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TO A NEW CONSERVATISM, 1969-1988. America: Past and Present Chapter 31. Nixon in Power. Apparent success in first term Triumphs in foreign affairs Nixon cuts himself off from Congress, his own cabinet, and the nation. Reshaping the Great Society. Nixon and the Great Society - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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TO A NEW CONSERVATISM, TO A NEW CONSERVATISM, 1969-19881969-1988
America: Past and Present
Chapter 31
Nixon in PowerNixon in Power
• Apparent success in first term
• Triumphs in foreign affairs
• Nixon cuts himself off from Congress, his own cabinet, and the nation
Reshaping the Great Reshaping the Great SocietySociety
• Nixon and the Great Society• more efficient administration• shift responsibility to the states• shift school desegregation to the courts
• Shift to conservative Supreme Court• appointment of conservatives and
moderates• Burger Court similar to Warren Court
• Pace of change slows but continues
NixonomicsNixonomics
• Nixon and inflation• inflation spurred by Vietnam • federal spending cuts• interest rates forced up
• 1970--Nixon-induced recession
• 1971--wage and price controls
• Economy revives
Building a Republican Building a Republican MajorityMajority
• Nixon obsessed about reelection
• Inactive on desegregation to win South
• Attack cultural revolution to win “middle America”
• Democrats retain majority by joining crusade against drugs, crime
In Search of DIn Search of Déétentetente
• Foreign-policy assumptions• Cold War to be managed, not won• America must make a strategic retreat• improve relations with China to neutralize
Russia
• February 1972--Nixon visits China
In Search of DIn Search of Déétente:tente:Outcome of China VisitOutcome of China Visit
• February 1972--U.S. recognition of Communist China set in motion
• May 1972--Russians sign SALT I
• Apparent mutual desire to reduce Cold War tensions
Ending the Vietnam WarEnding the Vietnam War
• Nixon’s plan• gradual reduction of American troops• intensify American bombing • hard line at the peace talks
• 1970--invasion of Cambodia
• January, 1973--peace talks conclude with disguised American surrender
The Crisis of DemocracyThe Crisis of Democracy
• June, 1972--Nixon agents arrested for attempted Watergate break-in
• Nixon stonewalled the press about White House involvement• even instructed aides to lie under oath
The Election of 1972The Election of 1972
• Nixon’s opponents• American Independent George Wallace--
shot and disabled, followers vote for Nixon• Democrat George McGovern--nomination
alienates middle class
• Nixon landslide suggests new alignment• middle class shifting to Republicans• African Americans, Jews, the poor remain
strongly Democratic
The Watergate ScandalThe Watergate Scandal
• Summer 1973--Senate investigation• damaging Senate hearings on cover-up• White House tapes discovered
• Summer 1974• Nixon must relinquish tapes• House Judiciary committee recommends
impeachment
• August 9, 1974--Nixon resigns
The Watergate Scandal: The Watergate Scandal: ConsequencesConsequences
• Demonstrates growing power of the executive branch
• Illustrates vitality of institutions• the press• the federal judiciary• Congress
Energy and the Energy and the EconomyEconomy
• U.S. way of life based on cheap energy
• 1970s energy crisis sparks inflation
The October WarThe October War
• October, 1973--Yom Kippur War pits Egypt, Syria against Israel
• U.S. supplies weapons to Israel
• Arab oil nations retaliate with boycott• prices of gasoline and home heating fuel
rose sharply
The Oil ShocksThe Oil Shocks
• Effects of soaring oil prices • consumer spending plunges• recession by 1974• inflation persists through 1970s
• Tax cut aids recovery
• 1979--Iranian Revolution causes second surge in oil prices
The Oil Shocks: Price Increases The Oil Shocks: Price Increases of Crude Oil and Gasoline, of Crude Oil and Gasoline, 1973-19851973-1985
The Search for an The Search for an Energy PolicyEnergy Policy
• Ford tries to encourage production
• Carter tries to encourage conservation
• Congressional legislation to• encourage production, e.g. Alaska pipeline• encourage conservation, e.g. gas rationing
• Energy problem persists
The Great InflationThe Great Inflation
• Oil prices drive inflation• price of goods soars• real income declines
• Attempted government controls result in record high interest rates
The Shifting American The Shifting American EconomyEconomy
• U.S. share of world markets declines
• U.S. heavy industry declines
• High technology prospers
• Businesses tend to diversify
Private Lives—Public Private Lives—Public IssuesIssues
• Traditional American family gives way to more diverse living arrangements
• Number of working women increases sharply
• Gay rights movement emerges
The Changing American The Changing American Family: Family Life by Family: Family Life by 19901990
• 21% of women solely in childrearing
• 30% of married coupes without children
• 25% of households consist of one adult
• Birthrate begins to climb after 15-year fall
• Divorce rate levels and drops slightly
The Changing American The Changing American Family: New Family Family: New Family StructureStructure
• Many never marry or postpone marriage
• Most mothers work outside the home
• Proportion of single-parent households doubled
• Women without partners head 1/3 of impoverished families
• Children comprise 40% of the poor
Types of Households in Types of Households in the United States, 2000the United States, 2000
Gains and Setbacks for Gains and Setbacks for WomenWomen
• Rapid movement of women into work force• Breakthroughs for women
• leaders in industry, higher education• Roe v. Wade strengthens reproductive rights• women appointed to Supreme Court
• Resistance• most women remain in female-dominated jobs• wages only 77.5% of men’s earnings• Equal Rights Amendment fails • abortion widely stigmatized
Voting on the Equal Rights Voting on the Equal Rights AmendmentAmendment
The Gay Liberation The Gay Liberation MovementMovement
• 1969--Stonewall Riot sparks gay rights movement• 1980--Democrats include gay rights plank• 1980s--AIDS activism• 1987--600,000 march on Washington• 1993--“Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy a setback• 1996--Defense of Marriage Act prohibits state
recognition of same-sex unions• 2000--Vermont legalizes same-sex “civil unions”
Politics After WatergatePolitics After Watergate
• Watergate erodes public trust
• Confrontation leaves nation leaderless
The Ford AdministrationThe Ford Administration
• Pardon of Nixon unpopular
• Democratic Congress alienated• disclosure of illegal CIA activities under
Kennedy and Johnson• opposes Democratic bills protecting the
environment and civil rights
The 1976 CampaignThe 1976 Campaign
• Ford damaged by Watergate
• Democrat Jimmy Carter wins close vote• former governor of Georgia• campaigns as outsider• calls for decency, morality in government
Disenchantment with Disenchantment with CarterCarter
• Carter displays lack of political vision
• Outsider status hampers effectiveness
• 1979--Carter blames American people for "national malaise"
From Détente to From Détente to Renewed Cold WarRenewed Cold War
• U.S. international dominance declined sharply in the 1970s
• Internal and external events weakened foreign policy
Retreat in AsiaRetreat in Asia
• April 1975--North Vietnam captures Saigon
• U.S. response--evacuation, no aid
• Subsequent incidents met with caution, restraint
Accommodation in Latin Accommodation in Latin AmericaAmerica
• 1977--treaty returns Panama Canal to Panama
• 1979--U.S. refuses aid to Nicaraguan government against Sandinistas
• Carter assists El Salvador against Marxist rebels
The Quest for Peace in The Quest for Peace in the Middle Eastthe Middle East
• Carter’s success• 1978--Camp David Accords • 1979--Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty
• Carter’s failure• 1979--Iranian Revolution • November--U.S. embassy in Teheran
invaded, 58 Americans taken hostage• Carter fails to secure hostages’ release
The Cold War ResumesThe Cold War Resumes
• Carter, Brzezinski shift from Détente• condemn Soviet human rights abuses• new missile systems deployed• increased aid to China
• December, 1979--Russians invade Afghanistan
A Failed PresidencyA Failed Presidency
• Carter lost public confidence during the Iranian hostage crisis
• Double-digit inflation also contributed to voter disappointment
Reagan in PowerReagan in Power
• Roosevelt coalition continues to splinter
• Republican party picks up pieces
The Reagan VictoryThe Reagan Victory
• Carter’s negatives• Iranian hostage crisis• economic ills
• Reagan’s positives win the election• warm telegenic personality• optimistic message• draws Jewish, working class vote
• Republicans win majority in the Senate
Cutting Spending and Cutting Spending and TaxesTaxes
• Reagan’s premise: cut spending to encourage private investment
• Reagan cuts over three years• federal spending by more than $40 billion• social services included in cuts • taxes cut by 25%
Limiting the Role of Limiting the Role of GovernmentGovernment
• Environmental regulations relaxed
• Attempted cuts in Social Security
• Neglect of interest-group opponents• labor hurt in air traffic control firings• lack of support for civil rights legislation• women ignored in judicial appointments
ReaganomicsReaganomics
• Reagan’s reductions in spending and taxes prompt conflicting expectations
• Supply-side economists expect economic growth
• Reagan’s critics expect massive deficits, economic stagnation
Recession and RecoveryRecession and Recovery
• 1981-1982--unemployment hits 10%
• 1983--economic recovery• rise in consumer spending • prices remain level• worldwide decline in energy prices
The Growing DeficitThe Growing Deficit
• Basis for the Reagan prosperity includes• massive deficit spending • massive inflows of foreign investment
• 1983--federal budget deficit $200 billion
• Spending caps on defense, services
• 1985--U.S. becomes a debtor nation
U.S. Budget Deficits, U.S. Budget Deficits, 1980-19971980-1997
The Rich Grow RicherThe Rich Grow Richer• Gains of Reaganomics
• inflation reduced to 4%• employment grows after 1982• growth in service sector jobs
• Losses of Reaganomics• high-paying manufacturing jobs decline• increasing social inequality
• wealthy benefit• poor left in poverty• middle class hurt
Share of Aggregate Share of Aggregate Household Income by Household Income by Quintiles, 1975-1995Quintiles, 1975-1995
Reagan AffirmedReagan Affirmed
• Perception of improving economy
• 1984 election• Reagan trounces Walter Mondale• Republicans lose seats in Congress
Reagan and the WorldReagan and the World
• Reagan determined to restore America's international position
• Steep increase in military spending
• Aggressive foreign policy
Challenging the "Evil Challenging the "Evil Empire"Empire"
• Reagan: Soviet Union the "focus of evil in the modern world"
• Unfavorable deals on arms reductions
• U.S. response to Russian refusal• deployment of cruise missiles in Europe• development of anti-missile system
• Russians build up nuclear arsenal
Turmoil in the Middle Turmoil in the Middle EastEast
• 1982--Israeli invasion of Lebanon
• International response• U.S., France send troops to maintain order • PLO evacuates Beirut
• 1984--200 U.S. Marines killed in terrorist bombing
• U.S. evacuation of Lebanon
Trouble Spots in the Trouble Spots in the Middle EastMiddle East
Confrontation in Central Confrontation in Central AmericaAmerica
• Intervention against Latin American leftist insurgents
• Covert subversion of Sandinistas
• October, 1983--invasion of Grenada
Trouble Spots in Central Trouble Spots in Central America and the CaribbeanAmerica and the Caribbean
Trading Arms for Trading Arms for HostagesHostages
• Advanced weapons sold to Iran for influence in freeing American hostages
• November, 1986--Iran-Contra scandal• profit from Iran arms sales to Contras• funding violates Congressional prohibition• Reagan escapes impeachment
Reagan the PeacemakerReagan the Peacemaker
• 1985--Mikhail Gorbachev assumes power in Russia
• 1985-88--Reagan-Gorbachev summits• 1987--destroy intermediate range missiles• 1988--Afghanistan evacuated
• Foreign policy triumphs restore Reagan’s popularity
Social DilemmasSocial Dilemmas
• AIDS epidemic
• Drug abuse
The AIDS EpidemicThe AIDS Epidemic
• 1981--AIDS first detected • apparent confinement to homosexual men
results in early public inaction • spread to drug users, recipients of blood
transfusions prompts panic
• Reagan Administration’s response• fund research• little funding for education, prevention• 1987--appointment of AIDS commissioner
The AIDS Epidemic (2)The AIDS Epidemic (2)
• 1996--500,000 infected• majority homosexuals, drug users• 15% heterosexual, non-drug abusers
• 1996--AIDS death rate begins dropping • new drugs• safer sexual practices
The War on DrugsThe War on Drugs
• Mid-1980's--crack cocaine introduced• addiction spread through all classes• exploding crime rate
• Reagan attempts interdiction of supply
• Bush, Clinton continue Reagan policy
• At the end of the century there seemed to be no end to the war on drugs
Passing the Torch to Passing the Torch to BushBush
• Republicans hope for major political realignment
• Factors reinforcing trend• 1980s economic boom• promise of the end of the Cold War
The Changing Palace The Changing Palace GuardGuard
• 1985--Donald Regan chief of staff
• Second-term victories• tax reform package• appointment of conservatives
• Changes in the Supreme Court• Senate blocks Bork appointment to Court• Bush appointments help turn the Court
more to the right