TMG 1310 Locating of Underground Services · electronic detection of: ... SMS-06-PR-0023 - Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS) ... underground utilities owners including RailCorp

Engineering Manual Signals

TMG 1310

LOCATING OF UNDERGROUND SERVICES

Version 1.0

Issued May 2013

Owner: Chief Engineer, Signals and Control Systems

Approvedby:

Warwick Allison Chief Engineer Signals and Control Systems

Authorised by:

Dave Nolan Principal Engineer Equipment & Interfaces

Disclaimer This document was prepared for use on the RailCorp Network only.RailCorp makes no warranties, express or implied, that compliance with the contents of this document shall be sufficient to ensure safe systems or work or operation. It is the document user’s sole responsibility to ensure that thecopy of the document it is viewing is the current version of the document as in use by RailCorp. RailCorp accepts no liability whatsoever in relation to the use of this document by any party, and RailCorp excludes any liability which arises in any manner by the use of this document. Copyright The information in this document is protected by Copyright and no part of this document may be reproduced, altered,stored or transmitted by any person without the prior consent of RailCorp.

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RailCorp Engineering Manual — Signals Locating of Underground Services TMG 1310

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Version Date Summary of change 1.0 7 May 2013 First issue

Summary of changes from previous version

Summary of change Section

© RailCorp Page 2 of 37 Issued May 2013 UNCONTROLLED WHEN PRINTED Version 1.0


Contents

1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................6

2 Scope........................................................................................................................................6

3 Reference documents.............................................................................................................6

4 Terms and definitions.............................................................................................................7

5 Computer Based Interlocking Systems..............................................................................10

6 Safety......................................................................................................................................11

7 Authorisation requirements.................................................................................................11

7.1 Competencies .........................................................................................................................12

7.2 C&CS Discipline......................................................................................................................12

7.3 Signal Discipline......................................................................................................................13

7.4 Electrical Discipline .................................................................................................................13

8 Minimum team composition ................................................................................................13

9 Access protocols ..................................................................................................................13

9.1 Access protocols for services searching on C&CS telecommunications assets ....................14

9.2 Emergency access protocols for services searching on C&CS telecommunications assets.....................................................................................................14

9.3 Access protocols for services searching on RailCorp Signalling assets ................................14

9.4 Access protocols for services searching on RailCorp Electrical assets .................................15

9.4.1 Access to Low voltage services...............................................................................15

9.4.2 Entry to traction substations and section huts.........................................................15

10 Service locators ....................................................................................................................16

10.1 Locating methods....................................................................................................................16

10.2 Direct connection ....................................................................................................................16

10.3 Induction clamps .....................................................................................................................16

10.4 Induction broadcast.................................................................................................................16

10.5 Live connectors .......................................................................................................................17

10.6 Sondes ....................................................................................................................................17

10.7 Passive frequency search.......................................................................................................17

10.8 Typical active frequencies.......................................................................................................17

10.9 Power ......................................................................................................................................17

10.10 Optional extras ........................................................................................................................17

10.11 Equipment maintenance .........................................................................................................18

11 Locating practices and procedures for CBI & non CBI areas ..........................................18

11.1 General....................................................................................................................................18

11.2 Interference from other frequencies used in the rail environment ..........................................18

11.3 Site Inspection.........................................................................................................................18

11.4 Preliminary Inspection prior to locating ...................................................................................18

12 Procedures for earthing and locating underground services in CBI areas ....................19

12.1 Warning...................................................................................................................................19

12.1.1 Transmitter power selection ....................................................................................19

12.1.2 Prohibited locating techniques.................................................................................20

12.2 Earthing in CBI areas ..............................................................................................................20



12.3 Earthing Requirements ...........................................................................................................20

12.4 Far end earths.........................................................................................................................20

12.5 Earthing methodology .............................................................................................................21

13 Locating Signalling cables in CBI areas.............................................................................21

13.1 Direct Connection Method.......................................................................................................21

13.1.1 Initial set-up .............................................................................................................21

13.1.2 Main Cables Signalling (Location to Location) ........................................................21

13.1.3 Main Cables for Signalling power (Location to Location) ........................................22

13.1.4 SSI Data link cable (location to location) .................................................................22

13.1.5 High frequency twin .................................................................................................22

13.1.6 Signal Cable ............................................................................................................23

13.1.7 Trainstops ................................................................................................................23

13.1.8 Points Machine Cable..............................................................................................24

13.1.9 Direct Connection to Spare Cores for Locating.......................................................24

14 Locating Communications cables in CBI areas.................................................................25

14.1.1 Direct connection to cable sheath ...........................................................................25

14.1.2 Direct Connection to Spare Pairs (Comms) ............................................................25

15 Locating electrical power cables in CBI areas...................................................................26

15.1 Electrical power cables in CBI areas – general ......................................................................26

15.2 Direct connection method in CBI areas ..................................................................................26

15.2.1 HV Power Cables - direct connection......................................................................26

15.2.2 LV Power Cables - Direct connection......................................................................26

15.2.3 1500V Traction Return Cables ................................................................................27

15.3 Induction clamp method in CBI areas .....................................................................................27

15.3.1 HV power cables......................................................................................................27

15.3.2 LV power cables ......................................................................................................27


15.3.4 Passive mode in CBI areas .....................................................................................27

16 Locating external services in CBI areas.............................................................................27

17 Procedures for earthing and locating underground services outside of CBI areas.......................................................................................................................................28

17.1 Connection methods ...............................................................................................................28

17.2 Earthing in areas outside CBI .................................................................................................28

17.3 Far end earths.........................................................................................................................29

17.4 Earthing methodology .............................................................................................................29

18 Locating of Signal Cables in non CBI areas.......................................................................30

18.1 Direct connection method .......................................................................................................30

18.2 Main cables signalling (location to location)............................................................................30

18.3 Main cables for signalling power (location to location) ...........................................................30

18.3.1 High frequency twin .................................................................................................30

18.4 Points machine and trainstop cables ......................................................................................31

18.4.1 Signal cable .............................................................................................................31

18.4.2 Direct connection to spare cores for locating ..........................................................32

19 Locating Communications cables outside of CBI areas...................................................32

19.1 Direct connection method .......................................................................................................33



19.1.1 Direct connection to cable sheath ...........................................................................33

19.1.2 Direct connection to spare pairs (Comms) ..............................................................33

20 Locating electrical power cables outside of CBI areas.....................................................33

20.1 Direct connection method outside of CBI Areas .....................................................................34

20.1.1 HV Power Cables - direct connection......................................................................34

20.1.2 LV Power Cables - direct connection outside of CBI Areas ....................................34


20.1.4 LV Power Cables – live connection outside of CBI areas .......................................34

20.2 Induction clamp method outside of CBI areas ........................................................................35

20.2.1 Signalling, Communications and Electrical cables ..................................................35

20.3 Transmitting sonde method ....................................................................................................35

20.3.1 Locating non-metallic conduits or pipes ..................................................................35

21 Locating unexpected underground services .....................................................................35

21.1 Induction broadcast outside of CBI areas ...............................................................................35

21.2 Passive mode outside of CBI areas........................................................................................36

22 Locating external services outside of CBI areas...............................................................36

23 Marking out and recording of cables and services ...........................................................36

23.1 Marking paint colour code chart ..............................................................................................36

24 Recording ..............................................................................................................................36

25 Other equipment transmitters .............................................................................................36

Appendix A RailCorp Network Map detailing CBI areas.........................................................37



1 Introduction Following a signal failure, subsequent investigations proved that Electronic cable locators have the capacity to interfere with the signalling system.

In order to further quantify the effects of electronic locators on the signalling system a thorough investigation was carried out examining the effects of electronic locators across a range of signalling systems. This resulted in a detailed report which concluded that Electronic locators do affect Computer Based Interlocking Systems (CBI).

It was a recommendation in this report that a formal procedure was required to control the use and application of electronic Cable locators in CBI areas. This manual details the process and procedures required for the safe and accurate location of RailCorp underground services.

TMG 1440 Requirements for the Locating of Underground Services in the Rail Corridor details the fundamental requirements for the location of underground services. This manual supports TMG 1440 by detailing the processes and the procedures in order to meet those requirements in TMG 1440.

In order to undertake any works requiring the locating of underground services, personnel shall be trained, accredited and authorised to perform these works as detailed in this manual.

Where these procedures do not adequately address a particular concern or application, the Chief Engineer Signals & Control Systems shall be consulted prior to the work beginning.

2 Scope This manual sets out the mandatory processes to be followed when carrying out electronic detection of:

• internal RailCorp underground services;

• other RailCorp services located on public or privately owned property; or

• external utilities, located within RailCorp controlled property.

3 Reference documents EP 0491. - Accurate field drawing procedure. SMS-06-EN-0575 - Work on the Low Voltage Distribution System SMS-06-TP-0312 - Site -Specific Safety Management Plan - (SSMP) SMS-06-PR-0023 - Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS) SMS-06-FM-0024 - SWMS/SWI Review Form SMS-11-GD-0244 Personnel Certifications - Electrical Authorisations SMS-06-FM-0594 – Substation Access Permit TMG J042 – Safety issue’s for signalling personnel (Sub-section of manual J)

TMG 1440 - Requirements for the Locating of Underground Services in the Rail Corridor Final report on the Interference Effects of Cable locators on the signalling system


http://engintranet.railcorp.nsw.gov.au/disciplines/Signals/Requrements%20for%20the%20Locating%20of%20Underground%20Services%20in%20the%20Rail%20Corridor.PDF

http://sms.railcorp.nsw.gov.au/Shared%20Documents/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=292

http://engintranet.railcorp.nsw.gov.au/disciplines/Signals/Requrements%20for%20the%20Locating%20of%20Underground%20Services%20in%20the%20Rail%20Corridor.PDF

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Terms and definitions The following terms and definitions apply in this document:

Accredited person a person who has been assessed by a recognised process as being competent to perform certain functions.

Authorised an accredited individual who has been granted permission to access restricted locations for the purposes of the location of underground services

Electrical Authorisations are a subset of the total set of personnel Certifications.

ATP (As Trains Permit) working in the rail corridor where there is no requirement to stop or slow down trains and work activities are carried out between train moments.

CBI Computer Based Interlocking. Refer to section 5 for a further definition of affected systems. Refer to Appendix A for a network map highlighting all CBI areas.

Client the person, or party, that has commissioned the work.

C&CS means Communications and Control System.

Communication cables are those which are installed, owned, and maintained by C&CS. They are used to deliver telecommunications and data services for administrative and train running applications.

Communications cables are installed both within and external to the rail corridor. They are used to connect both major and intermediate communications nodes and to supply services to end-users.

The C&CS network consists of both optic fibre and copper cables.

The optic fibre network consists of single mode and multi mode cables ranging in size, but not limited to, 12 through to 240 fibres.

The copper network consists predominantly of, but not limited to, polyethylene sheathed, jelly-filled, unit twin ranging in size from 2 pair through to 200 pair cables.

The copper network also consists of legacy cables such as lead/paper and armoured dry quad of various sizes.

Note: Some cable types are used by both C&CS and Signals so extreme care is needed to ensure that they are identified correctly.

Controlled conditions refer to the requirement that the passage of trains needs to be controlled through the worksite and any locating activities are managed to eliminate interference to train operations.

This may mean that locating is done in between trains, at the conclusion of train services for the day or during possessions.

Controlled conditions are particularly relevant in CBI signalled areas as a licensed Signal electrician/Signal engineer may be required to manage the resetting of signalling equipment affected by the cable locating equipment.

The local Signal Maintenance Engineer will determine when locating activities are to be carried out under “Controlled conditions”.



Competent person means a person who has acquired through training, qualification or experience, or a combination of them, the knowledge and skills to carry out that task.’

DBYD (Dial before you dig) DBYD is a non-profit organisation that is funded by underground utilities owners including RailCorp. It provides information on the location of Underground Services and mandatory instructions on how to care for, and protect, the identified services during excavation works

Telephone 1100

Website www.dialbeforeyoudig.com.au/members.html

DSS (Detailed Site Survey) a set of standards and procedures that details the processes to be followed when undertaking service search activities and survey data capture, for any proposed or planned excavation works.

The DSS standards and procedures detail the required performance criteria, to ensure that all services are located and marked and the survey capture, plans and associated data are compliant with the requirements of the standards and procedures.

The DSS process as referred to in this document is not to be confused with the ‘Signalling’ Detailed Site Surveys which form part of the design and approval phase in all signalling construction works.

Electronic Detection uses an electronic Signal Transmitter, or Signal Transmitting sonde, to directly connect or induce frequencies into the target underground service and an electronic receiver to locate its position & approximate depth.

Electrical Permits issued to authorise individuals to work on a de-energised electrical system. These are issued by the relevant discipline to suitably qualified individuals.

Exposed equipment where approach to the normally live portion of the equipment is not prevented by a barrier, insulating material or an earthed metal shield.

External Utilities Services any external owned service that crosses RailCorp property, or runs inside RailCorp property. Services may include, but are not limited to the following:

• Communications Cables • Control and protection cables • High voltage cables and their associated pilot wires • Low voltage cables • High pressure gas • Low pressure gas • Sewer lines • Water mains • Fuel lines • Drainage lines • Conduit, pipes, ducts etc

Hazard a situation in the workplace that has the potential to harm the health and safety of people or to damage plant and equipment. The situation could involve a task, chemical or equipment used.

High voltage HV voltage nominally exceeding 1000 volts alternating.

ISS (Internal Services Search) a process for requesting, an accurate field drawing of underground services in a localised area from each district where a detailed site survey is not available.


http://www.dialbeforeyoudig.com.au/members.html


NOC (Network Operations Centre) C&CS operations centre formerly known as the Network Management Centre.

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) used to protect workers against known hazards. PPE includes safety vest, insulating gloves, glasses and face protection

Power Cables (Electrical) installed and maintained by RailCorp’s Electrical Discipline personnel.

They consist of three main types:

a) Low voltage cables are used for general lighting and power. These also include supply cables to power the Signals and Communications system.

b) Generally the RailCorp’s Electrical Discipline personnel are responsible for signalling power cables down to the secondary terminals on each power supply transformer.

c) Generally the RailCorp’s Electrical Discipline is responsible for the power supply to the switchboard in C&CS Equipment rooms.

1500 volt dc is classified as low voltage by WorkCover but within the RailCorp rail traction environment these are treated as a separate classification.

Traction sub-station negatives generally operate near earth potential and thus need a different approach to locate.

High voltage cables above 1000V AC and up to 66 kV.

Power Cables (Signalling) power cables feed trackside signalling locations. These cables are at low voltage and can either be at 50v DC, 120v or 415v AC and in some rare cases up to 480v AC.

For safety reasons, the signalling system is not referenced to earth and is considered a ‘floating’ supply.

RailCorp Services are RailCorp owned and maintained infrastructure. These services may be underground, at ground level or above ground and may present as a single service or a combination of the services:

• 1,500V DC traction cables both positive and negative • air lines • cathodic protection, electrolysis and drainage-bond cables. Note these can be

attached to RailCorp and/or privately-owned assets on RailCorp property. • Close Circuit TV Cables - (CCTV) • communication cables • conduits, ducts • earth conductors • earth mats and electrodes including interconnecting wires or cables • Galvanised Steel Troughing - (GST) • Ground Level Troughing - (GLT) • high voltage cables and their associated pilot wires • low voltage cables • pipe-lines for gas, sewer, water, fuel etc • pits • signalling cables • bonding cables • trench earths



Regional management RailCorp’s representatives responsible for the asset management and configuration approvals in each geographical area.

Safe approach distances when working around electrical equipment, safe approach distances have been determined and are set out SMS-06-GD-0268 Working around Electrical Equipment.

Service Owners’ Representative the person responsible for an internal or external service within RailCorp’s property and who is authorised to make decisions as to safe and sufficient work methods to be used.

Service Search Co-ordinatator the person responsible for coordinating both internal service search information and DSS documentation.

SMS (Safety Management System) – a system to provide a means of enhancing safety management performance throughout RailCorp.

Signalling cables are those installed and maintained by RailCorp’s Signalling discipline Signals cables are either mains cables to power trackside locations or control cables for the control of the signalling system.

• Signalling control cables include: • Multi-conductor signalling cables • Single core multi-stranded cables and; • High frequency screened track circuit cables

SSI (Solid State Interlocking) microprocessor based system used to control the signalling system.

Substation traction substation, transformer room, switchroom, sectioning hut, pole or pad mounted transformer location, containing high voltage electrical equipment.

Substation Access Permit pre-printed form completed signed and issued by an Authorised Person (Substations) to define the high voltage or 1500 volt equipment on or near which work may be carried out. The extent of the work covered is described on the form.

TFM (Trackside Functional Module) the output module of the SSI signal control system.

Traction Supply network 1500v DC system that supplies power to electric trains. It includes the positive feeder cable from the substation to the OHW catenary system and the return negative cables from rail back to the substation.

ULX Under Line Crossing.

Under supervision direct supervision at all times by a person who is certified to carry out the function concerned.

Computer Based Interlocking Systems Computer based interlocking systems include SSI, Microlok & Westrace interlocking systems.

Those CBI sub-systems that are directly connected to a cable e.g. an SSI TFM or Microlok Lamp driver card or input interface card, can be affected by the output signal on an electronic cable locator. As such, the procedures detailed below for working in a CBI area should be applied.


5

http://sms.railcorp.nsw.gov.au/Shared%20Documents/SMS-06-GD-0268%20Working%20Around%20Electrical%20Equipment.pdf

http://sms.railcorp.nsw.gov.au/Shared%20Documents/SMS-06-GD-0268%20Working%20Around%20Electrical%20Equipment.pdf


Where CBI systems exclusively use interface relays to connect to field equipment such as signals & trainstops these can be treated as being in a non CBI area and the corresponding procedures are to be applied

Appendix A details a map showing the approximate boundaries of all CBI systems on the RailCorp network. In the first instance, this map is to be reviewed to determine if the work to be undertaken falls within a CBI area.

Where work is in a CBI area, close to a boundary of a CBI area or a service runs into a CBI area, the regions’ Signal Engineer is to be contacted

6 Safety It is the responsibility of all individuals to work safely. RailCorp’s Safety Management System holds all reference material to enable staff to work in a safe manner. The following points are particularly relevant to the locating of underground services.

The most important aspect of your work is to protect yourself, your colleagues and anyone else in the vicinity from death or injury.

All cable screens must be treated as live, even if the cable is isolated and proven ‘dead’, as voltage may be induced into it from lightning or other nearby cables which are live or carrying faults or power switching surges. For this reason appropriate PPE must used.

There are many different hazards including those detailed in Element 6 – Risk Management of the RailCorp Safety Management System. See SMS Element: 6 Workplace Risk Management – Construction and Maintenance Planning.

SMS-06-EN-0575 states:

If work involves the earth conductor for a portion of the installation becoming discontinuous, supply must be removed from that portion of the installation

Consequently any work that requires a low voltage ‘safety earth’ to be disconnected, the supply shall be isolated. This requirement does NOT apply to Signalling earths, which are not ‘safety earths’ as defined in AS3000, and are provided for surge protection purposes only.

SMS-06-TP-0312 is the Management Plan to assist in the identification of hazards associated with the work on the site along with the hazard control measures that will be implemented to ensure that people are adequately protected from risk of injury or illness.

SMS-06-PR-0023 details how work is to be performed, and describes the safety requirements for each part of the work.

Where a SWMS is provided by an external party or contractor then it must be reviewed using SMS-06-FM-0024. A copy of the SWMS must be kept with the SSMP.

A specific SWI is required for each model of electronic detector to detail how to safely use the device

7 Authorisation requirements ‘This section details the qualifications required to locate underground services within the rail corridor.

All locating staff shall have completed a RailCorp recognised training course in basic cable locating. In order to obtain an authorisation to locate any RailCorp services,



trainees also require field experience of locating services in the relevant discipline under the supervision of an authorised locator.

To obtain an authorisation to locate, there will be a competency assessment by an approved person nominated from the discipline. The competency assessment will require evidence of experience (by way of a log book) and or a recommendation from a authorised locator and the successful completion of a competency assessment.

Reaccreditation of authorisations shall be done every two years or as mandated by the discipline.

7.1 Competencies Authorisation for service location requires that operators are trained and assessed as competent for the appropriate level of service location work.

The following tables explain the underground service location work allowable per competency level. Persons qualified at a higher level are also qualified to perform or supervise the duties specified for lower levels.

7.2 C&CS Discipline Trainee • Locate all areas under competent supervision

• Access to C&CS locations

• ’Dead cables’

• Live cables under competent supervision

Competent (non CBI areas)

• Live cables with Direct Connection, Induction Clamp

• Induction Broadcast methods

• Unsupervised in non CBI areas

• Locating in CBI areas under competent supervision

Competent (incl CBI areas)

Unsupervised locating in all areas including CBI


7.3


Signal Discipline Trainee • Locate all areas under competent supervision

• Access to Signals locations

• Access to Track-side equipment

• ’Dead cables’

• Live cables under competent supervision

Competent (non CBI areas)

• Live cables with Direct Connection, Induction Clamp and

• Induction Broadcast methods

• Unsupervised in non CBI areas

• Locating in CBI areas under competent supervision

Competent (incl CBI areas)

• Unsupervised locating in all areas including CBI

• Direct connection to spare cores with a Signal electrician present

• Live connector to AC or DC track and 120 volt power circuits Signal electrician present

Competent (live cables)

• Direct connection to spare cores.

• Live connector to AC or DC track and 120 volt power circuits

Note: Persons qualified at a higher level are also qualified to perform the duties specified for lower levels.

7.4 Electrical Discipline While access to Electrical installations such as substations or switch rooms is controlled via SMS-11-GD-0244, cable locating on either HV or LV cables still require locating staff to be trained and assessed as competent in these procedures.

8 Minimum team composition At least two members of each Underground Services location team shall be trained in ’live’ rescue techniques and Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).

No team shall be smaller than two members.

9 Access protocols This section describes the requirements for obtaining approval to carry out Electronic detection involving RailCorp Signalling, C&CS and Electrical services. The work shall be done only by accredited persons holding current competencies and accreditation to enter working equipment locations and housings.


9.1


In CBI areas the District Signals Engineer shall be advised of any locating activities in the rail corridor. In non CBI areas the District Signals Engineer shall only be advised when access to a signalling location is required. Refer to Appendix A for a detailed map highlighting all CBI areas.

When contacting an asset owner sufficient time shall be provided to allow for adequate arrangements to be made for the work to proceed.

Access protocols for services searching on C&CS telecommunications assets As the owner and maintainer of RailCorp’s telecommunication infrastructure, C&CS has an accountability to ensure the integrity of both the cable network assets and the services supported by these assets.

When contacting C&CS to advise of the intention to work in a particular location, the following information is to be provided:

• proposed time & date the work is to be carried out

• whether the work is to be done in a Signalling CBI area

Note: The only person who can determine if this work is in an CBI signalled area is the authorised signalling representative for the area under consideration

The only exemption to this procedure will be if prior approval has been granted by an authorised representative of the C&CS Network and Field Operations Group.

Contact Details for Communications and Control Systems (C&CS) Team Communications Service and Support Telephone 9379 4000

9.2 Emergency access protocols for services searching on C&CS telecommunications assets Emergency access to C&CS sites and assets for the purpose of undertaking services searching operations is to be requested via the C&CS Network Operations Centre (NOC).

Emergency access may be granted in order to identify cable failures or suspected cable failure caused by operations such as track work, construction work, or excavations works.

In these cases the C&CS NOC will authorise access, or arrange for a C&CS representative to meet the requestor on site prior to searching operations commencing.

9.3 Access protocols for services searching on RailCorp Signalling assets RailCorp’s signalling system is regionally based where each region is then further subdivided into districts. Each district is managed by a District Signals Engineer. Both the Regional Signals Engineer and the District Signals Engineer have the responsibility to ensure the integrity and reliability of the signalling system.

Persons wishing to enter any signalling location must be deemed competent in “TMG SCS02 Work safely in a live signal location”.

Any person wishing to gain access to a signalling location must contact the District Signals Engineer advising them of to the work to be undertaken.



When contacting each district to obtain permission, the following information is to be provided:

Staff performing the locating shall provide

• details of the service(s) to be located • proposed time and date the work is to be carried out • whether a signal electrician is required

The District Signal Engineer shall advise:

• confirm whether the work is to be done in a Signalling CBI area • confirm whether a signal electrician is required • the contact details of the local signalling staff

To ensure the reliability of the signalling system, it is mandatory that only authorised individuals work in live signalling locations or on live signalling equipment and carry out work only to the level to which they have been assessed competent.

Districts Contact Details for Signals Central Coast 57376 (4349 9376) Hornsby 36562 (9847 8562) Central 32185 (9224 2185) ESR 32289 (9752 8687) Sydenham 27825 (9563 7825) Hurstville 69215 (9522 1215) Wollongong 60527 (4223 5527) Liverpool 61633 (9765 1633) Strathfield 25131 (9752 8131) West 87347 (9851 7347) After hours 95555 (9379 5555)

Once permission has been given and prior to work commencing, the local signal electrician shall be contacted and advised of the work being carried out including locations and times.

9.4 Access protocols for services searching on RailCorp Electrical assets

9.4.1 Access to Low voltage services Generally, no permission is required for access to low voltage installations.

9.4.2 Entry to traction substations and section huts Entry to substations or section huts for people that do not have access accreditation must under the continuous and close supervision of an Authorised Person (Substations). If continuous and close supervision cannot be provided, a Substation Access permit must be issued for the work. (Refer to SMS-06-FM-0594).

Obtaining permission to gain access to power cables and substations should be arranged through the Regional Electrical Maintenance Engineers. Permission should be sought with at least 7 days notice.



Districts Contact Details for Electrical Illawarra 2 7935 (9563 7935) City 6 7509 (9693 7509) North 5 7214 (4349 9114) South 2 5206 (9752 8206) West 8 3963 (4780 3963)

When contacting each district to obtain permission, the following information is to be provided:

• details of the service(s) to be located • proposed time and date the work is to be carried out • whether the work is to be done in a Signalling CBI area

10 Service locators There are several manufacturers of electronic locating equipment with one or more models available on the Australian market. Tests have proven that not all locators which have a 4.1Khz frequency are compatible for used In CBI areas. For this reason all locating equipment must be approved for use by Chief Engineer Signalling & Control Systems.

Exemptions to this can only be granted by the Regional Signals engineer who will dictate the necessary controls to be applied.

Most manufactures of electronic locating equipment offer the following features:

10.1 Locating methods • direct connection • live connection (via live connector interface) • inductive clamp • induction broadcast • connection to sondes and/or to flexible rods for locating pipes • passive detection (50Hz scanning)

10.2 Direct connection This is connecting the transmitter output to:

An insulated metallic conductive pipe, cable screen, sheath, spare core or drain wire of a ‘live’ signal, communication or electrical cable or ‘dead’ conductor.

10.3 Induction clamps These clamp around live cables to enable them to be traced by inducing the signal into the conductor(s) and are the second best option if direct connection is not possible. When using the induction clamp, ensure the clamp is fully closed around the target cable.

This method of locating can only be used under certain applications in CBI areas as it operates at frequencies above 4.1 KHz

10.4 Induction broadcast This uses the higher frequencies to radiate into the ground and reflect back off the target service(s).



This method is used to sweep the area for unexpected buried conductive metals as it identifies all conductive metals in the broadcast area. However it is the least effective method to find a specific service.

10.5 Live connectors A variation of direct connection is to use a ‘live connector’ which enables connection to ‘live’ conductors of cables within the voltage rating of the connector.

The live connector has an isolating transformer, to protect the transmitter, with a dual tuned inductor/capacitor (LC) circuit to pass the transmitter signal across to the target service.

10.6 Sondes For pipes, or cables in PVC duct, sondes may be used which can be set to radiate the signal alone or including the flexible rod used to push them into the pipe. The sonde alone is useful to locate a blockage in a pipe or duct.

10.7 Passive frequency search The passive mode (power and radio) provide a convenient means of searching for services without the need to connect a transmitter.

10.8 Typical active frequencies 982Hz to 1.09 kHz for locating long pipelines with good coatings, trunk cables and for accurately locating pipes and cables in areas congested with multiple services.

1.09 KHz to 4.1 KHz for locating services within a CBI area.

8 kHz to 9.8 kHz for locating pipelines with cathodic protection, coated pipes, uncoated pipes (depending on condition), power and telephone cables.

33 kHz to 132 kHz for locating street light cables and metallic pipelines with insulated joints or nonconductive fittings.

Note: Only transmitters limited to 4.1 kHz maximum may be used in CBI areas as higher frequencies interfere with the CBI Signalling system. Higher frequencies may be used when approval is granted by the District Signalling Engineer using controlled conditions.

10.9 Power Most cable locators have power output adjustment on the transmitters, up to 3 or 10 watts, and gain adjustment on the receivers to enable services to be traced at the lowest power necessary to avoid leakage of the target current to other services and to extend battery life.

Output power on transmitters shall be no greater than 10 watts. As you move away from the transmitter its power level may need to be increased to provide enough current on the target service to be detected.

10.10 Optional extras Various auxiliary options are available including earth fault location equipment.



10.11 Equipment maintenance Locating equipment shall be kept in good working order. At the commencement of each shift, the locating equipment shall be inspected to ensure that all leads, casing, displays and accessories are intact and are functioning.

Where damaged or faulty equipment has been identified, it shall not be used and must be repaired.

When the locating equipment is not in use it shall be adequately stored and protected against damage.

11 Locating practices and procedures for CBI & non CBI areas

11.1 General All cables and other underground services are to be individually traced to ensure that all routes are accurately located including any diversions. Refer to Appendix A for a network map highlighting all CBI areas.

11.2 Interference from other frequencies used in the rail environment Frequencies between 1KHz and 3 KHz are used in the railway signalling system. These frequencies may cause interference to cable locating equipment.

Interfering frequencies also exist in the traction supply and these are also known to cause interference to cable locating equipment.

11.3 Site Inspection • Orientate yourself by identifying all landmarks and establishing where you expect

the identified underground services to be located. • Identify all cables and other services in the target area by:

(a) Physically counting all cables at the location in the target area (b) Using existing cable plans as a guide (c) Using track plans as a guide

This is to verify that all cables can be accounted for when locating. • Carefully inspect the worksite for evidence of Underground Services not shown on

the documentation. Evidence may include disturbed ground, marker pegs, pits, conduits entering the ground from poles or buildings, fire hydrants, etc.

11.4 Preliminary Inspection prior to locating • Examine the target cables carefully for signs of flashover burning, missing

arresters etc before disconnecting earths. • Definitively establish the reason for any signs of burning, flashover, discrepancies

in labelling, cables or terminals etc with the responsible local engineer(s) before proceeding any further.

• If a spark occurs when disconnecting earths, stop work and report it to the appropriate Regional representative for investigation.

• Do not proceed until the reason is definitively established.



12 Procedures for earthing and locating underground services in CBI areas This section details the techniques, mandatory procedures and methods for the electronic locating of services within the rail corridor to minimise any impact that the locating may have on train operations in CBI areas.

12.1 Warning CBI has been proved to be susceptible to frequencies generated from locating transmitters. A failure of the CBI system will result in a signal failure and as such will impact on rail traffic operations. For this reason it is mandatory that these procedures are followed.

The use of any transmitters, Sondes, ‘Live Cable’ connectors, fault location equipment, or any other equipment that has an operating frequency higher than 4.1 kHz is prohibited in all CBI areas, except when approval is granted by the District Signalling Engineer or his nominated representative. .

Data Link Module

Signal Module

Points Module

Figure 1 - Typical SSI Modules

Above 4.1 kHz the transmitter signal can interfere with CBI Signal systems.

Ensure that the operating frequency has been correctly set prior to connection to the target service.

12.1.1 Transmitter power selection To minimise the interference effects of transmitters on CBI equipment, first select the minimum power level and increase as required so as to allow for an accurate locate of the target service.

Using higher power increases the risk of inductive coupling to other services which may introduce ‘ghosting’.



12.1.2 Prohibited locating techniques Due to the need to keep transmitter operating frequencies below 4.1 KHz in CBI areas, some methods of locating are prohibited because of the operating functionality of the transmitter.

• The use of sondes operating at 4.1 KHz or higher is prohibited • Induction broadcasting is prohibited because of the frequency output of the

transmitter • Induction Clamp method is prohibited on all services with the exception of HV

services • Live cable connector is prohibited because of the operating frequency

12.2 Earthing in CBI areas Proper earthing of the target service is required to minimise the transmitter signal leaking off the cable and therefore minimising the possibility of interference to the CBI system. Proper earthing has the added benefit of keeping the transmitter signal on the target service allowing for a more accurate locate.

12.3 Earthing Requirements As part of the electronic location of services earthing is required to:

• Minimise circuit resistance to maximise current on the target service • Keep the return current path as direct as possible and away from other

underground services.

The location of transmitter and far end earth stakes should be carefully chosen to be:

• In damp rich soil rather than dry, sandy or gravely soil wherever possible to obtain a good low resistance connection to the earth mass to minimise resistance

• At right-angles to the return current path • Outside and clear of earth mats or earth stakes • Clear of buried services. • Preferably without buried services between either end of the target service and the

earth stake • If possible on the same side of the cable trench and/or tracks as the other end of

the target service • Well away from sources that may generate earth potential rise voltages such as

high voltage power poles, substations or the tracks (which may sometimes cause an earth potential rise due to passing electric trains).

Note: Stanchions or any part of the running rail or fastenings must not be used for earthing.

12.4 Far end earths To minimise the effects on CBI, the far end of the target screen, sheath or spare core must always be earthed. This applies to all RailCorp signalling, communication and low voltage power cables.

In the case of high voltage cables far end earths are not required.



12.5 Earthing methodology The preferred method for connecting the transmitter to earth shall be:

• External separate transmitter earth. If this is not effective due to local conditions then

• Location earth busbar.

The location earth busbar may allow the target signal to ghost onto other services and cause confusion, so only use it as a last resort and then return to the separate external transmitter earth for the next service.

In some areas, there will exist a difference in earth potentials. When using far end earths foreign voltages may be transferred via the target service to the local area with the possibility of causing interruption or damage to equipment. To reduce this risk the following sequence must be followed when applying an earth to the far end of a cable:

• First connect the transmitter to earth stake and sheath of target cable. • Then connect far end earth. • Transmitter can now be turned on. • Locate cable. • Turn transmitter off. • Remove far end earth. • Remove transmitter and earth.

13 Locating Signalling cables in CBI areas

13.1 Direct Connection Method

13.1.1 Initial set-up In a safe location, well away from any Signal cables, ensure the transmitter is set for 1kHz or 4.1 kHz and the lowest power level chosen.

13.1.2 Main Cables Signalling (Location to Location) Multi-core main signalling cables generally do not form part of a CBI signalling system but may exist at interfaces. Restrictions regarding the use of locators still apply in these areas.

Remove arrester from the local end cable using appropriate PPE insulated gloves.

Remove the arrester from the far end of the cable using appropriate PPE insulated gloves.

Test continuity of cable sheath

Once continuity of the sheath has been confirmed, install a separate earth stake at the local end and connect one lead of transmitter to earth and connect one lead of transmitter to the cable sheath (normally red).

At the far end, install a separate earth stake and connect to cable sheath

When finished locating remove earth from far end first and restore sheath arresters to original positions.

Remember do not turn the transmitter on until all earths have been applied



13.1.3 Main Cables for Signalling power (Location to Location) Typically these cables do not have a sheath and as such must be isolated for locating purposes. The isolation of a mains cable can only be done under controlled conditions with a signal electrician present

13.1.4 SSI Data link cable (location to location) Typically these cables do not have a sheath and as such must be isolated for locating purposes. The isolation of a SSI data link cable can only be done under controlled conditions with a signal electrician present

13.1.5 High frequency twin Identify all high frequency twin cables in signal location

On these cables check termination of screen & drain wire at track side equipment.

If any screen or drain wire in trackside equipment is terminated, disconnect using appropriate PPE insulated gloves.

Ensure all screens / drain wires in track side equipment are disconnected before disconnecting any screens or drain wires in the signal location.

Disconnecting in this sequence will place the tester at risk of coming between track terminals at rail voltage and the cable screen at remote ‘true’ earth voltage. Location earth should be disconnected first.

At the signal location, disconnect each target service screen as required. Note once all external screens / drain wires have been isolated, PPE (insulated gloves) are not required for this task

Test continuity of cable drain wire on target cable.

Once continuity of the drain wire has been confirmed, install a separate earth stake at the local end and connect one lead of transmitter to earth and connect one lead of transmitter to the cable drain wire (normally red).

At the far end, install a separate earth stake and connect to cable drain wire

When finished locating turn transmitter off, remove earth from far end first and restore the screen / drain wire in the signal location.

Once the screen / drain wire in the signal location has been restored, the reconnection of the screen / drain in the trackside equipment can be made using PPE (insulated gloves).

Reconnection of screens / drain wires shall be to the original condition or better using approved methods. The use of PVC insulated tape is prohibited. Blind Crimps and sleeving over the screen / drain wires is shall be used.




13.1.6 Signal Cable A signal cable is any cable that feeds any colour light signal, guards' indicator, warninglight or buffer stop light.

Due to the likelihood of causing a TFM failure, location of these cables can only be done under controlled conditions with the approval of the District Signal Engineer.

Remove arrester from the local end cable using appropriate PPE Insulated gloves


Once continuity of the sheath has been confirmed, install a separate earth stake at thesignal location and connect one lead of transmitter to earth and connect one lead of transmitter to the cable sheath (normally red).


When finished locating remove earth from far end first and restore arrestor in signal location using the same method as for disconnection.

The screen at the signal end of the cable shall be appropriately insulated.

Remember do not turn the transmitter on until all earths have been applied.

If the cable sheath is inaccessible, refer to section 13.1.9 detailing connection to spare, unused cable cores

13.1.7 Trainstops In some locations, the trainstop is fed by the same cable that feeds the corresponding signal. Where this is the case, the local cable from the signal base to the trainstop is to be located using the same procedures as for a signal cable.

Where the trainstop is fed by a dedicated cable the following procedures are to apply

Remove arrester from the local end cable using appropriate PPE insulated gloves


Once continuity of the sheath has been confirmed, install a separate earth stake at the signal location and connect one lead of transmitter to earth and connect one lead of transmitter to the cable sheath (normally red).



The screen at the trainstop end of the cable shall be appropriately insulated.

If access to the cable sheath is inaccessible, refer to section 13.1.9 detailing connection to spare, unused cable cores




13.1.8 Points Machine Cable Remove arrester from the local end cable using appropriate PPE insulated gloves


Once continuity of the sheath has been confirmed, install a separate earth stake at the signal location and connect one lead of transmitter to earth and connect one lead of transmitter to the cable sheath (normally red).



The screen at the points end of the cable shall be appropriately insulated.



13.1.9 Direct Connection to Spare Cores for Locating This method is to be used only when cable sheath is inaccessible or unfit for use.

This method is only to be carried out by:

• A level 4 signals locator

• Or a level 3 signals locator under supervision of a signal electrician or a level 4 signals locator.

Connection to a spare cable core should only be via the terminal test point on which it is terminated. Where test points are not available on a terminal block, an alternative arrangement must be made to obtain access to the cable core.

Under no circumstances shall cable locating personnel disconnect any cable core from a terminal for this work. If there is no alternative available, they must arrange for a signal electrician to attend to carry out the disconnection and reconnection.

At both the signal location and the remote end identify target cable and visually inspect for spare cores ensuring that there is:

• Only one cable per terminal block, • No cables exiting terminal block on other side, • That there is no bridging between terminal blocks, and • That there is no cross jumpering (bus bar) connection between adjacent terminal

blocks. This is sometimes difficult to ascertain and may require the cabler to ensure terminal blocks move independently of one another.

Test continuity of cable core

Once continuity of the core has been confirmed, install a separate earth stake at the signal location and connect one lead of transmitter to earth and connect one lead of transmitter to the cable core (normally red).

At the far end, install a separate earth stake and connect to the corresponding cable core.


14



Where the insulation of a spare core has had to be removed for testing / locating, blind crimps must be used to cap the bare end of the unused cable core. The use of PVC or self amalgamating tape is prohibited.


Locating Communications cables in CBI areas Generally, the sheaths, screen, moisture barrier, armour etc of RailCorp communications cables are earthed to the Communications earth terminal via the internal earth bus where appropriate and only at the city end of the cable. At locations without mains power , the sheath of the Sydney end of communications cables may be earthed to the Signals earth, but it is preferred to simply bond the sheaths of in and out cables such that they are only earthed at Telecommunications Equipment rooms.

Prior to using the direct connection method the earthing arrangements of the targeted Communications cables must be reviewed so as the requirements for applying earths for locating in CBI areas can be followed

14.1.1 Direct connection to cable sheath Once the earth bonding arrangements of the target cable has been identified (including the sheath earths of the in and out cables), disconnect or isolate the cable sheath as required.


Once continuity of the sheath has been confirmed, install a separate earth stake at the near end location and connect one lead of transmitter to earth and connect the other lead (normally red) to the cable sheath.


When finished locating, disconnect and remove the earth connection at the far end first. Restore cable earths or screens to original condition.

If access to the cable sheath is inaccessible, refer to section 14.1.2 detailing connection to spare, unused cable pairs

14.1.2 Direct Connection to Spare Pairs (Comms) This method is to be used only when cable sheath is inaccessible or unfit for use.

At the termination point and the remote end identify target cable and visually inspect for spare pairs

Ensuring that there is:

• Only one wire per terminal block • No wires exiting terminal block on other side • That there are no jumpers between terminal blocks • That there is no cross jumpering (bus bar) connection between terminal blocks.

This is sometimes difficult to ascertain and may require cabler to ensure terminal blocks move independently of one another.



Once the cable pair has been confirmed as spare, test for continuity using an approved method.

Once continuity of the cable pair has been confirmed, install a separate earth stake at the near end location and connect one lead of transmitter to earth and connect one lead of transmitter to the cable core (normally red).

At the far end, install a separate earth stake and connect to the corresponding cable pair.

When finished locating, remove earth from the far end first. and restore spare pairs to their original condition.

15 Locating electrical power cables in CBI areas Electrical power cables can be located by the following methods:

• Direct connection to cable screens or LV cable cores • Direct connection to cores when isolated and proven “dead” under permit

conditions. • Induction Clamp (high voltage cables only) • Passive

15.1 Electrical power cables in CBI areas – general Earths and or neutrals may not be broken whilst cables are in service.

LV power cables diameters are similar to Signal and Communication cables so only 1 or 4.1 kHz frequencies can be used in CBI areas except under controlled conditions with the permission of the Regional Signal Engineer.

HV power cables however have much larger cross-sections thus higher frequencies can be used in CBI areas.

15.2 Direct connection method in CBI areas

15.2.1 HV Power Cables - direct connection The Direct connection is only permitted once the cable has been isolated, proven dead and tagged by accredited persons and a Substation test permit issued.

Frequencies above 4.1Khz are permitted.

15.2.2 LV Power Cables - Direct connection Prior to the connection of any cable locating equipment the target cable shall be:

• Isolated both locally (at the sourcing switchboard) and also from any remote controls

• Locked open • Proved “dead” by an instrument tested immediately before and after the test to

show that it is in correct working order • Danger tagged by a Qualified or Authorised person who closely and continuously

supervises the work to its completion.

Transmitter frequencies are limited to 1 or 4.1 kHz only from approved transmitters in CBI areas.



For typical LV installations far end earths are not required, however if required they may be used as a means to improve the quality and accuracy of the location of the target cable

15.2.3 1500V Traction Return Cables Because these cables are connected to a ‘close to earth’ circuit (traction return rails) a direct connection would be ineffective unless the cables are isolated from the trackside negative bar.

The Direct connection is only permitted once the cable has been isolated, proven dead and tagged by accredited persons and a Substation test permit issued.

Frequencies above 4.1 KHz are permitted.

15.3 Induction clamp method in CBI areas

15.3.1 HV power cables Locating HV power cables using the induction clamp is permitted in CBI areas due to the larger cross section of the cable and higher frequencies that are able to be used.

When using the induction clamp ensure the clamp is fully enclosed around the target cable. Care shall be taken to keep the transmitter clear of any signalling cables

15.3.2 LV power cables The induction clamp can not be used on LV cables in CBI areas as it only operates at frequencies above 4.1 KHz

15.3.3 1500V Traction Return Cables Locating 1500 traction return cables using the induction clamp is permitted in CBI areas due to the larger cross section of the cable and higher frequencies that are able to be used.

When using the induction clamp ensure the clamp is fully enclosed around the target cable. Care shall be taken to keep the transmitter clear of any signalling cables

15.3.4 Passive mode in CBI areas Power cables can be located using passive power mode as per the manufacturer’s instructions.

Note this technique will not work on 1500 volt dc cables.

16 Locating external services in CBI areas The use of cable locators to locate services that cross the railway property without any significant distance (less than 10m) parallel to the rail track is accepted as not likely to impact on signalling infrastructure.

For services that run for a significant distance (10m or more) parallel to the rail track, the use of approved locators set to 4.1 KHz or lower is accepted as not likely to impact on the Signalling infrastructure.



17 Procedures for earthing and locating underground services outside of CBI areas This section details the techniques, mandatory procedures and approved methods for locating underground signalling, communications and power cables, plus other non RailCorp (external agency) services and earthing of cables in non CBI areas.

Above 4.1 kHz the transmitter signal can interfere with CBI Signal systems however in non CBI areas frequencies of 1 kHz, 4.1 kHz, 8 kHz, 33 kHz, 65 kHz or 83 kHz or higher may be used.

17.1 Connection methods The following methods may be used to locate underground services in non CBI areas:

• direct connect • induction clamp • live connector • induction broadcast • passive

Direct connection” is the preferred and most accurate method of locating cables because it puts the signal directly onto the target service and allows lower frequencies to be used.

Induction Clamps tend to focus the signal onto the target service but because they use higher frequencies, such as 33 kHz, the signal tends to leak off onto other nearby services.

Live Connectors allows location of “live” low voltage power cables using a live cable connector. One lead (red clip) is connected to the live conductor the other lead (black lead) is attached to earth. This then allows you to trace the cable accurately. This method would allow accurate location of single & twin core Power cables and AC & DC track feed cables.

Induction Broadcast is where the transmitter is placed in the vicinity of where you are locating. This method is only to be used to obtain an indication of services in an area by sweeping the area concerned. If something is detected a thorough investigation is to be carried out.

Passive modes can be used to search an area for unexpected underground services or for an indication of live power cables.

17.2 Earthing in areas outside CBI As part of the electronic location of services earthing is required to:

• Minimise circuit resistance to maximise target current, and • Keep the return current path short and away from other underground services in

order to minimise leakage of current from the target service and thus avoid confusion between the target and other underground services.

Outside CBI areas, prior to installing the earth stake, make an Induction Broadcast sweep of the selected position to ensure that there are no underground services.

Repeat for other positions if your first selection is not suitable.

The location of the transmitter and/or far end (trackside) earth stakes should be carefully chosen to be:



• In damp rich soil rather than dry, sandy or gravely soil wherever possible to obtain a good low resistance connection to the earth mass to minimise resistance

• At right-angles to the return current path • Outside and clear of earth mats or earth stakes • Clear of buried services • Preferably without buried services between either end of the target service and the

earth stake • If possible on the same side of the cable trench and/or tracks as the other end of

the target service • Well away from sources that may generate earth potential rise voltages such as

high voltage power poles, substations or the tracks (which may sometimes cause an earth potential rise due to passing electric trains).

Note: Stanchions or any part of the running rail or fastenings MUST NOT be used for earthing.

17.3 Far end earths The use of far end earths in non-CBI areas is not a mandatory requirement however it allows for the most accurate method of locating services. This may not be practical in some instances i.e. where the sheath is not accessible or can not be identified.

It may be possible to locate the cable with 8, 33 kHz or higher frequencies without the need for a far end earth. This practice however will require a higher power output and may result in increased coupling to other underground metallic services and can lead to inaccurate location of the target service. Earthing the far end will generally improve the target current.

If used, refer to the section below for connection methodology

17.4 Earthing methodology The method for connecting the transmitter to earth shall be

• External separate transmitter earth. If this is not effective due to local conditions then:

• Location earth busbar

The location earth busbar may allow the target signal to ghost onto other services and cause confusion, so only use it as a last resort and then return to the separate external transmitter earth for the next service.

When connecting far end earths, a difference in earth potentials may exist. When using far end earths foreign voltages may be transferred via the target service to the local area with the possibility of causing interruption or damage to equipment. To reduce this risk the following sequence must be followed when applying an earth to the far end of a cable:

• First connect the transmitter to earth stake and sheath of target cable. • Then connect far end earth. • Transmitter can now be turned on. • Locate cable. • Turn transmitter off. • Remove far end earth. • Remove transmitter and earth.



18 Locating of Signal Cables in non CBI areas

18.1 Direct connection method The process for cable locating using the direct connection method is the same as for CBI areas except that there are no restrictions on the frequencies that can be used.

18.2 Main cables signalling (location to location) Remove arrestor from the local end cable using appropriate PPE insulated gloves.

Install a separate earth stake at the local end and connect one lead of transmitter to earth and connect one lead of transmitter to the cable sheath (normally red).

Locate target service / cable

If a far end earth is required, the connection process is as defined in section 17.4 above.

When finished locating restore sheath arresters to original positions.



18.3 Main cables for signalling power (location to location) Typically these cables do not have a sheath and as such must be isolated for locating purposes. The isolation of a mains cable can only be done under controlled conditions with a signal electrician present

Alternatively, with the cable remaining energised, the Live cable connector can be used by an accredited level 4 locator or a level 3 locator with a signal electrician present.

Live connectors are connected between phase and earth.

• Connect the ‘live connector’ to the transmitter. • Install the transmitter earth stake. • Connect the earth lead (normally black) of the ‘live connector’ to the earth stake. • Direct connect the ‘live connector’ (usually by the red lead) to the conductor of the

first target cable. Begin locating.

Try to improve the ‘live connector’ earth stake installation if you can not trace it on the highest power level.

On completion switch off the transmitter, disconnect from the target conductor and remove the ‘live connector’ earth lead from the earth stake.

Note: Live cable locators can only be used on mains cables & DC & 50Hz track circuit cables.

18.3.1 High frequency twin Identify all high frequency twin cables in signal location

On these cables check termination of screen & drain wire at track side equipment.

If any screen or drain wire in trackside equipment is terminated, disconnect using appropriate PPE insulated gloves.



Ensure all screens / drain wires in track side equipment are disconnected before disconnecting any screens or drain wires in the signal location.

At the signal location, disconnect each target service screen as required. Note once all external screens / drain wires have been isolated, PPE (insulated gloves) are not required for this task

Test continuity of cable drain wire on target cable.

Once continuity of the drain wire has been confirmed, install a separate earth stake at the local end and connect one lead of transmitter to earth and connect one lead of transmitter to the cable drain wire (normally red).


When finished locating turn off and disconnect the transmitter and restore the screen / drain wire in the signal location.

Once the screen / drain wire in the signal location has been restored, the reconnection of the screen / drain in the trackside equipment can be made using PPE (insulated gloves).

Reconnection of screens / drain wires shall be to the original condition or better using approved methods. The use of PVC insulated tape is prohibited. Blind Crimps and sleeving over the screen / drain wires is shall be used.


18.4 Points machine and trainstop cables Remove arrestor from the local end cable using appropriate PPE insulated gloves.

Install a separate earth stake at the local end and connect one lead of transmitter to earthand connect one lead of transmitter to the cable sheath (normally red).






18.4.1 Signal cable Any control cable that feeds any colour light signal, Guard’s Indicator, warning light or buffer stop.

Remove arrestor from the local end cable using appropriate PPE insulated gloves

Install a separate earth stake at the local end and connect one lead of transmitter to earthand connect one lead of transmitter to the cable sheath (normally red).








18.4.2 Direct connection to spare cores for locating This method is only to be carried out by:

• A level 4 signals locator

• Or a level 3 signals locator under supervision of a signal electrician or a level 4 signals locator.

This method is to be used only when cable sheath is inaccessible or unfit for use.

Connection to a spare cable core can only via a terminal test point. Where test points are not available on a terminal block, an alternative arrangement must be made to obtain access to the cable core.

Under no circumstances shall cable locating personnel disconnect any cable core from a terminal for this work. If there is no alternative available, they must arrange for a signal electrician to attend to carry out the disconnection and reconnection.

At both the signal location and the remote end identify target cable and visually inspect for spare cores ensuring that there is:

• Only one cable per terminal block, • No cables exiting terminal block on other side, • That there is no bridging between terminal blocks, and • That there is no cross jumpering (bus bar) connection between adjacent terminal

blocks. This is sometimes difficult to ascertain and may require the cabler to ensure terminal blocks move independently of one another.

Test continuity of cable core.

Once continuity of the core has been confirmed, install a separate earth stake at the signal location and connect one lead of transmitter to earth and connect one lead of transmitter to the cable core (normally red).


Where the insulation of a spare core has had to be removed for testing / locating, blind crimps must be used to cap the bare end of the unused cable core. The use of PVC or self amalgamating tape is prohibited.


Locating Communications cables outside of CBI areas Generally, the sheaths, screen, moisture barrier, armour etc of RailCorp communications cables are earthed to the Communications earth terminal (CEB via the internal earth bus where appropriate) and only at the city end of the cable. At locations with out mains power , the sheath of the Sydney end of communications cables may be earthed to the Signals earth, but it is preferred to simply bond the sheaths of in and out cables such that they are only earthed at Telecommunications Equipment rooms.


19


19.1 Direct connection method The process for cable locating using the direct connection method is the same as for CBI areas except that there are no restrictions on the frequencies that can be used.

19.1.1 Direct connection to cable sheath Once the earth bonding arrangements of the target cable has been identified (including the sheath earths of the in and out cables), disconnect or isolate as required.

If a far end earth is required, test continuity of cable sheath.

Once continuity of the sheath has been confirmed, install a separate earth stake at the near end location and connect one lead of transmitter to earth and connect the other lead (normally red) to the cable sheath.


When finished locating, restore cable earths or screens to original condition.

If access to the cable sheath is inaccessible, refer to section 19.1.2 detailing connection to spare, unused cable pairs

19.1.2 Direct connection to spare pairs (Comms) This method is to be used only when cable sheath is inaccessible or unfit for use.

At the termination point and the remote end identify target cable and visually inspect for spare pairs ensuring that there is:

• Only one wire per terminal • No wires exiting the terminal block on other side • That there are no jumpers between terminal blocks

Once the cable pair has been confirmed as spare, test for continuity using an approved method.

Install a separate earth stake at the near end location and connect one lead of transmitter to earth and connect the other lead (normally red) to the cable pair.


When finished locating, restore cable earths or screens to original condition.

20 Locating electrical power cables outside of CBI areas Earths and or neutrals may not be broken whilst cables are in service or energised.

Electrical Power cables can be located by the following methods:

• direct connection to cable screens or LV cable cores • direct connection to cores when isolated and proven “dead” under permit

conditions. • Induction clamp • live connector to low voltage • passive



20.1 Direct connection method outside of CBI Areas

20.1.1 HV Power Cables - direct connection The Direct connection is only permitted once the cable has been isolated, proven dead and tagged by accredited persons and a Substation test permit issued.

Frequencies above 4.1Khz are permitted.

20.1.2 LV Power Cables - direct connection outside of CBI Areas Prior to the connection of any locating equipment the target cable shall be :

• isolated both locally (at the sourcing switchboard) and also from any remote controls

• locked open • proven ‘dead’ by an instrument tested immediately before and after the test to

show that it is in correct working order • danger tagged by a Qualified or Authorised person who closely and continuously

supervises the work to its completion.

20.1.3 1500V Traction Return Cables Because these cables are connected to a ‘close to earth’ circuit (traction return rails) a direct connection would be ineffective unless the cables are isolated from the trackside negative bar.

The Direct connection is only permitted once the cable has been isolated, proven dead and tagged by accredited persons and a Substation test permit issued.

20.1.4 LV Power Cables – live connection outside of CBI areas Alternatively, with the cable remaining energised, the Live cable connector can be used by an accredited person.

Live connectors are connected between phase and earth.

• Connect the ‘live connector to the transmitter. • Install the transmitter earth stake. • Connect the earth lead (normally black) of the ‘live connector to the earth stake. • Direct connect the ‘live connector (usually by the red lead) to the core of the first

target cable and starting at the lowest power setting try to trace it to its far/remote end.

Try to improve the ‘live connector earth stake installation if you can not trace it on the highest power level.

On completion switch off the transmitter, disconnect from the target conductor and remove the ‘live connector earth lead from the earth stake.



20.2 Induction clamp method outside of CBI areas

20.2.1 Signalling, Communications and Electrical cables There are no restrictions on this method of cable locating outside of CBI areas

WARNING

Dangerous voltages may appear on the pins of the cable clamp when clamped around high voltage cables

DO NOT TOUCH THE EXPOSED PINS OF THE PLUG WHEN THE SIGNAL CLAMP IS AROUND A POWER CABLE IT MAY LEAD TO ELECTROCUTION.

Always ensure that the clamp is connected to the transmitter prior to connecting to a high voltage cable

20.3 Transmitting sonde method

20.3.1 Locating non-metallic conduits or pipes A transmitting sonde may be used to identify the location of non-metallic underground conduits providing that the manufacturer’s operating procedures for the type of locator and sonde are adhered to and that there will be no damage to the existing services.

21 Locating unexpected underground services There a number of techniques available for locating unknown services in an area the use of these modes may help identify them.

These include ‘Induction broadcast’ mode and passive modes described below.

21.1 Induction broadcast outside of CBI areas When all identified services have been located or there is any discrepancy between the features evident on site and the documentation carry out a general sweep of the entire target area with the transmitter in induction broadcast mode to assist in the identification of any unknown or unexpected services.

Any unexpected Underground Services found are also to be accurately located or further investigation undertaken.

• Place the transmitter on the ground in the area that you are investigating making sure that there are about 10 metres between the transmitter and receiver, as per the manufacturer’s recommendations. This requirement is to minimise the risk of the receiver is picking up the signal direct from the transmitter instead of from an underground service.

• Turn transmitter on. • Sweep target area with receiver looking for any underground metal.

Do not use a transmitter earth when searching in the induction broadcast mode.



21.2 Passive mode outside of CBI areas Power cables can be located using passive mode as per the manufacturer’s instructions

Note this technique will not work on 1500 volt dc cables.

22 Locating external services outside of CBI areas In non CBI areas, there are no limitations on the methods used to locate non RailCorp services. Access to these services is controlled by the asset owner. The asset owner may regulate the type of locating methodology used to locate their asset.

23 Marking out and recording of cables and services Services are to be marked on the ground in the appropriate colour using biodegradable, fluorescent type marker paint or appropriately coloured wooden pegs as per the colour code chart below.

Any deviation, or change in direction, of Underground Services must be clearly marked at appropriate intervals.

23.1 Marking paint colour code chart Hazardous Service Colour Signalling / Communication Pink LV &HV Power Internal & External Orange External Telecommunications White Gas Yellow Water / Sewerage / Drainage Green Compressed Air Light Blue Fuel, Combustible and Flammable Liquids Red

24 Recording In areas that are not controlled by a DSS the location of the located underground services must be recorded in compliance with the SMS (what SMS element/document specifically) and EP 0491.

In DSS controlled areas any services not previously recorded on the plan must be plotted onto the plan and submitted to the DSS team.

25 Other equipment transmitters Other Engineering Disciplines use test or measuring equipment that inject frequencies into earth.

The use of these instruments must take into account the operating frequencies and the area in which they are to be used.

Where the output of the transmitter is known to be above 4KHz or greater than 10 watts and the intended work is in a CBI area, the District signal engineer shall be contacted and a procedure shall be agreed upon to minimise any possible impact to train services.



Appendix A RailCorp Network Map detailing CBI areas
