To what extent did the Medieval Islam Empire affect burial rituals on the Swahili coast, particularly focusing on Swahili tombs?SHAUNIE WALSH

StructureBrief introduction of the Swahili culture and the arrival of Islam

Review of current literature and research on the topic

Typology for tombs.

A brief explanation of data collection and the results.

Funerary practices in Medieval Islam

Why Pillars? A discussion as to why the Swahili may have chosen Pillars as monumentality.

Further evidence for Islam's effect on the Swahili culture an they way the Swahili adapted and changed these beliefs

Wider implications of this study

What further study needs to be done

The Swahili CoastIslam present from 8th century.

Connections made through Indian ocean trade through monsoon winds.

Never conquered by Islam – conversion was slow and voluntary

Mixture of African and Arabic cultures resulted in Swahili culture.

Map showing East African Coast. Google images, 2013

Current Literature Two typologies:

Wilding, R (1988) Panels, Pillars and Posterity. Ancient Tombs on the North Kenyan Coast: A Preliminary Study. Fort Jesus occasional papers (vol. 6): Mobassa

Wilson, T (1979) Swahili funerary architecture. In J. D. V. Allen and T. Wilson Swahili House and Tombs of the Coast of Kenya. Art and archaeology research papers: Headington

Individual studies Chami, F. (2002) The Excavations of Kaole Ruins. In F. Chami and G. Pwiti. Southern Africa and the Swahili

world. Dar Es Salaam University print: Tanzania Chittick, N. (1974) Kilwa: an Islamic trading city on the East African coast. British Institute in Eastern Africa:

Nairobi Chittick, N. (1984) Manda: excavations at an island port on the Kenya coast. British Institute in Eastern

Africa: Nairobi Horton, M (1986) Shanga: The archaeology of a Muslim trading community on the coast of East Africa.

British Institute in East Africa: London and Nairobi

TypologyEnclosure

Stepped

Tombstone

Complex tombs

PillarDome

Above: Dome tomb at Siyu.

Below: Drawing of stepped tomb.

Above: Pillar tomb at Takwa, Google image 2013.

Below: Enclosure with headstones.

Data collection450 burials

17 sites

12th – 19th century

Date, type, decoration, position within settlement and other distinguishing features

Setting the scene…Fatima’s death (632) – Washed her body, placed bed in middle of the room and laid facing Islam

Muhammad’s burial – buried beneath his home‘all prophets are to be buried precisely where they die’ and that God would ‘slay people who adopt the graves of their prophets as mosques’

Patrilineage on tombstones

Qur’anic verses on tombstones

Markers on graves (?)

Saints shrines and other monumentality in Islam

Chronological patternsDome tomb as a foreign feature prominent from the 15th century

Epitaphs introduced from 14th century

Bowls used as decoration – Change from green ware to Chinese blue and white porcelain

The tomb of the prophet. Shah 2013. Dome of the Rock. Google images (2013) Pillar tomb showing bowl. Google 2013

Why pillars?Phallic?

Mnara = navigational

Mnara = shaft of light = bakara

Prominent and aesthetic

Show of power/ status

Pillar tomb at Shanga. Horton, 1986

Evidence for the amalgamation of two cultures.Islam prohibits intramural burial.

Shanga – 43 tombs in town Kaole - 46 tombs in town

Islam prohibits building on graves

Islam prohibits writing on graves Siyu – tomb inscription Kunduchi – 6 tombs with epitaphs with Islamic meanings Gedi – tomb inscription Takwa – Tomb inscription

Family ties not kept after death Complex tombs representing family burials found at Shanga

Wider implicationsUnable to study Islam directly though archaeology due to religious law – Africa is one place where you can research the manifestations of Islam.

Limited research done on Africa compared to other areas.

Can learn about life through death.

Further studyA lot of work still needed

Some sites had to be discarded due to lack of relevant information

Previous studies not necessarily focused on tombs

Lots of sites still unexplored

Large potential for further study.