To gain knowledge and wisdom: to be freed from prejudice, ignorance,

or superstition

What does it mean to be “enlightened”?

They applied reason to the “human world” not just the

natural world!

Natural World: Scientists applied reason to it using

the scientific method

The Human world includes government and law

What is “reason”?To think logically

17th and 18th centuries

The Scientific Revolution

• In 1632, Galileo Galilei used logic, reinforced with observation, to argue for Copernicus’ idea that the earth rotates on its axis around the sun.

Church Opposition

• The Church objected that the Bible clearly stated that the sun moved through the sky and denounced Galileo's teachings, forcing him to recant what he had written and preventing him from teaching further.

Skepticism• René Descartes, in the

17th century, attempted to use reason to shore up his faith.

• "I think, therefore I am."

William Blake’s Newton, 1795

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Leviathan

A Leviathan is a huge “sea monster”

Absolutism: to manage behavior

The Leviathan, or sea monster,

represents the all powerful

government Hobbes believed exist to

avoid chaos

Hobbes absolute

ruler

Who wrote the Two Treatises of Government?

The mystery author!

John Locke

A.Democracy

B.Locke believed in democracy because he argued the people were SOVEREIGN--the people have ultimate power

A.What did Locke argue was the best form of Government?

B. Why?

Life, liberty, and property

What three rights did Locke say the Government MUST

protect?

He influenced the Declaration of Independence.

“among these rights are life, liberty, and

the pursuit of happiness”

What affects did John Locke have on the United States?

Who wrote The Spirit of

Laws?

Who is this author?

Baron de Montesquieu

Montesquieu was from France

What idea about the structure of government did Montesquieu express

in Spirit?

“separation of powers”

--3 branches of government

What idea about the structure of government did Montesquieu express

in Spirit?

In order to avoid one person gaining all the power

(NO ABSOLUTISM!)

Why did Montesquieu advocate “separation of

powers”?

If Montesqueiu is AGAINST absolutism, then which thinker

does he disagree with?

Montesquieu influenced the U.S. Constitution

The Constitution sets up three branches of

Government, just as Montesquieu recommended.

What affect did Montesquieu have on the United States ?

What was Voltaire’s famous for

saying?

“I disapprove of what you say, but will defend to the death your right

to say it”

Freedom of speech and religion

What does this quote defend?

What was Voltaire’s opinion on the relationship between religion

and the government?

There should be “separation of church and state”

Church State

Who wrote the Social Contract?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

What does Rousseau say about “The Social (or society’s) Contract?”

It is a contract between the people and their rulers

What does Rousseau say should happen if this contract

is broken by the rulers?The people should rebel!

The Storming of Bastille

Liberty leading the People

by Delacroix

1. Thomas Hobbes

2. John Locke

3. Baron de Montesquieu

4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

5. Voltaire

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

Which Enlightenment

thinker influenced it

the most?

Thomas Jefferso

n

John Locke

What were the effects of the

Enlightenment?

(Use the acronym)

The Enlightenment had some F.A.S.T. thinkers!

“I know the answer, I know the answer”

Which Enlightenment effect does the “F” in F.A.S.T. stand

for? F. Fueled democratic revolutions around world (American, French)

Bastille: The French Revolution Begins July 14,

1789!

Signing of the Declaration of Independence: July 4, 1776

Applied reason to the human world (government, law)

A

Stimulated religious tolerance

S.“It would be reasonable if we all just got along, wouldn’t it?

Billy Graham,Protestant, and Pope John Paul II

Taught that our rights come from natural law NOT the government

T.Natural rights

Johann Sebastian Bach

Wolfgang Amedeus Mozart

Name two famous Enlightenment composers of

music.

What famous Enlightenment painting is

this?

Liberty Leading the People

Eugene Delacroix

Frederick the Great of Prussia (r. 1740-1786)

► 1712 -– 1786.1712 -– 1786.

► Succeeded his Succeeded his father,father, Frederick Frederick William IWilliam I (the “Soldier (the “Soldier King”).King”).

► He saw himselfHe saw himself as the “First as the “First Servant of the Servant of the State.”State.”

Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796)

► German German PrincessPrincess

► 1729 -– 1729 -– 17961796..

Joseph II of Austria (r. 1765-1790)

► 1741 -– 1741 -– 1790.1790.

► His mother His mother waswas Maria Maria Theresa.Theresa.