5 lalif maqsuura

A. Pronunciation

The Arabic writing system has two palif's: one we saw in Unit

1, namely 1 ; the second is cc , calledIxecuwsi,1 7alif maqguura

"shortened ?alir It it highly specialized: it can only be the

last letter of the word, and can only have the value aa, e.g., cg

bakaa 'he wept'. It can receive nunation, e.g.,45-610 sadan 'echo'

The following words are pronounced the same:

Nir 'it arose'

I on

The choice of Palif at the end of the word is determined by

the grammar, or must be learned for each word. In general, 1 is

more common than d , so you will be well advised always to use

1 for final 7alif unless you know that the word in question re-

quires 45 .

B. Reading

The 45 ?alif maqsuura is exactly like ,5 but,

without the two dots. As mentioned earlier, it is

1

pronounced aa.

Drill 1. Read:

Independent

Drill 2. a occurs only at the end of the word.(.01 cs Final

dent and final joined. Look at the joinedThus, it has only two shapes: indepen-

final joined shape in the box above,

then read the following./

0 /csias

When 45 is followed by a suffix, i.e., when it is not word

final, it becomes a regular 1 ?alif e.g. cg 'he built' but 114:

'he built it'.

227

Drill 1.

Check tape

Drill 2.

Check tape

Drill 3. Read the following in pairs.

P. .14.4,1 (54

. 0 . . 0

0,

lat

C. Writing

C5 is written like c$ but without the two dots.

Drill 1. Trace and copy the following:

190

The model on the right shows you how CS

is written (I/ when it receives a suffix.

Drill 2. Trace over the items given, then rewrite each one adding

the suffix 1, to it. Follow the example given.

9,p-A!O e (Ls" .

228

Answers

Drill 3.

Check tape

^

4.. Review Drills

Drill 1. Read:

ir .10. "ft

!4110.1J1 cimOW L

Drill 2. (On tape) Dictation:.

For memorization:

40.4 °Csi...24211

OAP/4/

Iki6a,"/

e, /01 o- .

191

1. Ruth : Good morning.

2. Sami: Good morning.

3. Ruth: How are you?

4. Sami: Fine, thanks.

5. Ruth: What is your name?

6. Sami: My name. is Sami.

What is your name?

7. Ruth:

8. Sami:

9. Ruth:

10. Sami:

11. Ruth:

My name is Ruth.

Where are you from?

am from France.

Thanks.

You are welcome.

Arabic proverbs

12. A friend in need is a friend

13. Don't postpone today's

work! until tomorrow.

14. Repetition makes perfect.

;;J1

cirw up L.

rtn.,11

coL1 X:01 L %I-1J

(.0-01 LeLLot.

,":11J , 941 1 %:1-1J

7 ;Li ,;7:1 uL Aa.

L.Cji L 1

a.

A L,,0 1%.1, ) )

indeed. t3;a11 I I I T

/440 0_,AJA°

;Ir,11 PrLft.,I*-71 ;1*61 It.6

V I.

15. Bitds of a feather flock together.

16. Pardon behooves the mighty.

NI

,-4.6.11 51,

4Pk,70.4) .10 'WI i

229

Vocabulary

ve6i

°J651

tiLJ Lits

%

jL.

? ';oa ja:: 1

1:41gs;6

j4.44=1)

" I IPI6j.

U1,173_;61:

41

;10.s'J

192

Ruth

morning

good (noun)

good morning

the condition

How are you?

what?

name

your name (speaking toa male)

my name

Sami (boy's name)

and you (feminine)

your name (speaking to a female)

you (feminine)

France1 4

welcome (in response to )

the friend

the trouble

you postpone

work, job

today

until

the morrow

the repetition

it teaches

the donkey

(intensifying particle found at beginning

of a sentence)

the birds

on

its kind

it falls

pardon, forgiveness

with, belonging to

power, mighty

230

Unit 16 193

Dialogues and reading passages for-memorization

Numerals 1-20

Days of the week

Months of the year

1. Dialogues and reading passages for memorization.

Salim: Good-morning.

Maryam: Good morning

Salim: What is your name?

Maryam: My name is Maryam.

And what is your name?

Salim: My name is Salim.

Maryam: Where are you from?

Salim: From Lebanon.

Maryam: Thanks.

Salim: You're welcome.

The above dialog is fully "voweled"--that is, the auxiliary,s4ns for short,

vowels, shadda,,ecc. are'includedAwith the letters. Most Arabic publidationst

however, are "unvowele4"7-written without any of the auxiliary signs. Thus:

voweled unvaweled "pronunciation meaning

. 0;c.J1 4:0; I anta 'you'

This assumes, of-course, that the reader already knows Arabic, and that whatever

ambiguities regult;cen be resolved from the context. It is made possible by the

fact that all Axabic syllables begin with consonants, so providing a substantial

skeleton for each wottli thus, sbaah must be sabaahun 'morning', and

mryrn is maryamu,%Miriam''. Such final§ as sibaahun, subaahun, murywn,, etc.,

simply do-net .

231

Xir.T.AV,V,TWWlr-dW

194

As a rule, only the Koran, the Bible and elementary school books are fully

voweled. Most printed and all handwritten Arabic is normally unvoweled. The

dialog above is repeated below unvoweled, in printed and handwritten styles.

If you memorized the dialog and so are familiar with the words and phrases,

you should be able to read these unvoweled versions with ease.

f_rj z : ro:

.4--:

c L,

1

(:),) -ra)

. 6 L.-.J

I.

In printed Arabic much use is made of a "word stretcher", a bar that may

be added between letters to make words longer in order to fill up space, make

straighter margins, etc. To illustrate this, the proverb )1....00.11

'Constant repetition will teach (even) a donkey' is retyped below in varying

lengths; they all retain, of course, the same pronunciation and meaning.

flitt

rA, Ap(---11

)1)--11

b.Ruth:

Farid:

Ruth:

Farid:

Ruth:

Farid:

Ruth:

Farid:

Ruth:

Farid:

Hello, (Mr.) Farid.

Hello, (Miss) Ruth.

Where are you from:

From Iraq.

Is Iraq"in the Middle-East?'"

Yes.

What's the capital of Iraq?

The city of Baghdad.

Thanks.

Not at all.

P

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:

.16.!.!.10 ()AD !

r4mi

,L,R) -ekx40 Ls L.

C. Jamila:

George:

Jamila:

George:

Jamila:

George:

Jamila:

George:

Jamila:

George:

St.;4.0

%

I c_i

Good afternoon.

Good afternoon.

What are you studying

at the university?

Middle Eastern history.

Do you know Arabic?

Yes.

Where die you study Arabic?

At the American University

of Beirut (AUB)

Goodbye.

Goodbye.

195sod

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233

d. William:

Najib:

William:

Najib? On Cass Street.

William: What's your telephone number?

Najib: 869-5741

William: Who lives with your

Najib: An Arab friend from Syria.

William: Is he going to school or working?

Najib: He works at an Arab restaurant.

Where do you live, Najib?

In the city of Detroit.

On what street?

g

,

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4

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234

e. Linda:

Ahmad:

Linda:

Ahmad:

Linda:

Ahmad:

Linda:

Ahmad:

Linda:

Ahmad:

Are you married, Ahmad?

Yes.

Is your wife American?

No, she's an Arab from Jordan

Do you have any children?

Yes, I have a boy and a girl.

Does your wife know English?

Yes, she studied English fin

the city of) Amman.

Thanks, Ahmad.

You're welcome.

ti I I: 1.>te J-*

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f. This dialogue has been left unvowOled; listen to the tape, and write in the

voweling yourself.

Karima: When did you take your

trip to New York?

Henry: A month ago.

Karima: Did you travel by plane?

Henry: No. By car.

Karima: Did you go to an Arab

restaurant,:there?

Henry: Yes. I went with an Arab friend.* ur.t.p.

Karima: What did you eat?

Henry: Kubba and salad.

Karima: Did you drink Arabic coffee?

Henry: Yes.

elo...1.3-ft;" cf."441*

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235

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198

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(Si JA 1 ejt.

g. My name is Samir. I am an Arab from Libya. I'm studying engineering

at Columbia University in (the city of) New York. I live with an American

friend on Munroe Street. My apartment number is 516 and my telephone number

is 946-8342.

1^-7AffifI . LJ 6 a.

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4,1

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236

h. The important countries of theArab world.

The United Arab Republic; itscapital is Cairo.

The Lebanese Republic; its capitalis Beirut.

The Syrian Arab Republic; itscapital is Damascus.

The Republic of Iraq; its capitalis Baghdad.

The Republic of Sudan; itscapital is Khartoum.

The Republic of Algeria; itscapital is Algiers.

The Republic of Tunisia; itscapital is Tunis.

The Republic ofiemen itscapital Is San'a.

The Saudi Arabian Kingdom; oi"-ftits capital is Al-Riyad.

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan;its capital is Amman.

The Kingdom of Libya; itscapitalsare'Behghazi arid Tripoli.

The Kingdom of Morocco; itscapital Is Rabat.

The emirate of Kuwait; itscapital is Kuwait.

PC. jjoje

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199

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237

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200

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238

2. Numgrals 1-20.

3. Days of the week.

Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

4:1)

Li

14?

1.4;so ,

4.4

./

ce.t:

9... e07,0,/4.001

4404pea"..

./ / /'1.',41.r-f'4.41"°41.1

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Cara:

arft I"410"

441 IOite.°

ilitbat I0.0

tiLt.)oe j

%

I

English, Written Printed

1 1 1

2 C Y

3 v r

4 t t

5 0 o

6 1 1

7 V Y

8 A A

9 'I 1

10'. 1.

1111 1 1

12 \C lY

13 \.< 1 T

14 \ iL 1 t

15 \ 0 1 0

16 il 11

17 IV lY

18 1 A 1 A

19- \I 11

20 IC. Y .

1960 X VIA11 1/0

201

*Note that comppund numbers in Arabic go from left to..right as in English. This

number is read in Arabic as follows: A 64- ILO; 4,0 14, -;"/

239

4. Months of the year.

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

5. The seasons.

Spring

Summer

Fall

Winter

Documents

to write Arabic with a pleasing in a manner easily ... · Contract OEC -3 -6-061784P.0508 ... The language of this course is contemporary Literary Arabic, the literary language that