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TO TRACE THE EVENTS THAT LEAD ROME FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE BY LOOKING AT THE RISE AND FALL OF JULIUS CEASAR
*CIVIL WAR ENSUES FOR THE NEXT 50 YEARS AFTER THE ABDICATION OF SULLA IN 79BCE
*HISTORY OF LATE REPUBLIC ONE OF POWER STRUGGLES AMONG ROME’S MOST FAMOUS
*SULLA’S EFFORTS TO RESTORE CONSTITUTION UNSUCCESSFUL
*REPUBLIC DOOMED WHEN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS FAILED TO MEET NEEDS OF EXPANSION AND WHEN SOLDIERS & GENERALS NO LONGER LOYAL TO STATE
*POMPEY (106-48BCE) ALLY OF SULLAMILITARY APPT. IN SPAIN 77BCE
RETURNS TO ROME A HERO 71BCE
THREATENS REBELLION UNLESS SENATE LETS HIM RUN FOR CONSUL
*CRASSUS (112-53BCE)
AMBITIOUS POLITICIAN, RICH
PUT DOWN SPARTACUS REBELLION 73BCE
SET ASIDE DIFFERENCES & BECOME CO-CONSULS 70BCE
*UNDID WORK OF SULLA
*RESTORE POWER TO POPULARES, TRIBUNES & EQUITES
*POMPEY OFF TO THE EAST & RETURNS W/ MEN VICTORIOUS BUT LAND NOT AVAILABLE
*CICERO CONSUL 63BCE – NOT A MILITARY MAN & CLEARLY ONE IS NEEDED
*SEES THAT COOPERATION AMONG SENATE & EQUESTRIANS IMPORTANT
*SENATE NOT A FAN OF POMPEY
*PERHAPS A 3RD ALTERNATIVE
• SPOKESMAN FOR THE POPULARES
• UNCLE WAS MARIUS
• WORKED HIS WAY UP THROUGH THE MILITARY RANKS 1ST IN SPAIN
• COMBINES RESOURCES W/ CRASSUS & POMPEY
• FIRST TRIUMVIRATE
• ELECTED CONSUL 59BCE & USES POPULAR ASSEMBLY TO ACHIEVE GOALS OF THE TRIUMVIRATE
• LAND FOR VETS, LOWER TAXES FOR EQUITES, SPECIAL COMMISSION IN GAUL
• GOVERNOR OF GAUL 58BCE & CONQUERED ALL OF IT BY 50BCE
*JC SUCCESSFUL IN GAUL & REAFFIRMS IMPORTANCE OF MILITARY EXPERIENCE IN LEADERS
*55BCE CONSULS AGAIN & MORE BENEFITS FOR THE TRIUMVIRATE
*JC 5 MORE YEARS IN GAUL
*CRASSUS – SYRIA (DIES)
*POMPEY – SPAIN
*COMPETITION B/W JC & POMPEY
*SENATE FAVORS POMPEY
*JC TOLD TO LAY DOWN ARMS & RETURN TO ROME – NOT WHAT SOLDIERS DO
*CROSSES RUBICON, ENTERS ROME 1/10/49BCE & POMPEY FLED TO GREECE & JC FOLLOWS, POMPEY DIES & JC RETURNS TRIUMPHANT
*47BCE DICTATOR – UNWILLING TO GIVE UP POWER, INFLUENCE & WEALTH – REPUBLIC GONE FOREVER
*REFORMS MADE AT EXPENSE OF OLD CONSTITUTION
* EXTEND CITIZENSHIP TO MANY PROVINCIALS
* MANY VETS, POOR & UNEMPLOYED SENT TO MED. COLONIES
* FOUNDED NEW COLONIES WHICH HELPED ROMANIZE EMPIRE
* EMPIRE OF CITIZENS NOT SUBJECTS
*44BCE APPOINTED DICTATOR FOR LIFE BUT NOT EVERYONE HAPPY
*GENEROUS LEADER, PARDONED MANY, REPLACED CALENDAR W/ EGYPTIAN SOLAR YEAR (JULIAN CALENDAR BY 1582)
*IDES OF MARCH – ET TU BRUTE? ASSASSINATED & SET OFF ANOTHER ROUND OF CIVIL WAR
*OCTAVIAN REPLACES HIS GREAT UNCLE