TNTP Irreplaceables Study — July 30, 2012

7/31/2019 TNTP Irreplaceables Study July 30, 2012

1/52

[ogkqvwnogjom whk Qknb Qkwkowjdo Fqjvjv jo Nikqjfnv [qano Vfhddbv

Kianqmd ldq qkbknvk3 Idognz" C{bz 65" 15>1>355 UI KVW


2/52


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WHK JQQKUBNFKNABKV[ogkqvwnogjom whk Qknb Qkwkowjdo Fqjvjv jo Nikqjfnv [qano Vfhddbv

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JOWQDG[FWJDO3BDVV DL N MQKNW WKNFHKQ

D[Q IJV[OGKQVWNOGJOMDL WKNFHKQ W[QOD\KQ

KXUBDQJOM WHK QKNBWKNFHKQ QKWKOWJDO FQJVJV

QKFDIIKOGNWJDOV3VINQW QKWKOWJDO

WKFHOJFNB NUUKOGJX

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4/52

NF@OD]BKGMIKOWVInoz jogj|jg{nbv nfqdvv WOWU }kqk jovwq{ikownb jo fqknwjom whjv qkudqw/ Ikbjvvn ]{ bkg d{q w}d)zknq qkvknqfh klldqw

nog d{q wnbkowkg nonbzvw wkni3 @kbbj Idqmno" Ckoojlkq H{q" @ziakqbjk Vfhjlqjo" Bjvn Mdqgdo" Mjon Q{vvkbb" Hnj H{zoh nog

Vnogz Vhnoodo/

Nogz Cnfda" Kbjsnakwh \jgznqwhj nog @nwhbkko Fnqqdbb bkg }qjwjom nog gkvjmo klldqwv/

Ld{q ikiakqv dl WOWUv bkngkqvhju wkniWjidwhz Gnbz" Gnojkb ]kjvakqm" Gn|jg @kkbjom nog Ninogn @dfdo}kqk

gkkubz jo|db|kg jo k|kqz vwnmk dl whk uqdckfw/ Fqzvwnb Hnqido nog Nbk`n Fnbvdznv nbvd nov}kqkg ~{kvwjdov nog vhnqkg

|nb{nabk jovjmhwv nbdom whk }nz/

]k nqk mqnwkl{b ldq whk fdowqja{wjdov dl d{q Wkfhojfnb Ng|jvdqz Unokb3 Cnok Hnoon}nz" Kqjf Hno{vhk`" Fdqz @dkgkb"

V{vnoon Bdka nog Cnikv ]zf`dll/ Whkjq fnogjg lkkganf` do d{q ikwhdgdbdmz nog ogjomv hkbukg u{vh d{q whjo`jom nogvhnuk whk onb qkudqw/ Jo nggjwjdo" }k }jvh wd whno` Ckvvjfn Bk|jo ldq hkq jo|nb{nabk jou{w/

Vukfjnb whno`v wd whk Ajbb , Ikbjogn Mnwkv Ld{ognwjdo" Fnqokmjk Fdqudqnwjdo dl Ok} Zdq`" Fhnqbkv nog Hkbko

Vfh}na Ld{ognwjdo" Bn{qn nog Cdho Nqodbg Ld{ognwjdo" Cdzfk Ld{ognwjdo" Odzfk Ld{ognwjdo" nog whk ]nbwdo Lnijbz

Ld{ognwjdo" }hdvk v{uudqw ldq d{q dqmnojsnwjdo in`kv whjv }dq` udvvjabk/

Ljonbbz" }k nqk gkkubz jogkawkg wd whk vwnll dl whk vfhddb gjvwqjfwv whnw wdd` unqw jo d{q vw{gz" nog wd whk whd{vnogv dl

wknfhkqv nog uqjofjunbv }hd nov}kqkg d{q ~{kvwjdov nog hkbukg {v {ogkqvwnog whkjq kxukqjkofkv/


5/52

Vnqnh> }nv n v{ffkvvl{b u{abjf vfhddb wknfhkq }jwh idqk

whno whqkk gkfngkv dl kxukqjkofk jo hkq bnqmk Vd{whkqo

fjwz/ Vhk hng fdik wd Ckllkqvdo do n ijvvjdo3 wd vhnqk

hkq fdovjgkqnabk v`jbbv }jwh vwnll nog vw{gkowv nw n vfhddb

vwq{mmbjom }jwh unjol{bbz bd} nfhjk|kikow/

Gkvujwk whk fhnbbkomkv hkq bd})jofdik vw{gkowv lnfkg"

Vnqnh hkbukg whki in`k kxwqndqgjonqz nfngkijf vwqjgkv

fdiunqkg }jwh dwhkq wknfhkqv jo hkq vfhddb nog gjvwqjfw/

Nbidvw nbb dl hkq w}d gdsko ld{qwh)mqngk vw{gkowv vud`k

Vunojvh nw hdik" nog whkjq Kombjvh v`jbbv }kqk vhn`z/ A{w

}hko whkz wdd` qk~{jqkg inwh nog qkngjom wkvwv jo Kombjvhwhnw vuqjom" nbb a{w dok unvvkg whk inwh kxni" nog nbb a{w

ld{q unvvkg qkngjom/

C{vw nv jiudqwnow" vw{gkowv kocdzkg vukogjom wjik jo hkq

fbnvvqddi/ Qn{fd{v >5)zknq)dbgv }hd }d{bgow vwnz jo

whkjq vknwv jo Vkuwkiakq }kqk qkbnxkg nog qkngjom wdmkwhkq

do whk vwdqz q{m az Od|kiakq/ Whkz wqknwkg dok nodwhkq

}jwh `jogokvv" nog bdd`kg wd Vnqnh nv n wq{vwkg nbbz nog

fdognowk/ Jo w{qo" vhk lkbw fdiijwwkg wd hkq vw{gkowv nog

uqd{g dl whkjq nffdiubjvhikowv/ Vhk gjgow }now wd ujf`

{u nog id|k/

Zkw whkqk vhk }nv nw whk kog dl whk zknq" qkbdfnwjom wd

n u{abjf vfhddb nfqdvv wd}o/ Whkqk }nv bjwwbk udjow jo

vwjf`jom nqd{og Ckllkqvdo" vhk m{qkg" vjofk vfhddb bkngkqv

mn|k hkq bjwwbk qkfdmojwjdo" lnjbkg wd wn`k ng|nownmk dl

hkq jovwq{fwjdonb kxukqwjvk nog vwzijkg whk vdqw dl wkni)

a{jbgjom nog fdbbnadqnwjdo whnw hng hkbukg hkq addvw

ukqldqinofk nidom vw{gkowv nog lkbbd} wknfhkqv nw dwhkq

vfhddbv ldq gkfngkv/

Vnqnh ingk whk hknqwaqkn`jom gkfjvjdo wd bkn|k nlwkq vhk

akmno wd lkkb whnw vhk }nv dobz v{uudqwjom n lnjbjom vzvwki/

J mkw vwqdom qkv{bwv }jwh vw{gkowv fdovjvwkowbz" zknq nlwkq

zknq nlwkq zknq" vhk vnjg/ Whkvk `jgv hn|k bknqokg vd

i{fh nog fdik vd lnq/ Whkz|k qknbbz vwkuukg {u wd whkubnwk/ A{w jl whkz md anf` wd n ang wknfhkq" }hnw mddg

gjg J gd4

Vhk lkbw Ckllkqvdov jogjllkqkofk wd hkq wnbkow nog

fdowqja{wjdov wd whk |kqz kog/ ]hko vhk qkvjmokg" whk

uqjofjunb c{vw vjmokg iz unukq}dq`" nog gjgow k|ko vnz n

}dqg" vhk vnjg/ Jw ingk ik lkkb bj`k hk fd{bgow fnqk bkvv"

odw nad{w ik nog odw nad{w whjv vfhddb/

Jl hk }d{bg hn|k vnjg" ]hnwv jw mdjom wd wn`k ldq ik wd

mkw zd{ wd vwnz4 whnwv nbb hk hng wd gd" vhk vnjg/ Idvw

ukdubk" jl whkz hng n qknbbz gzonijf wknfhkq" }d{bgow whkz

vnz" ]hnwv jw mdjom wd wn`k4

JOWQDG[FWJDO3 BDVV DL N MQKNW WKNFHKQJo bnwk Inz dl 15>1" nv vw{gkowv nw Ckllkqvdo Kbkikownqz Vfhddb fbknokg d{w whkjq gkv`v nog

fkbkaqnwkg whk vwnqw dl v{iikq" dok dl whkjq ln|dqjwk wknfhkqv }nv unf`jom {u hkq whjomv nog

bkn|jom" wdd/ Dobz" {obj`k whki" vhk }d{bgow ak anf` jo whk lnbb/


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Whk Jqqkubnfknabkv nqk wknfhkqv vd v{ffkvvl{b whnw whkz nqk oknqbz jiudvvjabk wd qkubnfk/

LJM[QK > r ]HD NQK WHK JQQKUBNFKNABKV4

D[WVWNOGJOM WKNFHKQV MKWWJOM MQKNW QKV[BWV JO VFHDDBV ONWJDO]JGK

JQQKUBNFKNABKV

Wdu 15+ dl wknfhkqv jovw{gjkg gjvwqjfwv" nv mn{mkg

az gjvwqjfw gnwn

VW[GKOW JIUNFW

Mkokqnwk ; wd < idqk idowhv dlvw{gkow bknqojom knfh zknq whno

n uddq ukqldqikq

VFDUK

7 {qano gjvwqjfwv"}jwh 1">55 vfhddbv" :5"555

wknfhkqv" >/7 ijbbjdo vw{gkowv

Bd})ukqldqijomwknfhkq

Hjmh)ukqldqijomwknfhkq

> zknq 1 zknqv

]HD NQK WHK JQQKUBNFKNABKV4Vnqnh jvow nbdok jo hkq v{ffkvv jo whk fbnvvqddi dq hkq

kxukqjkofk nw hkq vfhddb/ Vhk jv unqw dl n mqd{u }k fnbb whk

Jqqkubnfknabkvwknfhkqv }hd nqk vd v{ffkvvl{b whkz nqk

oknqbz jiudvvjabk wd qkubnfk" a{w }hd wdd dlwko |nojvh lqdi

vfhddbv nv whk qkv{bw dl okmbkfw nog jonwwkowjdo/

1

Wd jgkowjlz nog akwwkq {ogkqvwnog whk kxukqjkofk dl whkvk

wknfhkqv" }k vwnqwkg az vw{gzjom :5"555 wknfhkqv nfqdvv

ld{q bnqmk" mkdmqnuhjfnbbz gj|kqvk {qano vfhddb gjvwqjfwv/

]k nbvd kxnijokg vw{gkow nfngkijf mqd}wh gnwn dq

|nb{k)nggkg qkv{bwv ldq nuuqdxjinwkbz 15"555 dl whdvk

wknfhkqv/ ]hjbk whkvk iknv{qkv fnoodw uqd|jgk n fdiubkwk

ujfw{qk dl n wknfhkqv ukqldqinofk dq najbjwz do whkjq

d}onog vhd{bgow ak whk dobz iknv{qk {vkg jo qknb)

}dqbg wknfhkq k|nb{nwjdovwhkz nqk whk idvw uqnfwjfnb

}nz wd jgkowjlz wqkogv jo n vw{gz dl whjv vfnbk" nog qkvknqfhhnv gkidovwqnwkg whnw whkz vhd} n qkbnwjdovhju wd dwhkq

ukqldqinofk iknv{qkv" v{fh nv fbnvvqddi davkq|nwjdov/6

]k {vkg whk gnwn wd jgkowjlz wknfhkqv }hd ukqldqikg

kxfkuwjdonbbz }kbb (az hkbujom vw{gkowv in`k i{fh idqk

nfngkijf uqdmqkvv whno kxukfwkg*" nog wd vkk hd} whkjq

kxukqjkofkv nog dujojdov nad{w whkjq }dq` gjllkqkg lqdi

dwhkq wknfhkqvunqwjf{bnqbz wknfhkqv }hdvk ukqldqinofk

}nv kxfkuwjdonbbz uddq/

Vd }hd nqk whk Jqqkubnfknabkv4 Whkz nqk" az noz iknv{qk"

d{q |kqz akvw wknfhkqv/ Nfqdvv whk gjvwqjfwv }k vw{gjkg"

nad{w 15 ukqfkow dl wknfhkqv lkbb jowd whk fnwkmdqz/ Do

n|kqnmk" knfh zknq whkz hkbu vw{gkowv bknqo w}d wd whqkk

nggjwjdonb idowhv }dqwh dl inwh nog qkngjom fdiunqkg}jwh whk n|kqnmk wknfhkq" nog |k wd vjx idowhv idqk

fdiunqkg wd bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv/7 Akwwkq wkvw vfdqkv

nqk c{vw whk akmjoojom3 Vw{gkowv }hdvk wknfhkqv hkbu whki

in`k whkvk `jogv dl mnjov nqk idqk bj`kbz wd md wd fdbbkmk

nog knqo hjmhkq vnbnqjkv nv ng{bwv" nog whkz nqk bkvv bj`kbz wd

akfdik wkkonmk unqkowv/;

Wknfhkqv dl whjv fnbjakq odw dobz mkw d{wvwnogjom nfngkijf

qkv{bwv" a{w nbvd uqd|jgk n idqk komnmjom bknqojom

kxukqjkofk ldq vw{gkowv/ Ldq kxniubk" }hko ubnfkg jo whk

fbnvvqddi dl no Jqqkubnfknabk vkfdognqz inwh wknfhkq"vw{gkowv nqk i{fh idqk bj`kbz wd vnz whnw whkjq wknfhkq

fnqkv" gdkv odw bkw whki mj|k {u }hko whjomv mkw gjlf{bw

nog in`kv bknqojom kocdznabk (Ljm{qk 6*/+0 Gjvwqjfw Ahjmh ukqldqikqv3 15+0 Gjvwqjfw F hjmh ukqldqikqv3 15+0 Gjvwqjfw G hjmh ukqldqikqv3 >8+0 Vw{gkow jiunfw kvwjinwkv fnbf{bnwkg ldbbd}jom whkikwhdgdbdmz dl Hnhokb nog Cnf`vdo (15>1*/ Vd{qfk3 Gjvwqjfw gnwn lqdi VZ 155:)>5 nog VZ 15>5)>>/

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LJM[QK 6 r VKFDOGNQZ)BK\KB VW[GKOWV QKVUDOGJOM IDVWBZ WQ[K DQ WDWNBBZ WQ[K

Vw{gkowv dl Bd})Ukqldqijom Wknfhkqv Vw{gkowv dl Hjmh)Ukqldqijom Wknfhkqv

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WHK FHNBBKOMK3 OKMBJMKOW QKWKOWJDOWhk qknb wknfhkq qkwkowjdo fqjvjv jv odw vjiubz whk lnjb{qk wd qkwnjo kod{mh wknfhkqv0 jw jv whk lnjb{qk

wd qkwnjo whk qjmhw wknfhkqv/

]hko no Jqqkubnfknabk bkn|kv n bd})ukqldqijom vfhddb" jw

fno wn`k >> hjqkv wd og dok wknfhkq dl fdiunqnabk ~{nbjwz

(Ljm{qk 7*/ Zkw vfhddbv wkog wd wqknw whkjq akvw wknfhkqvnv whd{mh whkz nqk kxukognabk/ Inoz Jqqkubnfknabkv }k

v{q|kzkgoknqbz hnbl jo vdik gjvwqjfwvjogjfnwkg whnw

whkjq vfhddbv ingk bjwwbk wd od klldqw wd qkwnjo whki/>5

C{vw bj`k Vnqnh" no nvwd{ogjom w}d)whjqgv wdbg {v whnw whkjq

uqjofjunb hngow k|ko kofd{qnmkg whki wd vwnz (Ljm{qk ;*/

Wdu wknfhkqv vkki wd ak vhdqwfhnomkg nw k|kqz w{qo/

Udbjfjkv nw whk vwnwk nog bdfnb bk|kb dlwko fn{vk whki wd knqo

bkvv whno whkjq bknvw kllkfwj|k fdbbknm{kv nog lnjb wd uqdwkfw

whki jo whk k|kow dl bnzdllv/ Whkz kog{qk gjvwqjfwv nog

vfhddbv whnw lnjb wd |nb{k whkjq wnbkowv nog gd odw uqd|jgk

whki }jwh v{uudqwj|k vfhddb f{bw{qkv/

Nv }k }jbb vhd}" whjv ukq|nvj|k okmbkfw dl whk onwjdov akvw

wknfhkqv jv n gjvmqnfk whnw gkqnjbv vfhddb jiuqd|kikow

klldqwv nog qdav ijbbjdov dl vw{gkowv dl n udwkowjnbbz bjlk)

fhnomjom kg{fnwjdo/ ]k kvwjinwk whnw jo dok zknq nbdok"

nuuqdxjinwkbz >5"555 Jqqkubnfknabkv jo whk onwjdov ;5

bnqmkvw vfhddb gjvwqjfwv bklw whkjq gjvwqjfwv" dq bklw wknfhjom

kowjqkbz/>> Uqjofjunbv hn|k whk ud}kq wd fdo|jofk inoz dl

whkvk wknfhkqv wd vwnz bdomkq" a{w whkz dlwko gdow k|ko wqz/

C{vw nv whk vfhddbv }k vw{gjkg ingk bjwwbk klldqw wd qkwnjo

whkjq Jqqkubnfknabkv" whkz ingk nbidvw od klldqw wd {qmk

bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv wd bkn|k nog nfw{nbbz kofd{qnmkginoz wd vwnzk|ko whdvk }hd" nlwkq zknqv dl kxukqjkofk"

nqk vwjbb odw ukqldqijom nv }kbb nv whk n|kqnmk qvw)zknq

wknfhkq/>1 Nv n qkv{bw" }k kvwjinwk whnw oknqbz > jo k|kqz

>5 fbnvvqddiv jo whk gjvwqjfwv }k vw{gjkg jv bkg az no

kxukqjkofkg a{w bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkq/>6

Whk okmbkfw dl Jqqkubnfknabkv nog wdbkqnofk ldq uddq

ukqldqinofk nqk w}d vziuwdiv dl no k|ko bnqmkq uqdabki

dok whnw {ogkqijokv whk wknfhjom uqdlkvvjdo jwvkbl3 n oknq)

wdwnb jogjllkqkofk wd }hjfh wknfhkqv vwnz nog }hjfh dokv

bkn|k" od inwwkq hd} }kbb dq uddqbz whkz ukqldqi/ Vfhddbv

qkwnjo whkjq akvw nog bknvw)kllkfwj|k wknfhkqv nw vwqj`jombz

vjijbnq qnwkv (Ljm{qk jo < udwkowjnb qkubnfkikowv

}jbb ak dl vjijbnq ~{nbjwz

BD])UKQLDQIJOM VFHDDB

]hko n wdu wknfhkq bkn|kv

dobz > jo >> udwkowjnb qkubnfkikowv}jbb ak dl vjijbnq ~{nbjwz

Kvwjinwkv anvkg do wknfhkqv }jwh |nb{k)nggkg dq mqd}wh gnwn0 Bd} ukqldqijom vfhddbv jofb{gk vfhddbv jo whk bd}kvw ~{jowjbk dl uqdfjkofz az vfhddbk|kb0 Ukqfkownmk dl hjmh)ukqldqijom udwkowjnb qkubnfkikowv jo nbb vfhddbvGjvwqjfw N3 >1+0 Gjvwqjfw A3 >=+0 Gjvwqjfw F3 >;+0 Gjvwqjfw G3 >;+0 Bd})ukqldqijom vfhddbvGjvwqjfw N3 >1+ 0 Gjvwqjfw A3 >5+0 Gjvwqjfw F3 6+0 Gjvwqjfw G3 :+/ Vd{qfk3 Gjvwqjfw gnwn lqdi VZ 1558)5: nog VZ 155:)>5/

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WHK VDB[WJDO3 VINQW QKWKOWJDOWhk vdb{wjdo jv wd jiuqd|k qkwkowjdo" odw wd abjogbz jofqknvk jw/

Whk wzujfnb uqkvfqjuwjdo ldq wknfhkq qkwkowjdo uqdabkiv

jo|db|kv jiuqd|jom }dq`jom fdogjwjdov nog qnjvjom

vnbnqjkv/ Nv }k }jbb vhd}" adwh nqk unqw dl whk vdb{wjdo

wd whk qknb qkwkowjdo fqjvjv jo d{q vfhddbv/ A{w gdjomwhkvk whjomv nog odwhjom idqk }d{bg addvw qkwkowjdo dl

whk }kn`kvw nog vwqdomkvw wknfhkqv nbj`k" kxnfkqanwjom

uqdabkiv udvkg az whk bnf` dl ukqldqinofk vwnognqgv jo

wdgnzv wknfhjom uqdlkvvjdo/

Whk vdb{wjdo jv wd jiuqd|k qkwkowjdo" odw wd abjogbz

jofqknvk jw/ Vfhddbv i{vw qkwnjo idqk Jqqkubnfknabkv }hjbk

vji{bwnokd{vbz qnjvjom kxukfwnwjdov ldq wknfhkqv nog

qkwnjojom lk}kq dl whdvk }hd fdovjvwkowbz ukqldqi uddqbz/

Whjv vinqwkq nuuqdnfh wd wknfhkq qkwkowjdo fd{bg jiuqd|k

whk ~{nbjwz dl wknfhjom nw nbidvw noz vfhddb qjmhw n}nz" nogjw hnv whk udwkowjnb wd addvw vw{gkow bknqojom v{avwnowjnbbz/>7

]k akbjk|k jw qkuqkvkowv whk akvw }nznog udvvjabz whk

dobz }nzldq bd})ukqldqijom vfhddbv onwjdo}jgk wd aqkn`

whkjq fzfbkv dl lnjb{qk" nog ldq whk wknfhjom uqdlkvvjdo wd

nfhjk|k whk kbjwk vwnw{v jw gkvkq|kv/

Bnikowjom whk bd} uqkvwjmk dl whk wknfhjom uqdlkvvjdo

}jwhd{w nggqkvvjom whk bd} vwnognqgv whnw ukqukw{nwk jw

}jbb odw vdb|k whk qknb qkwkowjdo fqjvjv" odq }jbb ldf{vjom do

mqknwkq nffd{ownajbjwz ldq wknfhkqv }jwhd{w qkmnqg ldq whkkxfkuwjdonbbz fhnbbkomjom fjqf{ivwnofkv jo }hjfh whkz

}dq`/ Whkvk nuuqdnfhkv hn|k akko qkuknwkg nog gkanwkg

ldq gkfngkv" kog{qjom qjmhw nbdom }jwh whk uqdabki/

]k akbjk|k whk wjik hnv fdik ldq n idqk vkqjd{v vwqnwkmz/

Wknfhkqv nog kg{fnwjdo bkngkqv nw nbb bk|kbv okkg wd

kiaqnfk whk idqk gjlf{bw" idqk fdiubkx }dq` dl

gkinogjom qkvukfw nogqjmdq3 akwwkq }dq`jom fdogjwjdov

ldq wknfhkqv nbdom }jwh whk hjmhkq ukqldqinofk vwnognqgv

}dqwhz dl whk wknfhjom uqdlkvvjdo/

Whk nbwkqonwj|k jv wd fdowjo{k vwnogjom az nv Vnqnh

nog whd{vnogv dl Jqqkubnfknabkv bj`k hkq bkn|k whk

vfhddbv whnw okkg whki idvw" k|ko nv inoz idqk bd})

ukqldqijom wknfhkqv qkinjo" gjiijom whk bjlk fhnofkv dl

vw{gkowv onwjdo}jgk nog kqdgjom whk qku{wnwjdo dl whk

wknfhjom uqdlkvvjdo/

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D[Q IJV[OGKQVWNOGJOM

DL WKNFHKQ W[QOD\KQN l{bb {ogkqvwnogjom dl wknfhkq qkwkowjdo qk~{jqkv idqk whno n vjombko{iakq/ ]k okkg wd nv` }hkwhkq vfhddbv nqk `kkujom idqk dl whkjq akvwwknfhkqv whno whkjq }dqvw/

IJV[OGKQVWNOGJOMW[QOD\K

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58

D[Q IJV[OGKQVWNOGJOM

DL WKNFHKQ W[QOD\KQWknfhkq w{qod|kq jv dok dl whk idvw gjvf{vvkg nog bknvw {ogkqvwddg wdujfv jo

kg{fnwjdo/ Wdd dlwko" u{abjf gkanwk nad{w jw jv vwnqwbjombz vjiubjvwjf nog davf{qkv

whk wq{k jvv{k/ Whk uqdabki akmjov }jwh whk }nz wknfhkq qkwkowjdo jv qkudqwkg

nbidvw nb}nzv nv n vjombk o{iakq" whk hjmhkq whk akwwkq/ Hd}k|kq" no d|kqnbb

qkwkowjdo qnwk az jwvkbl wkbbv {v bjwwbk" akfn{vk jw vnzv odwhjom nad{w }hjfh wknfhkqv

nqk bkn|jom nog }hjfh dokv nqk vwnzjom/

Fdovjgkq dok dl whk idvw jo{kowjnb qkudqwv nad{w wknfhkq qkwkowjdo3Od Gqkni

Gkojkg(1556* lqdi whk Onwjdonb Fdiijvvjdo do Wknfhjom nog Nikqjfnv L{w{qk

(OFWNL*/>; Jwv n{whdqv udjowkg wd hjmh wknfhkq w{qod|kq nv n uqjinqz fn{vk

dl uddq vfhddb ukqldqinofk" odwjom whnw hnbl dl nbb ok} wknfhkqv bkn|k whk

uqdlkvvjdo az whkjq lwh zknq/ Whk qkudqw fnbbkg ldq no nbb)d{w klldqw wd qkg{fk ok}

wknfhkq nwwqjwjdo az ;5 ukqfkow jo whqkk zknqv/

Od Gqkni Gkojkgingk n |nb{nabk fdowqja{wjdo wd whk kbg az gqn}jom nwwkowjdo

wd whk o{iakq dl knqbz)fnqkkq wknfhkqv }hd bkn|k whk uqdlkvvjdo/ A{w jw nbvd ingk

whk nvv{iuwjdo whnw noz jofqknvk jo wknfhkq qkwkowjdo }d{bg ak uqdg{fwj|k" od

inwwkq hd} }kbb whk wknfhkqv akjom qkwnjokg nfw{nbbz ukqldqikg/ Nffdqgjom wd

whjv bdmjf" vfhddbv vhd{bg }dq` hnqg wd `kku jokllkfwj|k wknfhkqv jo whk onik dl

inxjijsjom whk d|kqnbb qkwkowjdo qnwk/

Whjv vjombk)ijogkg ldf{v do qnjvjom d|kqnbb wknfhkq qkwkowjdo qnwkv qkmnqgbkvv dl

ukqldqinofk jv nv vwqdom wdgnz nv jw }nv n gkfngk nmdnog c{vw nv jofdqqkfw/

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nog n}kg nvv{iuwjdo whnw dok wknfhkq jv nad{w nv mddg nv noz dwhkq/>< Jw

gjvwdqwv whk bkvvdov dl qkvknqfh nog gkkv fdiido vkovk/

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jokllkfwj|k wknfhkq bkn|kv whk fbnvvqddi nog jv qkubnfkg az vdikdok idqk wnbkowkg4

D{q qkvknqfh vhd}v whnw vfhddbv hn|k n whqkk jo ld{q fhnofk dl qkubnfjom n bd})

ukqldqijom wknfhkq }jwh n ok} hjqk }hd }jbb ak idqk kllkfwj|k qjmhw n}nznog

}hd jv bj`kbz wd jiuqd|k d|kq wjik" akokwwjom h{ogqkgv dq k|ko whd{vnogv dl

vw{gkowv d|kq whk fd{qvk dl hjv dq hkq fnqkkq/>= Whjv jv wq{k k|ko jo v{ackfwv bj`k

vfjkofk" }hjfh fno ak gjlf{bw wd vwnll (Ljm{qk =*/ Jo whkvk fnvkv" vkbkfwj|k wknfhkq

nwwqjwjdo }d{bg bj`kbz zjkbg n udvjwj|k qkv{bw ldq vw{gkowv/

Jwv wq{k whnw kxfkvvj|k w{qod|kq fno gjvq{uw noz }dq`ubnfk" nog n qkfkow vw{gz

vhd}kg whnw |kqz bd} wknfhkq qkwkowjdo qnwkv fno okmnwj|kbz nllkfw vw{gkow

nfhjk|kikow/>8 A{w wd jiuqd|k vfhddbvkvukfjnbbz vwq{mmbjom vfhddbvkg{fnwjdo

bkngkqv okkg wd nv` n idqk fdiubjfnwkg ~{kvwjdo whno vjiubz }hkwhkq wknfhkq

qkwkowjdo qnwkv nqk hjmh/ Whkz okkg wd nv` }hkwhkq vfhddbv nqk `kkujom idqk dl

whkjq akvw wknfhkqv whno whkjq }dqvw/

Whk bdvv dl no

jofqkgjabk wknfhkq

jv gkubdqnabk/ A{w

}hnw jl no jokllkfwj|k

wknfhkq bkn|kv nog jv

qkubnfkg az vdikdok

idqk wnbkowkg4

I

JV[OGKQVWNOGJOMW[QOD\KQ

58


13/52


Q

5:

LJM[QK = r BJ@KBJHDDG DL JIUQD\JOM JOVWQ[FWJDO AZ QKUBNFJOM N BD])UKQLDQIJOM

VFJKOFK WKNFHKQ JO GJVWQJFW F

]hko jokllkfwj|k wknfhkqv bkn|k" whkz nqk bj`kbz wd ak qkubnfkg az hjmhkqukqldqijom wknfhkqvk|ko jo gjlf{bw)wd)vwnll v{ackfwv/

OK] WKNFHKQV

=6+ FHNOFK

dl mkwwjom nakwwkq vfjkofk wknfhkq

WKNFHKQ WQNOVLKQV

5/

Hnqg)wd)vwnll v{ackfw wqkog fdoqikg nfqdvv gjvwqjfwv/

5:


14/52

I

JV[OGKQVWNOGJOMW[QOD\KQ

W]D GDIJONOW LNBBNFJKV NAD[W

WKNFHKQ UKQLDQINOFKW}d gkkubz qddwkg lnbbnfjkv nad{w wknfhkq ukqldqinofk hkbu kxubnjo }hz whk

ijv{ogkqvwnogjom dl wknfhkq qkwkowjdo ukqvjvwv/

Ljqvw jv whk fdo|jfwjdo whnw idvw bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv }jbb jiuqd|k wd no nffkuwnabk

bk|kb jo whk l{w{qk/ Jl vwq{mmbjom wknfhkqv fno mkokqnbbz ak kxukfwkg wd jiuqd|k" whkqk jv bkvv

qknvdo wd wqknw whki gjllkqkowbz whno Jqqkubnfknabkv }hko jw fdikv wd qkwkowjdo/ Uqjofjunbv

fd{bg vjiubz ldf{v do qkwnjojom nog gk|kbdujom nbb wknfhkqv/

Vkfdog jv whk nvv{iuwjdo whnw ok} wknfhkqv }jbb nbidvw nb}nzv ak bkvv kllkfwj|k whno

kxukqjkofkg wknfhkqv/ Jl uqjofjunbv akbjk|k whnw n ok} wknfhkq jv {obj`kbz wd nfhjk|k akwwkq

d{wfdikv whno n vwq{mmbjom a{w vknvdokg wknfhkq" whkz }jbb {ogkqvwnognabz ak hkvjwnow wd

jo|kvw wjik nog kokqmz jo qkubnfjom dok }jwh whk dwhkq/

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kxukqjkofkg bd} ukqldqikq jo d{q vw{gz qkinjokg bkvv kllkfwj|k whno whk n|kqnmk qvw)zknq

wknfhkq (Ljm{qk 8*/15

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wknfhkqv wd vkbl)vkbkfw d{w" lk} bkn|k do whkjq d}o/ Nad{w =; ukqfkow dl bd} ukqldqikqv

qkinjo nw whk vnik vfhddb lqdi dok zknq wd whk okxw/1> Hnbl vnz whkz ubno wd qkinjo n

wknfhkq ldq nw bknvw nodwhkq gkfngk/11

Jo idvw fnvkv" k|ko n aqnog)ok} wknfhkq }jbb ak vwqdomkq/ Whqkk d{w dl ld{q wjikv" ok}

wknfhkqv ukqldqi akwwkq jo whkjq ljqvw zknq whno whk bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv whkz qkubnfk"nog whkz nqk idqk bj`kbz wd jiuqd|k d|kq wjik/16 K|ko no n|kqnmk ok} wknfhkq jv bj`kbz wd ak

n vwku {u/

Odok dl whjv iknov nanogdojom gk|kbduikow nv n vwqnwkmz/ Jo lnfw" whk ok} kiuhnvjv

do vwqdomkq wknfhkq k|nb{nwjdo vzvwkiv hdbgv mqknw uqdijvk ldq jiuqd|jom wknfhkq

gk|kbduikow nv }kbb" akfn{vk hkbujom wknfhkqv jiuqd|k jv dok dl whk injo mdnbv dl noz

k|nb{nwjdo vzvwki/ A{w vfhddbv fd{bg jiuqd|k whk ~{nbjwz dl kg{fnwjdo whkz dllkq whkjq

vw{gkowv qjmhw n}nz (nog jo whk bdom wkqi" wdd* whqd{mh vinqwkq qkwkowjdo" k|ko nv whkz }dq`

wd jiuqd|k wknfhkq gk|kbduikow/

Whk wq{wh nad{w whkvk w}d }jgkvuqkng ijvfdofkuwjdov qnjvkv no jiudqwnow ~{kvwjdo3 ]hko

n wknfhkq jv odw ukqldqijom nv }kbb nv n aqnog)ok} wknfhkq nog vhd}v od vjmov dl jiuqd|jom"}hnw vhd{bg hnuuko okxw4 Qkubnfjom n wknfhkq }hd vwq{mmbkv wd hkbu vw{gkowv bknqo fno

ak no {ofdildqwnabk gkfjvjdo" a{w whk nbwkqonwj|k jv lnq qjv`jkq/ Gdjom odwhjom whk fhdjfk

idvw uqjofjunbv in`k{v{nbbz m{nqnowkkv whnw n bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkq }jbb wknfh gdskov

dq k|ko h{ogqkgv idqk fhjbgqko" nog ok|kq jiuqd|k/

Fdowqnqz wd whk

fdo|kowjdonb }jvgdi"

uddqbz ukqldqijom

wknfhkqv qnqkbz

vkbl)vkbkfw d{w/

>5


15/52


Q

Bd} ukqldqikqv qnqkbz jiuqd|k vjmojfnowbz/K|ko whqkk zknqv bnwkq" idvw ukqldqi }dqvk whno whk n|kqnmk qvw)zknq wknfhkq/

LJM[QK 8 r UKQLDQINOFK FDIUNQJVDO DL OK] WKNFHKQV NOG KXUKQJKOFKG BD] UKQLDQIKQV

D\KQ WHQKK ZKNQV

Kxukqjkofkg Bd} Ukqldqikqv1558)5: wd 15>5)>>

Kxukqjkofkg Bd} Ukqldqikqv

Ok} Wknfhkqv1558)5: wd 15>5)>>

WknfhkqIkgjno\nb{k)NggkgUkqfkowjbkQno`

5

>5

15

75

65

;5

5)>>

1558)5:

15>5)>>

Ok} Wknfhkqv

Ikgjno ukqfkowjbk qno`v az udu{bnwjdo vfdqkv0 Udu{bnwjdov gkokg jo VZ 155=)58/ Vd{qfk3 Gjvwqjfw F gnwn lqdi VZ 155=)58 whqd{mh VZ 15>5)>>/Wqkogv fdoqikg nfqdvv gjvwqjfwv/

>>


16/52

K

XUBDQJOM

KXUBDQJOM WHK QKNB

WKNFHKQ QKWKOWJDO FQJVJVIdvw vfhddbv wn`k no nuuqdnfh wd wknfhkq qkwkowjdo whnw okmbkfwv

Jqqkubnfknabkv nog nbbd}v {ov{ffkvvl{b wknfhkqv wd vwnz jogkojwkbz/Uqjofjunbv hn|k wddbv wd qkwnjo whkjq akvw wknfhkqv nog fd{ovkb d{w whkjqbd}kvw ukqldqikqv" a{w whkz qnqkbz {vk whki/

>1


17/52

KXUBDQJOM WHK QKNB

WKNFHKQ QKWKOWJDO FQJVJVWhk onwjdov {qano vfhddb gjvwqjfwv nqk bdvjom whkjq idvw nog bknvw v{ffkvvl{b

wknfhkqv nw vwqj`jombz vjijbnq qnwkv/ Jo whk ld{q gjvwqjfwv }k vw{gjkg" < wd >= ukqfkow

dl Jqqkubnfknabkv bklw whkjq gjvwqjfw nw whk kog dl knfh vfhddb zknq" fdiunqkg

}jwh < wd 1> ukqfkow dl bd} ukqldqikqv/17 Jovwkng dl jiuqd|jom whk ~{nbjwz

dl jovwq{fwjdo whkz dllkq whkjq vw{gkowv az jofqknvjom whk uqdudqwjdo dl mqknw

wknfhkqv nog gkfqknvjom whk uqdudqwjdo dl vwq{mmbjom wknfhkqv" d{q vfhddbv nqk

q{oojom jo ubnfk/ Whjv jv whk qknb wknfhkq qkwkowjdo fqjvjv/

Anvkg do whkvk wqkogv" }k kvwjinwk whnw nuuqdxjinwkbz >5"555 Jqqkubnfknabkv

bkn|k whk ;5 bnqmkvw vfhddb gjvwqjfwv nfqdvv whk fd{owqz knfh zknq/ Inoz dl whkvk

wknfhkqv nqk c{vw vwnqwjom whkjq fnqkkqv3 Jo dok wzujfnb gjvwqjfw }k vw{gjkg" oknqbz

dok)whjqg dl nbb Jqqkubnfknabkv bklw }jwhjo w}d zknqv" nog nbidvw hnbl bklw }jwhjo

|k zknqv (Ljm{qk :*/

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vw{gkowv bknqo lqdi bkvv kllkfwj|k wknfhkqv nv n qkv{bw" nog vwq{mmbjom vfhddbv

akfdik bdf`kg jo n fzfbk dl lnjb{qk whnw uqk|kowv whki lqdi k|kq hn|jom kod{mh

kllkfwj|k wknfhkqv wd hkbu whkjq vw{gkowv v{ffkkg/

Jwv odw jok|jwnabk/ D{q ogjomv v{mmkvw whnw Jqqkubnfknabkv {v{nbbz bkn|k ldq

qknvdov whnw whkjq vfhddb fd{bg hn|k fdowqdbbkg/ Bkvv whno 65 ukqfkow dl whdvk

}hd ubnookg wd bkn|k jo whk okxw whqkk zknqv vnjg whkz }kqk gdjom vd uqjinqjbz

ldq ukqvdonb qknvdov/1< Idqk whno hnbl vnjg whkz ubnookg kjwhkq wd fdowjo{k

wknfhjom nw n oknqaz vfhddb dq fdowjo{k }dq`jom jo @)>1 kg{fnwjdo/1= Nog idqk

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bkn|jom }kqk nggqkvvkg/18

Whjv vjw{nwjdo }d{bg ak {olnwhdinabk jo nbidvw noz dwhkq uqdlkvvjdo }hkqk

jogj|jg{nb ukqldqinofk inwwkqv/ Jinmjok jl vwnq ~{nqwkqanf`v qd{wjokbz bklw uqd)

lddwanbb wkniv nog whdvk wkniv ingk od klldqw wd fdo|jofk whki wd vwnz" dobz wd

anf`bb whkjq ubnfkv }jwh bkvv fnunabk ubnzkqv" bkngjom wd uqdbdomkg bdvjom vwqkn`v/

Lnov }d{bg ak koqnmkg" nog whk fdnfh nog mkokqnb inonmkq }d{bg nbidvw

fkqwnjobz ak vhd}o whk gddq/ Zkw n vjijbnq vfkok ubnzv d{w k|kqz zknq jo vfhddbv

nfqdvv whk fd{owqz" }hkqk whk vwn`kv ldq vw{gkowv nog whkjq lnijbjkv nqk i{fhhjmhkq whno udjowv do n vfdqkadnqg/

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dl whkjq bd}kvw ukqldqikqv/ A{w whkz vhd{bg ak nabk wd `kku n i{fh hjmhkq

ukqfkownmk dl Jqqkubnfknabkv whno bd} ukqldqikqv/ Zkw whjv jv odw hnuukojom jo

idvw vfhddbv wdgnz/ ]hz odw4

Idqk whno =; ukqfkow

dl Jqqkubnfknabkv

vnjg whkz }d{bg hn|k

vwnzkg nw whkjq f{qqkow

vfhddb jl whkjq injo

jvv{k ldq bkn|jom }kqk

nggqkvvkg/

KXUBDQJO

M

>6


18/52

LJM[QK : r HJMH)UKQLDQIJOM WKNFHKQ NWWQJWJDO NOG F[I[BNWJ\K QKWKOWJDO JO GJVWQJFW G"

JO LJQVW LJ\K ZKNQV DL FNQKKQ

Zknq 5 Zknq > Zknq 1 Zknq 6 Zknq 7 Zknq;

>5+=5+

:+55+

Jqqkubnfknabkv Qkinjojom Jqqkubnfknabkv Bkn|jom" Ukq Zknq

]k bdvk

wdd inoz

Jqqkubnfknabkv"

kvukfjnbbz knqbz

jo whkjq fnqkkqv/

WHK FN[VKVWhkvk gkvwq{fwj|k qkwkowjdo unwwkqov dff{q injobz akfn{vk

bkngkqv nw nbb bk|kbv bkw whki hnuuko/ Uqjofjunbv gdow wqz

unqwjf{bnqbz hnqg wd `kku whkjq Jqqkubnfknabkv" odq gd

whkz in`k n vukfjnb klldqw wd fd{ovkb d{w dq gjvijvv bd})

ukqldqijom wknfhkqvk|ko whd{mh whdvk wknfhkqv qnqkbz

jiuqd|k/ Jovwkng" whkz vkki fdowkow wd `kku }hjfhk|kq

wknfhkqv nqk }jbbjom wd vwnz nog bdvk }hjfhk|kq wknfhkqv

gkfjgk wd bkn|k" qkmnqgbkvv dl v`jbb/

Nog }hz vhd{bg whkz nfw noz gjllkqkowbz4 Gjvwqjfw

ngijojvwqnwdqv mkokqnbbz gd odw uqjdqjwjsk dq hdbg uqjofjunbv

nffd{ownabk ldq vinqwkq qkwkowjdo gkfjvjdov/ Nog nv hnv

akko }kbb gdf{ikowkg az WOWU nog dwhkqv" no nqqnz dl

udbjfjkvlqdi fdiukovnwjdo vzvwkiv whnw unz whk bknvw

kllkfwj|k wknfhkqv idqk whno whk idvw kllkfwj|k" wd bnzdll

q{bkv whnw in`k jw jbbkmnb wd `kku Jqqkubnfknabkv g{qjom

wd{mh kfdodijf wjikvvwnog qkngz wd {ogkqijok klldqwv

wd a{jbg vwqdomkq jovwq{fwjdonb wkniv/

Jo vhdqw" whk qknb qkwkowjdo fqjvjv jv l{kbkg az no {ovud`ko

fdovkov{v whnw vfhddbv nqk odw dabjmnwkg wd ak vwqnwkmjf

nad{w whk wknfhkqv whkz `kku/ Whk uqjinqz qkwkowjdo

vwqnwkmz jo idvw vfhddbv jv odw hn|jom n vwqnwkmz nw nbb/

Do whk ldbbd}jom unmkv" }k gjvf{vv whk uqjinqz fn{vkv nog

fdovk~{kofkv dl whk fqjvjv/

Vjombk)zknq gjvwqjfw nwwqjwjdo kvwjinwkv anvkg do zknqv dl vkojdqjwz0 f{i{bnwj|k gjvwqjfw nwwqjwjdo kvwjinwkv fnbf{bnwkg ldbbd}jom whk ikwhdgdbdmzdl Jomkqvdbb (1556*/ Vd{qfk3 Gjvwqjfw G gnwn lqdi VZ 155:)>5 whqd{mh VZ 15>5)>>/ F{i{bnwj|k nwwqjwjdo wqkog fdoqikg nfqdvv gjvwqjfwv/

K

XUBDQJOM

>7


19/52

FN[VK >3Uqjofjunbv in`k lnq wdd bjwwbk klldqw wd qkwnjo Jqqkubnfknabkvdq qkid|k bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv/

Fdo|kowjdonb }jvgdi vnzv whnw idvw wknfhkq nwwqjwjdo jv akzdog whk fdowqdb dl

vfhddbv" kvukfjnbbz whdvk jo uddq fdii{ojwjkv/ Whk nvv{iuwjdo jv whnw wknfhkqv

bkn|k akfn{vk dl incdq bjlk k|kowvvwnqwjom n lnijbz" ldq kxniubkdq g{k wd

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unz dq jongk~{nwk uqkunqnwjdo/

Inoz dl whkvk lnfwdqv ubnz n qdbk nog okkg wd ak nggqkvvkg/ A{w do anbnofk"

}k ld{og whnw whk fdo|kowjdonb }jvgdi jv }qdom/ Bkvv whno 65 ukqfkow dl

Jqqkubnfknabkv }hd ubno wd bkn|k whkjq vfhddb gd vd ldq ukqvdonb qknvdov akzdog

whkjq vfhddbv fdowqdb" nog uqjofjunbv hdbg vjmojfnow v}nz d|kq whk gkfjvjdov dl

whk dwhkq =5 ukqfkow/1: (Ljm{qk >5 jbb{vwqnwkv whk l{w{qk ubnov dl Jqqkubnfknabkv

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21/52

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22/52

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23/52

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24/52

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25/52

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26/52

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Vfhddb W{qonqd{og Jv Oknqbz Jiudvvjabk/F{qqkow qkwkowjdo unwwkqov bdf` d{q bd}kvw)nfhjk|jom vfhddbv jowd n fzfbk dl

lnjb{qk" akfn{vk whkz hn|k uqdudqwjdonbbz lk}kq Jqqkubnfknabkv nog idqk bd})

ukqldqijom wknfhkqv wd akmjo }jwh/ Jo whk ld{q gjvwqjfwv }k vw{gjkg" vfhddbv }jwh

whk bd}kvw vw{gkow uqdfjkofz qnwkv hng hnbl nv inoz Jqqkubnfknabkv nog dok nog

n hnbl wjikv whk vhnqk dl bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv nv hjmh)uqdfjkofz vfhddbv/5 bd})nfhjk|jom vfhddbv jo whk gjvwqjfwv }k vw{gjkg/

Dobz >1 ukqfkow dl whkvk vfhddbv wknfhkqv }kqk Jqqkubnfknabkv" }hjbk >: ukqfkow

}kqk bd} ukqldqikqv/5 vfhddbv }d{bg fdbbkfwj|kbz okkg

wd fd{ovkb d{w dok)whjqg dl whkjq bd} ukqldqikqv nog `kku oknqbz nbb whkjq

Jqqkubnfknabkv k|kqz zknq" ldq ld{q zknqv jo n qd}/ A{w qjmhw od}" whk vfhddbv

`kku nbb whkjq wknfhkqv nw qd{mhbz whk vnik qnwkv (bdvjom nad{w >7 ukqfkow dl nbb

wknfhkqv noo{nbbz*/ Whk ~{nbjwz dl jovwq{fwjdo }jbb qkinjo }kbb akbd} n|kqnmk

{obkvv uqjofjunbv nog gjvwqjfw bkngkqv ldf{v do `kkujom idqk Jqqkubnfknabkv nog

lk}kq bd} ukqldqikqv (Ljm{qk >;*/

U{w vjiubz" idvw vwq{mmbjom vfhddbv }dow k|kq hn|k nv inoz hjmh)ukqldqijom

wknfhkqv nv dwhkq vfhddbvnog nqk {obj`kbz wd jiuqd|k vjmojfnowbz}jwhd{w

in`jom vinqw qkwkowjdo n wdu uqjdqjwz/ Okmbjmkow qkwkowjdo fqknwkv ukqinokow

jok~{jwz/

Idvw vwq{mmbjom

vfhddbv }dow k|kq

hn|k nv inoz hjmh)

ukqldqijom wknfhkqv

nv dwhkq vfhddbv

}jwhd{w in`jom

vinqw qkwkowjdo n

wdu uqjdqjwz/

K

XUBDQJOM

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LJM[QK >; r VJI[BNWKG WKNFHKQ QKWKOWJDO UNWWKQOV JO >5 BD])UKQLDQIJOM VFHDDBV" KNFH ]JWH 15 WKNFHKQV

FNVK VW[GZ3 N F[BW[QK DL HJMH UKQLDQINOFK KXUKFWNWJDOVLk} vfhddbv f{qqkowbz uqnfwjfk vinqw wknfhkq qkwkowjdo" a{w }k

ld{og vk|kqnb whnw vhd} jw jv udvvjabk/ Ldq kxniubk" whk incdqjwz dl

vfhddbv jo dok hjmh)ukqldqijom fhnqwkq inonmkikow dqmnojsnwjdo

}k vw{gjkg nfhjk|kg vinqw wknfhkq qkwkowjdo unwwkqov/

Zkw whjv ldf{v do hjmh vwnognqgv gjg odw in`k wknfhkqv {ohnuuz/

Jo lnfw" nbidvw :5 ukqfkow dl wknfhkqv nw whkvk vfhddbv vnjg whkz

}kqk vnwjvkg }jwh whkjq }dq` ko|jqdoikow" fdiunqkg wd ;; wd

; bkn|k

6 bkn|k

>6 bkn|k

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ZKNQ 1

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155 WknfhkqvVwnqw Zknq >

155 WknfhkqvKog Zknq 7

Jofb{gkv Ok} Hjqkv

67

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68

17

Bd} Ukqldqikqv

Hjmh Ukqldqikqv

Bd} Ukqldqikqv

Hjmh Ukqldqikqv

>=

67+ Bd} Ukqldqikqv Bkn|k

>7+ Hjmh Ukqldqikqv Bkn|k

O{iakq dl wdwnb wknfhkqv jv 155/ Vwnqwjom fdiudvjwjdo jv 17 hjmh ukqldqikqv" >68 ijg ukqldqikqv" nog 68 bd} ukqldqikqv/ Kogjom fdiudvjwjdo ldq

okmbjmkow qkwkowjdo jv 1; hjmh ukqldqikqv" >7> ijg ukqldqikqv" nog 67 bd} ukqldqikqv/ Kogjom fdiudvjwjdo ldq vinqw qkwkowjdo jv 6< hjmh ukqldqikq v"

>7= ijg ukqldqikqv" nog >= bd} ukqldqikqv/ Nonbzvjv dobz jofb{gkv vfhddbv }jwh n ijoji{i dl = wknfhkqv }jwh |nb{k)nggkg dq mqd}wh gnwn joknfh zknq/ Fdiudvjwjdo gnwn anvkg do no n|kqnmk dl 6 zknqv0 nwwqjwjdo nog ujukbjok gnwn anvkg do no n|kqnmk dl 1 zknqv/ Idgkbv {vjom whk wknfhkq

fdiudvjwjdo nw bd}) nog ijg)uqdfjkofz vfhddbv" gkokg az vfhddb)bk|kb inwh uqdfjkofz ~{jowjbk/ Idgkb gdkv odw nvv{ik noz {fw{nwjdo jo wknfhkq

udu{bnwjdov nw vfhddbv nog nvv{ikv udu{bnwjdo dl wknfhkqv }jwh ukqldqinofk gnwn qkkfwv whk kllkfwj|kokvv dl nbb wk nfhkqv nw whkvk vfhddbv/D|kqnbb nwwqjwjdo nog jofdijom ujukbjok qnwk hkbg vwkngz knfh zknq/ Vd{qfk3 Gjvwqjfw G gnwn lqdi VZ 155=)58 whqd{mh VZ 155:)>5/

Az fhnomjom }hjfh wknfhkqv bkn|k" bd})ukqldqijom vfhddbv fno qknfh non|kqnmk wknfhkq fdiudvjwjdo jo n lk} zknqv/

KXUBDQJO

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28/52

FDOVK^[KOFK 13Whk Wknfhjom Uqdlkvvjdo Jv Gkmqngkg/

Akzdog whk nfngkijf fdovk~{kofkv" whk hnogv)dll nuuqdnfh wd qkwkowjdo

gkmqngkv whk wknfhjom uqdlkvvjdo/ Jw vkogv whk gnomkqd{v ikvvnmk whnw mqknw

wknfhkqv nqk kxukognabk" nog jw gk|nb{kv qknb nfhjk|kikow/ Jo whk gjvwqjfwv }k

vw{gjkg" ldq kxniubk" oknqbz jgkowjfnb ukqfkownmkv dl Jqqkubnfknabkv nog bd})

ukqldqijom wknfhkqv wdbg {v whkjq vfhddb hng qkfdmojskg whkjq nffdiubjvhikowv

u{abjfbz/=6 Uqnjvk hnogkg d{w }jwhd{w qkmnqg wd ukqldqinofk bdvkv i{fh dl jwv

iknojom" nog ijmhw k|ko qjom hdbbd} wd wq{bz d{wvwnogjom wknfhkqv/

Whk lnfw whnw jogjvfqjijonwk qkwkowjdo udbjfjkv nbbd} inoz bd} ukqldqikqv wd

qkinjo do whk cda hnv odw mdok {oodwjfkg az nozdok" jofb{gjom wknfhkqv/ Lk}kq

whno hnbl dl whk wknfhkqv }k v{q|kzkg akbjk|kg whnw whkjq vfhddbv hng n bd}

wdbkqnofk ldq jokllkfwj|k wknfhjom/=7

Wknfhjom jv no kxwqkikbz gjlf{bw cda" nog wknfhjom jo n hjmh)okkg vfhddb jv

k|ko wd{mhkq/ Nozdok }hd vjmov {u ldq v{fh gkinogjom }dq` gkvkq|kv kodqid{v

qkvukfw/ A{w d{q nonbzvjv nog gkfngkv dl qkvknqfh hn|k vhd}o whnw mddgjowkowjdov fnoodw v{avwjw{wk ldq mddg ukqldqinofk/ Idvw dl whk bd})ukqldqijom

wknfhkqv }k vw{gjkg qkudqw }dq`jom ~{jwk hnqga{w whkz nqk odw hkbujom whkjq

vw{gkowv bknqo nv i{fh nv whkz okkg wd bknqo/

Wkbbjom vdikdok whnw whkjq akvw jv odw mddg kod{mh jv ok|kq knvz" a{w n }jbbjomokvv

wd gd jw jv whk hnbbinq` dl n wq{k uqdlkvvjdonb/ Wknfhkqv gkvkq|k wd ak |nb{kg ldq

whkjq v`jbb" odw whkjq jowkowjdov/ Wdbkqnwjom uddq ukqldqinofk `kkuv jokllkfwj|k

wknfhkqv jo whk fbnvvqddi jogkojwkbz nog vkogv n gk|nvwnwjom ikvvnmk wd

d{wvwnogjom wknfhkqv/ Idvw jiudqwnowbz" jw h{qwv whk qku{wnwjdo dl whk kowjqk

uqdlkvvjdo" nbbd}jom jw wd ak gkokg az ikgjdfqjwz qnwhkq whno kxfkbbkofk/

Uddq wknfhkqv nqk

odw fnbbkg d{w do whkjq

bnf` dl uqkunqnwjdo"

}hjfh mqknwbz nllkfwv

k|kqzdok kbvk/


K

XUBDQJOM

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29/52

WJIK WD KOG N VNG WQNGJWJDO DL OKMBKFWK|kqzdok }hd bkngv dq vkwv udbjfz ldq vfhddbv hnv hkbukg fqknwk whk qknb qkwkowjdo

fqjvjv/ Whk {oldqw{onwk wq{wh jv whnw Jqqkubnfknabkv hn|k hng od fhniujdo

uqdwkfwjom whkjq jowkqkvwv/

Wknfhkqv {ojdov dlwko bkng whk fhnqmk ldq akwwkq }dq`jom fdogjwjdov nog unz/

A{w whkz nbvd wkog wd v{uudqw udbjfjkv whnw kofd{qnmk dq qk~{jqk uqjofjunbv

wd `kku wknfhkqv qkmnqgbkvv dl whkjq v{ffkvv jo whk fbnvvqddiukqhnuv

{ogkqvwnognabz" akfn{vk n {ojdov fhnqmk jv wd uqdwkfw whk cdav dl nbbjwv

ikiakqv" odw c{vw whk cdav dl jwv idvw v`jbbkg ikiakqv/ Whk uqjfk dl v{fh

udbjfjkv jv whk gjijojvhikow dl whk uqdlkvvjdo/

Jw wn`kv w}d unqwjkv wd nmqkk wd n fdowqnfw nog inoz |dwkv wd unvv n bn}" vd

v{ukqjowkogkowv" vfhddb adnqgv nog bkmjvbnwdqv vhnqk whk qkvudovjajbjwz }hko whkz

nffkuw nog lnjb wd fhnbbkomk whkvk fd{owkquqdg{fwj|k udbjfjkv/

L{qwhkqidqk" gjvwqjfw bkngkqv dlwko gd bjwwbk wd nggqkvv whk uddq }dq`jom

fdogjwjdov nog inonmkikow uqnfwjfkv whnw gqj|k mqknw wknfhkqv lqdi whk

fbnvvqddi/ Uqjofjunbv nqk odw wqnjokg dq kxukfwkg wd fqknwk vfhddb f{bw{qkv

whnw nwwqnfw whk akvw wknfhkqv" dq wd wn`k k|ko vjiubk vwkuv wd jiuqd|k qkwkowjdo

unwwkqov }jwhjo whk f{qqkow udbjfz ko|jqdoikow/ Nog nv }k|k vkko" whkz qnqkbz

in`k v{fh no klldqw do whkjq d}o/

Wknfhkqv whkivkb|kv aknq whk bknvw qkvudovjajbjwz ldq whjv fqjvjv/ Jw jv odw n mqknw

wknfhkqv qkvudovjajbjwz wd qkinjo nw n vfhddb whnw lnjbv wd |nb{k mqknw wknfhjom/

Odq jv jw whk ln{bw dl noz wknfhkq whnw kg{fnwjdo bkngkqv hn|k vkw whk anq ldq

nffkuwnabk ukqldqinofk lnq wdd bd}" ldq lnq wdd bdom/ Whk v{quqjvk jv whnw vd inoz

vwqdom wknfhkqv hn|k akko }jbbjom wd qkinjo jo vfhddbv whnw nuuknq fdiubkwkbz

jogjllkqkow wd whkjq fdowqja{wjdov" nog whnw whkz hn|k odw gkinogkg fhnomk/

Jw jv wjik wd ngduw n ok} vwqnwkmz do wknfhkq qkwkowjdo/ Akfn{vk bkngkqv nw k|kqz

bk|kb hkbukg fqknwk whk qknb qkwkowjdo fqjvjv" whkz nbb hn|k no duudqw{ojwznog n

qkvudovjajbjwzwd hkbu vdb|k jw/

Akfn{vk bkngkqv nw

k|kqz bk|kb hkbukg

fqknwk whk qknb

qkwkowjdo fqjvjv"

whkz nbb hn|k no

duudqw{ojwz

nog n qkvudovjajbjwz

wd hkbu vdb|k jw/

KXUBDQJO

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31/52

QKFDIIKOGNWJDOV3

VINQW QKWKOWJDOVdb|jom whk qknb wknfhkq qkwkowjdo fqjvjv qk~{jqkv n ok} nuuqdnfhwhnw qk|db|kv nqd{og vinqw qkwkowjdo3 kkujom idqk Jqqkubnfknabkvnog lk}kq bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv/

QKFDIIK

OGNWJDOV

1=


32/52


33/52

IN@K QKWKOWJDO DL JQQKUBNFKNABKV N WDU UQJDQJWz

Whkz fd{bg hn|k mdwwko ik wd vwnz/ Jl whkz fd{bg hn|k u{w ik jo

fhnqmk dl unqnuqdlkvvjdonb gk|kbduikow" dq mj|ko ik vdik vdqw dl

bkngkqvhju duudqw{ojwz vd J fd{bg lkkb J }nv jiunfwjom iz vfhddb

akzdog iz fbnvvqddi" whnw }d{bg hn|k akko n ajm gknb ldq ik/

)Jqqkubnfknabk WknfhkqN fdiajonwjdo dl akwwkq vwqnwkmjkv" akwwkq bkngkqvhju nog akwwkq udbjfjkv }jbb hkbu

`kku whk akvw wknfhkqv jo whk fbnvvqddi bdomkq/

Vkw fbknq" u{abjf qkwkowjdo wnqmkwv ldq Jqqkubnfknabkv

Gjvwqjfwv i{vw vwki whk wjgk dl Jqqkubnfknabkv }hd bkn|k whkjq vfhddbv" kvukfjnbbz

whdvk }hd bkn|k knqbz jo whkjq fnqkkqv/ Jo mkokqnb" gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg nji wd `kku

idqk whno :5 ukqfkow dl whkjq Jqqkubnfknabkv k|kqz zknq" a{w idqk jiudqwnowbz"

whkz vhd{bg qnjvk whk qkwkowjdo qnwk dl Jqqkubnfknabkv jo whkjq qvw |k

zknqv wd nw bknvw =; ukqfkow (no jofqknvk dl nad{w ;5 ukqfkow*/

Gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg u{abjfbz qkudqw qkwkowjdo qkv{bwv az vfhddb" nog uqjofjunbv nog

gjvwqjfw bkngkqv vhd{bg ak hkbg nffd{ownabk ldq whk qkv{bwv/ Jo unqwjf{bnq" whkz

vhd{bg vkw nmmqkvvj|k mdnbv ldq vinqw qkwkowjdo jo bd})ukqldqijom w{qonqd{og

vfhddbv" wd hkbu whkvk vfhddbv qknfh nw bknvw whk gjvwqjfw n|kqnmk jo wknfhkq

kllkfwj|kokvv }jwhjo whqkk wd ld{q zknqv/

D|kqhn{b uqjofjunb hjqjom" v{uudqw nog k|nb{nwjdo wd ldf{v do

jovwq{fwjdonb bkngkqvhju

Vinqw qkwkowjdo }jbb odw dff{q nw vfnbk {obkvv uqjofjunbv hn|k whk najbjwz wd a{jbg

vwqdom jovwq{fwjdonb wkniv nog whk f{bw{qkv whnw fno hkbu injownjo whki/ Whjv

iknov vkwwjom nog koldqfjom hjmh kxukfwnwjdov ldq wknfhkqvnog kofd{qnmjom

k|kqz Jqqkubnfknabk wd vwnz k|kqz zknq/ Gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg in`k whkvk bkngkqvhju v`jbbv

no jowkmqnb unqw dl whk hjqjom" gk|kbduikow nog k|nb{nwjdo vzvwki ldq uqjofjunbv/

Ldq kxniubk" gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg hjqk uqjofjunbv }hd hn|k n vwqdom |jvjdo ldq

jovwq{fwjdo nog fno mkw whkjq wknfhkqv wd a{z jo/ Gk|kbduikow ldq uqjofjunbv

vhd{bg ldf{v do whk vukfjf vwkuv whkz fno wn`k wd qkwnjo idqk Jqqkubnfknabkv

nog fqknwk f{bw{qkv whnw ldvwkq vinqw qkwkowjdo unwwkqov/ Qkwkowjdo dl

Jqqkubnfknabkv nog fd{ovkbjom)d{w dl bd} ukqldqikqv vhd{bg ak n

wdu uqjdqjwz ldq uqjofjunbv nog n vjmojfnow fdiudokow dl n

uqjofjunbv k|nb{nwjdo/

Idojwdq vfhddb }dq`jom fdogjwjdov nog nggqkvv fdofkqov whnw gqj|k

n}nz Jqqkubnfknabkv

Uqjofjunbv nog gjvwqjfw bkngkqv vhd{bg mj|k wknfhkqv lqk~{kow duudqw{ojwjkv wd

vhnqk lkkganf` nad{w }dq`jom fdogjwjdov" nog whkz vhd{bg {vk whk qkv{bwv wd

jiuqd|k wknfhkqv gnz)wd)gnz kxukqjkofkv/ Whjv jv kvukfjnbbz jiudqwnow jo bd})

ukqldqijom vfhddbv }hkqk Jqqkubnfknabkv wkog wd ak bkvv vnwjvkg }jwh whkjq }dq`

ko|jqdoikow" dlwko akfn{vk dl vfhddb vnlkwz uqdabkiv" bd} unqkow komnmkikow

nog jvv{kv }jwh vw{gkow fdog{fw/

QKFDIIK

OGNWJDOV

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34/52

Whk kxnfw vdb{wjdov }jbb gkukog do whk vfhddb

dok vfhddb inz okkg nggjwjdonb vkf{qjwz

ukqvdookb"}hjbk nodwhkq ijmhw okkg nggjwjdonb

wqnjojom ldq ngijojvwqnwdqv do uqd|jgjom lkkganf`

wd wknfhkqv/ A{w gjvwqjfw bkngkqv vhd{bg ak uqkunqkg wd

uqd|jgk nggjwjdonb v{uudqw nog qkvd{qfkv wd hkbu vfhddbv

nggqkvv unqwjf{bnqbz gjlf{bw fhnbbkomkv/

Unz Jqqkubnfknabkv }hnw whkzqk }dqwh" nog fqknwk

fnqkkq unwh}nzv whnw kxwkog whkjq qknfh

Vwnwk nog gjvwqjfw bkngkqv vhd{bg uhnvk d{w ~{nbjwz)abjog

unz vwq{fw{qkv jo ln|dq dl idqk kxjabk fdiukovnwjdo

vzvwkiv whnw dllkq mqknwkq knqojomv udwkowjnb ldq hjmh)

ukqldqijom wknfhkqv knqbz jo whkjq fnqkkqv/ Nv n q{bk dl

wh{ia" }k qkfdiikog whnw Jqqkubnfknabkv ak nabk

wd in`k n vjx)m{qk vnbnqz az whk kog dl whkjq

vjxwh zknq dl wknfhjom (dq whk inq`kw k~{j|nbkow jo

bd}kq fdvw)dl)bj|jom nqknv*/ Wd l{og whkvk qnjvkv" vwnwkv noggjvwqjfwv }jbb okkg wd qkg{fk dq uhnvk d{w n{wdinwjf vnbnqz

jofqknvkv ldq lnfwdqv whnw hn|k od uqd|ko fdookfwjdo wd

n wknfhkqv v{ffkvv jo whk fbnvvqddi" v{fh nv nggjwjdonb

fdbbkmk fd{qvk fqkgjwv dq ng|nofkg gkmqkkv/ Whkz }jbb

nbvd okkg wd qkg{fk dq uhnvk d{w n{wdinwjf jofqknvkv ldq

vkojdqjwz/ Whkvk wqnovjwjdov }jbb ak gjlf{bw" a{w gjvwqjfwv

fnoodw nlldqg wd n}nqg qnjvkv ldq jokllkfwj|kokvv nog vwjbb

unz wdu wknfhkqv whk vnbnqjkv whkz gkvkq|k/

Gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg nbvd fqknwk n |nqjkwz dl fnqkkq unwhv

whnw hkbu Jqqkubnfknabkv kxunog whkjq jo{kofk jo whkjq

vfhddbv/ Whqd{mhd{w whkjq fnqkkqv" wdu wknfhkqv vhd{bg

hn|k duudqw{ojwjkv wd qknfh idqk vw{gkowvldq kxniubk"

az wn`jom do nggjwjdonb vw{gkowv dq fbnvvkv jo kxfhnomk ldq

n qnjvk/ Whkz vhd{bg nbvd hn|k duudqw{ojwjkv wd v{uudqw

whkjq fdbbknm{kv az wn`jom do vfhddb)anvkg jovwq{fwjdonbbkngkqvhju udvjwjdov/=:

Jqqkubnfknabkv nqk fbknqbz jowkqkvwkg jo whkvk `jogv dl

fnqkkq ng|nofkikow duudqw{ojwjkv" }hjfh vwjbb nbbd} whki

wd vukog n vjmojfnow nid{ow dl wjik jo whk fbnvvqddi/

Ldq kxniubk" d{q nonbzvjv v{mmkvwv whnw oknqbz =5 ukqfkow

dl Jqqkubnfknabkv }d{bg wn`k do no nggjwjdonb |k

vw{gkowv jo kxfhnomk ldq n '=";55 qnjvk/85 Fnqkkq

duudqw{ojwjkv fd{bg ak kvukfjnbbz ud}kql{b qkfq{jwikow

nog qkwkowjdo wddbv ldq bd})ukqldqijom vfhddbv0 jo dok

gjvwqjfw" whk ukqfkownmk dl wknfhkqv }hd }d{bgfhddvk wd }dq` jo n bd})ukqldqijom vfhddb gd{abkg

}hko whk vfhddb dllkqkg wknfhkq bkngkq qdbkv/8>

Uqdwkfw Jqqkubnfknabkv g{qjom bnzdllv

Vwnwkv nog gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg qkubnfk ~{nbjwz)abjog bnzdllv }jwh

q{bkv whnw fdovjgkq ukqldqinofk idqk whno vkojdqjwz" vd

whnw Jqqkubnfknabkv nqk uqdwkfwkg g{qjom bnzdllv/81

WHK JIUDQWNOFK DL IKNOJOML[B K\NB[NWJDO VZVWKIVVinqw qkwkowjdo hjomkv do whk najbjwz dl vfhddb nog gjvwqjfw bkngkqv

wd nff{qnwkbz jgkowjlz Jqqkubnfknabkv nog bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv/

Vwnwkv nog vfhddb gjvwqjfwv okkg wd qkubnfk d{wgnwkg wknfhkq

k|nb{nwjdo vzvwkiv whnw qnwk oknqbz nbb wknfhkqv vnwjvlnfwdqz

nog mj|k whki bjwwbk {vkl{b lkkganf` do whkjq ukqldqinofk/

Qkvknqfh hnv vhd}o whnw fdiajojom |nb{k)nggkg gnwn }jwh whk

qkv{bwv dl fbnvvqddi davkq|nwjdov nog vw{gkow v{q|kzv uqd|jgkv

n idqk fdiubkwk nog nff{qnwk ujfw{qk dl n wknfhkqv v{ffkvv/86

Nbwhd{mh {vjom |nb{k)nggkg gnwn }nv whk idvw uqnfwjfnb }nz

wd fdog{fw whk qkvknqfh ldq whjv qkudqw" }k vwqdombz akbjk|k

whnw wknfhkq k|nb{nwjdov jo whk qknb }dqbg vhd{bg {vk n i{bwjubk

iknv{qkv nuuqdnfh/87

Hd}k|kq" vfhddb nog gjvwqjfw bkngkqv gdow okkg wd }njw ldq akwwkq

k|nb{nwjdov wd vwnqw ldf{vjom do vinqw qkwkowjdo/ ]hjbk }dq`jom wd

a{jbg ok} k|nb{nwjdo vzvwkiv" whkz fno {vk kxjvwjom joldqinwjdo wd

akwwkq {ogkqvwnog whkjq wknfhkqv ukqldqinofk/

Ldq kxniubk" whk Hd{vwdo Jogkukogkow Vfhddb Gjvwqjfw gk|kbdukg

n vwnll qk|jk} uqdfkvv }hjbk jw }dq`kg wd a{jbg n fdiuqkhkovj|k

ok} k|nb{nwjdo vzvwki/ Nv unqw dl whk uqdfkvv" uqjofjunbv mn|k

knfh wknfhkq no joldqinb ukqldqinofk qnwjom anvkg do whk

qkv{bwv dl vwnognqgjskg wkvwv" fbnvvqddi davkq|nwjdov nog nbb

dwhkq n|njbnabk ukqldqinofk joldqinwjdo/8; Qkvknqfh vhd}v

whnw uqjofjunbv fno in`k whkvk jogv dl c{gmikowv nff{qnwkbz"

kvukfjnbbz }hko jw fdikv wd whk hjmhkvw nog bd}kvw ukqldqikqv/8


35/52

VWQKOMWHKO WHK WKNFHJOM UQDLKVVJDO WHQD[MH

HJMHKQ KXUKFWNWJDOV

Jl }k vkw hjmh kxukfwnwjdov whnw k|kqzdok }d{bg ldbbd}" whko J }d{bg

bd|k wd qkinjo nw iz uqkvkow cda/


Qkwnjojom idqk Jqqkubnfknabkv nbdok }jbb odw vdb|k whk qknb qkwkowjdo fqjvjv

dq whk uqdabki dl fhqdojfnbbz bd} vw{gkow nfhjk|kikow/ Vfhddb nog gjvwqjfw

bkngkqv i{vw nbvd nggqkvv whk dwhkq vjgk dl whk qkwkowjdo fqjvjv3 whk jogjllkqkofk

wd ukqldqinofk whnw hnv nbbd}kg vd inoz jokllkfwj|k wknfhkqv wd qkinjo jo whk

fbnvvqddi ldq zknqv dq k|ko gkfngkv" }kn`kojom whk kowjqk wknfhjom uqdlkvvjdo jo

whk uqdfkvv/ Qk|kqvjom whjv wqkog qk~{jqkv n fdiijwikow az uqjofjunbv wd in`k

{ofdildqwnabk gkfjvjdov nog n fdiijwikow az gjvwqjfw bkngkqv nog udbjfzin`kqv

wd v{uudqw whdvk gkfjvjdov/

Vkw n ok} vwnognqg ldq kllkfwj|kokvv nog gjvijvv dq fd{ovkb d{w

wknfhkqv }hd fdovjvwkowbz ukqldqi akbd} jw

D{q nonbzvjv vhd}v whnw vfhddbv qd{wjokbz qkwnjo kxukqjkofkg wknfhkqv }hd nqk

bkvv kllkfwj|k whno k|ko od|jfk wknfhkqv/ Jw jv wjik wd nji hjmhkq/

Wknfhkqv }hd fnoodw wknfh nv }kbb nv whk n|kqnmk qvw)zknq wknfhkq

vhd{bg ak fdovjgkqkg jokllkfwj|k{obkvv whkz nqk qvw)zknq wknfhkqv/

Whdvk }hd lnjb wd jiuqd|k qnujgbz}jwhjo dok zknqvhd{bg odw

qkinjo jo whk fbnvvqddi" nog uqjofjunbv vhd{bg ak hkbg nffd{ownabk

ldq in`jom v{qk whkz gdow/

]hjbk whjv vwnognqg inz vkki niajwjd{v" nozwhjom bkvv }d{bg nbbd} bd})

ukqldqijom wknfhkqv wd qkinjo jogkojwkbz/ ]k akbjk|k jw jv jiudvvjabk wd c{vwjlz

whnw d{wfdik mj|ko whk gjqk fdovk~{kofkv ldq vfhddbv nog vw{gkowv/

Gjvwqjfwv nog vfhddbv fno vwnqw az koldqfjom hjmhkq vwnognqgv ldq knqbz)fnqkkq

wknfhkqv3 az hjqjom idqk vkbkfwj|kbz nog n}nqgjom wko{qk (nog whk kvvkowjnbbz

jqqk|dfnabk kiubdzikow uqdwkfwjdo whnw fdikv }jwh jw* dobz wd wknfhkqv }hd hn|k

hkbukg whkjq vw{gkowv bknqo zknq jo nog zknq d{w/

A{w uqjofjunbv i{vw nbvd hn|k whk fd{qnmknog whk v{uudqw lqdi gjvwqjfw

bkngkqvwd nuubz qjmdqd{v kxukfwnwjdov wd jokllkfwj|k kxukqjkofkg wknfhkqv" k|ko

jl jw wn`kv bdomkq wd qkid|k whki/ ]k uqdckfw whnw whk wzujfnb {qano gjvwqjfw fd{bg

qkid|k idvw dl jwv kxukqjkofkg a{w bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv }jwhjo |k zknqv az

uqnfwjfjom vinqw qkwkowjdo/8=

Jwv }dqwh odwjom nmnjo whnw uqjofjunbv nog gjvwqjfw bkngkqv i{vw in`k whkvk

gjlf{bw nog bdom)gklkqqkg gkfjvjdov }hjbk vwjbb wqknwjom bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv

qkvukfwl{bbz/ Whk |nvw incdqjwz dl whkvk wknfhkqv nqk gdjom n hnqg cda wd whk

akvw dl whkjq najbjwjkv0 whkz nqk vjiubz {onabk wd ikkw whk hjmh kxukfwnwjdov whnw

vhd{bg hn|k akko jo ubnfk bdom nmd/

Wknfhkqv }hd fnoodw

wknfh nv }kbb nv n

qvw)zknq wknfhkq

vhd{bg ak fdovjgkqkg

jokllkfwj|k{obkvv

whkz nqk qvw)zknq

wknfhkqv/

QKFDIIK

OGNWJDOV

6>


36/52

Nv {ofdildqwnabk nv jw ijmhw ak wd gjvijvv dq fd{ovkb

d{w n bnqmk o{iakq dl kxukqjkofkg bd} ukqldqikqv" jwv

vdikwhjom whnw gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg dobz hn|k wd gd dofk do

n bnqmk vfnbk jl fd{ubkg }jwh idqk qjmdqd{v vwnognqgv ldq

hjqjom nog wko{qk/ Nlwkq whnw" n fdowjo{kg ldf{v do vinqw

qkwkowjdo vhd{bg uqk|kow bnqmk o{iakqv dl jokllkfwj|k

wknfhkqv lqdi akfdijom fnqkkq wknfhkqv jo whk qvw ubnfk/

In`k jw knvjkq wd fd{ovkb d{w bd} ukqldqikqv az

fqknwjom nbwkqonwj|kv wd ldqinb gjvijvvnb

Jo fdiunojkv nog dqmnojsnwjdov nfqdvv whk fd{owqz"

kiubdzkkv }hd vwq{mmbk jo whkjq cdav nqk wzujfnbbz

mj|ko vk|kqnb n|ko{kv wd bkn|k }jwhd{w dlfjnbbz akjom

qkg/ Uqjofjunbv vhd{bgow nb}nzv hn|k wd qkvdqw wd

a{qgkovdik ldqinb gjvijvvnb uqdfkvvkv0 nv }k hn|k vhd}o"

qkfkj|jom fnogjg lkkganf` fno ak kod{mh wd fdo|jofk

bd} ukqldqikqv wd bkn|k |db{ownqjbz/ Gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg

fqknwk idqk duwjdov wd hkbu uqjofjunbv fd{ovkb d{w bd}

ukqldqikqv/ Kxniubkv ijmhw jofb{gk3

Wqnjojom nog v{uudqw lqdi gjvwqjfw vwnll do hd} wd hn|k

hdokvw fdo|kqvnwjdov }jwh wknfhkqv nad{w whkjq uddq

ukqldqinofk nog kofd{qnmk whki wd qkvjmo |db{ownqjbz/

D{wubnfkikow nvvjvwnofkldq bd})ukqldqijom ok}

wknfhkqv vd whkz fno viddwhbz wqnovjwjdo wd nodwhkq qdbk

dq k|ko nodwhkq bjok dl }dq`/

B{iu v{i a{z)d{wv nog qkwjqkikow jofkowj|kv ldq

kxukqjkofkg bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv/

Vnbnqz lqkkskv ldq bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv }hd gkfbjoka{zd{wv nog qkwjqkikow jofkowj|kv/

Qknvvjmoikow dl uddq ukqldqikqv n}nz lqdi qkm{bnq

fbnvvqddi nvvjmoikowv wd v{avwjw{wk uddbv/

]hko nbb kbvk lnjbv" whd{mh" jw jv fq{fjnb whnw gjvwqjfw bkngkqv

mj|k uqjofjunbv whk wqnjojom nog bkmnb v{uudqw whkz okkg wd

on|jmnwk whk ldqinb gjvijvvnb uqdfkvv/

Qkid|k whk udbjfz anqqjkqv wd hjmhkq kxukfwnwjdov

Jwv {olnjq wd kxukfw uqjofjunbv wd hn|k hjmh kxukfwnwjdov

ldq whkjq wknfhkqv }hjbk wdbkqnwjom d{wgnwkg udbjfjkv whnw

{ogkqijok whdvk kxukfwnwjdov/ Vwnwk nog gjvwqjfw bkngkqv

vhd{bg qkldqi whk w}d ajmmkvw udbjfz qdngabdf`v wd

hjmhkq kxukfwnwjdov3

Vwnlom qkvwqjfwjdov3 Nbb gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg ngduw i{w{nb

fdovkow vwnlom udbjfjkv whnw mj|k uqjofjunbv whk onb

vnz jo hjqjom gkfjvjdov nog uqk|kow wknfhkqv lqdi akjom

ldqfkg jowd cdav whnw whkz gd odw }now/ Whjv kov{qkv

whnw }hko uqjofjunbv u{w jo whk klldqw wd fd{ovkb d{w n

bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkq" whkz }jbb ak nabk wd hjqk n ok}

wknfhkq }hd hnv whk udwkowjnb wd ak idqk kllkfwj|k qnwhkq

whno qdbbjom whk gjfk }jwh n wknfhkq ldqfk)ubnfkg az

h{ino qkvd{qfkv/

Gjvijvvnb q{bkv3 Vfhddbv okkg lnjq a{w klfjkow gjvijvvnb

udbjfjkv whnw konabk whki wd qkid|k bd} ukqldqikqv

}jwhd{w lnfjom whk uqdvukfw dl no jogkojwk" ~{nvj)

c{gjfjnb uqdfkvv dl hknqjomv nog nuuknbv/ Wknfhkqv

vhd{bg ak nabk wd fdowkvw whkjq gjvijvvnb" a{w whk

hknqjom wjikbjok vhd{bg ak bjijwkg wd dok gnz/ G{qjom

whk hknqjom" nqajwqnwdqv vhd{bg ak bjijwkg wd gkfjgjom

}hkwhkq whk gjvijvvnb uqdfkvv }nv ldbbd}kg nog whk

c{gmikowv dl vfhddb ngijojvwqnwdqv }kqk ingk jo mddg

lnjwh" qnwhkq whno v{avwjw{wjom whkjq c{gmikow dl wknfhkq

fdiukwkofk ldq whnw dl vfhddb nog gjvwqjfw bkngkqv/

QKFDIIK

OGNWJDOV

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37/52

KOGJOM WHK QKNB QKWKOWJDO FQJVJVN LJ\K)ZKNQ QDNGINU

LDQ V[UKQJOWKOGKOWV

ZKNQ >

Jiubkikow vwnll qk|jk} uqdfkvv nog gkvjmo$ujbdw akwwkq wknfhkq k|nb{nwjdov

Fbnqjlz kxukfwnwjdov ldq fbnvvqddi ukqldqinofk (k/m/" whnw nbb wknfhkqv i{vw ukqldqi nw bknvw nv }kbb nvwhk n|kqnmk ljqvw)zknq wknfhkq*

Hkbu uqjofjunbv in`k idqk qjmdqd{v wko{qk gkfjvjdov

Fqknwk vzvwki wd wqnf` wknfhkq qkwkowjdo az ukqldqinofk

Wqnjo uqjofjunbv do bd})fdvw qkwkowjdo vwqnwkmjkv ldq wdu wknfhkqv

Qkwqnjo nog" jl okfkvvnqz" qkubnfk uqjofjunbv inonmkqv wd ldf{v do fdnfhjom nog jiuqd|k jovwq{fwjdonbbkngkqvhju nog vinqw wknfhkq qkwkowjdo

V{q|kz wknfhkqv nw bd})ukqldqijom vfhddbv wd nvvkvv mnuv jo jovwq{fwjdonb f{bw{qk nog }dq`jom fdogjwjdov

Jiubkikow ok} ldqinb wknfhkq k|nb{nwjdo vzvwkiv whnw uqd|jgk nff{qnwk nvvkvvikowv qddwkg jo vw{gkowd{wfdikv (jl odok f{qqkowbz kxjvw*

Jiubkikow idqk qjmdqd{v hjqjom fqjwkqjn ldq ok} wknfhkqv" jofb{gjom gkidovwqnwkg fbnvvqddi v`jbbv

Qk|jvk uqjofjunb vkbkfwjdo" gk|kbduikow nog k|nb{nwjdo fqjwkqjn nog uqdfkvvkv wd ldf{v do jovwq{fwjdonbbkngkqvhju nog vinqw wknfhkq qkwkowjdo

Vkw gjvwqjfw) nog vfhddb)bk|kb wnqmkwv ldq jofqknvjom qkwkowjdo dl wdu)ukqldqijom wknfhkqv nog qkg{fjomqkwkowjdo dl bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv" nog kov{qk whnw whdvk wnqmkwv }jbb hkbu w{qonqd{og vfhddbv qknfh whkvnik wknfhkq fdiudvjwjdo nv n|kqnmk vfhddbv }jwhjo whqkk zknqv

Fdowjo{k idojwdqjom wknfhkq qkwkowjdo wnqmkwv nw adwh gjvwqjfw nog vfhddb bk|kbv nog uqd|jgk domdjom v{uudqwwd uqjofjunbv" }jwh n ldf{v do bd})ukqldqijom vfhddbv

Gkvjmo" okmdwjnwk (}hkqk nuubjfnabk* nog jiubkikow ok} wknfhkq fdiukovnwjdo vzvwki nog fnqkkq unwh}nzv

Okmdwjnwk (}hkqk nuubjfnabk* nog jiubkikow qkldqiv wd vwnlljom" bnzdll nog gjvijvvnb q{bkv

ZKNQ 1

ZKNQV 6);

QKFDIIK

OGNWJDOV

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VINQW QKWKOWJDO NV WHK AKVW W[QONQD[OG VWQNWKMz LDQ VWQ[MMBJOM VFHDDBVLdf{vjom do vinqw qkwkowjdo fno hkbu vfhddbv ~{jf`bz

nog gqninwjfnbbz jiuqd|k whk ~{nbjwz dl wknfhjom whkz

uqd|jgk wd whkjq vw{gkowv" }hjfh jv whk `kz wd addvwjom

vw{gkow bknqojom/ Jw inz qkuqkvkow n vwq{mmbjom vfhddbv

akvw fhnofk wd jiuqd|k0 jogkkg" }k hn|k vhd}o whnw

bd})nfhjk|jom vfhddbv hn|k bjwwbk hduk dl qknfhjom k|ko

n|kqnmk ukqldqinofk }jwhd{w `kkujom idqk Jqqkubnfknabkv

nog lk}kq bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv d|kq whk fd{qvk dl

vk|kqnb zknqv/

Zkw lk} vfhddbv hn|k nfw{nbbz wqjkg whjv uqdijvjom vwqnwkmz

ldq jiuqd|kikow/ Nfqdvv whk ld{q gjvwqjfwv }k vw{gjkg" dobz

nad{w 65 ukqfkow dl vfhddbv hng nfhjk|kg vinqw qkwkowjdo

qnwkv ldq n vjombk zknq" nog dobz nad{w >5 ukqfkow hng

v{vwnjokg whkvk qnwkv ldq whqkk zknqv jo n qd}/ 88

]k akbjk|k whnw lkgkqnb nog vwnwk udbjfzin`kqv vhd{bg

in`k vinqw qkwkowjdo whk uqjinqz w{qonqd{og vwqnwkmz

ldq vwq{mmbjom vfhddbv/ N dok)wjik d|kqhn{b dl whk

wknfhjom vwnll nw whkvk vfhddbvdok dl whk incdq

lkgkqnb w{qonqd{og vwqnwkmjkv wdgnzjv odw kod{mh

wd kov{qk bdom)wkqi jiuqd|kikow/ Vwq{mmbjom vfhddb

okkg n v{vwnjokg ldf{v do vinqw qkwkowjdo wd mkw akwwkq

qkv{bwv ldq whkjq vw{gkowv/

[vjom qkwkowjdo nv whk uqjinqz wddb ldq vfhddb

jiuqd|kikow fd{bg gkbj|kq v{avwnowjnb qkv{bwv nw n bd}

fdvw }jwhjo c{vw n lk} zknqv/

QKFDIIK

OGNWJDOV

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39/52

WKFHOJFNB NUUKOGJXWhk wkfhojfnb nuukogjx uqd|jgkv nggjwjdonb gkwnjbv do whk vfduk

dl whjv qkudqw nog whk ukqldqinofk iknv{qkv {vkg wd jgkowjlz

hjmh) nog bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv" nv }kbb nv gkwnjbv qkmnqgjomfdocdjow ikwhdgdbdmz/

WKFHOJFN

BNUUKOGJX

6;6;


40/52

VFDUK DL WHK QKUDQWWhjv qkudqw kxubdqkv whk kxukqjkofkv dl whk onwjdov idvw v{ffkvvl{b wknfhkqv/ Whk qkv{bwv nqk anvkg do gnwn fdbbkfwkg lqdi

ld{q {qano vfhddb gjvwqjfwv nog dok fhnqwkq inonmkikow dqmnojsnwjdo (FID*/ Whkvk kg{fnwjdonb n{whdqjwjkv kiubdz

idqk whno :5"555 wknfhkqv jo idqk whno 1">55 vfhddbv jo noz mj|ko zknq/ Whk ld{q gjvwqjfwv uqd|jgkg WOWU }jwh gjvwqjfw)

vukfjf wknfhkq ukqldqinofk gnwn0 whk fhnqwkq inonmkikow dqmnojsnwjdo uqd|jgkg jowkqonb k|nb{nwjdo gnwn do wknfhkq

ukqldqinofk/ WOWU {vkg whkvk gnwn wd jgkowjlz nuuqdxjinwkbz whk wdu nog adwwdi 15 ukqfkow dl wknfhkqv anvkg do

|nb{k)nggkg nonbzvjv dq mqd}wh gnwn/

GNWN VD[QFKVAdwh ~{nowjwnwj|k nog ~{nbjwnwj|k ikwhdgv }kqk {vkg jo whk qkudqw/ Whk w}d uqjinqz vd{qfkv dl gnwn }kqk wknfhkq

ukqldqinofk gnwn uqd|jgkg az whk gjvwqjfwv nog fdogkowjnb wknfhkq nog vfhddb bkngkq v{q|kzv ngijojvwkqkg az WOWU

jo whk 15>5)>> dq 15>>)>1 vfhddb zknqv/ Ukqldqinofk gnwn }kqk bjo`kg wd jogj|jg{nb wknfhkq v{q|kz qkvudovkv jo dqgkq

wd akwwkq {ogkqvwnog whk ukqvukfwj|k dl whk idvw v{ffkvvl{b wknfhkqv jo knfh gjvwqjfw/ Jo idvw fnvkv" gjvwqjfw ukqldqinofk

gnwn lqdi whk uqk|jd{v zknq }kqk {vkg wd nonbzsk v{q|kz gnwn/8: ]hko nonbzsjom qkv{bwv anvkg do vfhddb wzuk dq vfhddb

fhnqnfwkqjvwjfv" n ijoji{i vfhddb qkvudovk qnwk dl 15 wd 65 ukqfkow }nv qk~{jqkg" gkukogjom do whk gjvwqjfw/

Gjvwqjfw

Gjvwqjfw N

Gjvwqjfw A

Gjvwqjfw F

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BNUUKOGJX

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}kqk n|njbnabk ldq whdvk wknfhjom bnom{nmk" inwh" qkngjom nog vfjkofk jo mqngkv 6 whqd{mh >5/ Whk |nb{k)nggkg vfdqk jv

n fdiudvjwk dl whk bnwkvw whqkk zknqv dl |nb{k)nggkg vfdqkv/ Jo nggjwjdo wd whk |nb{k)nggkg kvwjinwk" whk gjvwqjfw uqd|jgkg

fdogkofk jowkq|nbv qkuqkvkowjom whk qnomk dl vfdqkv whnw n wknfhkqv wq{k vfdqk lnbbv jowd }jwh :; ukqfkow fkqwnjowz/

GJVWQJFW AGjvwqjfw A {vkv n mqd}wh idgkb nog uqd|jgkg {v }jwh vw{gkow mqd}wh vfdqkv ldq inwh" qkngjom nog }qjwjom jo mqngkv

7 whqd{mh >5/ ]k fnbf{bnwkg wknfhkq)bk|kb mqd}wh ukqfkowjbkv ldq knfh v{ackfw az wn`jom nbb vw{gkow mqd}wh ukqfkowjbkv

nvvjmokg wd n wknfhkq" dqgkqjom whki lqdi bd}kvw wd hjmhkvw" nog jgkowjlzjom whk ijggbk vfdqk" }hjfh jv whk ikgjno wknfhkq

mqd}wh ukqfkowjbk/ Whk ikgjno wknfhkq mqd}wh ukqfkowjbk qkuqkvkowv whk wzujfnb mqd}wh dl whkjq vw{gkowv/

[ogkq whk nad|k ukqldqinofk iknv{qk" 1> ukqfkow dl Gjvwqjfw N wknfhkqv }jwh |nb{k)nggkg gnwn }kqk fbnvvjkg nv

hjmh)ukqldqijom" nog 17 ukqfkow nv bd})ukqldqijom/

[ogkq whk nad|k ukqldqinofk iknv{qk" 15 ukqfkow dl Gjvwqjfw A wknfhkqv }jwh mqd}wh gnwn }kqk fbnvvjkg nv

hjmh)ukqldqijom" nog 1> ukqfkow nv bd})ukqldqijom/

Hjmh)Ukqldqijom Wknfhkqv3 Wknfhkqv }jwh nw bknvw dok bd}kq ad{og fdogkofk jowkq|nb mqknwkq whno whk

udu{bnwjdo ikno |nb{k)nggkg vfdqk nog od |nb{k)nggkg vfdqk akbd} whk udu{bnwjdo ikno |nb{k)nggkg vfdqk/

Bd})Ukqldqijom Wknfhkqv3 Wknfhkqv }jwh nw bknvw dok {uukq ad{og fdogkofk jowkq|nb bkvv whno whk

udu{bnwjdo ikno |nb{k)nggkg vfdqk nog od bd}kq ad{og fdogkofk jowkq|nb mqknwkq whno whk udu{bnwjdo

ikno |nb{k)nggkg vfdqk/

Hjmh)Ukqldqijom Wknfhkqv3 Dok dq idqk ikgjno mqd}wh ukqfkowjbk vfdqkv nad|k whk


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GJVWQJFW FGjvwqjfw F uqd|jgkg n vjombk)zknq |nb{k)nggkg vfdqk fnbf{bnwkg ldq knfh wknfhkq }jwhjo wkvwkg mqngkv nog v{ackfwv/ \nb{k)

nggkg iknv{qkv }kqk n|njbnabk ldq whdvk wknfhjom bnom{nmk" inwh" nog qkngjom jo mqngkv 6 whqd{mh 8" nog ldq whdvk

wknfhjom vfjkofk nog hjvwdqz jo mqngkv 7 whqd{mh 8/

Knfh vfdqk jv kxuqkvvkg nv n gjllkqkofk lqdi whk n|kqnmk gjvwqjfw mnjo/ Whk vfdqk nbbd}v wknfhkqv mnjov wd ak qno` dqgkqkg/

Jw jv fnbf{bnwkg az v{awqnfwjom whk gjvwqjfwv n|kqnmk mnjo lqdi whk wknfhkqv n|kqnmk mnjo nog gj|jgjom whnw vfdqk az whk

wknfhkqv vwnognqg kqqdq/ Ldq nuuqnjvnb u{qudvkv" whk gjvwqjfw qkvkq|kv whk hjmhkvw nog bd}kvw k|nb{nwjdo vfdqkv ldq wknfhkqv

}jwh vfdqkv k~{nb wd dq nad|k 1 nog k~{nb wd dq akbd} 1/ Vfdqkv akw}kko )> nog > nqk fdovjgkqkg vwnwjvwjfnbbz od

gjllkqkow whno 5/

Ldq d{q nonbzvjv" }k gkvjmonwkg hjmh) nog bd})ukqldqijom f{wdll vfdqkv nw k~{nb wd dq nad|k 1 nog k~{nb wd dq akbd} )1/

Akfn{vk nad{w : ukqfkow nv bd})ukqldqijom/

[ogkq whk nad|k ukqldqinofk iknv{qkv" >8 ukqfkow dl Gjvwqjfw G wknfhkqv }jwh |nb{k)nggkg gnwn }kqk fbnvvjkg nv

hjmh)ukqldqijom" nog >< ukqfkow nv bd})ukqldqijom/

Hjmh)Ukqldqijom Wknfhkqv3 Nw bknvw dok vfdqk mqknwkq whno dq k~{nb wd 1" nog nbb vfdqkv mqknwkq whno dq k~{nb wd )>/

Bd})Ukqldqijom Wknfhkqv3 Nw bknvw dok vfdqk bkvv whno dq k~{nb wd )1" nog nbb vfdqkv bkvv whno dq k~{nb wd >/

Hjmh)Ukqldqijom Wknfhkqv3 Nw bknvw dok bd}kq ad{og fdogkofk jowkq|nb mqknwkq whno whk ;5 wh ukqfkowjbk nog nbb

|nb{k)nggkg ukqfkowjbkv mqknwkq whno dq k~{nb wd whk ;5wh ukqfkowjbk/

Bd})Ukqldqijom Wknfhkqv3 Nw bknvw dok {uukq ad{og fdogkofk jowkq|nb bd}kq whno whk ;5 wh ukqfkowjbk nog nbb

|nb{k)nggkg ukqfkowjbkv bd}kq whno dq k~{nb wd whk ;5wh ukqfkowjbk/

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1 Ldq whk gkojwjdo dl hjmh ukqldqikqv jo knfh gjvwqjfw" vkk whk Wkfhojfnb Nuukogjx/

6 @nok" W/C/" , Vwnjmkq" G/D/ (15>1*/ Mnwhkqjom lkkganf` ldq wknfhjom3 Fdiajojom hjmh)~{nbjwz davkq|nwjdov }jwh vw{gkow v{q|kzv nog nfhjk|kikow mnjov/ Vknwwbk"

]N3 Ajbb , Ikbjogn Mnwkv Ld{ognwjdo/

7 Idowhv dl bknqojom kvwjinwkv fnbf{bnwkg ldbbd}jom whk ikwhdgdbdmz dl Hnhokb" F/ , Cnf`vdo" D/ (15>1*/Bknqojom gkojkg3 Whk fnvk ld q k~{jwnabk

nffkvv wd kllkfwj|k wknfhjom jo Fnbjldqojnv bnqmkvw vfhddb gjvwqjfw/ Dn`bnog" FN3 Whk Kg{fnwjdo Wq{vw)]kvw/ Vd{qfk3 Gjvwqjfw \N$mqd}wh gnwn nog mqngk

gjvwqja{wjdo joldqinwjdo" VZ 155:)>5 nog 15>5)>>/

; Fhkwwz" Q/" Lqjkgino" C/O/" , Qdf`dll" C/K/ (15>>*/ Whk bdom)wkqi jiunfwv dl wknfhkqv3 Wknfhkq |nb{k)nggkg nog vw{gkow d{wfdikv jo ng{bwhddg(]dq`jom

Unukq >=5 jo Gjvwqjfw G/ Gjvwqjfwv3

N3 hjmh ;:+" bd} 7=+0 A3 hjmh ;8+" bd} ;Kvwjinwk anvkg do gnwn lqdi whk Onwjdonb Fkowkq ldq Kg{fnwjdo Vwnwjvwjfv (OFKV* nog wknfhkqv }jwh \N$mqd}wh gnwn/ Vd{qfk3 Gjvwqjfw gnwn" VZ

155=)>> nog OFKV/

>1Ukqfkow dl bd} ukqldqikqv vkbkfwjom nw bknvw dok dl whk ldbbd}jom nwwqjwjdo vwqnwkmjkv3 V{mmkvwkg whnw J bkn|k wknfhjom (kofd{qnmkg ik wd fdovjgkq

dwhkq fnqkkqv*" V{mmkvwkg whnw J fdovjgkq dwhkq vfhddbv" Mn|k ik n uddq k|nb{nwjdo qnwjom" Nvvjmokg ik bkvv gkvjqnabk qkvudovjajbjwjkv" Wdbg

ik whnw J }nv odw n w ldq iz vfhddb/ Gjvwqjfwv3 A3 >=+0 G3 >>+/ Ukqfkow dl bd} ukqldqikqv }jwh ld{q dq idqk zknqv dl kxukqjkofk vkbkfwjom

Kofd{qnmkg ik wd fdowjo{k wknfhjom nw iz vfhddb okxw zknq/ Gjvwqjfwv3 A3 15/

>7Vfhddbv whnw kxjw idqk bd} ukqldqikqv whno hjmh ukqldqikqv jofqknvk whk uqdudqwjdo dl hjmh ukqldqikqv nog gkfqknvk whk uqdudqwjdo dl

bd} ukqldqikqv whkz hn|k whk ldbbd}jom zknq" a{jbgjom idqk kllkfwj|k wknfhjom wkniv d|kq wjik/ Fdqqkbnwjdov akw}kko fhnomk jo vfhddb)bk|kb

fdofkowqnwjdo dl hjmh ukqldqikqv nog udvjwj|k gjllkqkofk akw}kko nwwqjwjdo dl bd} ukqldqikqv nog whnw dl hjmh ukqldqikqv vjmojfnow jo nbb gjvwqjfwv

(u 2/5; jo Gjvwqjfwv N" A" F" u2/>5 jo Gjvwqjfw G*/ Gjvwqjfwv3 N3 />;:0 A3 /7>;0 F3 /1=;0 G3 /587/ Vd{qfk3 Gjvwqjfw gnwn/

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(]dq`jom Unukq >5*/ ]nvhjomwdo" GF3 Whk [qano Jovwjw{wk/

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ldq Nonbzvjv dl Bdomjw{gjonb Gnwn jo Kg{fnwjdo Qkvknqfh/

>:Ukqfkow dl vfhddb bkngkqv qno`jom Gk|kbdujom wknfhkqv nog jiuqd|jom jovwq{fwjdonb uqnfwjfk whqd{mh k|nb{nwjdo $ fdnfhjom $ uqdlkvvjdonb

gk|kbduikow dq Qkwnjojom whk idvw kllkfwj|k wknfhkqv nv n wdu |k uqjdqjwz nw whkjq vfhddb/ Gjvwqjfwv3 N3 gk|kbdujom =+" qkwnjojom 7=+0 G3 gk|kbdujom ==+" qkwnjojom 15+/ Vd{qfk3 Vfhddb bkngkq v{q|kz gnwn/

15Ikgjno ukqfkowjbk qno`v az udu{bnwjdo vfdqkv/ Gjvwqjfwv3 A3 Bd})ukqldqijom |kwkqno fdhdqw udu{bnwjdo gkokg jo VZ 1558)5:0 |kwkqno bd}

ukqldqikqv ikgjno |nb{k)nggkg ukqfkowjbk qno` jo VZ 155:)>53 65" VZ 15>5)>>3 670 ok} wknfhkqv ikgjno ukqldqinofk 7: wd ;>" VZ 155:)>>0 F3

Bd})ukqldqijom |kwkqno fdhdqw udu{bnwjdo gkokg jo VZ 155=)580 |kwkqno bd} ukqldqikqv ikgjno |nb{k)nggkg ukqfkowjbk qno` jo VZ 1558)5:3 67"VZ 155:)>53 67" VZ 15>5)>>3 6:0 ok} wknfhkqv ikgjno ukqldqinofk 76 wd 75/ Ldq jiuqd|kikow d|kq wjik vkk3 Hno{vhk` kw

nb/ (155;* nog Adzg kw nb/ (155=*/

17Nwwqjwjdo qnwk dl hjmh nog bd} ukqldqikq gjvwqjfw bkn|kqv/ Gjvwqjfwv3 N3 hjmh >=+" bd} 1>+0 A3 hjmh >1+" bd} >:+0 F3 hjmh 8+" bd} >5/

11 66+0 G3 wknfh vnik nqkn 65+" nodwhkq qdbk jo @)>1 1:+/ Vd{qfk3 Wknfhkq v{q|kz gnwn/

18^3 Jl whk ldbbd}jom lnfwdq nw zd{q f{qqkow vfhddb }kqk wd fhnomk ldq whk akwwkq" }d{bg zd{ fdowjo{k wknfhjom nw zd{q vfhddb4 (Lnfwdq jv whk

wknfhkqv wdu)qno`kg qknvdo ldq bkn|jom nv jgkowjkg jo uqk|jd{v ~{kvwjdo/* Ukqfkow dl hjmh ukqldqikqv vkbkfwjom Zkv/ Gjvwqjfwv3 N3 =Ikno zknq |nb{kv ldq hjmh ukqldqikqv }hd qkudqwkg qkfkj|jom skqd dq dok dl bjvwkg vwqnwkmjkv fdiunqkg wd whdvk }hd qkudqwkg qkfkj|jom w}d dq

idqk/ Gjllkqkofkv vwnwjvwjfnbbz vjmojfnow }jwh u 2/5; jo Gjvwqjfwv F nog G0 gjllkqkofk vwnwjvwjfnbbz vjmojfnow }jwh u2/>5 jo Gjvwqjfw A/ Gjvwqjfwv3 A3

skqd dq dok 6/0 G3 skqd dq dok 7/+/Vd{qfk3 Wknfhkq

v{q|kz gnwn/

6;^3 Ukqfkow dl hjmh ukqldqikqv vkbkfwjom Kofd{qnmkg ik wd fdowjo{k wknfhjom nw iz vfhddb okxw zknq/ Gjvwqjfwv3 A3 6=+0 F3 66+0 G3 16+/

Vd{qfk3 Wknfhkq v{q|kz gnwn/

6


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68^3 Bnvw zknq $ Jo whk bnvw zknq" vdikdok lqdi iz vfhddb bkngkqvhju wkni hnv Ukqfkow dl hjmh nog bd} ukqldqikqv vkbkfwjom knfh dl whk

ldbbd}jom3 Uqd|jgkg ik }jwh qkm{bnq" udvjwj|k lkkganf`" Hkbukg ik jgkowjlz nqknv dl gk|kbduikow" Mn|k ik fqjwjfnb lkkganf` nad{w iz

ukqldqinofk joldqinbbz (odw n|njbnabk duwjdo jo Gjvwqjfw F*" Qkfdmojskg iz nffdiubjvhikowv u{abjfnbbz" Joldqikg ik whnw J ni hjmh

ukqldqijom" Jgkowjkg duudqw{ojwjkv dq unwhv ldq wknfhkq bkngkq qdbkv" U{w ik jo fhnqmk dl vdikwhjom jiudqwnow (odw n|njbnabk duwjdo jo

Gjvwqjfw F*" Uqd|jgkg ik }jwh nffkvv wd nggjwjdonb qkvd{qfkv ldq iz fbnvvqddi (odw n|njbnabk duwjdo jo Gjvwqjfw F*/ Gjllkqkofkv ldq Joldqikg ik

whnw J ni hjmh ukqldqijom }kqk vwnwjvwjfnbbz vjmojfnow }jwh u 2 /5; jo Gjvwqjfwv A" F" nog G0 gjllkqkofk ldq Fqjwjfnb lkkganf` }nv vwnwjvwjfnbbz

vjmojfnow }jwh u 2/>5 jo Gjvwqjfw A/ Gjvwqjfwv3 A3 hjmh ukqldqikqv Udvjwj|k lkkganf` 75+" Qkfdmojskg nffdiubjvhikowv 61+" U{w ik

jo fhnqmk 1+" Qkfdmojskg nffdiubjvhikowv 6>+" U{w ik jo fhnqmk 1;+"Joldqikg ni hjmh ukqldqijom 1;+" Jgkowjlz nqknv dl gk|kbduikow" 6+" Fqjwjfnb

lkkganf` 11+0 F3 hjmh ukqldqikqv Udvjwj|k lkkganf` 78+" Qkfdmojskg nffdiubjvhikowv 6:+" Joldqikg ni hjmh ukqldqijom +"

Jgkowjlz nqknv dl gk|kbduikow" 17+" Wknfhkq bkngkq qdbkv >=+0 bd} ukqldqikqv Udvjwj|k lkkganf` 75+" Qkfdmojskg nffdiubjvhikowv

67+" Joldqikg ni hjmh ukqldqijom 67+" Jgkowjlz nqknv dl gk|kbduikow" 75+" Wknfhkq bkngkq qdbkv 16+0 G3 hjmh ukqldqikqv Udvjwj|k

lkkganf` 6>+" Qkfdmojskg nffdiubjvhikowv 1>+" U{w ik jo fhnqmk 18+" Joldqikg ni hjmh ukqldqijom 75+" Jgkowjlz nqknv dl

gk|kbduikow" 1;+" Nggjwjdonb qkvd{qfkv 67+" Wknfhkq bkngkq qdbkv >6+" Fqjwjfnb lkkganf` 18+0 bd} ukqldqikqv Udvjwj|k lkkganf` 1;+"

Qkfdmojskg nffdiubjvhikowv >8+" U{w ik jo fhnqmk 1;+" Joldqikg ni hjmh ukqldqijom >=+" Jgkowjlz nqknv dl gk|kbduikow" 1=+"

Nggjwjdonb qkvd{qfkv 1:+" Wknfhkq bkngkq qdbkv >+0 F3 hjmh >=+" bd} 16+0 G3 hjmh >6+" bd} >6+" fdog{fw >:+" vnlkwz 76+" bdfnwjdo ;;+0 G3 hjmhkvw unqkow ;5+"

fdog{fw 1+" fdog{fw >=+" vnlkwz 6:+" bdfnwjdo ;>+/ Vd{qfk3 Wknfhkq v{q|kz gnwn/

77^3 ^{nbjwz dl wknfhkqv nw vfhddb" ^{nbjwz dl vfhddb bkngkqvhju/ Ukqfkow dl wknfhkqv nw hjmhkvw uqdfjkofz vfhddbv fdiunqkg wd whdvk nw bd}kvw

vkbkfwjom vnwjvkg dq |kqz vnwjvkg/ Gjvwqjfwv3 N3 hjmhkvw wknfhkqv 8;+" bkngkqvhju " bd}kvw 1+/ Vd{qfk3 Vfhddb bkngkq v{q|kz gnwn/

7=Gjvwqjfw ~{nbjwnwj|k qkvknqfh/ Nbvd qk|jk}kg vfhddb bkngkqvhju vwnognqgv u{abjvhkg az Jowkqvwnwk Vfhddb Bkngkqv Bjfkov{qk Fdovdqwj{i (JVBBF*"

Ijg)Fdowjokow Qkvknqfh ldq Kg{fnwjdo nog Bknqojom (IfQKB* nog \nogkqajbw Nvvkvvikow dl Bkngkqvhju jo Kg{fnwjdo (\NB)KG*/

78^3 Gjvwqjfw udbjfjkv v{uudqw iz najbjwz wd qkwnjo iz idvw kllkfwj|k wknfhkqv/ Ukqfkow dl vfhddb bkngkqv vkbkfwjom nmqkk dq vwqdombz nmqkk/

Gjvwqjfwv3 N3 65+0 F3 68+/ Vd{qfk3 Vfhddb bkngkq v{q|kz gnwn/

7:^3 J hn|k whk okfkvvnqz kxjajbjwz$n{wdodiz wd kov{qk iz idvw kllkfwj|k wknfhkqv nqk qkwnjokg/ Ukqfkow dl vfhddb bkngkqv vkbkfwjom nmqkk dq

vwqdombz nmqkk/ Gjvwqjfwv3 N3 1


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;5Bk|jo" C/" , ^{joo" I/ (1556*/Ijvvkg duudqw{ojwjkv 3 Hd} }k `kku h jmh)~{nbjwz wknfhkqv d{w dl {qano fbnvvqddiv/ Ok} Zdq`" OZ3 WOWU/ Bk|jo" C/"

I{bhkqo" C/" , Vfh{of`" C/ (155;*/ [ojowkogkg fdovk~{kofkv3 Whk fnvk ldq qkldqijom whk vwnlom q{bkv jo {qano wknfhkqv {ojdo fdowqnfwv/ Ok} Zdq`" OZ3 WOWU/

]kjvakqm kw nb/ (155:*/ WOWU (15>>*/ Whk fnvk nmnjovw ~{nbjwz)abjog bnzdllv3 ]hz bnzdll udbjfjkv whnw jmodqk wknfhkq ~{nbjwz okkg wd kog od}/

Ok} Zdq`" OZ3 WOWU/

;>Gjvwqjfw F hnv qkid|kg vk|kqnb udbjfz anqqjkqv" a{w bd} ukqldqikqv qkfkj|k n vjijbnq o{iakq dl qkwkowjdo vwqnwkmjkv nv hjmh ukqldqikqv/ Ukqfkow dl

hjmh nog bd} ukqldqikqv qkfkj|jom o{iakq dl qkwkowjdo vwqnwkmjkv jo Gjvwqjfw F/ Skqd vwqnwkmjkv3 hjmh 1+" w}d vwqnwkmjkv3 hjmh >:+" bd} >:+0 whqkk vwqnwkmjkv3 hjmh >=+" bd} >6+0 ld{q vwqnwkmjkv3 hjmh >6+" bd}3 8+0 |k vwqnwkmjkv3 hjmh


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=>^3 Hd} bdom gd zd{ whjo` jw vhd{bg wn`k ldq n qvw)zknq wknfhkq }hd jv jokllkfwj|k wd akfdik kllkfwj|k4 $ ldq n |kwkqno wknfhkq }hd jv jokllkfwj|k

wd akfdik kllkfwj|k4 Ukqfkow dl vfhddb bkngkqv vkbkfwjom 1 vfhddb zknqv" 1/; vfhddb zknqv" 6 vfhddb zknqv dq idqk whno 6 vfhddb zknqv/

Gjvwqjfwv3 G3 qvw zknq =5+" |kwkqno 76+0 K3 qvw zknq 7+" |kwkqno 5+/ Vd{qfk3 Vfhddb bkngkq v{q|kz gnwn/

=1^3 D|kqnbb" iz vfhddb jv n mddg ubnfk wd wknfh nog bknqo/ Ukqfkow dl nbb wknfhkqv vkbkfwjom nmqkk dq vwqdombz nmqkk/ Gjvwqjfwv3 N3 ;;+0 A3

+" bd} >8+/ Vd{qfk3 Wknfhkq v{q|kz gnwn/

=7^3 Whkqk jv n bd} wdbkqnofk ldq jokllkfwj|k wknfhjom nw iz vfhddb (N" F* $ Jokllkfwj|k wknfhjom jv odw wdbkqnwkg nw iz vfhddb (A" G*/ Ukqfkow dl nbbwknfhkqv vkbkfwjom nmqkk dq vwqdombz nmqkk/ Gjvwqjfwv3 N3 7=+0 A3 68+0 F3 71*/IKW Ingk vjiubk3 A{jbgjom qkvknqfh)anvkg wknfhkq k|nb{nwjdov/ Ok} Zdq`" OZ3 WOWU/

87Ldq idqk nad{w d{q qkfdiikognwjdov do gkvjmojom k|nb{nwjdo vzvwkiv" vkk3 WOWU (15>5*/ Wknfhkq k|nb{nwjdo 1/5/ Ok} Zdq`" OZ3 WOWU/

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TNTP Irreplaceables Study — July 30, 2012