Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
UNCLASSIFIED
AD NUMBER
CLASSIFICATION CHANGESTO:FROM:
LIMITATION CHANGESTO:
FROM:
AUTHORITY
THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED
ADA800719
unclassified
restricted
Approved for public release; distribution isunlimited.
Distribution authorized to DoD only; ForeignGovernment Information; OCT 1946. Otherrequests shall be referred to British Embassy,3100 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC20008.
DSTL, AVIA 6/10959, 20 Oct 2009; DSTL, AVIA6/10959, 20 Oct 2009
Reproduction Quality Notice
This document is part of the Air Technical Index [ATI] collection. The ATI collection is over 50 years old and was imaged from roll film. The collection has deteriorated over time and is in poor condition. DTIC has reproduced the best available copy utilizing the most current imaging technology. ATI documents that are partially legible have been included in the DTIC collection due to their historical value.
If you are dissatisfied with this document, please feel free to contact our Directorate of User Services at [703] 767-9066/9068 or DSN 427-9066/9068.
Do Not Return This Document To DTIC
Reproduced by
AIR DOCUMENTS DIVISION
HEADQUARTERS AIR MATERIEL COMMAND
WRIGHT HELD, DAYTON, OHIO
<P
' . »*-"•"' "'aw~'"
-." f^*.*— '•**••***"
sffi ffS GOVERNMENT IS ABSOLVED
FROM ANY LITIGATION WHICH MAY
ENSUE FROM THE CONTRACTORS IN -
„^ ON THE FOREIGN PATENT
„^ WKH MAY ee HVOLVED.
CDAYTON, OHIO
•»v
.%• .-» .**>..; ..~*-<- " •»•
•*•' 1*-fc*_
.-i -v*».
RESTRICTED ••:R0 1846
S DM
•
>
ROYAL AIRCRAFT ESTABLISHMENT Farnborouöh. Hunts.
C3
REVIEW OF AVAILABLE DATA ON THE HEAT CAPACITY
OF SOME COMMON GASES
I. H. RING
ind
F. W. DAVID
U.nL
ATTENTION IS CALLED to TMI PENALTIES MIACHING Jv tO AN* rNIMlNOtWtNT Of ' Mt .»Iklfci SECRETS ACT
THIS LiOCUMTNT IS IHf t*HOPtRIY Of HV GOVLBNMtN!
»> 352G«"
11 'b INTSNDIL' FOB 'HE USt O* THE RECIPIENT ONU. Ahil- F( n COMMUNICATION IO SUCH OFFICERS UNOIR HIM ASM« HtOJI« IO Bt ACOUAJNtt D WITH Tut CONTENTS OF THE REPORT IN TMt COURSE OF INElH
DUTIES. 1HI OFFICERS EXERCISING •<S POWER Of aiMMUNlOA'ION Will BE HELD HLSPONSIEUE THAT SUCH .NFi'wMATION IS IMWRTtD WITH DUE CAUTION AND RESERVE
AN* it us.*, OTHER TMAN 'Ht AUTHORISED HOL DER, UPON OBTAINING t'OSMSSION 01 THIS DOCUMENT. BY
FINDING OH OTHERWISE,SHOULD FORWARD IT. TOGETHER «!TH HIS NAME AND ADDRESS.IN A CLOStD ENVELOPE
THE SECRETARY. MINISTRY OF SUPPLY,
THAMES HOUSE, MILL BANK , LONDON S.W.I.
LETTER POSTAGI NEED NOT HI PREf -Ail-: OTHER POSTAGE WILL Bt HEFuNUED.
AU '';<v..OIV. ARf Ht^tf> WAKNEL' TnAl THE UNAUTHORISED HF TfNTION OR DESTRUCTION OF THIS
. MEN1 ••• IFFENCE AoAINST THi OFFICIAL SECRETS ACT I9II-I920.
H /)C ?//?£> toctöüir» ... to Report No. ..,';,.
| Vt„he, London. V
U.D.C. Nc. 536.633
Teohnioal Note Ho. «.are.1346 3.D.U-
October, l.?46.
ROYAL AIBORAFT .CSTABLISilKSKT. FAiaCOROUSH
A Review of Available Eata on the Heat Capacity of Sena Connon fcst'3.
by
I.H.Ring* and P.^.David»
K.A.E. Ref: Gns/3100/3200A59
ggmgr
This report compares the valuer of the heat capacities of 3cmo oomaon gases, au derived from well :mown source», «id tabulates the most reliable valuus of specific heat at constant pressure and total heat. These values are presented in a form useful for calculations on combustion at relatively low temperatures, i.e. temperatures at which the effects of dissociation con be noticeted.
?ho effect of pressuro en the heat oapacily has been calculated according to the most reliable dat:. available.
The investigation covers tha fellowinc gases over a range of temperatures from 0° to 3000°C, «nd a ran^o cf pressures from 0 to 500 lb./in.2, except in the oase cf stc.ja, '.There it wa3 extended to 1000 lb./in.2 for temperatures below lOOO'to: ote-im (H2O), hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (Ng), oxygon (02), oarbor. monoxide (CO), oarbon dioxide (CO2), air, nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (NgO).
* Attached from Cramonwealth Aircraft Corp.Pty.Ltd., Melbourne, Victoria,
- 1 -
Tech. Nota Ho. Aero. 181*6 • S.D.W.
i^sT OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 3te>uB (I^P)
3 The Permanent Gases
3.1 Hydrogen (H*) 3.2 Kitregen (N^) 3.3 Oxygen (o2) 3.4 C&rbon menrxide (CO) 3.1- Cerbcn dioxide (CO2) 3.6 Air 3.7 Nitrio oxide (NO) 3.8 Ilitroua oxido (NgO)
4 The Specific Heat Difference, Kp - Kv
5 Conclusions
References
Circulation
H-0 - Comparison cf Total Heats from 0 to t*^. derived from various aouroes (Gas 5928)
H_0 - True specific Heat, at Constant Pressure
H^O - Total Heat from 0° tc tPC.
Permanent Gases - True Specific Her.ts at Constant Pressure (Gas 5?2?)
Permanent G&3e3 - Total Heats from 0° to t^C. (Gas 5930)
The Speoific Heat Difference, Kp - Kv
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
K^a - Tins Si>eoifio Hent at Constant Pressure (Gas 5927)
Page
3
3
5
5 5 5 i 6 6
7
7
7
0
Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
Figure
1
\
- 2
-.>*•:'
1 C^JUU-PT
Teoh. Nota No. Aero.1845 3.D.U.
1 Introduction
The specific heats of many gases at high temperatures have been thoroughly investigated in recent years, but there is a wide disoepanoy In the figuraci quoted in many reference boo'is and reports.
This report endeavours to lir.t Ae vr.i.u-3 rf specific hervts and entholi;ico of the ernwen ^sae::, <-..-i dtrivuC. from well iaic.vn sources, and tc tabulate the most reliable value.i ii. •: frjja useful fer oalorilations on ccmbur.iion at relatively lrw tent erature:-, e.j. with hydrogen peroxide as oxidiser. i'urther, th.- effect of pressure on the siieoifio heats rota. cnthxJ."..iu5 has been calculr.tcd according to the .nost reliable data avhilabl J, and is als« tabuliittd.
Thi3 inv'rutir.&tior. has b>--?:i limited to the temperature range from 0° to 3000rC, the upper limit, being chosen as the extreme temperature at which it might be possible to neplect the effects of dissociation« parti0i.ilf-.rly at pressure:: .j'-ush as fx»ur in rocket combustion ohambors.
Por the then lodynamic ;>roi-ortles of Keines at higher temperatures, . reference- should be ,n:ide tr the collection of data made by BeotonV2?/.
The ßasea treated belrw are steam (Hgd), hydrogen (l^)» nitrogen (Nj)» oxygen (02), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (COg)» air, nitric oxidj (Mo) and nitrous exile (N20).
2 Steam (H20)
Pnr the rurprso of arwparilip the values given by various authors of the specific and total heats rf steam, the total heat from 0° to t°0. has, in each oase, been calculated for the range frrm 0^ to 3000PC. The basic data is variously quoted for the ideal gaseous state (P = 0) and for P =1 atmosphere. Those car.net bo compared directly as the heat content of the water up tr 1CC°C. anil the latent haat, as well ac the •••ffect of tho change of pr-=.-; mm, •: -;J ineV.iued in the latter. Comparison may \».- made .luproxiraafcily h>v.v>-v-r, b.twoon tho total heat3 from 100" tr. t°C. found by diffeivsnoe.
Table 1 shows the tctal heats for stem from 0° t" t'ta., derived frrm readily available sources. It is arranged in three parts:
(a) That derived Crem duta refurring to the ideal gaseous state (p crO).
(b) That derived from dxta referring to a pressure of 1 atm.
(o) That derived frTi dt.tr. referring to i: pressure of 300 lb./in.2
absolute, vhiob was chosen arbitav-.rily as a typical com- busion ührnibci" jilv.-viin».
The most reliable data is based on the work of Gordon' '§ who calculated the thermodynamic properties of steam in the ideal gaseous state fron spejti-opoo;iio d:ii.a. In a resent paper, Wagman, Kilpatriok, Taylor, Pitzer and Konaini(17) havo applied a small additive crrreotion, as given by WilsonC10/, to i.iovelrai'a values, and these corrected figures are those roooianunded for use. other authors, notably JustiW, Spie-rs(2), Hutto(7) ana. Le-.ri.s and vo;i Elbe(15) quote- Gordon's figures without making the oorroction3, aiid the values of Schmidt(9), from an unknown source, ajtree very closely with the latter group.
-3 -
~rw -•
^.tw»'
Teoh. Net« No. Aero.1846 S.D.44
Bio effeot cf pressure on the heat capacity of steaia is best indicated by the work of KoohO*), who tabulated the total heat frcm 0°0. o?ar a range of temperatures from 10°C. tc 550°C. for pressures up to 300 kg/on?.
Bie influence of pressure is expressed by his formula:
AH - 5.76603 P
(Vico)2-82 p3
from which is derived
A, 0.162602 P T
531.77463 3.86669 x lCr^
(VlOO)^ + (TAoo)31-6
74.448458 1.22167» * IP1*1
(T/LOO)« * (Vl00)32-6
where AH *> increment of total heat due to change cf pressure from 0 to P lb./in.2 absolute.
AKp *• increment of speoifio heat at constant pressure due to change cf pressure frcm 0 to P lb./in.2 absolute.
T = temperature °K.
The figures of '.«"agnail et al., having been chosen as the most reliable for the ideal gas, have been retabulated in Table 2, (Speoifio heat at constant pressure) and in Table 3(Total heat from 0°C). The corrections due to changes of pressure, and the latent heat, both derived from Koch's formulae and table, have been applied, and the resultant tables show the figures for the pressures 0, 14.7» 100, 200, 300, 500 and 1000 lb./in.2 absolute. Over 1000°C., the pressure correction is very small and is therefore expressed as an increment to be added for eaoh 100 lb./in.2 increase in pressure above 1 atmosphere, up to 500 lb./in.2.
The variation of Kp with pressure, over the low temperature range, as shown in Table 2, is plotted in Fig.1.
• Comparison of the chosen figures of Table 3 with those at 14.7 and. 300 lb./in.2 of Table 1, showa that the values derived from CallendarW, Sohüle(5) and Partington and Shilling(°), give good agreeaient up to 500°C, while at higher temperatures the discrepancies are large. The values derived frcm the elder sources, StodolaT" (Entropy Chart No. Il) and International Critical Tables(8), are unreliable.throughout. The figures issued in the data sheets of Walter ,/'erke"°) P*J show reasonable agreement up to 1000°C. but large variations above that temperature.
It should be noted that Spiers (*•' givus values cf the specific heat at constant pressure for Pel atnu, claiming that their aocuraoy is sufficiently good for the range from 1 to 10 atm., and also below 1 Mm. In the case of H20, Koch's figures show this, to be incorrect below temperatures of about 60CPC., '»hero, as is seen in Fis.l, pressure has a large effect on Kp . This is confirmed by Callendar.
-4-
Teoh. Mote Ho. Aero.1846 S.D.44
3 The Permanent Ggggg
Hie gases H2, TX%, 02» CO, COg, air, I» and N9O at« here grouped together because the methcd ef treating then has been substantially the sane. In all cases, the values of the'truo specific hears at constant pressure have been found from the best available- 3ouroe and tabulated in Table 4.
Values rf total hest are quoted in the form we require, by both JustiW and Ctaiersv2), but their points do not always lie on smsoth curves and are therefore open to 3ome doubt. Iho ourvc.i of Kp (Kj> for the ideal gaseous ütat;-, i, ;, I'=0) have therefore, been jjuooessivuly integrated to obtain the vulunc cf the total h-.^t frcm ö'> to t^C., and these are tabulated in Table 5.
With small differences, due rrcbably to the varying accuracy of converting figurae from the sane e-uros to different units, the figures given by the fcllcwing .v.thcrc: for IX the go3es with the exoeption. of CO2» air und NgC, rcyult in the same values of total heat: JustiW, Sjpiers(2', Hutte(7)# penning md Whiffin^), idkefM-), Lewis and von Elbel1?) ^nd -.ragman ot al(i7).
Other authors, such as atedola^', 3chule'-'' and Partington and Shilling^, and International Critical TablesW, quote figures v/hioh are based on older data, are therefore unreliable, and are here neglected.
The effect of pressure on the heat capacity of the pases has been calculated according to th--- method rf JustiW, and is expressed in the tables us incremented (i H100 !ind AK- ) to be auded to the value for
n "100 F*=0, for-every 100 lb,/in.' eforeasure. Theü^ corrections are valid for pressures up to 500 lb ./in. absolute, and '.Acre no values arc stated, ore negligibly small.
3.1 hydrogen (H2)
The most reliable figures for the specific heat of H2 are based
en the spectro30opio measurements of JJavis and JohnstonPw, which served as the common source for the authors above. The values of Schmidt(20;
and »alter ii'erkev21) agree below 1000°C., but ever this temperature are consistently lov.
3.2 Kitrogen (Mfe)
Johnston raid Davis(22; provide the source for the values of the true specific heats of Nj, in the ideal gaseous state. The values given by 3chniidt(20) and Walter Werke(21; entire range from 0r to 30000C.
agree very well over the
3.3 Oxygen (o2)
Tho values given by Johnston and vralker(2-'^ are the basis for the figures of the author;; quoted above, and the figures of Refs. (20) and (21) arc in good agreement.
3.4 Carbon monoxide fCO)
All the .,_. ._ and Davi3(22), and Sohmidt(20; and Walter Sarkal*-^ agree with these
closely. The actual values adopted in this report, are taken from
authors referred to above have used.the values of Johnston (2lJ
Tech. Note N-. ter~.läl*b S.D.W-
Jumü(l). but it is noted that his value of the specific heat »* SSmt p»..u^ at 250Ü°C *— not Ue on the -~*««T« *""«* «Totter point«. This value has, tterefore, been corrected.
3.5 Carton dioxide (C02)
The values of the specific heat» adopted for C02 are derived fro. Vagnen et ü(17). They aw based on the statistical osculations of S£l(*), with a small additive correct^ for rational stitching, a. given by Jilson(lÖ). Lewis and von ElboW, WeoW, «d ( Fennin* ana «hiffin(13), quote these same.values, but JustiW. Spiersl^, S(f)!scSt(2C;) Walter Ve*e(^J «*v figures which correspond Sosrty to onTanother, out r,re somewhat leer than .Varans' at the hipher temperatures.
It should be noted that the accuracy of the figure, for OO2above 1500°C. is seriously reduced, and there is no *»ttfioation in tte data available, for quoting the specific heats to more than teo figures.
3.6 Air
Eüonwood, Kulik and Gay(25) quote, for the specific heat of dry air. figuros attributed to H.L.Johnston who calculated Hie values frcm «peotrographic date. Bensor, .,'ilcox and Voit(26) have takon these figuros and smoothed thorn to an umpirical curvo given by:
«P 0.2A45 - 3.9708 x lo"5.T + 8.9359 x 10" .T2
for temperature frcm 200° +0 633°X} and
s 0.2U3 + 1.0886 x 10"5v/l.8T- 976
.for tomporatures from 633° to 3056' K.
The values of the specific heat found from this ourve have been adopted in this report, and tho total hoata havo boon derived in tho usual way by successive integration.
Justi*1), Spiors^), Hutto(V), ScLnidt(2°) and Koonan and Kftyo(28) quote figures for the heat capacity of air, but their figures, although corresponding closely to one another, differ widely fron thoso adopted here, which räprosont. the latest N.A.C.A. data.
3.7 Nitric oxldo (NO)
Tho work of Johnston and Chapman^ provides the sourco for the values of specific heats and unthalpios quoted by JuattW, Penning and VShiffin(13), FikoC^J, and Lewis and von aboU5;. No othor author amongst thoso referred to, considora this gas.
3.8 Nitrous oxide (N20)
Kassel(at-'1 derived figures for NgO up to a temperature of 1500°K. These values have been quoted by HutteU) and Fenning and Y/hiffinl1^. Justi(i), however, has considered Kassol'3 rosults in conjunction with ttoorotical data, and has produood valuos for the specific heat and
-
Tuch. Note No. Aero.1346 S.B.44
enthalpy up to 3000°C. Theao.are slightly lower than Kassel's values. Justi's figures for the totul heat from CPO., however, do not all lis on a. smooth curve, -o hij values of the specifio heat have been integrated to obtain the total heat values adopted in this report.
4 The Specific Heat Difference, K„ - Kv p
The values of the specific heat differences for the ideal gaseous state, derived from R = 1.987 CHll/lb.molo. (Rcf. (17)), arc presented in Table 6(a).
H2O deviates substantially from the ideal relationship at low tem- pera tures and hijjh pressures as zlicnm in Table 6(b).
5 Concliu-icns
The values of the specific and total heats of certain gases, as quoted in many reference books and reports, show v.-ido discrepancies. This la particularly „o in the care of steja.
The values Mt out in Tables 2, 3, 4 '.nd 5 of thi3 report are derived frcm -^he most reliable data available, and cm be U3ed as a basis for future combustion calculations, | ro*»tdod the effect of dissociation can be neglected. ' '
The effect of pressure on the heat oa,<xity of gases is, in general, very small, .xcept in the case of steam at temperatures below 1000°C.
• Kcfcrences
Ref.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Author
S.Justi
ii.k. Spiers
A.Stodola
Title, etc.
Spezifische Warme, Enthubpie, Entropie und Dissociation technischer Gase. 1938.
Technical Data on Fuel, 1945.
Steam and Gas Turbines, 1945.
G.S.Cr.llendar and The I939 Cr.llendor Steam Tibles. A.CEgerton
W.Schule Technical Thermodynamics, 1933«
J.R.Partinjton and The Specific Heat of Gases, 1924« W.G. Shilling
3cliiaidt
Huttc (27th Edition) 1942.
International Critical Tables. 1926.
Specific heat curves for.steam issued by ',V:J.ter '.Verkc, 0001/12 Sheets 1-2. 1942.
Heat content tables for steam issued by Walter Werke. OOOI/36. 1943.
Heat-entropy diagram for steam issuod by Walter Werke. .0001/31. 1944.
7 -
Rsf.HO. Author
12 A.R.Gcrdon
15 R.W.Fanning and A.C.Whiffin
1* H.H.M.Pike
15 B. Lewis and d. von Elbe
16 ff.Kooh
17 D.D.Wagman, J.E.Kilpatrick, W.J.Taylor, K.S*F±*zer, and P.D.Rossini
18 E. S.Wilson, Jr.
19 CO.Davis and H.L.Johnston
20 Schmidt
21 •
22 • H.L.Johnston and C.O.Davis
23 H.L.Johnston and M.K. Walker
24 L.S.Kassel
25 7.0.Ellenwood, N.Kulik, and N.E.Gay
26 W.A.Benser, W.W.Wiloox, and C.H.Voit
27 H.L.Johnston and A.T.Chapiaan
26 J.H.Keenan and J.Kaye
Taoh. Mote No. Aero. 1846" S.D.44
Referencea (oentd.)
Title, etc.
. J. Chew. Physios., 1934, 2, p.65 Mid P. 54-9.
Phil. Trans. 1939ÄO, 233, p. 149.
Thermoohemioal Data for the Products of Propellent Explosions. S.3.R. R A R.107
J. Amer. Chem. Society, 1935, 57 pp.612, 2737 ond 1399.
V.D.I. Wasserdampftafeln. 1937.
Bureau of Standards, Journal of Research, 1945, 34, p. 143.
J. Chem. Physics, 1936, 4, p.526.
J. Amer. Chem. Society. 1334, 56, p.1045.
Specific heat curves for gases, issued by Walter '".'erke. 9999/12 Sheets 1*4« 1942.
Heat content table for gases issued by Walter Werke. 9999/36, 1943.
J. Amer. Chem. Society. 1934, 56, P.271.
J. Amer. Chem. Sooiety. 1935, 57, p.682.
J. Amer, Chem. Society. 1934, 56, p.1838.
The specific heats of certain gases ever Wide ranges of pressures and temperatures. Eng. 3xp. Sta. Bull. No.30. Cornell ;j:iiv. . October, 1942.
Charts for the Rapid Ccleulation of the Work Required tc Compress Dry Air. H.A.C.A.Teoh.Ncte No. 1043. April, 1946.
J.Amer. Chem. Society. 1933, 55, p.153
Thermodynamio Properties of Air. 1345»
8 -
'»•i "IM. ,.'ga»wi»
Tech. Note No. Aero.l8i»fi S.D.4t
SsSi (oontd.)
29
Author Title, etc.
A.P.B.Beeton Tabulated thermal data for hydrooarbon axldaticn product:-, at high tentoeratures. R.A.E. Teoh. Ilcts Nc. Aero.1835 (S.D.W). Ootober, 1946.
Attached; Tables 1 Figure 1
Circulation:
D.S.R.(A) A.D.S.R.(Geru) D.Eng.R.D. D.D.Eng.K.D. C.T.A./D.E.R.D. A.D.A.E-E-1 A.D./K.D.E(R) Aotion D.D.T.E. A.D./R.IJ.E. (F) R.T.F./±'.I.B. 200+1 A.D./T.E.(D) N.G.T.E. Pyo3took A.R.D. Port Kal3tead G.P.E. '.ftotoott (Mr.Elstub) Armstrong Siddeley Lictors Ltd, De Ilavilland Director, Ji.A.E. D.D.R.A.B. Jfet./Chem. Dept. • Controlled Weapons Dept. Aero. Dept. Library 2 SD/A, P, PA, PB, AF C.S.A.R. A.K.D. Woolwich A.F..Ü. "A''->rlv/ioh (Dr.Iiasternan) K.G-.F.F. Width'im Ab'jey R.G.P.F. WL.lti-.ism Abb^y (Mr.L.A.Wiseman) C.E.A.D. Fort B'.lstetid
\
i -9-
'•WJ11-*-. .1! I --.!>*
-* *-. •••fc^» *^.
fc
GAS5928
21*
m u
läl a °" * r-
Is?!
Ü flD" ~
=> S
:r> *
s
5 ^^»
i- 9
5 "» o.
o •
? r»5
T MM
to io r- w a N ** O
0) 01 S if) ro CM
IS is m ifi jo io
r-' r- oö
^ « 10 * <9
* 01 * -
1 io o rt • (9 is r- I"
O* _ 0) ftl -
8«?3
r » •> °
o o o o o o o o 9 o o -until
»o) m a s
UU -RlO is m
H ß .' I ft *> * «I
S » s - s S lo m in O 1 n io <«• io
<B 19 io *i9 19 01
win ft 11
i9; * 19 m SÜ« •» _ . «m «l no N M io t «o
ON T W rg £•5 JA 6 - tiNfl + n
i8 »r OÖO
p 09 •) ffl-
IS io ri 19K)
.MCilÜN * O «Ml
TM CM 10 10
*0,»«o 10 Ö «'
-nJiftB •0U iJP?oo
n U) 0 NO) n« -to is N <n <4 - io 19 19 NOD
~ I» 10 «/ 10
ss «S«rV<
«ro + •
o ag OF» — tti) . io in -
10 19 19 r~©
o o o o o o o oo X = <M "•«{
t>1* *i • «>
no »•;» -»•fib •* a 19 rj f.
•» WT »t io,'* H-S
«S22L
K)(J T <* •
.ill*
TABLE I
10 0) *» l»F)
fiiii 88§ 88
ewoool
ft O WÄJSi SIM Ntifil
1 o) S
0 »il«"«! en * 1- (9 a M () (9IOO
N nt «
09 a> fti 19 ool
. Of 19 10 o
v9 £ 0) - m N 5 5 + 10
o o o 00 O O o OÖ
R;
O 0)
«11
U» I» «Oil
a<n «1 O 1)
-H) 0) t 00 «I N o) w in 11 r-1-0»
in u |J a) a)
MM IM Km
Tech. Note No. Aero.1846 3.0.44
..
K2C - True Jpuclflo Heat s.t :onst.\jit Prousure fcr
Prajjurua Frcm C to 1000 lb./in.2 Absolute
CET/lb.AC.
1100 120Ü 1300 ; 1400 1500
0.C07 0.621 0.634 O.646 O.658
0.607 0.621 0.034 O.046 0.658
ÄKP100 Spacifio hoat gradient per 100 lb./in. 2 pras-j sure difforunoe, valid: but—*U 14.7 and 500 lb./in.2 aba.
0.001 0.001 0 0 0
1600 0.667 0.667 0 1700 0.677 0.677 0 1800 0.685 0.685 0 1900 0.693 O.693 0 2000 0.701 0.701 0
2100 0.71 0.71 0 2200 1 0.71 0.71 0 • 2300 i 0.72 0.72 0 2400 0.72 0.7^ 0 2500 ; 0.73 0.73 0
2600 0.73 0.73 0 2700 0.74 0.74 0 2800 i 0.74 0.74 0 2roo 0.74 0.74 0 3000 0.75 0.75 0
i n
Tech. Note No. Aerc.1846 S.D.44
lable 3
II20 - Tctal Heat Fran Cc tc t°C for Pressures
jrcia 0 to 1000 lb./in.2 Ab3olute
1
t°c. Ko
fc CHU/Lb.
P-0 Eb./bb8 14.7 ICO '•'-" '"1
2X 300 500 iv' ••
0 0 0 0 0 0 ' 0 0 15
100
200
300
44.7
50.4
•137.5
15.1 15.2
10c. 1
15.4
100.3
15.5
100.4
203.5
15.8
100.6
203.6
16.6
101.3
204.0
635.I
686.8
734-3
67-, 8
730.4
66S.3
726.1 7».2 711.4 678.2
400 186.0 783.0 780.4 777.7 774.6 763.1 754-6 500 256.1 833.2 831.4 823.6 827.3 823.7 814.5
600 287.8 885.0 583.6 882.3 38C.6 878.0 371.6 700 341.2- 538.5 337.4 936.4 335.0 333.1 323.4 800 356.4 953.7 932.8 992.1 950.9 3S3.4 385.9 300 453.2" 1050.5 104S.7 1049.2 1043.1 1047.0 IO44.2
1000 511.6 •3108.3 uoe.3 1107.3 IIO6.3 1106.0 1103.8
AH100 - Heat gradient p sr 100 lb,/in.2 pressure
between 14.7 and 500 lb./in. 2 abs.
1100 571.6 1168.9 - 0.5 1200 633.0 1230.4 - 0.5 1300 635.8 1253.2 - 0.4 14-00 759.9 1357.3 - 0.4 1500 825.1 1422.5 - 0.3
1600 851.3 1488.7 - 0.3 1700 358.5 1555.3 - 0.3 1800 102>'..6 1624.0 - 0.3 1900 103 5. 6 1632.0 - 0.3 2000 II65.3 1762.7 - 0.2
2100 1236 1833 - 0.2 2200 1307 19C4 - 0.2 23C0 1373 1976 - 0,2 2400 1451 2048 - 0.2 2500 1523 2121 - 0.2
2600 1556 2194 - 0.2 2700 1670 2267 - 0.2 2800 174*. 2341 - 0.2 2900 1 1816 2415 - 0.2 3000 ; 1393
!
2490 - 0.2
- 12
**£^~£
GAS5929 TABLE 4
m 0 N
Z
s m X <
oj-a 8«? 9o o o o 9o oo
8 3S I ö 8 a a s 3
0 o o
0 5 t • i at p- Blif1 El ii ii ti ti ii 'HI £ h R S s
— .« m O N 5 2 S 01 • m n H n IO iini c» n Ki n r-, 5 R R 3 3 3 3 8 ss S
o Z
1 if o O
0 JX
H BnflJjäÄ« S P ? £ s nun» " *»fe«8 s«sM IS SS a § s 88 1 8 8
M (ii ft IO ft
It <
1 S o o 9 o oo 8 o e o o op
ö 5 II
0 lililli (D _ U) (D - 1 E S w 3 ÜISS8 Q t 1 S Ö 8 8 1 8 8 °s°sS • m | | |
to to 10 10 10
N 0 0
J o o g 0 O OO
8 3 3 3 5 §88 8 8
5 |
0 !88SäÜE
8 i a s i N N ro to IO •n «•» ro •*» to it 99 9 9 n to n to r> $ X n IO 10
0 0
«a mini 9 ö it •x. main p a h p S H (ii ni «\i • JJ to S ft to
S S 2 N B # n ft n rt
S 1 ffl * t io to »o Pi n
I-« » «1« iö iö io S r»
H O
1 X
O 0 0 O 0 O o o o o O 0 o 0 II
o 5 (II M N N N|g lUH ppee? " S « | s B8B8S I S 1 A 1
• z
5
«1
*• — A b £ MM InJOo go goSoo go 0 0 0 o o So II
o • p 1 i 51 N15 S js P 3 | 5 E E N S & Ha^ S 8 § 3 e 8 A n n n
• N B s a ö a t • s 10 *0 10 • IO
N X
1 II <1
IJ N K • 8 S S 8
St*;?* ?» IÖ to rn •?> •% io io
a K 3 8 i- nn n h n
F s & s: x m to I*I to to * •t » • *
« ö 1 S A
4-1 »•88MB mil § 8 81 8 = 5 B 2 !2 Ifisi « w M N w i! eg u o n
- 13-
"1" v
GAS 5930 TABLES
] 0 M z
1 r < oa»»?^?
• _
I •??? o o 5 ö ö « rl » n N O O 0 O «? | N N IM W
OOOop CM (M (ii <Ü CM
< «•
0
ä r - »" r? S ? «I II CM '1 T
8 o - * F « - tl 1, (1
i» O •» r- 0
g l x i * - w - «J «
HS«« * « n n t
w o CD 8 «> • § 1 r- i»
U co O M 10
01 IM I 2 tu 1- • • » n
o z
1 X < oSKSf.-Y V ? | ? 99 •4 334$ fVfft ???!?!? i
i
?V !? tt 0 * a. I
moo CM • g «i a s J> 5 JPSSJ
r- - £ 7 n •r u « IM u ° fi 5 •> E m if 9 S 3
«I 9 • • o
&S33! 0 r» u f Z SS»5* c-f? r- CD CD
Hl
1 <
1 <
•9?ft??9 ? 7 T ?? CO CO CD • 0) »ff ff * ii n • R T t T t t
- n a • • "t t f T n«(ia n
1 0 • a
Z " n » 2 - * _ io m u
fi ?J* PS o in 19 CM io T io 5 n n
V _ N in *
gun Hi-
* r- P
CO dl •«•
r CD OJ co
I M
0 u
8 X < oaS»!f?
• • _ IO JO J 3 m o) » SiTSSS 0 9 9 o 9 CM H w N M
0 o O o o pj N oi CM CM
0 0 0 0 0 M (M CM eil
3 o
o 1 t I
M> N N t „. n « <u ""•IS * • S 1 S t c « 8 3
t 5 » 9 T 8 S S « 8 IO 10 A K> * ?*£§§
f» O * B) M
S8S PJ? 110 * a M J5B 1 o) 10 F* i OD a
o u
1 <
oJH?? ? tf Spl X I 3 8 n M 999 19« » 8 9999« o
I
r- u - o "i
liiii in m n oi a
8 £888 N nnn t
n n n t il SS H! I P * f *• " "
o + f * 9 t * 9 r B 8 m i» p p 1» o ifl r^ r*
f. utn T O 1 -i
•r • a 0 • «)«llr) r* f* 0 co co
I 3! p
B
M o
s X °8»n$ 8 f | 8 3 Kl * •+ •» T
|[ i io i in • «i • in « n n in n in litt 99 888»8
1 ä
X
_ o^ s — 9 „i o M is m 9*f 1*
rt ~ S dl IQ Kl Kl Kl
o ? w r- ro «i o 9 1 i 5 ?* ?s
O O _ Kl 1-
S S is 5 S •» co 1 •> "
u
i 5 z
>
«1 z
1 X 0SR8??? ??? ? ? T T T T T *???* ??? 9f ffff.f
o
0 1 m
X ^ «• *• 9 J t « 2 1 ?
«S88Ü o r oi «i -
S « K S ^ M 10 fO K» if
? ° C * 2 « f. i=- a •» nssn h «i • m o
§38 §*
(I IM O W n
r 1 ffl 0 so
I M
1 X <
-i
a •
X Ä T 0 ft 9 1 n § | P | s
N A M n n
- o 4* r a)
«sss; io • • F- r- 8? ? S S S 9 fr i s Uli 1
i -w> o sgBg 8 8 "95St» 8*8 81 fill !| §§iii 888 HS
W N CM dl ä fSS 8 «MCJ W |
/V-
Teoh. Note No. Aero. 1846 3.D.44
gable 6
The Specific Heat Difference, JC; - • v
(a) For the ideal ga.3eoua atute.
Gas -.feijht 1 • Kp - \
%° 18.016 0.1103
% 2.016 C.085
-7'2 28.02 0.070?
p2 32.00 0.0621
CO 28.01 0.0709
'r2 44.01 0.0451
Air 23. ?6 0.0686
NO 30.01 0.0662
NgO 44.02 0.0451
0») H20 - for the non-ideal sa3eoUa 8tate>
JJLE1V*~ ' ib.7K:2 I 100 l
100
200
300
«.oo
500
C0362
200 300 500 1000
Liquid State
C'.0?72 I 0.0575
I 0.1063 Jo".0536=
IdetJ. Gaseoua State
O.O652
0. lü^r,
0.0319
0.0738
C.1054
* Derived from Ref. (16), llaiMg
-15-
*•*-"•-•
A
1
r
-MO QAS 5927"
TN AERO I&4CVSP44
FIG. L
•<JM-3fcK"»SS3yd XNV1SN03 J.V JV3H SWDidS
I-
—-..-— . '
1
^1
; *,*C- • • >*~ ">
t **" '" „ -...- » .
-v.- ».** —— - - •,
'-• -^ - •*••
RESTRICTED TITLE: Review of Available Data on the Heat Capacity of Some Common Gases
AUTHOR(S) ORIG. AGENCY PUBLISHED BY
Ring, I. H.; David, F. W. Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnbprough, Hants (Same)
ATI- 9797
(None) OHIO. AOfMCV NO.
AERO-1846 S. D. 44 ruDUSKINO AOENCT NO.
(Same)' DOC. CLASS. COUNTRY
Restr. Gt. Brit. MOB
English 16 ILLUSTRATIONS
tables, graphs ABSTRACT:
Comparison of values of heat capacities of some common gases is made. Tabulation is given of most reliable values of specific heat at constant pressure and total heat in a form suitable for calculations on combustion at low temperatures, i.e., where effects of dissociation can be neglected. The following gases are investigated at from 0° to 3000°C and at from 0 to 500 pst pressure: steam (extended to 1000/in2 and below 1000t), hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, air, nitric acid, and nitrous oxide.
DISTRIBUTION: Copies of this report obtainable from CAPO. DIVISION: SECTION:
Fuels and Lubricants (12) Analysis and Testing (8)
ATI SHEET NO.: R-12-8-44
SUBJECT HEADINGS: Gas analysis (43097)
Control Air Documents OfTico Wright-Pattarson Air Forco Base, Dayton, Ohio
AIR TECHNICAL INDEX
RESTRICTED
TITLE: Review of Available Data on the Heat Capacity of Some Common Gasy
AUTHORS) ORIG. AGENCY PUBLISHED BY
Ring, I. H.; David, F. W. Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, Hants (Same)
ATI- 9797 REVISION
(None) OBIO. AGENCY NO.
AERO-1846 S. D, 44 niaUSKINO AOENCY NO.
(Same) DOC. CLASS. COUNT»*
Restr. Gt. Brit- English IllUSTRATtONS
tables, graphs
ABSTRACT:
Comparison of values of heat capacities of some common gases is made. Tabulation is given of most reliable values of specific heat at constant pressure and total heat in a form suitable for calculations on combustion at low temperatures, i.e., where effects of dissociation can be neglected. The following gases are investigated at from 0° to 3000°C and at from 0 to 500 psi pressure: steam (extended to 1000/in2 and below 1000°C), hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, air, nitric acid, and nitrous oxide.
DISTRIBUTION: Copies of this report obtainable from CAPO. DIVISION: SECTION:
Fuels and Lubricants (12) Analysis and Testing (8)
ATI SHEET NO.: R-12-8-44
SUBJECT HEADINGS: Gas analysis (43097)
Central Air Documents Office
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio AIR TECHNICAL INDEX
c EO 10501 dd 5 NOV 195C
