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Tlingit Verbs by Stem Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 1 Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P Ch O-ka-()-S-l-chaa aklachéix̱ act l- chaa strain for S to strain, filter, drain off O O-ka-()-S--cháak akacháak act - cháak pile for S to pile, stack away neatly, pack O (food, clothing, firewood, etc.) O-(ga)-l-chán lichán state ga l- chán stink for O to stink, have unpleasant odor, smell bad; for O to smell strongly O-()-S-l-choon awlichún event l- choon wound for S to wound, injure, bruise O O-()-d-choon wudichún event d- choon wound for O to be wounded, injured, bruised; for O to be hurt (emotionally) O-ka-()-S--choox akachóox act - choox knead for S to knead, press, pat O with palm of hand Chʼ O-ka-()-S--chʼáakʼw akachʼáakʼw act - chʼáakʼw carve for S to carve O (usually smaller, detailed work) using a knife smaller, detailed work ka-(?)-dl-chʼáchʼx̱ kadlichʼáchʼx̱ state ? dl- chʼáchʼx̱ spotted for a natural object (wood, rock, etc.) to be spotted natural object O-()-S-l-chʼéix̱ʼw yaa analchʼéx̱ʼw event l- chʼéix̱ʼw dirty for S to dirty, soil O (esp. clothing or person) esp. person or clothing O-()-l-chʼéix̱ʼw yaa nalchʼéx̱ʼw event l- chʼéix̱ʼw dirty for O to be dirty D P-t~ + ()--daa ¹ aadé yaa nadéin motion - daa ¹ flow for water to flow to P water P-náx̱ + ya-()--daa ¹ anax̱ yaa nadéin motion - daa ¹ tide for water, the tide to flow through P; for water, the tide to flood P water, tide P-t~ + ka-()--daa ¹ át kaawadáa motion - daa ¹ flow for water to flow, rise to P water P-x̱ + ka-(na)--daa ¹ áx̱ kanaadaa motion na - daa ¹ flow for water, blood to flow, run along P water, blood daa+ ()--daa ¹ daanadéin motion - daa ¹ tide for the tide to rise, come in tide ka-(na)--daa ¹ kaawadaa motion na - daa ¹ flow for water, blood to flow; for a nose to run water, blood kei + ()--daa ¹ kei nadéin motion - daa ¹ tide for water level, tide to rise water, tide N-x̱ / N eex̱ + (na)--daa ² du eex̱ yaa nadéin event na - daa ² accustomed for N to become used to, accustomed to something N x̱ʼéi-x̱ + (na)--daa ² du x̱ʼéix̱ yaa nadéin event na - daa ² accustomed for N to become used to, accustomed to it (of manner of speech or flavor of food) manner of speech, flavor

Tlingit Verbs by Stemtlingitlanguage.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Tlingit_Verbs1.pdf · Tlingit Verbs by Stem Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish

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Page 1: Tlingit Verbs by Stemtlingitlanguage.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Tlingit_Verbs1.pdf · Tlingit Verbs by Stem Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish

Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 1

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

ChO-ka-(∅)-S-l-√chaa aklachéix act ∅ l- √chaa strain for*S*to*strain,*filter,*drain*off*O

O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√cháak akacháak act ∅ ∅- √cháak pile for*S*to*pile,*stack*away*neatly,*pack*O*(food,*clothing,*firewood,*etc.)

O-(ga)-l-√chán lichán state ga l- √chán stink for*O*to*stink,*have*unpleasant*odor,*smell*bad;*for*O*to*smell*strongly

O-(∅)-S-l-√choon awlichún event ∅ l- √choon wound for*S*to*wound,*injure,*bruise*O

O-(∅)-d-√choon wudichún event ∅ d- √choon wound for*O*to*be*wounded,*injured,*bruised;*for*O*to*be*hurt*(emotionally)

O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√choox akachóox act ∅ ∅- √choox knead for*S*to*knead,*press,*pat*O*with*palm*of*hand

Chʼ

O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√chʼáakʼw akachʼáakʼw act ∅ ∅- √chʼáakʼw carve for*S*to*carve*O*(usually*smaller,*detailed*work)*using*a*knife

smaller,*detailed*work

ka-(?)-dl-√chʼachʼx kadlichʼáchʼx state ? dl- √chʼachʼx spotted for*a*natural*object*(wood,*rock,*etc.)*to*be*spotted natural*object

O-(∅)-S-l-√chʼe ixʼw yaa analchʼéxʼw event ∅ l- √chʼe ixʼw dirty for*S*to*dirty,*soil*O*(esp.*clothing*or*person) esp.*person*or*clothing

O-(∅)-l-√chʼe ixʼw yaa nalchʼéxʼw event ∅ l- √chʼe ixʼw dirty for*O*to*be*dirty

D

P-t~ + (∅)-∅-√daa ¹ aadé yaa nadéin motion ∅ ∅- √daa ¹ flow for*water*to*flow*to*P water

P-náx + ya-(∅)-∅-√daa ¹ anax yaa nadéin motion ∅ ∅- √daa ¹ tide for*water,*the*tide*to*flow*through*P;*for*water,*the*tide*to*flood*P water,*tide

P-t~ + ka-(∅)-∅-√daa ¹ át kaawadáa motion ∅ ∅- √daa ¹ flow for*water*to*flow,*rise*to*P water

P-x + ka-(na)-∅-√daa ¹ áx kanaadaa motion na ∅- √daa ¹ flow for*water,*blood*to*flow,*run*along*P water,*blood

daaḵ + (∅)-∅-√daa ¹ daaḵ nadéin motion ∅ ∅- √daa ¹ tide for*the*tide*to*rise,*come*in tide

ka-(na)-∅-√daa ¹ kaawadaa motion na ∅- √daa ¹ flow for*water,*blood*to*flow;*for*a*nose*to*run water,*blood

kei + (∅)-∅-√daa ¹ kei nadéin motion ∅ ∅- √daa ¹ tide for*water*level,*tide*to*rise water,*tide

N-x / N eex + (na)-∅-√daa ² du eex yaa nadéin event na ∅- √daa ² accustomed for*N*to*become*used*to,*accustomed*to*something

N xʼéi-x + (na)-∅-√daa ² du xʼéix yaa nadéin event na ∅- √daa ² accustomed for*N*to*become*used*to,*accustomed*to*it*(of*manner*of*speech*or*flavor*of*food)

manner*of*speech,*flavor

Page 2: Tlingit Verbs by Stemtlingitlanguage.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Tlingit_Verbs1.pdf · Tlingit Verbs by Stem Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish

Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 2

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

N-x + tu-ya-(na)-S-∅-√daa ² áx yaa tunadéin event na ∅- √daa ² accustomed for*N*to*become*used*to,*accustomed*to*something*(esp.*in*attitudes) attitudes

kei + O-(∅)-s-√daaḵ kei wsidáḵ motion ∅ s- √daaḵ move for*O*to*move*household*(permanently),*migrate

O-(ga)-∅-√dál yadál state ga ∅- √dál heavy for*O*to*be*heavy*(usually*of*inanimate*things);*(fig.)*to*be*weighty,*important*(of*abstracts)

inanimate*things*(usually)

O-ka-(∅)-S-l-√dáalʼ akladáalʼ act ∅ l- √dáalʼ type for*S*to*type*O

O-(∅)-S-dl-√dáasʼ awdlidásʼ event ∅ dl- √dáasʼ snare for*S*to*snare*O

O-(?)-S-∅-√daax adaax act ? ∅- √daax adze for*S*to*use*adze;*for*S*to*make*(esp.*canoe)*with*adze adze,*canoe

(ga)-dl-√dées awdlidées event ga dl- √dées shine for*the*moon*to*shine

O-xʼe-(∅)-S-∅-√déexʼ axʼeiwadíxʼ event ∅ ∅- √déexʼ cork for*S*to*cork*up*O*(bottle);*for*S*to*shut,*cover*mouth*of*O

O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√dóoxʼ akadóoxʼ act ∅ ∅- √dóoxʼ tie for*S*to*tie*O*in*a*knot

Dl

O-ya-(na)-S-∅-√dlaaḵ ayaawadlaaḵ event na ∅- √dlaaḵ winfor*S*to*win,*gain,*get,*obtain,*acquire*O;*for*S*to*succeed,*accomplish*O;*for*S*to*defeat,*beat*O

(ga)-∅-√dlaan gaadlaan state ga ∅- √dlaan deep for*water*to*be*deep;*for*snow*to*be*piled*thickly water,*snow

yan~ + ka-(∅)-∅-√dlaan yánde yaa kanadlán motion ∅ ∅- √dlaan deep for*grainDlike*objects,*pine*needles,*snow*to*be*deep,*thick,*pile*up

grainDlike*objects

yéi + ka-(ga)-∅-√dláan yéi kgwaadláan state ga ∅- √dláan deep for*a*body*of*water*to*be*so*deep water*body

yax + (ga)-∅-√dláaxʼw yax woodláaxʼw event ga ∅- √dláaxʼw beached for*a*boat,*sea*mammal*to*get*stuck*(on*beach),*be*beached

boat,*sea*mammal

O-ka-u-(na)-S-∅-√dlénxaa akoodlénxaa act na ∅- √dlénxaa tempt for*S*to*tempt,*try*out,*test*O

Dz

O-(ga)-l-√dzée lidzée state ga l- √dzée hard for*O*to*be*difficult,*frustrating

G

yan~ + O-ka-(∅)-S-l-√gáa yánde yaa akanalgéin motion ∅ l- √gáa storefor*S*to*put*up,*store*up,*accumulate*O*(esp.*food*for*winter);*for*S*to*finish*distributing*things*(esp.*at*party)

esp.*food*for*winter,*things*at*party

Page 3: Tlingit Verbs by Stemtlingitlanguage.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Tlingit_Verbs1.pdf · Tlingit Verbs by Stem Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish

Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 3

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

P-t~ + a-ka-(∅)-∅-√gaan át akaawagán motion ∅ ∅- √gaan light,*burn for*P*(light)*to*be*on;*for*P*(fire)*to*burn,*catch*alight

P-t~ + a-ka-(∅)-S-l-√gaan át akawligán motion ∅ l- √gaan light,*burn for*S*to*light,*set*fire*to,*cause*P*to*shine;*for*S*to*turn*on*P*(light)

a-(ga)-d-√gaan awdigaan event ga d- √gaan shine for*the*sun*to*shine sun

P-t~ + ka-(∅)-d-√gaan a kát kawdigán event ∅ d- √gaan shine for*a*light*to*shine*on*P

ka-(∅)-d-√gaan kawdigán event ∅ d- √gaan shine for*something*to*shine,*produce*light*by*burning

kei + O-(∅)-S-s-√gaan kei anasgán motion ∅ s- √gaan burn for*S*to*burn*O*up

P-dé + O-(na)-l-√gáasʼ ¹ aadé wligáasʼ motion na l- √gáasʼ ¹ move for*O*to*move*household*(with*future*plans*unspecified)*to*P household

P-t~ + O-(∅)-l-√gáasʼ ¹ át wuligásʼ motion ∅ l- √gáasʼ ¹ move for*O*to*move*household*(with*future*plans*unspecified)*to*P household

P-t~ sh + (∅)-S-dl-√gáasʼ ² a kát sh wudligásʼ motion ∅ dl- √gáasʼ ² leap for*S*to*leap,*pounce*on*P

yan~ + O-ya-(∅)-∅-√gáasʼ ² yan yaawagásʼ motion ∅ ∅- √gáasʼ ² fall for*O*to*fall*on*face;*for*O*to*nod*off,*fall*asleep*while*sitting*up

O-sa-(ga)-l-√gaaw saligaaw state ga l- √gaaw loud for*O*to*be*loudDvoiced,*noisy*in*speech voice

sh káa + xʼe-(∅)-S-d-√gáaxʼ sh káa xʼadagáaxʼ act ∅ d- √gáaxʼ pray for*S*to*pray

P-dé + O-(na)-dz-√geet aadé wdzigeet motion na dz- √geet fall for*O*(live*creature)*to*fall*into*P live*creature

P-náx yei + O-u-(∅)-dz-√geet anax yei wdzigít motion ∅ dz- √geet fall for*O*(live*creature)*to*fall*down,*trip*over*P live*creature

P-t~ + O-(∅)-dz-√geet át wudzigít motion ∅ dz- √geet fall for*O*(live*creature)*to*fall*into,*against*P live*creature

daak + O-(∅)-dz-√geet daak wudzigít motion ∅ dz- √geet fall for*O*to*fall*(of*live*creature)(esp.*off*of*something) live*creature

kei + O-(∅)-S-s-√geet kei awsigít motion ∅ s- √geet wake for*S*to*wake*O*up,*rouse*O*from*sleep sleeping*creature

kei + O-(∅)-dz-√geet kei wdzigít motion ∅ dz- √geet wake for*O*to*wake*up sleeping*creature

ḵut + O-(ga)-dz-√geet ḵut wudzigeet motion ga dz- √geet lost for*O*to*lose*oneself,*be*lost,*usure*of*oneʼs*location

at géit + (∅)-S-dz-√geet at géit wudzigít event ∅ dz- √geet violate for*S*to*violate,*break*(law*or*custom),*do*something*wrong

(ga)-d-√géixʼ digéixʼ state ga d- √géixʼ big for*(plural)*objects*to*be*big p

ka-(ga)-d-√géixʼw kadigéixʼ state ga d- √géixʼw big for*plural,*usually*spherical*objects*to*be*big spherical*object p

Page 4: Tlingit Verbs by Stemtlingitlanguage.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Tlingit_Verbs1.pdf · Tlingit Verbs by Stem Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish

Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 4

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

ka-(na)-∅-√gei ¹ kayagéi state na ∅- √gei ¹ big for*a*singular,*usually*round,*spherical*object*to*be*big spherical*object

O-(na)-l-√gei ¹ ligéi state na l- √gei ¹ big for*O*(esp.*live*creature*or*building)*to*be*big,*tall

live*creature,*building

(na)-∅-√gei ¹ yagéi state na ∅- √gei ¹ big for*a*solid*mass*or*abstracts*to*be*big*(in*quantity),*be*lots,*many,*plenty

solid*mass,*abstract

(yéi) + ka-u-(na)-∅-√gei ¹ yéi koogéi state na ∅- √gei ¹ big for*a*thing*to*be*(so)*big;*for*things*to*be*(so)*many

(yéi) + ka-u-(na)-d-√gei ¹ yéi kwdigéi state na d- √gei ¹ big for*(plural)*objects*to*be*(so)*big

(yéi) + ka-u-(na)-dz-√gei ¹ yéi kwdzigéi state na dz- √gei ¹ small for*grainDlike*objects*to*be*small grainDlike*objects

Nᴾ daa yaa + ḵu-shu-(ga)-s-√géi ² du daa yaa ḵushusigéi state ga s- √géi ² understand for*Nᴾ*to*understand,*comprehend

ḵʼa(ga)-s-√góo ¹ ḵʼasigóo state ga s- √góo ¹ funfor*something*to*be*enjoyable,*fun,*make*one*happy*(esp.*of*speeches*or*songs*at*party);*for*something*to*be*appealing*to*the*eye

N tóo-wú + (ga)-s-√góo ¹ du toowú sigóo state ga s- √góo ¹ happy for*N*to*be*happy,*glad

N tuwáa (tóo-ÿá) + (ga)-s-√góo ¹ du tuwáa sigóo state ga s- √góo ¹ want for*N*to*want,*like,*desire*S;*for*S*to*be*pleasing*to*N

P-náx + ya-(na)-S-∅-√goo ² anax yaa (ha)s yanagwéin motion na ∅- √goo ² swimfor*S*(a*group*of*cars,*fleet*of*boats)*to*travel*through*P*together*(by*motor);*for*a*school*of*sea*mammals*to*swim*through*P*together

group*of*sea*mammals,*cars,*boats

P-t + ya-(na)-∅-√goo ² át has yaawagoo motion na ∅- √goo ² swimfor*S*(a*group*of*cars,*fleet*of*boats)*to*travel*around*at*P*(by*motor);*for*a*school*of*sea*mammals*to*swim*around*at*P

group*of*sea*mammals,*cars,*boats

P-t~ + ya-(∅)-s-√goo ² át yawsigóo motion ∅ s- √goo ² swim for*sea*mammals*to*swim*in*a*school*to*P group*of*sea*mammals

O-(ga)-S-sh-√góok ashigóok state ga sh- √góok know for*S*to*know,*learn*how*to*do*O

P-dé + O-lu-(na)-∅-√gooḵ aadé yaa (ha)s lunagúḵ motion na ∅- √gooḵ run for*(plural)*O*to*run*toward*P p

P-t~ + O-lu-(∅)-∅-√gooḵ aadé yaa (ha)s lunagúḵ motion ∅ ∅- √gooḵ run for*(plural)*O*to*run*to*P p

O-lu-(na)-∅-√gooḵ yaa has lunagúḵ motion na ∅- √gooḵ run for*(plural)*O*to*run

N itx + O-lu-(na)-∅-√gooḵ a ítx yaa (ha)s lunagúḵ motion na ∅- √gooḵ run for*(plural)*O*to*run*after*N

ḵu-(ga)-l-√góosʼ ḵuligóosʼ state ga l- √góosʼ cloudy for*the*sky*to*be*cloudy weather

P-dáx + (na)-S-∅-√goot ¹ aadáx yaa nagút motion na ∅- √goot ¹ walk for*(singular)*S*to*walk,*go*(by*walking*or*as*general*term)*away*from*P s

Page 5: Tlingit Verbs by Stemtlingitlanguage.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Tlingit_Verbs1.pdf · Tlingit Verbs by Stem Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish

Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 5

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

P-dé + (na)-S-∅-√goot ¹ aadé yaa nagút motion na ∅- √goot ¹ walk for*(singular)*S*to*walk,*go*(by*walking*or*as*general*term)*toward*P s

P-gaa + (na)-S-∅-√goot ¹ aagáa yaa nagút motion na ∅- √goot ¹ walk for*(singular)*S*to*go*after*P,*go*seeking*P*(on*foot) s

P-náx + (na)-S-∅-√goot ¹ anax yaa wunagút motion na ∅- √goot ¹ walk for*(singular)*S*to*walk,*go*(by*walking*or*as*general*term)*through*P s

P-t~ + yu-(na)-S-∅-√goot ¹ aadé yaa nagút motion na ∅- √goot ¹ walk for*(singular)*S*to*arrive*at*P,*go*to*P*(by*walking*or*as*general*term) s

P-t + (na)-S-∅-√goot ¹ át woogoot motion na ∅- √goot ¹ walk for*(singular)*S*to*walk,*go*(by*walking*or*as*general*term)*around*at*P s

P-x + (na)-S-∅-√goot ¹ áx yaa nagút motion na ∅- √goot ¹ walk for*(singular)*S*to*walk,*go*(by*walking*or*as*general*term)*along*P s

a-ya-u-(∅)-S-d-√goot ¹ yaa ayandagút motion ∅ d- √goot ¹ turn*back for*(singular)*S*to*turn*back,*go*back*(by*walking*or*as*general*term) s

daak + (∅)-S-∅-√goot ¹ daak yaa nagút motion ∅ ∅- √goot ¹ Walk for*(singular)*S*to*walk,*go*(by*walking*or*as*general*term)*into*the*open s

gági + (∅)-S-∅-√goot ¹ gági yaa nagút motion ∅ ∅- √goot ¹ emerge for*(singular)*S*to*emerge,*walk*out*into*the*open s

héi-de + ya-u-(∅)-S-∅-√goot ¹ héide yaa wunagút motion ∅ ∅- √goot ¹ move*away for*(singular)*S*to*move*over*(away*from*speaker) s

N it-x yaa + (ga)-S-∅-√goot ¹ a ítx yaa nagút motion ga ∅- √goot ¹ follow for*(singular)*S*to*follow*N*(on*foot) s

ḵut + (ga)-S-∅-√goot ¹ ḵut kei nagút motion ga ∅- √goot ¹ lost *for*(singular)*S*to*get*lost*(on*foot) s

P-náḵ + (na)-S-∅-√goot ¹ a náḵ yaa nagút motion na ∅- √goot ¹ leave*behind for*(singular)*S*to*leave*P*behind,*walk*away*from*P s

yaa + (ga)-S-∅-√gút ¹ yaa nagút motion ga ∅- √gút ¹ walk for*(singular)*S*to*be*walking*along,*going*along*(by*walking*or*as*a*general*term) s

yaax + (ga)-S-∅-√goot ¹ yaax woogoot motion ga ∅- √goot ¹ board for*(singular)*S*to*go*aboard*(a*boat) s

O-(∅)-S-s-√goot ² act ∅ s- √goot ² let*in for*S*to*let*O*in*or*out,*to*cause*O*to*come*or*go*(esp*animal) esp.*animal s

neil + O-(∅)-S-s-√goot ² act ∅ s- √goot ² let*in for*S*to*welcome*in,*receive,*let*in*O s

a tóo daak + O-(∅)-S-s-√goot ² act ∅ s- √goot ² appoint for*S*to*appoint*O,*select*O*for*a*certain*position s

O-(∅)-S-s-√goot ³ yaa anasgút motion ∅ s- √goot ³ carry for*S*to*carry*O*on*one*shoulder,*pack

tʼaa + O-(?)-S-∅-√goot ³ motion ? ∅- √goot ³ carry for*S*to*take*news,*go*or*come*carrying*news news s

Page 6: Tlingit Verbs by Stemtlingitlanguage.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Tlingit_Verbs1.pdf · Tlingit Verbs by Stem Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish

Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 6

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

Gw

O-(ga)-S-∅-√gwaal agwáal act ga ∅- √gwaal beat for*S*to*beat*O*(esp.*drum);*for*S*to*ring*O*(bell);*for*S*to*stab*O

O-ya-(∅)-S-∅-√gwaal ayaawagwál event ∅ ∅- √gwaal hit for*S*to*hit*O*in*the*face*(with*fist),*punch*O fist

sh + (∅)-d-√gwaal sh dagwáal act ∅ d- √gwaal ring for*a*telephone*or*bell*to*ring telephone,*bell

ḵu-(∅)-d-√gwáasʼ ḵoowdigwásʼ event ∅ d- √gwáasʼ foggy for*the*weather*to*be*foggy weather

P-t~ + ka-(∅)-∅-√gwáatl aadé yaa kanagwátl motion ∅ ∅- √gwáatl roll for*a*spherical*object*to*roll*to*P spherical*object

G

O-(?)-S-l-√gaas lig aas ? l- √gaas forbiddenFor*S*to*abstain,*refrain*from,*keep*from*doing*(usually*for*ceremonial*or*religious*reasons,*esp.*of*Lent);*to*be*forbidden,*taboo

ka-(?)-dl-√gáasʼ kadligáasʼ state ? dl- √gáasʼ striped for*something*to*be*striped

O-(ga)-S-d-√gáax asgáax act ga d- √gáax cry for*S*to*cry*for,*ask*for*O

ka-(ga)-S-d-√gáax kadagáax act ga d- √gáax cry for*S*to*cry*loudly*(of*child,*or*person*in*great*pain),*to*cry*out*or*scream*(in*fear*or*pain)

(ga)-S-∅-√gáax gáax act ga ∅- √gáax cry for*(singluar)*S*to*cry s

P-dé + ya-(na)-d-√geech aadé yawdigeech motion na d- √geech pierce for*a*sharp*object*to*pierce,*enter,*prick*P;*for*an*animal*to*bite*P sharp*object s

P-t~ + ya-(∅)-d-√geech át yawdigích motion ∅ d- √geech pierce for*a*sharp*object*to*pierce,*enter,*prick*P;*for*an*animal*to*bite*P sharp*object s

P-t~ + ya-(∅)-dl-√geech át yawdligích motion ∅ dl- √geech pierce for*(plural)*sharp*objects*to*pierce,*enter,*prick*P sharp*object p

ya-(∅)-d-√geel yaa yandagíl event ∅ d- √geel dull for*an*edge*to*be*blunt,*dull edge

O-ya-(∅)-S-∅-√géelʼ ayagéelʼ act ∅ ∅- √géelʼ sharpen for*S*to*sharpen*O*(with*a*grindstone)

a-(na)-∅-√géet aawag éet event na ∅- √géet precipitate for*rain,*hail,*snow*to*fall*(often*hard,*in*dark*rainstorm) precipitation

ḵu-ka-(∅)-j-√géet ḵukawjigít event ∅ j- √géet dark for*the*sky*to*be*dark sky

O-ka-(na)-S-∅-√géexʼ akaawag éexʼ event na ∅- √géexʼ donatefor*S*to*donate*O*(esp.*money);*for*S*to*load*O*(gun),*put*bullet*in;*for*S*to*shoot*O*(basketball)

spherical*object

P-t~ + ka-(∅)-S-d-√géexʼ át kawdigíxʼ motion ∅ d- √géexʼ donate for*S*to*donate,*contribute,*add*to*P

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 7

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

ka-(na)-S-d-√géexʼ kawdigéexʼ event na d- √géexʼ donate for*S*to*donate,*contribute

kei + O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√géexʼ kei akaawagíxʼ motion ∅ ∅- √géexʼ throw for*S*to*throw*O*(esp.*ball)*up*in*the*air spherical*object

ḵut + O-(ga)-S-∅-√géexʼ ḵut kei anagíxʼ motion ga ∅- √géexʼ lose for*S*to*lose*O

ḵut + O-ka-(ga)-S-∅-√géexʼ ḵut akaawagéexʼ motion ga ∅- √géexʼ lose for*S*to*lose*O*(round,*spherical*object) spherical*object

O-ka-(ga)-l-√géi kaligéi state ga l- √géi fancy for*O*to*be*fancy,*prominent*(esp.*in*appearance),*conspicuous,*attracting*attention

O-sha-ka-(ga)-l-√géi shaklig éi state ga l- √géi pretty for*O*to*be*pretty,*cute

sh + tu-ka-(ga)-S-dl-√géi sh tukdligéi state ga dl- √géi proud for*S*to*be*proud*(esp.*of*oneself),*conceited;*for*S*to*be*particular,*picky,*snooty

N too-wú + ka-(ga)-l-√géi du toowú kligéi state ga l- √géi proud for*N*to*be*proud*of,*highly*pleased*with

P-dé + a-(na)-S-d-√gein aadé awdligein motion na d- √gein look*at for*S*to*look*in*the*direction*of*P

a-(na)-S-s-√geiwú asgeiwú act na s- √geiwú fish for*S*to*fish*with*net,*seine net

O-(ga)-S-l-√goo algéikw act ga l- √goo wipe for*S*to*wipe,*mop,*clean*O*by*wiping

O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√gootl akag óotl act ∅ ∅- √gootl mash for*S*to*mash*O*by*squeezing*in*the*hand;*for*S*to*squeeze*O*tightly

Gw

P-t + (na)-S-d-√gwáatʼ át wudigwáatʼ motion na d- √gwáatʼ crawl for*S*(esp.*child)*to*crawl*around*on*hands*and*knees*at*P esp.*child

daaḵ + (∅)-S-d-√gwáatʼ daaḵ wudigwátʼ motion ∅ d- √gwáatʼ crawl for*S*(esp.*child)*to*crawl*up*(from*beach),*away*(from*open)*on*hands*and*knees esp.*child

H

O-ka-(na)-S-∅-√haa ¹ akahéix act na ∅- √haa ¹ plant for*S*to*plant*O

a-ka-(na)-S-∅-√haa ¹ akahéix act na ∅- √haa ¹ garden for*S*to*garden,*dig

O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√háa ¹ akaháa act ∅ ∅- √háa ¹ dig for*S*to*dig*O

keiO-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√háa ¹ kei akanahéin motion ∅ ∅- √háa ¹ dig for*S*to*dig*O*up

P-t~ + O-ya-(∅)-d-√haa ¹ át has yawdiháa motion ∅ d- √haa ¹ move*in for*O*(large*numbers,*esp.*people,*birds)*to*move*in,*come*around*to*P birds,*people p

O-sha-ya-(na)-d-√haa ¹ shayadihéin state na d- √haa ¹ many for*O*to*be*many,*plenty,*lots

sha-(na)-l-√haa ¹ act na l- √haa ¹ add*to for*S*to*add*to,*increase,*make*more

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 8

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

P-t~ + ḵu-(∅)-∅-√haa ² át ḵuwaháa motion ∅ ∅- √haa ² time*for for*the*time*to*come*for*P

O-ya-(∅)-S-s-√haa ² ayasahéix act ∅ s- √haa ² gather for*S*to*gather*up,*pick*up,*take*up*O

N géi-dei + ka-(∅?)-S-s-√haa ² act ∅? s- √haa ² accuse for*S*to*accuse,*blame*N

N ée-t~ + ḵu-(∅)-∅-√haa ² du éet ḵuwaháa motion ∅ ∅- √haa ² have*turn for*N*to*have*a*turn

N ée-t~ yaan + (∅)-∅-√haa ² du éet yaan uwaháa event ∅ ∅- √haa ² hungry for*N*to*be*hungry

()-s-√haa ³ act s- √haa ³ agree agree*to,*be*willing

tlél + u-(ga)-∅-√haa ⁴ tlél gooháa state ga ∅- √haa ⁴ obvious for*something*to*be*obvious,*clearly*visible

(?)-S-∅-√hán hán position ? ∅- √hán stand for*(singular)*S*to*be*standing s

(ga)-S-d-√haan kei ndahán event ga d- √haan stand for*(singular)*S*to*stand*up,*rise s

yan~ + (∅)-S-∅-√haan yan uwahán motion ∅ ∅- √haan stand for*(singular)*S*to*keep*standing s

O-(∅)-∅-√háasʼ uwahásʼ event ∅ ∅- √háasʼ vomit for*O*to*vomit

P-t + O-(na)-l-√haash át wulihaash motion na l- √haash drift for*O*to*float,*drift*around*at*P

P-t~ + O-(∅)-l-√haash aadé yaa nalhásh motion ∅ l- √haash drift for*O*to*float,*drift*to*P

daak + O-(∅)-l-√haash daak wulihásh motion ∅ l- √haash drift for*O*to*float,*drift*out*to*sea

()-√hee √hee pay for*S*to*pay*O*(íxtʼ*–*medicine*man);*for*S*to*give*wages*to*have*someone*healed

()-√hee √hee pay for*S*to*pay*O*(íxtʼ*–*medicine*person)*(with*emphasis*on*the*payment*involved)

O-sha-(∅)-S-l-√heek yaa ashanalhík event ∅ l- √heek fill for*S*to*fill*O*(with*solids*or*abstracts) solid*mass,*abstract

O-sha-(∅)-∅-√heek yaa shanahík event ∅ ∅- √heek full for*O*to*be*filled,*be*full*(general*and*abstract) solid*mass,*abstract

yan~ + O-sha-(∅)-S-l-√heek yan ashawlihík motion ∅ l- √heek finish *for*S*to*finish,*complete*O

N éekʼ + a-(ga)-S-∅-√heen du éekʼ ayaheen state ga ∅- √heen believe for*S*to*believe,*trust,*believe*in*N

yan~ + (∅)-∅-√heen yánde yaa nahín motion ∅ ∅- √heen swim for*sea*animal*to*swim*ashore sea*animal

O-(ga)-S-∅-√héesʼ ahéesʼ act ga ∅- √héesʼ borrow for*S*to*borrow*O

O-ka-(ga)-S-∅-√héesʼ akahéesʼ act ga ∅- √héesʼ borrow for*S*to*borrow*O*(esp.*round,*spherical*object) spherical*object

P-t~ + O-(∅)-S-∅-√héesʼ du éet aawahísʼ motion ∅ ∅- √héesʼ lend for*S*to*lend*O*to*P

O-(ga)-S-∅-√héin ayahéin state ga ∅- √héin claim for*S*to*own,*claim*O*(esp.*clan*property) esp.*clan*property

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 9

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

(na)-S-∅-√héixwaa ahéix waa act na ∅- √héixwaa magicfor*S*to*make*magic,*perform*rites*to*bring*desirable*results*in*nature*or*give*youngsters*power*and*confidence

yan~ + (∅)-S-∅-√hoo yánde yaa nahú motion ∅ ∅- √hoo wade for*(singular)*S*to*wade*ashore s

O-(na)-S-∅-√hoon ahóon act na ∅- √hoon sell for*S*to*sell*O

O-(na)-S-l-√hoon yaa analhún event na l- √hoon sell for*S*to*go*selling,*peddle,*hawk*O

(na)-S-d-√hoon yaa nalhún event na d- √hoon shop for*S*to*go*spending,*go*shopping

J

O-shu-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√jaa ashukoojeisʼ act ∅ ∅- √jaa instruct for*S*to*instruct,*show*O*(by*word);*for*S*to*advise,*give*advice*to,*counsel*O

O-(∅)-S-∅-√jaaḵ yaa anajáḵ event ∅ ∅- √jaaḵ kill*(figuratively)

for*S*to*kill*(singular)*O;*(fig.)*for*S*to*let*go*of*O*without*expecting*any*return*(at*party) s

O-(na)-S-∅-√jáaḵw ajáaḵw act na ∅- √jáaḵw beat*up for*S*to*beat*up,*assault,*violently*attack*O

O-ka-(na)-S-∅-√jeek yoo akaajeek act na ∅- √jeek wonder for*S*to*wonder,*be*curious,*anxious*about*O

O-ka-(u)-(ga)-l-√jée kalijée / kulijée state ga l- √jée awful for*O*to*be*awful,*terrible,*eerie*(in*appearance),*unattractive

P-dé + O-ka-(na)-S-∅-√jeil aadé yaa akanajél motion na ∅- √jeil carry for*S*to*carry,*take*O*to*P*(esp.*to*one*place,*making*several*trips) all*of*something

P-dé + at-ka-(na)-S-∅-√jeil aadé yaa at kanajél motion na ∅- √jeil carry for*S*to*carry,*take*things*to*P*(esp.*to*one*place,*making*several*trips) all*of*something

P-náx + ya-u-(∅)-S-∅-√jeil anax yaawajél motion ∅ ∅- √jeil reach*through for*S*to*reach*a*hand*through*P hand

P-dé + O-ka-(na)-S-l-√joox aadé akawlijoox motion na l- √joox wheel for*S*to*wheel*O*to*P wheel

P-t~ + O-ka-(∅)-S-l-√joox át akawlijúx motion ∅ l- √joox wheel for*S*to*wheel*O*to*P wheel

ka-(ga)-∅-√joox yaa kanajúx event ga ∅- √joox spin for*a*wheel*to*roll,*spin;*for*an*engine*to*start,*run wheel

K

a-u-(ga)-S-dz-√kaa oodzikaa state ga dz- √kaa lazy for*S*to*be*lazy,*slow

(ga)-s-√kaak sikaak state ga s- √kaak thick for*something*to*be*thick*(cloth,*board,*food,*etc.)

esp.*cloth,*board,*food

(yéi) + ka-u-(na)-s-√kaak yéi kwsikaak state na s- √kaak thick for*a*board,*cloth,*etc.*to*be*(so)*thick esp.*cloth,*board,*food

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 10

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

ka-(ga)-j-√káxʼx kajikáxʼx state ga j- √káxʼx spotted for*something*to*be*spotted,*have*polkaDdots

O-ya-ka-(∅)-S-l-√kéesʼ ayakawlikísʼ event ∅ l- √kéesʼ extinguish for*S*to*put*out,*extinguish*O*(fire);*for*S*to*turn*off*O*(light) fire,*light

ya-ka-(∅)-l-√kéesʼ yaa yakanalkísʼ event ∅ l- √kéesʼ extinguish for*a*fire,*light*to*go*out fire,*light

O-ka-(ga)-S-s-√kei aksakéikw act ga s- √kei followfor*S*to*trail,*follow*tracks*of*O;*for*S*to*untangle*O;*for*S*to*rip*back,*undo*O*(sewing,*knitting)

tracks,*sewing,*knitting

O-ka-(∅)-S-l-√keil yaa akanalkél event ∅ l- √keil soak for*S*to*soak*O

daak + O-(∅)-l-√keilʼ daak analkélʼ motion ∅ l- √keilʼ chase for*S*to*chase*O*into*the*open,*out*to*sea

O-(∅)-S-s-√koo yaa anaskwéin event ∅ s- √koo knowfor*S*to*know,*be*acquainted*with,*make*known*O*(esp.*people,*facts);*for*S*to*learn*O*(esp.*facts)

esp.*people,*facts

ka-(na)-l-√koox yaa kanalkúx event na l- √koox drain*out for*a*kettle,*container*etc.*to*drain*out,*go*dry container

O-sha-(∅)-∅-√koox shaawakúx event ∅ ∅- √koox thirsty for*O*to*be*thirsty;*for*O*to*be*dry

Kw

P-t + (na)-s-√kwaan át has wusikwaan motion na s- √kwaan swim for*birds*to*swim*around*on*surface*of*water*at*P birds

P-t + ji-(na)-s-√kwaan át jiwsikwaan motion na s- √kwaan swim for*a*bird*or*insect*to*swim*around*on*surface*of*water*at*P*(esp.*aimlessly*or*in*circles) birds,*insects

KʼO-(ga)-S-sh-√kʼaan ashikʼáan state ga sh- √kʼaan hate for*S*to*hate*O

ya-(ga)-l-√kʼaatsʼ yalikʼátsʼ state ga l- √kʼaatsʼ sharp for*an*edge*to*be*sharp edge

P-dé + O-ka-(na)-d-√kʼéetʼ aadé yaa (ha)s kandakʼítʼ motion na d- √kʼéetʼ go for*O*(group*of*people)*to*all*go*or*come*to*P group*of*people

P-t~ + O-ka-(∅)-d-√kʼéetʼ aadé yaa (ha)s kandakʼítʼ motion ∅ d- √kʼéetʼ go for*O*(group*of*people)*to*all*leave,*go*or*come*to*P group*of*people

ḵu-(∅)-S-∅-√kʼéetʼ ḵukʼéetʼ act ∅ ∅- √kʼéetʼ pick for*S*to*pick*berries*(esp.*pick*in*quantity*to*take*home) berries

P-náx + O-(ga)-sh-√kʼéexʼ yanaý wushikʼéexʼ motion ga sh- √kʼéexʼ delayed for*O*to*get*delayed,*stuck,*hung*up*at*P

O-(ga)-S-l-√kʼéi kei analkʼéin event ga l- √kʼéi improve for*S*to*improve*O;*for*S*to*make*peace,*make*up*with*O*(after*quarrel)

ḵu-(ga)-∅-√kʼéi ḵuwakʼéi state ga ∅- √kʼéi good for*the*weather*to*be*good weather

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 11

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

N too-wú + (ga)-∅-√kʼéi du toowú yakʼéi state ga ∅- √kʼéi good for*N*to*be*glad,*happy,*feel*fine

tlél + O-(ga)-sh-√kʼéi tlél ushkʼé state ga sh- √kʼéi bad for*O*to*be*bad,*evil,*no*good

O-(ga)-∅-√kʼéi yakʼéi state ga ∅- √kʼéi good for*O*to*be*good,*fine,*pretty

N xʼéi + (ga)-∅-√kʼéi du xʼé yakʼéi state ga ∅- √kʼéi like for*N*to*like*the*taste*of*something

P-t + (na)-S-j-√kʼéin át wujikʼéin motion na j- √kʼéin jump for*(singular)*S*to*jump*around*at*P s

kei + O-ka-(∅)-du∅-√kʼéin kei (ha)s kandukʼén motion ∅ ∅- √kʼéin jump for*(plural)*O*to*jump p

O-sha-(∅)-S-∅-√kʼéixʼ ashaawakʼéxʼ event ∅ ∅- √kʼéixʼ hook for*S*to*hook*O*(fish)*in*the*head fish

O-(na)-S-l-√kʼoots awlikʼoots event na l- √kʼoots break for*S*to*break*O*(esp.*ropeDlike*objects) ropeDlike*objects

Kʼwa-(∅)-dl-√kʼwaatʼ awdlikʼwátʼ event ∅ dl- √kʼwaatʼ lay for*birds*to*lay*eggs,*nest birds

Ḵáa + O-ji-ka-(u)-(na)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ áa ajikaawaḵaa event na ∅- √ḵaa ¹ instruct for*S*to*instruct,*give*O*orders*(to*do)

O-ka-(u)-(na)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ akaawaḵaa event na ∅- √ḵaa ¹ send for*S*to*send*O*(esp.*on*a*mission*or*errand,*or*to*deliver*a*message)

esp.*mission,*errand,*delivery

(yéi) + O-daa-ya-(act)-S-∅-√ḵá ¹ yéi adaayaḵá act act ∅- √ḵá ¹ tell for*S*to*tell*O*(that)

(yéi) + (xʼa-)-ya-(na)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ yéi xʼayaḵá act na ∅- √ḵaa ¹ say for*S*to*say*(a*certain*thing);*for*S*to*confess,*acknowledge,*declare*(a*certain*thing)

(yoo) + O-ya-(na)-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ yoo ayanasḵá event na s- √ḵaa ¹ tell for*S*to*tell,*say*(that)*to*O;*for*S*to*ask*O*to*do*(that)

O-(∅)-S-∅-√ḵaa ² aḵéisʼ act ∅ ∅- √ḵaa ² sew for*S*to*sew*O

O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√ḵaa ² a káa akaḵéisʼ act ∅ ∅- √ḵaa ² sew for*S*to*sew*beads,*embroider*O beads,*embroidery

P-t~ + O-ka-(∅)-S-l-√ḵaa ² a kaadé yaa akanalḵéin motion ∅ l- √ḵaa ² sew for*S*to*sew*O*on*P

(∅)-S-d-√ḵaa ² daḵéisʼ act ∅ d- √ḵaa ² sew for*S*to*sew

a-(na)-S-dl-√ḵáa ³ alḵáa act na dl- √ḵáa ³ gamble for*S*to*gamble*(by*means*of*gambling*sticks,*dice,*etc.);*for*S*to*play*cards

(ga)-S-j-√ḵaaḵ wujiḵaaḵ event ga j- √ḵaaḵ squatfor*(singular)*S*to*squat,*sit*down*low;*for*(singular)*S*to*sit*down*quickly,*squat*down;*for*(singular)*S*to*land*(of*waterfowl,*plane)

s

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 12

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

(?)-S-∅-√ḵee has ḵéen position ? ∅- √ḵee sit for*(plural)*S*to*be*seated p

(ga)-S-∅-√ḵee yei (ha)s naḵéen event ga ∅- √ḵee sit for*S*(plural)*to*sit*down p

P-t + (na)-S-d-√ḵeen át wudiḵeen motion na d- √ḵeen fly for*(singular)*S*(bird,*or*persons*in*a*plane)*to*fly*around*at*P bird,*plan s

(∅)-dl-√ḵéetʼ yaa nalḵítʼ event ∅ dl- √ḵéetʼ infected for*a*wound*to*be*infected,*have*pus wound

O-ji-(na)-S-∅-√ḵéi ajiḵéi act na ∅- √ḵéi pay for*S*to*pay*O*(esp.*a*person,*for*work*done);*for*S*to*pay*for*O work

(na)-S-dl-√ḵoo ilḵú act na dl- √ḵoo vomit *for*S*to*vomit,*throw*up

ka-(∅)-sh-√ḵóotlʼ kashiḵútlʼk state ∅ sh- √ḵóotlʼ muddy for*a*road,*etc.*to*be*muddy road,*river,*etc.

P-dé + O-(na)-S-s-√ḵoox aadé yaa anasḵúx motion na s- √ḵoox go*(boat,*car) for*S*to*drive*O*(boat,*car)*to*P boat,*car

P-dé + (na)-S-∅-√ḵoox aadé yaa naḵúx motion na ∅- √ḵoox go*(boat,*car) for*S*to*travel,*go*toward*P*(in*a*boat,*car) boat,*car

P-t~ + O-(∅)-S-s-√ḵoox aadé yaa anasḵúx motion ∅ s- √ḵoox go*(boat,*car) for*S*to*drive*O*(boat,*car)*to*P boat,*car

P-t~ + (∅)-S-∅-√ḵoox aadé yaa naḵúx motion ∅ ∅- √ḵoox go*(boat,*car) for*S*to*travel,*go*to*P*(by*boat,*car) boat,*car

P-t + (na)-S-∅-√ḵoox át wooḵoox motion na ∅- √ḵoox go*(boat,*car) for*S*to*travel,*go*around*at*P*(by*boat,*car) boat,*car

O-(na)-S-s-√ḵoox yaa anasḵúx motion na s- √ḵoox go*(boat,*car) for*S*to*drive*O*(car);*for*S*to*skipper*O*(boat) boat,*car

a-ya-u-(∅)-S-d-√ḵoox ayawdiḵúx motion ∅ d- √ḵoox go*(boat,*car) for*S*to*turn*back,*return*(by*boat,*car) boat,*car

daak + (∅)-S-∅-√ḵoox daak naḵúx motion ∅ ∅- √ḵoox go*(boat,*car) for*S*to*go*out*to*sea*(in*a*boat);*for*S*to*move*into*the*open*(in*a*boat,*car) boat,*car

daax + ya-u-(∅)-S-∅-√ḵoox a daax yaa naḵúx motion ∅ ∅- √ḵoox go*(boat,*car) for*S*to*circle,*drive*around*N*(by*boat,*car) boat,*car

gunéi + (∅)-S-∅-√ḵoox gunéi uwaḵúx motion ∅ ∅- √ḵoox go*(boat,*car) for*S*to*begin*traveling,*going*(by*boat,*car) boat,*car

ḵut + (ga)-S-∅-√ḵoox ḵut kei naḵúx motion ga ∅- √ḵoox go*(boat,*car) for*S*to*get*lost*(going*by*motorized*vehicle) boat,*car

P-náx + ya-u-(∅)-S-∅-√ḵoox a tóonáx yaa naḵúx motion ∅ ∅- √ḵoox go*(boat,*car) for*S*to*travel,*go*through*P*(by*boat,*car) boat,*car

(na)-S-∅-√ḵoox yaa naḵúx motion na ∅- √ḵoox go*(boat,*car) for*S*to*travel,*go*(by*boat,*car)

yaa + (ga)-S-∅-√ḵoox yaa naḵúx motion ga ∅- √ḵoox go*(boat,*car) for*S*to*be*going,*traveling*along*(by*boat,*car)

yan~ + (∅)-S-∅-√ḵoox yánde yaa naḵúx motion ∅ ∅- √ḵoox go*(boat,*car) for*S*to*go*ashore*(in*a*boat);*for*S*to*come*to*a*rest,*stop*(in*a*boat,*car)

ḴʼNᴾ yáa + O-(?)-S-l-√ḵʼei state ? l- √ḵʼei admire for*Nᴾ*to*admire,*think*highly*of*something

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 13

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

O-(∅)-S-∅-√ḵʼéikʼw aawaḵʼékʼw event ∅ ∅- √ḵʼéikʼw cutfor*S*to*cut*O*(human*body),*usually*accidentally;*for*S*to*wound*O*with*a*sharp*instrument

sharp*object

sh + (∅)-S-d-√ḵʼéikʼw sh wudiḵʼékʼw event ∅ d- √ḵʼéikʼw cutfor*S*to*cut*himself/herself,*usually*accidentally;*for*S*to*wound*himself/herself*with*a*sharp*instrument

sharp*object

L

P-x + (ga)-∅-√laa áx yei naléin motion ga ∅- √laa tide for*the*tide*to*ebb,*go*out*from*under*P tide

(∅)-l-√laa yaa nalléin event ∅ l- √laa melt for*something*to*melt,*dissolve,*thaw

yan~ + (∅)-∅-√laa yánde yaa naléin motion ∅ ∅- √laa tide for*the*tide*to*go*out,*be*low tide

O-(∅)-∅-√laaxw yaa naláxw event ∅ ∅- √laaxw starve for*O*to*be*starving,*starved

P-t~ + O-(∅)-S-∅-√leet át aawalít motion ∅ ∅- √leet throw for*S*to*throw*O*(usually*with*force*so*that*object*scatters)*to*P

(yéi) + ka-u-(na)-∅-√lei yéi kunaaléi state na ∅- √lei far for*something*to*be*(so)*far,*distant*(in*time*or*space) time,*space

(∅)-S-∅-√lóoxʼ alóoxʼ ∅ ∅- √lóoxʼ urinate for*S*to*urinate urine

O-(na)-S-∅-√lʼéexʼ aawalʼéexʼ event na ∅- √lʼéexʼ break for*S*to*break*O*(general,*solid*object) solid*mass,*abstract

O-(na)-S-l-√lʼéexʼ awlilʼéexʼ event na l- √lʼéexʼ break for*S*to*break*O*(often*by*bending)*(usually*long*objects) long*object

(na)-∅-√lʼéexʼ woolʼéexʼ event na ∅- √lʼéexʼ break for*a*general,*solid*object*to*break solid*mass,*abstract

(na)-l-√lʼéexʼ wulilʼéexʼ event na l- √lʼéexʼ break for*a*long*object*to*break long*object

a-(na)-S-∅-√lʼeix alʼeix act na ∅- √lʼeix dance for*S*to*dance

daak + (∅)-S-∅-√lʼeix daak analʼéx motion ∅ ∅- √lʼeix dance for*S*to*dance*out*into*the*open

gunéi + (∅)-S-∅-√lʼeix gunéi aawalʼéx motion ∅ ∅- √lʼeix dance for*S*to*begin*dancing

(∅)-S-∅-√lʼílʼ act ∅ ∅- √lʼílʼ defecate for*S*to*defecate feces

O-(na)-S-∅-√lʼóon alʼóon act na ∅- √lʼóon hunt for*S*to*hunt*O*(wild*game) wild*game

a-(na)-S-∅-√lʼóon alʼóon act na ∅- √lʼóon hunt for*S*to*hunt

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 14

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

N

O-(∅)-S-d-√naa ¹ adaná act ∅ d- √naa ¹ drink for*S*to*drink*O

at-(∅)-S-d-√naa ¹ at daná act ∅ d- √naa ¹ drink for*S*to*drink*(alcohol) alcohol

O-ka-u-(na)-S-∅-√náa ² aadé akoonáa act na ∅- √náa ² orderfor*S*to*order*(esp.*to*go),*send,*command*O;*(fig.)*for*S*to*give*O*(esp.*in*accordance*with*clan*relationship)

(?)-S-∅-√náḵ has náḵ position ? ∅- √náḵ stand for*(plural)*S*to*be*standing p

yan + (∅)-S-∅-√naaḵ yan has uwanáḵ motion ∅ ∅- √naaḵ stand for*(plural)*S*to*stand,*stay*standing p

O-ji-(∅)-S-∅-√naaḵ ajeewanáḵ event ∅ ∅- √naaḵ releasefor*S*to*let*go,*release,*relinquish*O;*for*S*to*leave,*desert*O;*for*S*to*hand*over,*deliver*up*O

ya-(∅)-S-d-√naaḵw yadanáḵwsʼ act ∅ d- √naaḵw bait for*S*to*bait*hooks,*put*bait*on*fish*hooks fish*hooks

O-(ga)-l-√náalx lináalx state ga l- √náalx rich for*O*to*be*rich,*wealthy,*profitable

O-(na)-S-∅-√néegwálʼ anéegwálʼ act na ∅- √néegwálʼ paint for*S*to*paint*O

(N ée-t~) + O-ka-(na)-S-∅-√neek akanéek act na ∅- √neek tellfor*S*to*tell*about,*report*about,*give*facts*about*O;*for*S*to*witness*to,*tell*about,*testify*about*O

O-ka-(na)-S-l-√neek aklaneek act na l- √neek tell for*S*to*tell*the*story*of*O;*for*S*to*talk*into*O

N káx + O-ka-(∅)-S-l-√neek a káx akawliník event ∅ l- √neek defraud for*S*to*defraud,*talk*O*out*of*N

sh + ka-(na)-S-dl-√neek sh kalneek act na dl- √neek preach for*S*to*preach,*narrate,*tell*a*story

O-(ga)-∅-√néekw yanéekw state ga ∅- √néekw sick for*O*to*be*sick;*for*O*to*hurt,*be*in*pain

O-(∅)-S-s-√néexʼ asinéexʼ act ∅ s- √néexʼ smell for*S*to*smell*O

P-dáx yéi + O-(ga)-S-s-√nei ¹ aax yéi awsinei motion ga s- √nei ¹ pick*up for*S*to*pick*up,*lift*up,*take*(plural)*O*(objects)*up*off*of*P plural*objects

N jee-t~ yéi + O-(∅)-S-s-√nei ¹ du jeet yéi awsinei motion ∅ s- √nei ¹ give for*S*to*give,*take,*hand*(plural)*O*to*N plural*objects

yan~ yéi + O-ka-(∅)-S-s-√nei ¹ yan yéi akawsinéi motion ∅ s- √nei ¹ put*down or*S*to*put*down,*leave*O*(plural*round*objects) round*object p

ḵáakwt~ + O-(∅)-∅-√nei ² ḵáakwt uwanéi motion ∅ ∅- √nei ² accident for*O*to*have*an*accident,*get*hurt;*for*something*bad*to*happen*to*O

N waḵshiyeexʼ + O-(na)-S-s-√nei ² du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi awsinei event na s- √nei ² demonstrate for*S*to*demonstrate,*perform*publicly,*show*N*how*to*do*O*by*action

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 15

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

wooch yáx + O-(na)-S-s-√nei ² wooch yáx yaa anasnéin event na s- √nei ² straighten for*S*to*straighten*out*O,*smooth*O*over*(literal*or*abstract)

yan~ + O-(∅)-S-s-√nei ² yánde yaa anasnein motion ∅ s- √nei ² finish for*S*to*finish,*complete*O

yan~ sh + (∅)-S-d-√nei ² yánde yaa sh nasnein event ∅ d- √nei ² dress for*S*to*dress*up

yan~ + O-(∅)-∅-√nei ² yánde yaa nanein motion ∅ ∅- √nei ² permanentfor*O*to*be*permanent,*happen*for*good;*for*O*to*be*finished,*complete,*ready;*for*O*to*be*prepared,*ready

(yéi) + O-daa-(na)-S-∅-√nei ² yéi adaanéi act na ∅- √nei ² do for*S*to*do,*perform*O*(a*particular*action);*for*S*to*work*on*O

(yéi) + at-(na)-∅-√nei ² yéi at woonei event na ∅- √nei ² happen for*something*to*happen

(yéi) + O-(na)-S-s-√nei ² yéi yaa anasnéin event na s- √nei ² do for*S*to*do*(that)*to*O;*for*S*to*fix,*cause*(that)*to*happen*to*O

yéi + ji-(na)-S-∅-√nei ² yéi jiné act na ∅- √nei ² work for*S*to*work;*for*S*to*do

(yéi) + O-(na)-∅-√nei ² yéi yaa nanein event na ∅- √nei ² occur for*(that)*to*happen,*occur*to*O

O-ka-(na)-S-s-√nei ³ aksané act na s- √nei ³ makeor*S*to*make*O*(cloth*of*any*kind)*(by*weaving,*knitting,*or*crocheting);*for*S*to*make*or*mend*O*(net)

cloth,*net

ka-(∅)-S-dz-√néi ³ kasné act ∅ dz- √néi ³ knit for*S*to*knit,*weave,*or*crochet

N yáa + a-ya-u-(ga)-S-∅-√néi ⁴ du yáa kei ayananéin act ga ∅- √néi ⁴ respect for*S*to*respect,*regard*highly,*think*highly*of*N

O-(ga)-S-s-√neix awsineix event ga s- √neix save for*S*to*save*O;*for*S*to*heal,*cure*O

O-(ga)-∅-√neix yei nanéx event ga ∅- √neix save for*O*to*be*saved;*for*O*to*be*healed,*cured,*recover;*for*O*to*be*satisfied

(ga)-d-√nook ¹ áa wdinook event ga d- √nook ¹ situated for*a*building*to*be*situated building

kei + O-(∅)-S-s-√nook ¹ kei awsinúk motion ∅ s- √nook ¹ lift for*S*to*lift*up*O*(live*creature) live*creature

sha-(∅)-S-d-√nook ¹ shawdinúk event ∅ d- √nook ¹ get*up for*(singular)*S*to*get*up,*rise s

P-t + O-(na)-S-s-√nook ² át awsinook motion na s- √nook ² carry for*S*to*carry,*take*O*(live*creature)*around*at*P live*creature

O-(ga)-S-s-√nook ² yaa anasnúk event ga s- √nook ² sit for*S*to*seat*O

(ga)-S-∅-√nook ² woonook event ga ∅- √nook ² sit for*(singular)*S*to*sit,*sit*down*(esp.*act*of*sitting) s

yan~ + O-(∅)-S-s-√nook ² yan awsinúk motion ∅ s- √nook ² put*down for*S*to*put*down*O*(live*creature) live*creature

xʼáan-t~ + (∅)-S-∅-√nook ² xʼáande yaa nanúk motion ∅ ∅- √nook ² angry for*S*to*be*angry

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 16

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

jee + O-(∅)-S-d-√nook ³ jée adinook state ∅ d- √nook ³ touch for*S*to*feel,*touch*O*(esp.*with*hands) hand

(∅)-du∅-√nook ³ yaa ndunúk event ∅ ∅- √nook ³ blow for*the*wind*to*blow,*be*felt*(esp.*a*breeze,*light*wind) wind

N xʼéi + O-(∅)-S-d-√nook ³ xʼéi adinook state ∅ d- √nook ³ taste for*S*to*taste,*sample*O

(yéi) + ḵu-(na)-S-∅-√nook ³ yéi ḵuwanóok act na ∅- √nook ³ behave for*S*to*behave,*do,*act*(in*a*certain*way)

(yéi) sh + tu-(na)-S-d-√nook ³ yéi sh tudinook act na d- √nook ³ feel for*S*to*feel*(that*way)*(esp.*physical*sensation)

physical*sensation

N-t~ + (na)-S-∅-√nook ³ act na ∅- √nook ³ behave for*S*to*behave,*act*like*N

akaawanóotʼ event na ∅- √nóotʼ swallow for*S*to*swallow*O*(pill,*etc.)

at-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√nóots at kanútst act ∅ ∅- √nóots smile for*S*to*smile*at*something*(often*knowingly*or*sarcastically),*grin

O-(ga)-l-√núkts linúkts state ga l- √núkts sweet for*O*to*be*sweet

S

yéi + ka-u-(?)-l-√saa ¹ yéi kwlisáa state ? l- √saa ¹ narrow for*something*(esp.*container)*to*be*narrow container

O-(∅)-S-∅-√saa ² yéi aawasáa event ∅ ∅- √saa ² name for*S*to*name*O;*for*S*to*nominate*O

O-(na)-S-∅-√sáakw ² yéi ayasáakw state na ∅- √sáakw ² name for*S*to*call*O*by*a*certain*name

(∅)-S-l-√saa ³ (tlákw) yaa nalséin event ∅ l- √saa ³ rest for*S*to*rest

O-(ga)-∅-√sátk yasátk state ga ∅- √sátk fast for*O*to*be*fast*(at*doing*things) doing*things

O-ya-(∅)-∅-√seek yaawasík event ∅ ∅- √seek delayed for*O*to*be*delayed,*prevented,*held*back*from*plans*(often*due*to*inclement*weather) weather

a-(∅)-S-dl-√seen awdlisín event ∅ dl- √seen hide for*S*to*hide*oneself,*remain*out*of*sight

O-(∅)-S-l-√seen awlisín event ∅ l- √seen hide for*S*to*hide,*conceal,*put*O*out*of*sight

O-ka-(∅)-S-l-√séiḵʼw aklaséḵʼw act ∅ l- √séiḵʼw stain for*S*to*stain,*dye,*color*the*surface*of*O

O-ka-(∅)-d-√séiḵʼw kawdiséḵʼw event ∅ d- √séiḵʼw stain for*O*to*be*stained,*dyed

ḵut + O-ka-(ga)-S-l-√sóos ḵut akaawlisóos motion ga l- √sóos lose for*S*to*lose*(plural)*O p

ḵut + O-ka-(ga)-∅-√sóos ḵut has kaawasóos event ga ∅- √sóos lost for*(plural)*O*(objects,*people)*to*be*lost

SʼP-dé + ka-(na)-l-√sʼées aadé yaa kanalsʼís motion na l- √sʼées blow for*an*object*to*be*blown*in*the*wind*to*P wind

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 17

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

P-t + O-(na)-l-√sʼees át wulisʼees motion na l- √sʼees blow for*O*to*be*blown*around*at*P*(by*wind),*to*sail wind

O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√sʼeet akasʼéet act ∅ ∅- √sʼeet wrap for*S*to*bind*up,*wrap*around,*bandage*O

(∅)-l-√sʼeex yaa nalsʼíx event ∅ l- √sʼeex spoil for*animal*matter*to*age,*spoil*to*stage*where*still*firm,*but*smelly organic*matter

P-t~+O-ka-(∅)-S-l-√sʼéexʼw át akawlisʼíxʼw motion ∅ l- √sʼéexʼw stick*to or*S*to*stick*O*(esp.*paper)*to*P esp.*paper

áx + a-ka-(na)-S-l-√sʼeiḵ áx akawlisʼeiḵ event na l- √sʼeiḵ tan for*S*to*tan,*smoke,*cure*something*by*placing*in*smoke

O-(na)-S-∅-√sʼéilʼ sh xʼadasʼeiḵ event na ∅- √sʼéilʼ tear for*S*to*tear*O

O-ka-(ga)-S-∅-√sʼéilʼ yaa anasʼélʼ act ga ∅- √sʼéilʼ tear for*S*to*tear,*tear*up,*rip*off*O;*for*S*to*peel*off*O*(bark*from*a*tree)

O-xʼa-(∅)-S-∅-√sʼéilʼ akasʼélʼt act ∅ ∅- √sʼéilʼ tear for*S*to*tear*O*away*(from*hook);*for*S*to*stretch*or*hold*O*(opening)*open

O-xʼa-(∅)-S-∅-√sʼéilʼ axʼasʼélʼx act ∅ ∅- √sʼéilʼ tear*away;*hold*open

for*S*to*tear*O*away*(from*hook);*for*S*to*stretch*or*hold*O*(opening)*open

ka-(ga)-s-d-√sʼéilʼ kawdisʼéilʼ event ga s-d- √sʼéilʼ tear for*something*to*be*torn*up roots

xaat+O-(∅)-S-l-√sʼéilʼ xaat alsʼéilʼ act ∅ l- √sʼéilʼ tear*up;*pull*up

for*S*to*tear*up,*pull*up*O*(roots)

O-ka-(∅)-S-l-√sʼook aklasʼúk act ∅ l- √sʼook toast for*S*to*toast*O*(bread);*for*S*to*fry*O*(usually*till*crisp) food

O-(na)-S-∅-√sʼoow asʼúw act na ∅- √sʼoow chop for*S*to*chop*O*(esp.*chopping*down*trees,*chopping*off*branches)

esp.*trees,*branches

Sh

O-(∅)-S-∅-√shaa aawasháa event ∅ ∅- √shaa marry for*S*to*marry*O

wooch + (∅)-S-d-√shaa wooch has wudisháa event ∅ d- √shaa marry for*S*(two*people)*to*marry*each*other

(∅)-du∅-√shaa wuduwasháa event ∅ ∅- √shaa marry for*O*to*get*married

O-(∅)-d-√shaan yaa ndashán event ∅ d- √shaan age for*O*to*show*signs*of*old*age*(esp.*grey*hair),*for*O*to*become*old,*age esp.*gray*hair

(ga)-∅-√sháash yei nasháash event ga ∅- √sháash wear*out for*something*to*wear*out*by*continuous*friction

O-(ga)-S-∅-√sháat aawasháat event ga ∅- √sháat catch for*S*to*catch*O;*for*S*to*grab,*take*hold*of,*snatch*O;*for*S*to*arrest*O;*for*S*to*trap*O

P-t~ + a-ya-(∅)-∅-√shát aadé yaa ayanashát motion ∅ ∅- √shát move for*the*wind,*weather*to*move*in*gusts*to*P wind,*weather

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 18

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

O-(ga)-S-l-√sháat alshát act ga l- √sháat hold for*S*to*hold,*retain*O*in*oneʼs*grasp;*for*S*to*capture,*hold*O*captive

P-gaa + ḵu-(na)-S-∅-√shee ¹ aagáa ḵushée act na ∅- √shee ¹ search for*S*to*search*for,*look*for,*hunt*for,*seek*P

át + a-(∅)-S-d-√shee ¹ át awdishée event ∅ d- √shee ¹ hope for*S*to*hope,*desire*and*expect*something

P-t + ḵu-(∅)-S-∅-√shee ¹ át ḵushée act ∅ ∅- √shee ¹ search for*S*to*search*at*P

á-t~ + (∅)-S-∅-√shee ² át uwashée motion ∅ ∅- √shee ² touch for*S*to*touch,*take,*pick*up

N ée-t~ + (∅)-S-d-√shee ³ ax eedé yaa ndashéen event ∅ d- √shee ³ help for*S*(person,*medicine,*etc.)*to*help,*give*help*to,*assist*N

O-(ga)-S-∅-√shee ⁴ ashí act ga ∅- √shee ⁴ sing for*S*to*sing*O

at-(ga)-S-∅-√shee ⁴ at shí act ga ∅- √shee ⁴ sing for*S*to*sing

O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√shéix ʼ akashéix ʼ act ∅ ∅- √shéix ʼ praise for*S*to*praise,*glorify*O;*for*S*to*approve,*commend*O;*for*S*to*comment*on*O

P-x + (ga)-∅-√shoo áx gaashóo motion ga ∅- √shoo hang for*a*bulky*item*to*hang,*extend*down*along*P bulky*item

P-x kei + (∅)-l-√shoo áx kei wlishóo motion ∅ l- √shoo extend for*a*complex*object*(esp.*road)*to*extend*up*to*P

complex*object,*esp.*road

P-x + ya-u-(∅)-∅-√shoo áx yaawashóo motion ∅ ∅- √shoo extend for*a*slender*item*(esp.*road)*to*extend*around,*along*P

slender*item,*esp.*road

(∅)-S-d-√shooch dashóoch act ∅ d- √shooch bath for*S*to*take*a*bath

O-ka-(∅)-dl-√shóokʼ kawdlishúkʼ event ∅ dl- √shóokʼ cramps or*O*to*have*cramps;*for*O*to*get*shocked*(by*electricity)

at-(na)-S-∅-√shooḵ at shooḵ act na ∅- √shooḵ laugh for*S*to*laugh;*for*S*to*smile*(often*with*laughter)

T

(na)-S-∅-√taa tá act na ∅- √taa sleep for*(singular)*S*to*sleep,*sleep*alone s

a yáanáx + ya-u-(∅)-S-∅-√táa a yáanáx yaawatáa motion ∅ ∅- √táa sleep for*S*to*oversleep s

O-(∅)-S-s-√taa asteix act ∅ s- √taa steam for*S*to*boil,*steam*O*(food,*esp.*meat) food,*esp.*meat,*organic*matter

O-(∅)-S-∅-√taaḵ aawatáḵ event ∅ ∅- √taaḵ spear for*S*to*spear,*prod,*poke,*jab*at*O

daak + O-ya-(∅)-S-l-√taaḵ (yaakw) daak ayanaltáḵ motion ∅ l- √taaḵ pole for*S*to*pole,*push*O*(canoe,*boat)*out*away*from*the*shore*with*a*pole

P-t + ()-∅-√tán ¹ át tán position ∅- √tán ¹ sit for*a*container*or*hollow*object*to*sit*at*P container*(empty)

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 19

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

O-(ga)-S-∅-√taan ¹ yaa anatán motion ga ∅- √taan ¹ carry for*S*to*carry,*take*O*(usually*a*container*or*hollow*object)

container*(empty)

P-t~ + O-(∅)-S-∅-√taan ¹ aadé yaa anatán motion ∅ ∅- √taan ¹ carry for*S*to*carry,*take*O*(usually*a*container*or*hollow*object)*to*P

container*(empty)

P-t + O-(na)-S-∅-√taan ¹ át aawataan motion na ∅- √taan ¹ carry for*O*to*carry*O*(usually*container*or*hollow*object)*around*at*P

container*(empty)

N yax + O-(∅)-S-∅-√taan ¹ áa yax aawatán motion ∅ ∅- √taan ¹ turn for*S*to*turn*O*(usually*container,*hollow*object)*over

container*(empty)

N jee-t~ + O-(∅)-S-∅-√taan ¹ du jeedé yaa anatán motion ∅ ∅- √taan ¹ give for*S*to*give,*take,*hand*O*(usually*container*or*hollow*object)*to*N

container*(empty)

N ji-kaa-dáx + O-ya-u-(∅)-S-∅-√taan ¹du jikaadáx ayaawatán motion ∅ ∅- √taan ¹ move*away for*S*to*move*O*(usually*container*or*hollow*object)*out*of*Nʼs*way

container*(empty)

ḵut + O-(ga)-S-∅-√taan ¹ ḵut aawataan motion ga ∅- √taan ¹ lose for*S*to*lose,*misplace*O*(usually*a*container*or*hollow*object)

container*(empty)

ḵux + O-(∅)-S-∅-√taan ¹ ḵux aawatán motion ∅ ∅- √taan ¹ return for*S*to*return*O*(usually*a*container*or*hollow*object)

container*(empty)

yaax + O-(ga)-S-∅-√taan ¹ yaax aawataan motion ga ∅- √taan ¹ carry for*S*to*carry*O*(usually*container*or*hollow*object)*aboard*(a*boat)

container*(empty)

yan~ + O-(∅)-S-∅-√taan ¹ yánde yaa anatán motion ∅ ∅- √taan ¹ put*down for*S*to*put*down,*lay*down,*leave,*place*O*(usually*container*or*hollow*object)

container*(empty)

kei + O-(∅)-S-s-√taan ¹ kei awsitán motion ∅ s- √taan ¹ bring*out

for*S*to*bring*out,*unearth*O*(usually*long,*complex*object)(esp.*from*a*box*or*other*container*or*place*which*O*is*kept);*for*S*to*pick*up,*lift*up*O

long,*complex*object*(usually),*esp.*from*container*or*place*kept

at-(ga)-S-∅-√taan ² a yanáax at wootaan event ga ∅- √taan ² cover for*S*to*cover*(esp.*pot)*with*something esp.*pot

héi-de / a xʼéi-tx + shu-(na)-S-∅-√taan ²héi-de / a xʼéi-tx + shu-(na)-S-∅-√taan ² motion na ∅- √taan ² open for*S*to*open*O*(a*hinged*container) hinged*object

xʼéi-t~ + shu-(∅)-S-∅-√taan ² motion ∅ ∅- √taan ² close for*S*to*close*O*(a*hinged*container) hinged*object

P-t + O-()-S-s-√taan ³ át astán position s- √taan ³ lie for*S*to*have*O*(usually*long,*complex*object)*lying*at*P

long,*complex*object*(usually)

N jee-t~ + O-(∅)-S-s-√taan ³ du jeet awsitán motion ∅ s- √taan ³ give for*S*to*give,*take,*hand*O*(usually*long,*complex*object)*to*N

long,*complex*object*(usually)

P-t + shu-ka-()-∅-√tán ³ át shukatán position ∅- √tán ³ extend for*something*to*extend*to,*end*at*P

kei + ji-(∅)-S-s-√taan ³ kei jiwsitán motion ∅ s- √taan ³ raise for*S*to*raise*a*hand hand

yan~ + ji-(∅)-S-s-√taan ³ yan jiwsitán motion ∅ s- √taan ³ lower for*S*to*lower*a*hand hand

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 20

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

yan~ + O-ka-(∅)-S-s-√taan ³ yan akawsitán motion ∅ s- √taan ³ put*down for*S*to*put*down,*lay*down,*leave,*place*O*(usually*quite*small,*stickDlike*object)

small,*stickDlike*object

yan~ + O-(∅)-S-s-√taan ³ yan awsitán motion ∅ s- √taan ³ put*down for*S*to*put*down,*lay*down,*leave,*place*O*(usually*long,*complex*object)

long,*complex*object*(usually)

yan + shu-ka-(∅)-∅-√taan ³ áa yan shukaawatán event ∅ ∅- √taan ³ end for*something*to*end

ji-(na)-s-√taan ⁴ yaa jinastán event na s- √taan ⁴ rough for*the*ocean*to*be*rough ocean

N ka-náx + ji-ya-(∅)-s-√taan ⁴ a kanax yaa jiyanastán motion ∅ s- √taan ⁴ wash*over for*waves*to*wash*over*N waves

yan~ + ji-(∅)-s-√taan ⁴ yan jiwsitán motion ∅ s- √taan ⁴ wash*over for*waves*to*reach*the*beach waves

O-ka-u-(ga)-S-sh-√taan ⁵ akwshitán state ga sh- √taan ⁵ habit for*S*to*be*in*habit*of*doing*O;*for*S*to*do*O*frequently*because*S*enjoys*doing*it

(yéi) + tu-(na)-S-d-√taan ⁵ a daa toowditaan event na d- √taan ⁵ decide for*(singular)*S*to*decide,*make*up*oneʼs*mind*(that*way) s

N daa yoo + tu-(∅)-S-∅-√taan ⁵ a daa yoo tuwatánk act ∅ ∅- √taan ⁵ decide for*(singular)*S*to*think*over,*consider,*make*up*oneʼs*mind*about*N s

yoo + xʼa-(∅)-S-∅-√taan ⁶ yoo xʼayatánk act ∅ ∅- √taan ⁶ speak for*S*to*talk,*speak s

xʼa-(na)-S-d-√taan ⁶ yaa xʼandatán event na d- √taan ⁶ speak for*S*to*speak,*talk,*make*a*speech s

N éet~ + xʼa-(∅)-S-∅-√taan ⁶ du éet xʼeiwatán motion ∅ ∅- √taan ⁶ speak*to for*S*to*speak,*talk*to*N

N jee-dé + xʼa-(na)-S-d-√taan ⁶ du jeedé xʼawditaan motion na d- √taan ⁶ call for*S*to*call*N*on*telephone telephone

N jee-t~ + xʼa-(∅)-S-d-√taan ⁶ du jeet xʼawditán motion ∅ d- √taan ⁶ call for*S*to*call*N*on*telephone telephone

(precip) daak + (∅)-s-√taan ⁷ (precipitation) daak nastán event ∅ s- √taan ⁷ precipitate for*precipitation*to*fall precipitation

O-ka-(na)-S-∅-√taan ⁸ yaa akanatán event na ∅- √taan ⁸ bend for*S*to*bend*O*(usually*long,*simple*object)*over

yóo + ka-()-∅-√tán ⁸ yóo katán position ∅- √tán ⁸ bend for*something*to*be*bent

O-(∅)-S-∅-√táaw atáaw act ∅ ∅- √táaw steal for*S*to*steal*O

O-(ga)-s-√taaxʼ ash wusitáaxʼ event ga s- √taaxʼ bite for*an*insect*to*bite*O insect

(na)-∅-√táaxʼw yei natáxʼw event na ∅- √táaxʼw sink for*something*to*sink

(yéi) + O-(na)-∅-√tee ¹ yéi yatee state na ∅- √tee ¹ be for*O*to*be*(that*way)

N eetée-náx + O-(na)-∅-√tee ¹ a eetéenáx yatee state na ∅- √tee ¹ need for*O*to*need,*lack,*require*N

O-ḵu-(ga)-dz-√tee ¹ ḵudzitee state ga dz- √tee ¹ exist for*O*to*be,*be*in*existence,*live;*for*O*to*be*born

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 21

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

P-x + O-(na)-s-√tee ¹ (noun)-x sitee state na s- √tee ¹ be for*O*to*be*P*(a*member*of*a*group);*for*O*to*become*P

sh tóo-gáa + O-(na)-d-√tee ¹ sh tóogáa ditee state na d- √tee ¹ grateful for*O*to*be*grateful,*thankful,*satisfied

tleiyéi yéi + O-(na)-∅-√tee ¹ tleiyéi yéi yatee state na ∅- √tee ¹ still for*O*to*be*still,*quiet;*for*O*to*stop*(car,*clock,*e.g.)

N waḵshiyeexʼ yéi + O-(na)-∅-√tee ¹ du waḵshiyeexʼ yéi yatee state na ∅- √tee ¹ appear for*O*to*appear*to*N;*for*O*to*be*apparent*to*N

P-xʼ+O-(na)-∅-√tee ¹ áa yéi yatee state na ∅- √tee ¹ be*(at) for*O*to*be,*stay,*remain*at*P;*for*O*to*dwell,*live*at*P

N xán-xʼ+O-(na)-∅-√tee ¹ du xánxʼ yéi yatee state na ∅- √tee ¹ be*(at) for*O*to*be,*stay,*remain*with*N

N yáx + O-(na)-∅-√tee ¹ a yáx yatee state na ∅- √tee ¹ like for*O*to*be*like,*similar*to*N

ḵaa tóo-gaa + *(na)-*∅-√tee ¹ ḵaa tóogáa yatee state na ∅- √tee ¹ acceptable for*something*to*be*acceptable,*satisfactory,*wellDliked

(yéi) + ḵu-(na)-∅-√tee ¹ yéi ḵuwatee state na ∅- √tee ¹ be for*the*weather*to*be*(that*way) weather

(yéi) + O-tu-(na)-∅-√tee ¹ yéi tuwatee state na ∅- √tee ¹ want for*O*to*want*to*do,*feel*like*doing*(that);*for*O*to*feel*a*certain*way

N een + (ga)-∅-√tee ¹ du een yatee state ga ∅- √tee ¹ affected for*N*to*be*affected,*involved

O-xʼa-(na)-S-s-√tee ¹ axʼatee act na s- √tee ¹ imitate for*S*to*imitate*O;*for*S*to*mimic*Oʼs*speech;*for*S*to*quote*O

O-shu-(na)-S-s-√tee ¹ ashusitee state na s- √tee ¹ anticipate for*S*to*anticipate,*foresee*O;*for*S*to*expect,*consider*O*likely*to*happen*or*arrive

P-x + O-(ga)-S-∅-√tee ² áx aawatee motion ga ∅- √tee ² hang for*S*to*install,*hang,*place*O*at*P

P-x + O-sha-ya-(∅)-S-∅-√tee ² áx ashayaawatée motion ∅ ∅- √tee ² hang for*S*to*hang*up*O*at*P*(esp.*to*dry)

a-ya-(ga)-d-√tee ² ayawditee event ga d- √tee ² stormy for*the*weather*to*be*stormy,*rough weather

héen-t~ + O-ya-(∅)-S-∅-√tee ² héent ayaawatée motion ∅ ∅- √tee ² baptize for*S*to*baptize,*immerse*(singular)*O*in*water*or*pour*water*upon*O*as*a*religious*rite s

P-dé + O-(na)-S-∅-√tee ³ aadé yaa anatéen motion na ∅- √tee ³ carry for*S*to*carry,*take*O*(general,*often*compact*object)*to*P

solid*mass,*abstract

P-dáx + O-(ga)-S-∅-√tee ³ aax aawatée motion ga ∅- √tee ³ pick for*S*to*pick*O*(general,*compact*object)*up*off*of*P

solid*mass,*abstract

N jee-t~ + O-(∅)-S-∅-√tee ³ du jeet aawatée motion ∅ ∅- √tee ³ give for*S*to*give,*take,*hand*O*(general,*esp.*abstract*object)*to*N

solid*mass,*abstract

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 22

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

kei + O-(∅)-S-∅-√tee ³ kei aawatée motion ∅ ∅- √tee ³ bring*out

or*S*to*bring*out,*unearth*O*(general,*often*compact*object)(esp.*from*a*box*or*other*container*or*place*which*O*is*kept);*for*S*to*pick*up,*lift*up*O

solid*mass,*abstract,*esp.*from*container

neil + O-(∅)-S-∅-√tee ³ neil aawatée motion ∅ ∅- √tee ³ carry for*S*to*carry,*take*O*(general,*often*compact*object)*home,*inside

solid*mass,*abstract

N xʼéi-x + O-(na)-S-∅-√tee ³ du xʼéix aawatee event na ∅- √tee ³ feed for*S*to*feed*O*to*N;*for*S*to*give*O*to*N*to*eat food

N xʼéi-x + at-(na)-S-∅-√tee ³ du xʼéix yaa at natéen event na ∅- √tee ³ feed for*S*to*feed*N,*give*food*to*N*(for*immediate*consumption) food

yan~ + O-(∅)-S-∅-√tee ³ yan aawatée motion ∅ ∅- √tee ³ put*down for*S*to*put*down,*lay*down,*leave,*place*O*(general,*often*compact*object)

solid*mass,*abstract

P-dé + O-(na)-S-s-√tee ⁴ aadé yaa anastéen motion na s- √tee ⁴ carry for*S*to*carry,*take*O*(solid,*often*complex*object)*to*P complex*object

P-t + ()-s-√téen ⁴ át satéen position s- √téen ⁴ sit for*a*solid,*often*complex*object*to*sit*at*P complex*object

O-(ga)-S-s-√tee ⁴ yaa anastéen motion ga s- √tee ⁴ carry for*S*to*carry,*take*O*(solid,*often*complex*object) complex*object

yan~ + O-(∅)-S-s-√tee ⁴ yan awsitée motion ∅ s- √tee ⁴ put*down for*S*to*put*down,*lay*down,*leave,*place*O*(solid,*often*complex*object) complex*object

N jee-t~ + O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√tee ⁵ du jeedé yaa akanatéen motion ∅ ∅- √tee ⁵ give for*S*to*give,*take,*hand*O*(round*object)*to*N spherical*object

yan~ + O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√tee ⁵ yan akaawatée motion ∅ ∅- √tee ⁵ put*down for*S*to*put*down,*lay*down,*leave,*place*O*(round,*spherical*object) spherical*object

P-t + O-ka-()-S-√téen ⁵ át akatéen position √téen ⁵ lying for*S*to*have*(round,*spherical)*O*lying*at*P spherical*object

ká-t + O-()-S-d-√tee ⁶ kát adatéen position d- √tee ⁶ wear for*S*to*wear*O clothing

ká-x + O-(ga)-S-d-√tee ⁶ káx awditee event ga d- √tee ⁶ wear for*S*to*put*on*O*(shirt,*dress,*etc.) clothing

P-t~+O-shu-(∅)-S-∅-√tee ⁶ du kát ashuwatée motion ∅ ∅- √tee ⁶ blame,*bring*on

for*S*to*bring*O*(abstract,*esp.*shame,*blame,*joy)*onto*P

P-dé + ḵu-(na)-S-∅-√teen ¹ aadé yaa ḵunatín motion na ∅- √teen ¹ travel for*S*to*travel,*go*on*a*trip*to*P

P-t~ + ḵu-(∅)-S-∅-√teen ¹ át ḵuwatín motion ∅ ∅- √teen ¹ travel for*S*to*travel,*go*on*a*trip*to*P

át + sha-(?)-s-√teen ¹ shasitin state ? s- √teen ¹ located for*a*group,*crowd,*or*swarm*to*be*lovated*there*(often*a*reef) reef p

O-(∅)-S-l-√teen ² altín act ∅ l- √teen ² look*at for*S*to*look*at,*gaze*at,*watch*O;*for*S*to*watch,*take*care*of,*mind,*look*after*O

O-(ga)-S-s-√teen ² awsiteen event ga s- √teen ² see for*S*to*see,*behold*O*(usually*specific)

O-(ga)-S-∅-√teen ² ayatéen state ga ∅- √teen ² see for*S*to*see,*perceive*O*(often*abstract)

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Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 23

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

ḵu-(ga)-S-∅-√téen ² ḵuwatéen / ḵuyatéen state ga ∅- √téen ² see for*S*to*have*sight*(see*people)

tlél + ḵu-(ga)-S-sh-√téen ² tlél ḵooshtéen state ga sh- √téen ² blind for*S*to*be*blind

ka-u-(ga)-l-√téesʼshán kulitéesʼshán state ga l- √téesʼshán fascinating for*something*to*be*fascinating*to*watch,*to*be*a*wonderful*sight

P-t~ + (na?)-l-√teet aadé naltít motion na? l- √teet afloat for*something*to*be*afloat,*be*carried*by*waves,*drift

O-ka-(∅)-dz-√téex ʼ kawdzitíxʼ event ∅ dz- √téex ʼ crooked for*O*to*be*crooked,*wicked

P-t~ + O-ka-(∅)-S-l-√téex ʼ aadé yaa akanaltíxʼ event ∅ l- √téex ʼ screw for*S*to*screw*O*in*to*P

xʼéi-t~ + O-ka-(∅)-S-l-√téex ʼ xʼéide yaa akanaltíxʼ event ∅ l- √téex ʼ lock for*S*to*lock*O

kei + (∅)-sh-√tóok kei wjitúk event ∅ sh- √tóok explode for*something*to*explode,*blow*up

O-(na)-S-∅-√tóow atóow act na ∅- √tóow read for*S*to*read*O

P-xʼ + at-(∅)-S-l-√tóow du éexʼ at latóow act ∅ l- √tóow teach for*S*to*teach*P

P-xʼ + O-(∅)-S-l-√tóow du éexʼ altóow act ∅ l- √tóow teach for*S*to*teach*O*to

sh tóo + at-(∅)-S-dl-√tóow sh tóo at iltóow act ∅ dl- √tóow study for*S*to*study,*teach*oneself

sh tóo + O-(∅)-S-dl-√tóow sh tóo altóow act ∅ dl- √tóow study for*S*to*study,*learn*O;*for*S*to*practice,*rehearse*O

(na)-S-d-√tóow datóow act na d- √tóow read for*S*to*read

yóot~ + ḵʼa(∅)-S-dz-√tóox yóot ḵʼawdzitúx motion ∅ dz- √tóox spit for*S*to*spit,*spit*out

ka-(∅)-S-s-√tóoxʼ du xʼóolʼ kastóoxʼ act ∅ s- √tóox ʼ growl for*the*stomach*to*growl,*gurgle stomach

ka-(∅)-d-√tóoxʼ du xʼóolʼ kadatóoxʼ act ∅ d- √tóox ʼ growl for*the*stomach*to*growl,*gurgle stomach

TʼO-(∅)-S-s-√tʼaa astʼeix act ∅ s- √tʼaa warm for*S*to*warm*O*(water,*etc.)

ḵu-(∅)-∅-√tʼaa ḵuwatʼáa / ḵuyatʼáa state ∅ ∅- √tʼaa warm for*the*weather*to*be*warm,*hot weather

N too-wú + (∅)-S-l-√tʼaa du toowú altʼeix act ∅ l- √tʼaa comfort for*S*to*comfort*N

(∅)-∅-√tʼaa yaa natʼéin event ∅ ∅- √tʼaa warm for*something*to*be*warm,*hot

ya-(∅)-∅-√tʼaa yaa yanatʼéin event ∅ ∅- √tʼaa warm for*something*to*be*hot,*heated

O-(∅)-S-∅-√tʼaach atʼácht act ∅ ∅- √tʼaach slap for*S*to*slap*O;*for*S*to*tag*O*(as*in*game*of*tag)

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 24

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

a-(∅)-j-√tʼaakw héende awjitʼákw event ∅ j- √tʼaakw slapfor*something*to*dive*into*the*water;*for*something*to*slap*tail*down*hard*as*going*down*in*water*(esp.*of*killerwhale*and*beaver)

tail*in*water

(∅)-s-√tʼáaxʼ wusitʼáaxʼ event ∅ s- √tʼáaxʼ heat for*a*fire,*etc.*to*be*hot,*radiate,*throw*out*heat

(ga)-∅-√tʼéexʼ yatʼéexʼ state ga ∅- √tʼéexʼ hard for*something*to*be*hard*(abstract),*difficult solid*mass,*abstract

ka-(ga)-∅-√tʼéexʼ kayatʼéexʼ state ga ∅- √tʼéexʼ hard for*something*to*harden,*cake*up

ka-(ga)-s-√tʼéexʼ kasitʼéexʼ state ga s- √tʼéexʼ hard for*something*to*be*hard*(esp.*of*round*object) spherical*object

(∅)-dl-√tʼéexʼ yaa naltʼíxʼ event ∅ dl- √tʼéexʼ hard for*something*to*harden,*solidify;*for*something*to*freeze

O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√tʼéixʼ akatʼéixʼ act ∅ ∅- √tʼéixʼ smashfor*S*to*smash*O*up*by*pounding;*for*S*to*mash*O*by*pounding*with*something*heavy;*for*S*to*pound,*hammer*on*O

O-(ga)-S-∅-√tʼei aawatʼei event ga ∅- √tʼei find for*S*to*find*O*(usually*as*the*result*of*searching)

O-ka-(ga)-S-∅-√tʼei akaawatʼei event ga ∅- √tʼei find for*S*to*find*O*(usually*round,*spherical*object)

a-(na)-S-dz-√tʼéix astʼeix act na dz- √tʼéix fish for*S*to*fish*with*hooks,*catch*on*a*hook,*troll fish

O-(∅)-S-∅-√tʼóok aawatʼúk event ∅ ∅- √tʼóok shoot for*S*to*shoot*O*(with*bow*and*arrow);*for*S*to*choose*O*(in*gambling*with*sticks)

Tl

(yéi)+ka-u-(na)-d-√tlaa yéi kwditláa state na d- √tlaa big for*something*to*be*(so)*big*around,*in*girth

O-ka-(na)-S-∅-√tlaakw yaa akanatlákw event na ∅- √tlaakw investigate for*S*to*investigate,*make*inquiry*into,*research*O

O-(∅)-S-∅-√tlaakw ḵoon atláakw act ∅ ∅- √tlaakw tell for*S*to*tell,*recount,*narrate*O*(legend,*myth,*fairy*tale,*etc.)

(∅)-d-√tlaax yaa ndatláx event ∅ d- √tlaax moldy for*something*to*be*moldy

P-dé + (na)-S-∅-√tlooxʼ aadé wootlóoxʼ motion na ∅- √tlooxʼ creepfor*S*to*creep,*crawl*on*hands*and*toes*with*body*close*to*ground*(usually*when*stalking*game)*toward*P

P-t + (na)-S-∅-√tlooxʼ át wootlóoxʼ motion na ∅- √tlooxʼ creep

for*S*to*creep,*crawl*around*on*hands*and*toes*with*body*close*to*ground*(usually*when*stalking*game)*at*P;*for*S*to*squirm*around*on*the*ground*at*P

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 25

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

Tlʼ

O-(∅)-d-√tlʼaakʼ yaa ndatlʼákʼ event ∅ d- √tlʼaakʼ wet for*O*to*be*wet*(may*be*thoroughly*wet,*but*not*by*actual*immersion)

O-(?)-Sl-√tlʼeet event ? l- √tlʼeet abandon for*S*to*abandon,*desert,*leave*O

O-sha-(∅)-S-l-√tlʼéetʼ yaa ashanaltlʼítʼ event ∅ l- √tlʼéetʼ fill for*S*to*fill*O*(with*liquid) liquid

N daa-x kei + (∅)-S-dl-√tlʼeitʼ a daax kei naltlʼétʼ motion ∅ dl- √tlʼeitʼ climb for*S*to*climb*up*along*N*(tree,*rope,*etc.)*by*holding*on*tightly

N yáx + (ga)-S-dl-√tlʼéitʼ a yáý kei naltlʼétʼ motion ga dl- √tlʼéitʼ climb for*S*to*climb*up*along*the*face*of*N*(mountain,*cliff,*fence,*etc.)

Ts

a-(?)-S-dl-√tsaa act ? dl- √tsaa belch fo*S*to*belch*(like*a*seal)

kei + ji-(∅)-S-l-√tsaaḵ kei jiwlitsáḵ event ∅ l- √tsaaḵ raise for*(singular)*S*to*raise*the*hand*(in*voting,*etc.) s

O-(∅)-S-l-√tseek altséek act ∅ l- √tseek broil for*S*to*broil*O*slowly,*cook*O*directly*over*live*coals,*barbecue

O-(ga)-l-√tseen litseen state ga l- √tseen strong for*O*to*be*strong,*powerful

tlél + O-(ga)-l-√tseen tléil ultseen state ga l- √tseen weak for*O*to*be*weak;*for*O*to*be*mild*(of*weather);*for*O*to*be*anemic

xʼa-(ga)-l-√tseen xʼalitseen state ga l- √tseen expensive for*something*to*be*expensive,*highDpriced;*for*something*to*be*precious,*of*great*value

O-xʼa-(ga)-S-l-√tseen axʼalitseen act ga l- √tseen cherish for*S*to*value,*cherish*O

O-(∅)-S-∅-√tseix atséx t act ∅ ∅- √tseix kick for*S*to*kick*O;*for*S*to*stamp*O,*put*foot*down*on*O*violently

gagaan P-t~ xʼoos(∅)-∅-√tsóow gagaan át xʼoos uwatsóow event ∅ ∅- √tsóow shine for*the*sun*rays*to*shine*on*P*(lit.*sun*is*poking*its*feet*at*P)

TsʼO-(ga)-l-√tsʼaa litsʼáa state ga l- √tsʼaa fragrant for*O*to*be*fragrant,*sweetDsmelling

tléil yan/yax(?)-S-d-√tsʼein ? d- √tsʼein active for*S*to*never*stop,*be*always*on*the*go,*constantly*active

W

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 26

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

O-(∅)-S-s-√wáat aswáat act ∅ s- √wáat raise for*S*to*raise*O*(child,*animal);*for*S*to*grow*O*(plant)

child,*animal,*plant

O-(∅)-∅-√wáat kei nawát event ∅ ∅- √wáat grow*up for*O*to*grow*up*(size*and*maturity)*(esp.*of*human*and*animal)

child,*animal,*plant

P-gaa+a-(∅)-S-∅-√wóo aagáa aawawóo event ∅ ∅- √wóo order for*S*to*send*for,*order*P*(usually*from*a*catalog) us.*from*catalog

O-xʼa-(na)-S-∅-√wóosʼ axʼawóosʼ act na ∅- √wóosʼ ask for*S*to*ask,*question*O

(ga)-∅-√wúxʼ yawúx ʼ state ga ∅- √wúxʼ wide for*something*to*be*wide,*broad

X

P-dé + O-ka-(na)-S-∅-√xaa aadé akawsixaa motion na ∅- √xaa pourfor*S*to*pour*O*into*P,*pour*O*out*at*P;*for*S*to*dump,*empty*O*in*one*mass*(by*turning*over*container)*at*P

one*mass

P-t~ + O-ka-(∅)-S-s-√xaa át akawsixáa motion ∅ s- √xaa pour for*S*to*pour,*dump,*empty*O*at*P

P-dé + O-ya-(na)-S-s-√xaa a kaadé yaa ayanasxéin motion na s- √xaa pour for*S*to*pour*O*on/in*P

O-(∅)-S-∅-√xáasʼ axáasʼ act ∅ ∅- √xáasʼ scrape for*S*to*scrape*O

O-(na)-S-∅-√xaash axáash act na ∅- √xaash cut for*S*to*cut*O*with*knife;*for*S*to*saw*O

O-(∅)-S-∅-√xaash aax axáash act ∅ ∅- √xaash cut for*S*to*cut,*saw*O*(esp.*cutting*something*off*or*cutting*wood) esp.*cutting*off

O-ka-(ga)-S-∅-√xaash yei akanaxásh event ga ∅- √xaash cut for*S*to*cut*O*in*several*pieces;*for*S*to*carve*O*(on*surface);*for*S*to*slice*O*(e.g.,*bread)

O-(na)-S-l-√xaash alxáash act na l- √xaash cut for*S*to*cut*O*(esp.*ropeDlike*object) ropeDlike*object

(na)-S-d-√xaash daxáash act na d- √xaash cut for*S*to*cut

P-dé + O-ka-(∅)-S-s-√xaat aadé akawsixát event ∅ s- √xaat connect for*S*to*connect,*attach*O*to*P

P-dé~ + ka-(∅)-s-√xaat aadé ksixát state ∅ s- √xaat connect for*something*to*be*connected,*attached,*tied*(to)*P

N yáx + ka-(∅)-∅-√xaat a yáx kaaxát state ∅ ∅- √xaat resemble for*something*to*resemble*N*(esp.*in*shape)

O-ka-(∅)-S-s-√xaatʼ kʼidéin akawsixát event ∅ s- √xaatʼ tighten for*S*to*tighten,*pull*on*O*(something*fastened*at*the*other*end)

P-dáx + O-(na)-S-s-√xaatʼ aadáx yaa anasxátʼ motion na s- √xaatʼ drag

for*S*to*drag,*pull*O*(esp.*heavy*object*or*limp*object*such*as*dead*animal)*away*from*P;*for*S*to*haul,*transport*O*(by*nonDmotor*power)*away*from*P

esp.*heavy*object*or*limp*object

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 27

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

P-dé + O-(na)-S-s-√xaatʼ aadé yaa anasxátʼ motion na s- √xaatʼ drag

for*S*to*drag,*pull*O*(esp.*heavy*object*or*limp*object*such*as*dead*animal)*toward*P;*for*S*to*haul,*transport*O*(by*nonDmotor*power)*toward*P

esp.*heavy*object*or*limp*object

O-(na)-S-s-√xaatʼ yaa anasxátʼ motion na s- √xaatʼ dragfor*S*to*drag,*pull*O*(esp.*heavy*object*or*limp*object*such*as*dead*animal);*for*S*to*haul,*transport*O*(by*nonDmotor*power)

esp.*heavy*object*or*limp*object

O-(∅)-S-∅-√xeech aawaxích event ∅ ∅- √xeech exert for*S*to*exert*oneʼs*full*strength*on,*strive*for*O;*for*S*to*concentrate*on,*put*effort*into*O

O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√xéelʼ yaa akanaxílʼ event ∅ ∅- √xéelʼ trouble for*S*to*bother,*trouble,*cause*trouble*or*anxiety*for*O

O-ka-(∅)-S-sh-√xeet akshaxeet act ∅ sh- √xeet writefor*S*to*write,*draw,*or*paint*a*picture*of*O;*for*S*to*print*O*by*hand;*for*S*to*photograph,*take*pictures,*XDrays*of*O

ka-(∅)-S-d-√xeet kashxeet act ∅ d- √xeet write for*S*to*write,*draw,or*paint;*for*S*to*take*a*photograph

O-(ga)-S-∅-√xéetʼ tʼaa ká axítʼkw act ga ∅- √xéetʼ sweep for*S*to*sweep*O*(esp.*floor) esp.*floor

(ga)-S-d-√xéetʼ daxítʼkw ga d- √xéetʼ sweep for*S*to*sweep

P-dé + (na)-S-j-√xeex ¹ aadé yaa nashíx motion na j- √xeex ¹ run for*(singular)*S*to*run*toward*P s

P-t + (na)-S-j-√xeex ¹ át wujixeex motion na j- √xeex ¹ run for*(singular)*S*to*run*around*at*P s

P-t~ + (∅)-S-j-√xeex ¹ át wujixíx motion ∅ j- √xeex ¹ run for*(singular)*S*to*run*to*P,*arrive*at*P*by*running s

gunéi + (∅)-S-j-√xeex ¹ gunéi wjixíx motion ∅ j- √xeex ¹ run for*(singular)*S*to*begin*running s

N jee-t~ + shu-(∅)-∅-√xeex ¹ du jeedé yaa shunaxíx event ∅ ∅- √xeex ¹ run for*N*to*run*out*of*something

ḵut + (ga)-S-j-√xeex ¹ ḵut wujixeex motion ga j- √xeex ¹ run for*(singular)*S*to*run*away

P-t~ + (∅)-∅-√xeex ² át uwaxíx motion ∅ ∅- √xeex ² fallfor*something*to*fall*or*drop*on*P;*for*a*bullet*to*hit*P;*for*a*rumor,*news*to*spread,*go*around*at*P

P-t + (na)-∅-√xeex ² át wooxeex motion na ∅- √xeex ² fall for*something*to*fall*around*at*P*(esp.*inside*a*container)

esp.*inside*container

shu-(na)-∅-√xeex ¹ yaa shunaxíx event na ∅- √xeex ¹ end for*something*to*end,*come*to*an*end,*pass;*for*something*to*be*used*up*(of*supplies,*etc.)

P-t~ + (∅)-∅-√xeex ² át kaawaxíx motion ∅ ∅- √xeex ² fall for*something*(usually*a*round*object)*to*fall,*drop*into*P

round*object*(usually)

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 28

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

P-náx + ka-(ga)-∅∅-√xeex ² anax kaawaxeex motion ga ∅- √xeex ² fall for*something*(usually*a*round*object)*to*fall,*drop*through*P

daak + (∅)-∅-√xeex ² daak uwaxíx motion ∅ ∅- √xeex ² movefor*the*sun,*moon*to*move*through*the*sky*into*the*open;*for*something*(esp.*a*small,*compact*object)*to*fall,*drop

esp.*small,*compact*object

N káa + (ga)-∅-√xeex ² a káa wooxeex motion ga ∅- √xeex ² fall for*an*object*(usually*small,*compact)*to*fall*on*N

small,*compact*object*(usually)

kei + (∅)-∅-√xeex ² kei uwaxíx motion ∅ ∅- √xeex ² rise for*the*sun,*moon*to*rise sun,*moon

N tóo-t + O-(na)-∅-√xeex ² du tóot wooxeex motion na ∅- √xeex ² worry for*O*to*worry*N;*for*N*to*have*O*constantly*on*the*mind

yín-de + (na)-∅-√xeex ² yínde yaa naxíx motion na ∅- √xeex ² set for*the*sun,*moon*to*set sun,*moon

ya-(na)-∅-√xeex ³ yaa yanaxíx event na ∅- √xeex ³ occur for*something*to*take*place,*occur,*happen

O-(∅)-S-∅-√xook asxook act ∅ ∅- √xook dry for*S*to*dry*O*(by*any*method)

(∅)-∅-√xook yaa naxúk event ∅ ∅- √xook dry for*something*to*be*dry,*dried

Xw

O-(∅)-S-l-√xwaach alxwácht act ∅ l- √xwaach soften for*S*to*soften,*make*O*flexible;*for*S*to*scrape*O*(hide)*to*soften*it hide*(usually)

O-(∅)-S-l-√xweitl ¹ yaa ash nalxwétl event ∅ l- √xweitl ¹ tired for*S*to*tire*O,*make*O*tired*(either*physically*or*emotionally)

O-(∅)-d-√xweitl ¹ yaa ndaxwétl event ∅ d- √xweitl ¹ tired for*O*to*be*tired,*weary

ka-(∅)-S-l-√xweitl ² yaa kanalxwétl event ∅ l- √xweitl ² itch for*S*to*itch,*tickle

XʼP-t~ + (∅)-S-∅-√xʼaak át uwaxʼák motion ∅ ∅- √xʼaak swim for*S*to*swim*under*water*to*P

N ká-t~ + O-sa-(∅)-∅-√xʼaaḵw a kát seiwaxʼáḵw state ∅ ∅- √xʼaaḵw forget for*O*to*forget*N

ka-(∅)-l-√xʼáas yaa kanalxʼáas event ∅ l- √xʼáas drip for*something*to*drip,*leak*(at*fairly*fast*rate)

O-ya-(∅)-S-∅-√xʼaat ayaxʼáat act ∅ ∅- √xʼaat sharpen for*S*to*sharpen*O*(an*edge)*with*a*file edge

(∅)-d-√xʼeesʼ yaa ndaxʼísʼ event ∅ d- √xʼeesʼ swollen for*something*to*swell,*be*swollen*locally;*for*something*to*be*matted,*tangled*in*lumps

O-ka-(∅)-S-s-√xʼoo aadé yaa akanasxʼwéin event ∅ s- √xʼoo nail for*S*to*nail*O

Xʼw

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 29

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

(na)-l-√xʼwásʼḵ yaa naxʼwásʼḵ event na l- √xʼwásʼḵ numb for*something*to*be*numb,*have*no*feeling

X

O-(∅)-S-∅-√xaa ¹ axá act ∅ ∅- √xaa ¹ eat for*S*to*eat*O

at-(∅)-S-∅-√xaa ¹ at xá act ∅ ∅- √xaa ¹ eat for*S*to*eat

yáx + O-ya-(∅)-S-s-√xaa ¹ yax yaa ayanasxéin event ∅ s- √xaa ¹ eat for*S*to*eat*up,*finish,*consume*O*(eating*lots*of*pieces)

a-(∅)-S-∅-√xaa ² axáa act ∅ ∅- √xaa ² paddle for*S*to*paddle,*row

P-t + O-ya-(na)-S-∅-√xaa ² át ayaawaxaa motion na ∅- √xaa ² transport for*S*to*transport*O*around*P*by*boat*or*car

P-t~ + O-ya-(∅)-S-∅-√xaa ² át ayaawaxáa motion ∅ ∅- √xaa ² transport for*S*to*transport*O*by*boat*or*car*to*P;*for*S*to*bring,*take*or*fetch*O*by*boat*or*cartoP boat,*car

O-ya-(na)-S-∅-√xáaxʼw ayaxáaxʼw act na ∅- √xáaxʼw transport for*S*to*regularly*transport,*haul*O*(mail,*newspaper,*e.g.)*by*boat*or*car

O-(na)-S-∅-√xaach yaa anaxách motion na ∅- √xaach tow for*S*to*tow*O*(usually*by*boat) boat*(usually)

N daa + (ga)-dz-√xáaw daadzixáaw state ga dz- √xáaw hairy for*N*to*have*a*hairy*body

O-(ga)-S-s-√xán asix án state ga s- √xán love for*S*to*love*O

P-xʼ sh + (?)-S-dl√xán motion ? dl √xán accompany for*S*to*accompany,*take*to*one,*follow*around,*go*around*with

O-sha-(∅)-S-∅-√xeech ashaawax ích event ∅ ∅- √xeech hit for*S*to*club,*hit*O*on*the*head head

P-t~ + O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√xeech át akaawaxích motion ∅ ∅- √xeech throw for*S*to*throw*O*(esp.*liquid)*to*P esp.*liquid

yáx + O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√xeech yax akaawaxích event ∅ ∅- √xeech spill for*S*to*spill,*upset*O

N-t~ + (∅)-j-√xeen a kát wujixín motion ∅ j- √xeen fall for*a*hard,*solid*object*to*fall,*drop*on*N hard*object

O-(∅)-∅-√xei (áa) uwaxéi event ∅ ∅- √xei stay for*O*to*stay*overnight,*spend*the*night,*camp*out*overnight

O-(∅)-S-s-√xeiḵ ash wusixéḵ event ∅ s- √xeiḵ awake for*S*to*keep*O*awake

O-(ga)-S-s-√xeit kei anasxét event ga s- √xeit breed for*S*to*breed*O animals

(ga)-dz-√xeit kei (ha)s nasxét event ga dz- √xeit breed for*something*to*multiply,*increase*in*numbers;*for*animals*to*produce*young,*breed animals

O-(ga)-l-√xeitl lix éitl state ga l- √xeitl blessed for*O*to*be*blessed,*be*lucky

P-xʼ + a-ka-u-(ga)-S-dl-√xéitlʼ áa akwdlixéitlʼ state ga dl- √xéitlʼ afraid for*S*to*be*afraid*of,*fear*P

N xʼéi-t~ + a-ka-u-(ga)-S-dl-√xéitlʼ du xʼéit akwdlixéitlʼ state ga dl- √xéitlʼ afraid for*S*to*be*afraid*of,*fear*the*words*of*N

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

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Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

O-ka-u-(ga)-l-√xéitlʼshán kulixéitlʼshán state ga l- √xéitlʼshán scary for*O*to*be*scary,*dangerous

(na)-S-∅-√xéixʼw has xéxʼw act na ∅- √xéixʼw sleep for*(plural)*S*to*sleep,*sleep*in*company*with*others,*go*to*bed p

P-dé + O-(na)-S-∅-√xootʼ ¹ aadé yaa naxútʼ motion na ∅- √xootʼ ¹ dragfor*S*to*drag,*pull*O*(esp.*light*object*or*solid,*stiff*object)*to*P;*for*S*to*pull*O*in*quick*movements*to*P

esp.*light*object*or*solid,*stiff*object

P-dé + O-(na)-S-s-√xootʼ ¹ aadé yaa anasxútʼ motion na s- √xootʼ ¹ drag for*S*to*drag,*pull*O*to*P;*for*S*to*haul,*transport*O*(by*motor*power)*to*P motor*power

P-dé + O-(na)-S-∅-√xootʼ ¹ át aawaxóotʼ motion na ∅- √xootʼ ¹ drag for*S*to*drag,*pull*O*(esp.*person)*around*at*P;*for*S*to*pull*O*in*quick*movement*around*at*P esp.*person

+ sha-(na)-S-dl-√xóotʼ ¹ shalx óotʼ act na dl- √xóotʼ ¹ fish for*S*to*fish*with*rod,*sportfish fish

yan~ + O-(∅)-S-∅-√xootʼ ¹ yánde yaa anaxútʼ motion ∅ ∅- √xootʼ ¹ dragfor*S*to*drag,*pull*O*(esp.*light*object*or*solid,*stiff*object)*in,*to*shore;*for*S*to*pull*O*in*to*shore*in*quick*movement

esp.*light*object*or*solid,*stiff*object

O-(∅)-S-∅-√xóotʼ ² axútʼt act ∅ ∅- √xóotʼ ² chop for*S*to*chop*O*(wood);*for*S*to*chip*O*out*(with*adze) wood,*adze

O-ka-(ga)-S-l-√xóotʼ ² aklax útʼt act ga l- √xóotʼ ² chop for*S*to*chop*up*O;*for*S*to*split*O*(wood) wood

O-(ga)-S-s-√xoox axoox act ga s- √xoox call for*S*to*call,*summon*O

shu-ka-(na)-S-l-√xoox shukawlix oox event na l- √xoox callfor*S*to*call*forth*a*response*(from*opposite*clan,*by*means*of*a*song);*for*S*to*compose*a*song

song

Xʼat-(∅)-S-∅-√xʼaan at xʼáan act ∅ ∅- √xʼaan dry for*S*to*dry*(fish,*meat)*over*fire,*smoke*lightly fish,*meat

ka-(?)-dl-√xátʼ kadlixʼátʼ state ? dl- √xátʼ unripe for*berries*to*be*unripe,*green*and*hard berries

P-t + O-(na)-sh-√xʼéelʼ át wushixʼéelʼ motion na sh- √xʼéelʼ slip for*O*to*slip,*slide*around*at*P

P-t~ + O-(∅)-sh-√xʼéelʼ aadé yaa nashxʼílʼ motion ∅ sh- √xʼéelʼ slip for*O*to*slip,*slide*to*P

ka-(?)-sh-√xʼílʼk kashixʼílʼk – ? sh- √xʼílʼk slippery for*something*to*be*slippery*(oil,*ice,*wet*rocks,*etc.)

O-(ga)-sh-√xʼéelʼ yei nashxʼílʼ event ga sh- √xʼéelʼ slip or*O*to*slip,*slide

P-x + O-ka-(na)-l-√xʼéexʼ áx kawlixʼéexʼ motion na l- √xʼéexʼ stuck for*O*to*get*stuck,*be*squeezed*at*P

O-(∅)-S-l-√xʼéixʼ awlix ʼéxʼ event ∅ l- √xʼéixʼ burn for*S*to*burn*O*(flesh,*skin);*for*S*to*scald*O flesh,*skin

O-(∅)-d-√xʼéixʼ wudixʼéxʼ event ∅ d- √xʼéixʼ burn for*O*to*be*burned*(of*flesh,*skin),*become*shriveled*and*brittle*through*burning flesh,*skin

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 31

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

Y

P-dáx + O-ka-(na)-d-√yaa ¹ aadáx kawdiyaa motion na d- √yaa ¹ disappearfor*O*to*disappear*from*P;*for*O*to*move*(often*almost*imperceptably)*from*P;*for*O*to*travel*(indefinite*as*to*method)*from*P

O-(ga)-S-∅-√yaa ² yaa anayáan / yaa anayéin event ga ∅- √yaa ² carry for*S*to*carry*O*on*back;*for*S*to*pack*O

at-(ga)-S-∅-√yaa ² event ga ∅- √yaa ² carry for*S*to*carry*things*on*back;*for*S*to*pack*things

O-sha-(na)-S-s-√yaa ³ event na s- √yaa ³ anchor for*S*to*anchor*O anchor

sha-(na)-S-dz-√yaa ³ ashawsiyaa event na dz- √yaa ³ anchor for*S*to*anchor,*lower*anchor anchor

P-x + O-ka-(ga)-S-∅-√yaa ⁴ áx yei akanayéin motion ga ∅- √yaa ⁴ spread*out for*S*to*spread*out,*unfold,*lay*out*(singular)*O*along*P

yan~ + ka-(∅)-d-√yaa ⁵ yan kawdiyáa motion ∅ d- √yaa ⁵ happen for*an*event*to*happen,*take*place

O-u-(ga)-S-∅-√yaa ⁶ oowayáa state ga ∅- √yaa ⁶ resemble for*S*to*resemble,*look*like*O;*for*S*to*be*almost*identical*with*O

(ga)-dl-√yátʼxʼ dliyátʼxʼ state ga dl- √yátʼxʼ long for*(plural,*general)*objects*to*be*long general*objects p

(na)-∅-√yáatʼ yayátʼ state na ∅- √yáatʼ long for*an*object*(usually*stickDlike)*to*be*long stickDlike*(usually)

(na)-l-√yátʼ liyátʼ state na l- √yátʼ long for*something*to*be*long*(of*time*or*physical*objects)

time,*physical*objects

yee-(na)-∅-√yáatʼ yeeyayátʼ state na ∅- √yáatʼ long for*something*to*be*long*(of*time) time

(yéi) + ka-u-(na)-∅-√yáatʼ yéi koowáatʼ state na ∅- √yáatʼ long for*an*object*(usually*stickDlike)*to*be*(so)*long stickDlike*(usually)

(yéi) + ka-u-(na)-l-√yáatʼ yéi kwliyáatʼ state na l- √yáatʼ long for*a*general*object*to*be*(so)*long general*objects

a-shka-u-(na)-S-dl-√yát ash koolyát act na dl- √yát play for*S*to*play*(esp.*active*games,*with*body) body

P-t~ + ka-(∅)-dl-√yeech aadé yaa kanalyích motion ∅ dl- √yeech fly for*creatures*(that*flap*wings*visibly)*to*fly*to*P birds

P-t + ka-(na)-dl-√yeech át kawdliyeech motion na dl- √yeech fly for*creatures*(that*flap*wings*visibly)*to*fly*around*at*P birds

P-náḵ + ka-(na)-dl-√yeech anáḵ yaa kanalyích motion na dl- √yeech fly for*creatures*(that*flap*wings*visibly)*to*fly*away*from*P birds

P-t~ + O-(∅)-S-s-√yeeḵ aadé yaa anasyíḵ motion ∅ s- √yeeḵ pull*up for*S*to*pull,*hoist*O*up*to*P

kei + O-(∅)-S-s-√yeeḵ kei anasyíḵ motion ∅ s- √yeeḵ pull*up for*S*to*pull,*haul*O*(esp.*of*line)*up;*for*S*to*hoist*O*up esp.*line

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 32

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

xʼoos-dé~ + a-(∅)-S-d-√yeeḵ xʼoosdé adayeeḵ act ∅ d- √yeeḵ put*on for*S*to*put*on,*pull*on*O*(shoes,*trousers) clothing*&*shoes*over*feet

O-(ga)-S-∅-√yeeḵ aawayeeḵ event ga ∅- √yeeḵ bite for*S*to*bite*O;*for*S*to*carry*O*in*mouth*(of*animal)

P-dáx kei + O-(∅)-S-∅-√yeesh aax kei aawayísh motion ∅ ∅- √yeesh pull for*S*to*pull*O*(a*fairly*light*object)*out*of*P light*object

N ká-x + O-(ga)-S-∅-√yeesh a káx yei anayísh motion ga ∅- √yeesh pull for*S*to*pull*O*(fairly*light*object)*over*N;*for*S*to*cover*N*with*O light*object

(ga)-?√yék liyék state ga ? √yék contain for*something*to*hold*more,*contain*more;*for*something*to*hold*a*lot container

sh + ḵʼa(∅)-S-dl-√yeil sh ḵʼawdliyél event ∅ dl- √yeil lie for*S*to*lie,*decieve

ka-(∅)-∅-√yéilʼ yaa kanduyélʼ event ∅ ∅- √yéilʼ calm for*something*(esp.*bodies*of*water)*to*be*calm,*peaceful

esp.*bodies*of*water

ḵu-ka-(∅)-du-∅-√yéilʼ yaa ḵukanduyélʼ event ∅ ∅- √yéilʼ calm for*the*weather*to*be*calm,*peaceful,*without*storm weather

O-sha-ka-(∅)-S-l-√yéin ashakawliyén event ∅ l- √yéin wagfor*S*to*wag*O*(tail);*for*S*to*wave*O*(hand,*etc.);*for*S*to*twirl,*spin*O*around*above*oneʼs*head

O-ka-(∅)-d-√yéisʼ kawdiyésʼ event ∅ d- √yéisʼ colored for*O*to*be*colored,*discolored,*bruised

O-(∅)-S-l-√yeix alyéix act ∅ l- √yeix build for*S*to*build*O;*for*S*to*make,*construct*O

P-x + O-(∅)-S-l-√yeix átx alyéix act ∅ l- √yeix use for*S*to*use*O*for*P;*for*S*to*make*O*into*P

O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√yeix akayéix act ∅ ∅- √yeix whittle for*S*to*whittle,*plane*O;*for*S*to*make*O*(kindling) wood

Nᴾ aayí + O-(∅)-S-l-√yeix du aayí alyéix act ∅ l- √yeix adopt For*S*(Nᴾ)*adopt*O;*for*S*(Nᴾ)*to*make*O*oneʼs*own

yát-x + O-(∅)-du-l-√yeix yátx alyéix act ∅ l- √yeix adopt for*O*to*be*adopted

N + xʼa-(∅)-S-dl-√yoo act ∅ dl- √yoo call for*S*to*address*as,*call*by*certain*relationship*term*and*thus*adopt*that*relationship

.aa

()-∅-√.aa ¹ .áa position ∅- √.aa ¹ sit for*(singlular)*S*to*be*seated s

P-t + O-()-S-s-√.aa ¹ át as.áa position s- √.aa ¹ sit for*S*to*have*O*(live*creature)*seated*at*P live*creature

P-t + ()-l-√.áa ¹ át la.áa position l- √.áa ¹ situated for*a*building*to*be*situated*at*P building

N xʼéi-t~ + ya-(∅)-S-dz-√.aa ² ax xʼéide yaa yanas.éin motion ∅ dz- √.aa ² kiss for*S*to*kiss*N

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 33

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

N daa + ya-(na)-S-dz-√.aa ² a daa yas.éix act na dz- √.aa ² examine for*S*to*examine,*inspect,*look*into,*judge,*assess*N

ya-(?)-S-dz-√.aa ² motion ? dz- √.aa ² swim for*S*to*swim*under*water*but*with*head*emerging*every*so*often

ka-(na)-∅-√.aa ³ ka.éix act na ∅- √.aa ³ grow for*a*plant*to*grow;*for*a*stream*of*water*to*flow,*pour*forth plant,*stream

O-ka-(na)-S-s-√.aa ³ aksa.éix act na s- √.aa ³ grow for*S*to*cause*O*(plant)*to*grow;*for*S*to*turn*on*O*(hose),*cause*O*to*flow plant,*hose

ka-(na)-s-√.aa ³ kasa.éix act na s- √.aa ³ grow for*a*plant*to*grow

ḵee-(na)-∅-√.aa ⁴ event na ∅- √.aa ⁴ daylight to*become*daylight,*dawn daylight

O-ḵee-(?)-S-s-√.aa ⁴ event ? s- √.aa ⁴ celebrate for*S*to*celebrate,*set*apart*(a*particular*day)*for*O day

N daa + ya-(na)-S-∅-√.aa ⁵ event na ∅- √.aa ⁵ consider for*S*to*consider,*think*over,*come*to*senses*about*N*(after*drinking) after*drinking

O-ya-(?)-S-∅-√.aa act ? ∅- √.aa delay for*S*to*delay,*hinder*O

N yee-gáa + (?)-S-∅-√.aa act ? ∅- √.aa wait*for for*S*to*wait*for*N

O-xʼa-ya-(?)-S-∅-√.aa act ? ∅- √.aa delay for*S*to*delay*O*in*speech,*interrupt

O-xʼa-ya-(?)-S-d-√.aa act ? d- √.aa delay for*S*to*delay*to*speak,*hold*back*in*speech,*be*slow*to*speak

N-ch + O-xʼa-ya-(?)-s-√.aa state ? s- √.aa delay for*O*to*be*delayed*in*speaking*by*N

O-(?)-S-∅-√.aak act ? ∅- √.aak weave for*S*to*weave*basket*or*mat*(using*tree*roots*or*bark) roots*or*bark

P-t~a-(∅)-S-∅-√.aak act ∅ ∅- √.aak fire for*S*to*fix*fire*(using*wood) wood

shóo-t~ + a-(∅)-S-d-√.aak shóot awdi.ák event ∅ d- √.aak fire for*S*to*build*a*fire*(using*wood) wood

át + O-ka-(na)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ¹ át akaawa.aaḵw event na ∅- √.aaḵw ¹ command for*S*to*give*orders*to,*command,*instruct*O

yan~ + O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ¹ yan akaawa.áḵw motion ∅ ∅- √.aaḵw ¹ decide for*S*to*make*a*decision*about*O;*for*S*to*finish*planning*O

ka-(na)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² act na ∅- √.aaḵw ² try for*S*to*try,*attempt;*for*S*to*try*out,*test

O-(?)-s-√.aan ¹ state ? s- √.aan ¹ weaken for*O*to*weaken,*lose*strength*(by*lying*down*too*much)*(rare)

O-tu-(ga)-∅-√.aan ² tuli.aan state ga ∅- √.aan ² kind for*O*to*be*kind,*gentle

O-ya-ka-(?)-s-√.aan ² state ? s- √.aan ² pleasant for*O*to*be*pleasantDfaced*(rare)

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 34

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

a-ya-(na)-S-∅-√.aan ³ event na ∅- √.aan ³ sit for*S*to*sit*quietly*(meditating*and*esp.*watching*signs*of*the*weather*at*sundown)

(?)-S-dz-√.aan ⁴ act ? dz- √.aan ⁴ settle settle,*make*oneʼs*village

N yáx + O-(?)-∅-√.aas state ? ∅- √.aas lonesome for*O*to*be*lonesome*for,*wish*to*see*N*(someone) person

O-(ga)-∅-√.aash act ga ∅- √.aash flow for*sap*to*run,*flow sap

(na)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ yaa (ha)s na.át motion na ∅- √.aat ¹ walk for*(plural)*S*to*walk,*go*(by*walking*or*as*a*general*term) p

P-t~ + (∅)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ aadé yaa (ha)s na.át motion ∅ ∅- √.aat ¹ walk for*(plural)*S*to*walk,*go*(by*walking*or*as*a*general*term)*to*P p

P-dé + (na)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ aadé yaa (ha)s na.át motion na ∅- √.aat ¹ walk for*(plural)*S*to*walk,*go*(by*walking*or*as*a*general*term)*to*P p

P-gaa + (na)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ aagáa yaa (ha)s na.át motion na ∅- √.aat ¹ walk for*(plural)*S*to*go*after*P,*go*seeking*P*(on*foot) p

kei + (∅)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ áa kei (ha)s na.át motion ∅ ∅- √.aat ¹ walk for*(plural)*S*to*walk*up,*go*up*(by*walking*or*as*a*general*term) p

yei + (na)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ áa yei (ha)s na.át motion na ∅- √.aat ¹ walk for*(plural)*S*to*descend,*go*down*(by*walking*or*as*a*general*term)

P-náx + ya-u-(∅)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ anax yaa (ha)s wuna.át motion ∅ ∅- √.aat ¹ walk for*(plural)*S*to*walk,*go*(by*walking*or*as*a*general*term)*through,*by*way*of*P p

P-t + (na)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ át has woo.aat motion na ∅- √.aat ¹ walk for*(plural)*S*to*walk,*go*(by*walking*or*as*a*general*term)*around*at*P p

P-x + (ga)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ áx yei (ha)s na.át motion ga ∅- √.aat ¹ walk for*(plural)*S*to*walk,*go*(by*walking*or*as*a*general*term)*down*along*P p

P-x yaa + (ga)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ áx yaa (ha)s na.át motion ga ∅- √.aat ¹ walk for*(plural)*S*to*be*walking,*going*(by*foot*or*as*general*term)*along*P p

N ít-x + (na)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ du ítx (ha)s na.át motion na ∅- √.aat ¹ walk for*(plural)*S*to*follow,*go*behind*(by*walking*or*as*a*general*term) p

N een + (∅)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ du een (ha)s na.át motion ∅ ∅- √.aat ¹ walk for*S*to*walk,*go*with*N*(by*walking*or*as*a*general*term)*to*P p

gági + (∅)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ gági yaa (ha)s na.át motion ∅ ∅- √.aat ¹ walk for*(plural)*S*to*emerge,*walk*out*into*the*open p

yaa + O-shu-(ga)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ yaa (ha)s ashuna.át event ga ∅- √.aat ¹ lead for*S*to*lead*(plural)*O*(especially*by*walking*ahead) p

a-ya-u-(∅)-S-d-√.aat ¹ yaa (ha)s ayanda.át motion ∅ d- √.aat ¹ turn*back for*(plural)*S*to*turn*back,*go*back,*retreat*(by*walking*or*as*general*term) p

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 35

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

kei + a-ya-u-(∅)-S-d-√.aat ¹ motion ∅ d- √.aat ¹ escape for*(plural)*S*to*escape,*flee*(by*walking*or*as*general*term) p

héi-de + ya-u-(∅)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ héide yaa (ha)s wuna.át motion ∅ ∅- √.aat ¹ walk for*(plural)*S*to*move*over*(away*from*speaker) p

ḵut + (ga)-S-∅-√.aat ¹ ḵut kei (ha)s na.át motion ga ∅- √.aat ¹ lost for*(plural)*S*to*get*lost*(on*foot) p

O-(∅)-S-s-√.aat ¹ act ∅ s- √.aat ¹ let*in for*S*to*let*O*in*or*out,*to*cause*O*to*come*or*go*(esp*animals) esp.*animals p

neil + O-(∅)-S-s-√.aat ¹ act ∅ s- √.aat ¹ let*in for*S*to*welcome*in,*receive,*let*in*O p

a tóo daak + O-(∅)-S-s-√.aat ¹ act ∅ s- √.aat ¹ appoint for*S*to*appoint*O,*select*O*for*a*certain*position p

woosh kaa-náx + (ga)-S-d-√.aat ¹ woosh kaanáx kei (ha)s nada.át motion ga d- √.aat ¹ assemble or*(plural)*S*to*assemble,*congregate,*gather*together*(for*meetings) p

woosh xoo-t~ + (∅)-S-d-√.aat ¹ woosh xoodé yaa (ha)s nada.át motion ∅ d- √.aat ¹ assemble for*(plural)*S*to*assemble,*congregate,*gather*together*(for*meetings) p

xee-(na)-∅-√.aat ² motion na ∅- √.aat ² daylight for*daylight*to*fade,*be*dusk daylight

P-dé + O-(na)-S-l-√.aat ² aadé yaa anal.át motion na l- √.aat ² carry for*S*to*carry,*take*(plural)*O*(esp.*baggage*and*personal*belongings)*to*P

esp.*baggage*and*personal*belongings

p

yei + O-(na)-S-l-√.aat ² motion na l- √.aat ² carry for*S*to*unload,*take*ashore*(plural)*O*(esp.*baggage*and*personal*belongings)*to*P

esp.*baggage*and*personal*belongings

p

N yík~ + O-(na)-S-l-√.aat ² motion na l- √.aat ² carry for*S*to*load,*take*aboard*(plural)*O*(esp.*baggage*and*personal*belongings)*to*P

esp.*baggage*and*personal*belongings

p

yan~ + O-(∅)-S-l-√.aat ² yan awli.át motion ∅ l- √.aat ² put*down for*S*to*put*down,*lay*down,*leave*(plural)*O*(esp.*baggage*and*personal*belongings)

esp.*baggage*and*personal*belongings

p

N jee-t~ + O-(∅)-S-l-√.aat ² du jeet awli.át motion ∅ l- √.aat ² carry for*S*to*give,*take,*hand*(plural)*O*(esp.*baggage*and*personal*belongings)*to*N

esp.*baggage*and*personal*belongings

O-ji-()-S-l-√.aat ² l- √.aat ² take*hand for*S*to*take*O*by*hand,*lead;*work*(often*at*housework*or*small*varied*tasks) hand p

tʼaa + O-(?)-S-∅-√.aat ² motion ? ∅- √.aat ² carry for*S*to*take*news,*go*or*come*carrying*news news p

P-t + O-ka-()-S-l-√.át ³ át akla.át position l- √.át ³ have for*S*to*have*O*(small,*round*or*hoopDlike*objects)*lying*at*P

small,*round*or*hoopDlike*objects

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 36

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

P-t + ka-()-l-√át ³ át kala.át position l- √át ³ lying for*small,*round*or*hoopDlike*objects*to*lie*at*Psmall,*round*or*hoopDlike*objects

N jee-t~ + ka-(∅)-S-l-√.aat ³ du jeet akawli.át motion ∅ l- √.aat ³ give for*S*to*give,*take,*hand*O*(small,*round*or*hoopDlike*objects)*to*N

small,*round*or*hoopDlike*objects

yan~ + ka-(∅)-S-l-√.aat ³ motion ∅ l- √.aat ³ give for*S*to*put*down,*lay*down*O*(small,*round*or*hoopDlike*objects)*to*N

small,*round*or*hoopDlike*objects

a-náx + ka-(∅)-S-l-√.aat ³ motion ∅ l- √.aat ³ give for*S*to*button*up*(esp.*shirt*or*clothing)*(based*on*small,*round*or*hoopDlike*objects)

small,*round*or*hoopDlike*objects;*clothing

N daa + ji-ka-()-S-l-√.aat ³ act l- √.aat ³ serve for*S*to*serve,*wait*on,*minister*to*N

P-t + ()-l-√.át ⁴ át la.át position l- √.át ⁴ liefor*several*things*to*lie*at*P;*for*several*persons*or*animals*to*lie*dead,*unconscious,*or*incapacitated*at*P

things;*dead*or*unconcious*creatures

p

sh + (?)-S-dl-√.aat ⁴ act ? dl- √.aat ⁴ lie lie*down*(of*human) human p

tu-(∅)-S-l-√.aat ⁵ act ∅ l- √.aat ⁵ decide for*(plural)*S*to*decide,*make*up*oneʼs*mind thought p

N daa yoo + tu-(∅)-S-l-√.aat ⁵ a daa yoo (ha)s tuli.átk act ∅ l- √.aat ⁵ consider for*(plural)*S*to*think*over,*consider,*make*up*oneʼs*mind*about*N thought p

N káa daak + tu-(∅)-S-l-√.aat ⁵ act ∅ l- √.aat ⁵ remember for*(plural)*S*to*remember*(esp.*while*thinking*consciously*about)*N thought p

ḵux + tu-(∅)-S-dl-√.aat ⁵ act ∅ dl- √.aat ⁵ convert for*(plural)*S*to*be*converted,*turn*round,*change*in*oneʼs*thinking;*repent thought p

yoo + xʼa-(∅)-S-l-√.aat ⁶ yoo (ha)s xʼali.átk act ∅ l- √.aat ⁶ speak for*(plural)*S*to*speak,*talk,*converse speech p

N daa + xʼa-(∅)-S-l-√.aat ⁶ act ∅ l- √.aat ⁶ talk*over for*(plural)*S*to*talk*over*together speech p

N toowú yaa-de + xʼa-(∅)-S-l-√.aat ⁶ act ∅ l- √.aat ⁶ discourage for*S*to*discourage,*try*to*stop*from*doing p

N géi-t~ + xʼa-(∅)-S-l-√.aat ⁶ act ∅ l- √.aat ⁶ accuse for*S*(plural)*to*accuse,*speak*against*N p

kei + O-ya-(∅)-S-l-√.aat ⁷ kei ayawli.át event ∅ l- √.aat ⁷ turn for*S*to*turn*O*(boat) boat

ji-(∅)-S-d-√.aat ⁸ ḵaa éet has jiwdi.át event ∅ d- √.aat ⁸ attack for*(plural)*S*to*attack,*assault,*fall*upon p

shu-(na)-S-l-√.aat ⁹ motion na l- √.aat ⁹ open for*S*to*open*(plural,*hinged*objects) hinged*objects p

héi-de / a xʼéi-tx + shu-(na)-S-l-√.aat ⁹ motion na l- √.aat ⁹ open for*S*to*open*(plural,*hinged*doors) hinged*objects p

woosh yá~ + shu-(∅)-S-l-√.aat ⁹ motion ∅ l- √.aat ⁹ close for*S*to*close*(plural*hinged*objects,*esp.*books)* hinged*objects p

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 37

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

O-ya-ka-(?)-∅-√.aatlʼ state ? ∅- √.aatlʼ insufficient for*O*to*be*insufficient,*not*enough;*be*just*a*little,*few

O-(∅)-S-s-√.áatʼ as.áatʼ act ∅ s- √.áatʼ cold for*S*to*make*O*cold,*cool

O-ya-(∅)-s-√.áatʼ state ∅ s- √.áatʼ cold for*O*to*be*cold*(of*face) face

O-ya-(∅)-s-√.áatʼ state ∅ s- √.áatʼ cold feel*cold*(of*person) person

ḵu-(ga)-s-√.aatʼ ḵusi.áatʼ state ga s- √.aatʼ cold for*the*weather*to*be*cold weather

O-(ga)-s-√.áaxʼw ¹ si.áaxʼw state ga s- √.áaxʼw ¹ bitter for*O*to*be*bitter,*sour*(of*taste);*for*O*to*be*spicy*hot food

O-(?)-∅-√.áaxʼw ² state ? ∅- √.áaxʼw ² fracture for*O*to*be*fractured*(of*bone) bone

O-(?)-d-√.áaxʼw ² state ? d- √.áaxʼw ² crack for*O*to*be*cracked*on*the*surface*(esp.*of*dishes,*rock) esp.*dishes,*rock

O-(?)-S-l-√.áaxʼw ² act ? l- √.áaxʼw ² crack for*S*to*cause*O*to*be*cracked*on*the*surface*(rare)

O-(∅)-S-∅-√.aax ¹ aawa.áx event ∅ ∅- √.aax ¹ hear for*S*to*hear*O

O-(ga)-S-∅-√.áxch ¹ aya.áxch state ga ∅- √.áxch ¹ hear for*S*to*be*able*to*hear*O

O-sa-(ga)-S-∅-√áxch ¹ asaya.áxch state ga ∅- √áxch ¹ hear for*S*to*hear*O*(voice) voice

O-sa-(∅)-S-∅-√.aax ¹ aseiwa.áx event ∅ ∅- √.aax ¹ hear for*S*to*hear*O*(a*voice,*esp.*singing) voice,*esp.*singing

O-xʼa-(∅)-S-∅-√.aax ¹ axʼeiwa.áx event ∅ ∅- √.aax ¹ hear for*S*to*hear*O*with*understanding;*for*S*to*understand,*comprehend*O

O-xʼa-(ga)-S-∅-√.áxch ¹ axʼaya.áxch state ga ∅- √.áxch ¹ hear for*S*to*hear*O*with*understanding;*for*S*to*understand,*comprehend*O

O-(∅)-dz-√.aax ¹ state ∅ dz- √.aax ¹ echo echo,*resound sound

P-t~ + (∅)-S-s-√.aax ¹ át wusi.áx motion ∅ s- √.aax ¹ listen for*S*to*listen*to*P sound

N xʼéi-t~ + (∅)-S-s-√.aax ¹ du xʼéit wusi.áx motion ∅ s- √.aax ¹ listen for*S*to*listen*to,*obey,*give*heed*to*N

P-gaa + ḵu-(na)-S-d-√.aax ¹ a kayéikgaa ḵoowdzi.aax motion na d- √.aax ¹ listen for*S*to*listen*for*P

N xʼéi-de + ḵu-(na)-S-d-√.aax ¹ du xʼéide ḵuwdzi.aax motion na d- √.aax ¹ listen for*S*to*listen*to*N

O-xʼa-ka-(?)-l-√.aaxchʼán ¹ state ? l- √.aaxchʼán ¹listen be*fascinating*to*listen*to,*be*a*compelling*storyteller

O-(?)-S-s-√.aax ¹ motion ? s- √.aax ¹ sing prolong*the*note,*lengthen*in*hold*on*to*note singing

O-sa-(na)-S-s-√.aax ¹ motion na s- √.aax ¹ sing sound*forth,*cry*out,*sing*out,*raise*voice singing

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 38

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

O-(∅)-S-l-√.áax ¹ awli.áx event ∅ l- √.áax ¹ play for*S*to*play*O*(musical*instrument) musical*instrument

O-(ga)-S-l-√áxch ¹ ali.áx ch state ga l- √áxch ¹ play for*S*to*play*O*(musical*instrument)*regularly musical*instrument

sh tóo + O-ka-(∅)-S-dl-√.áax ¹ act ∅ dl- √.áax ¹ rehearse rehearse*(songs*or*music)

O-ka-(∅)-S-l-√.áax ¹ event ∅ l- √.áax ¹ hear for*S*to*barely*hear*O,*misQhear*O

O-(?)-S-∅-√.aax ² motion ? ∅- √.aax ² carry for*S*to*carry,*take*O*(textileQlike*object),*often*over*oneʼs*arm

textileDlike*object

P-t+O-(na)-S-∅-√.aax ² át aawa.aax motion na ∅- √.aax ² carry for*S*to*carry,*take*O*(textileDlike*object)*around*at*P

textileDlike*object

P-t + ()-∅-√.áx ² át .áx position ∅- √.áx ² lying for*a*textileDlike*object*to*lie*at*P textileDlike*object

N jee-t~ + O-(∅)-S-∅-√.aax ² du jeedé yaa ana.áx motion ∅ ∅- √.aax ² give for*S*to*give,*take,*hand*O*(textileDlike*object)*to*N

textileDlike*object

O-(∅)-S-∅-√.aaxw act ∅ ∅- √.aaxw tie for*S*to*tie*up*O*(esp.*dog)

O-daa-(∅)-S-s-√.aaxw adaasa.áaxw act ∅ s- √.aaxw tie for*S*to*tie*O*together*in*a*bundle;*for*S*to*wrap*O*up bundle

yán-de + O-(∅)-S-∅-√.aaxw yánde a.aaxw act ∅ ∅- √.aaxw tie for*S*to*tie*up,*secure*O*(esp.*a*boat*to*shore) esp.*boat*to*shore

sʼaan + O-(∅)-S-∅-√.aaxw act ∅ ∅- √.aaxw tie for*S*to*tie*up*hands*of*O*(a*captive) hands,*captive

O-kʼi-ka-(∅)-S-s-√.aaxw act ∅ s- √.aaxw tie for*S*to*tie*O*(stems)*together*in*a*bundle stems,*bundle

O-xʼa-(∅)-S-s-√.aaxw act ∅ s- √.aaxw tie tie*up*mouth*(esp.*of*sack) sack

.ee

?-(na)-∅-.ee motion na ∅- .ee cook for*food*be*cooked*(general)

yan~ + (∅)-∅-√.ee yánde yaa na.éen motion ∅ ∅- √.ee cook for*food*to*be*cooked,*done*cooking food

O-(∅)-S-s-√.ee as.ée act ∅ s- √.ee cook for*S*to*cook*O food

at-(∅)-S-s-√.ee at sa.ée act ∅ s- √.ee cook for*S*to*cook food

O-(∅)-S-∅-√.een a.éen act ∅ ∅- √.een pick for*S*to*pick*O*(esp.*berries)*into*a*container berries,*container

P-t~ + O-(∅)-S-s-√.een át awsi.ín motion ∅ s- √.een carry for*S*to*carry*O*(container*full*of*liquid*or*small*objects)*to*P container*(full)

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 39

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

N jee-t~ + O-(∅)-S-s-√.een du jeet awsi.ín motion ∅ s- √.een give for*S*to*give,*take,*hand*O*(container*full*of*liquid*or*small*objects)*to*N container*(full)

neil + O-(∅)-S-s-√.een neil awsi.ín motion ∅ s- √.een carry for*S*to*bring*O*(container*full*of*liquid*or*small*objects)*inside container*(full)

yan~ + O-(∅)-S-s-√.een yan awsi.ín motion ∅ s- √.een put*down for*S*to*put*down,*lay*down,*leave,*place*O*(a*container*full*of*liquid*or*small*objects) container*(full)

O-(?)-S-d-√.een act ? d- √.een take for*S*to*take*home*(food*from*party) food*from*ḵu.éexʼ

O-(?)-S-∅-√.een act ? ∅- √.een kill for*S*to*kill,*slaughter*O*(plural*objects)

O-(xʼa-)ka-(∅)-S-l-√.eesh akla.eesh act ∅ l- √.eesh thread for*S*to*thread,*string*together*O*(esp.*beads) esp.*beads

O-(na)-∅-√.eetʼ state na ∅- √.eetʼ soak for*O*to*be*be*soaked,*waterlogged

ka-()-du-√.eetʼ act √.eetʼ soak to*soak*(esp.*dried*foods*in*fresh*water*in*preparation*for*eating) food,*dried

O-(ga)-S-∅-√.éexʼ aawa.éexʼ event ga ∅- √.éexʼ invite for*S*to*invite*O,*ask*O*to*a*party

O-(na)-S-∅-√.éexʼ aawa.éexʼ event na ∅- √.éexʼ call for*S*to*call*out*to,*shout*to,*holler*at*O

kei + (na)-∅-√.éexʼ event na ∅- √.éexʼ growl for*a*bear*to*growl

(na)-S-s-√.éexʼ motion na s- √.éexʼ sound*off for*S*to*sound*off*(horn,*whistle,*hooter),*give*a*blast

horn,*whistle,*hooter

O-ka-(ga)-S-l-√.éexʼ act ga l- √.éexʼ call for*S*to*call*out*at,*holler*at*O*repeatedly

tʼaa + (∅)-S-∅-√éexʼ act ∅ ∅- √éexʼ call for*S*to*call*out*a*message,*shout*it*out

ḵʼa-(?)-S-d-√.ees act ? d- √.ees whistle for*S*to*whistle*softly*under*the*breath

O-(?)-l-√.eesháan state ? l- √.eesháan poor for*O*to*be*poor*(in*spirit*and*ability*as*much*as*in*possessions)

O-ya-(?)-l-√.eesháan state ? l- √.eesháan sad for*O*to*be*be*longDfaced,*look*sad,*dismal

.ei

(ga)-dz-√.ei act ga dz- √.ei ask*for for*S*(esp.*medicine*man)*to*ask*for*more,*demand*more*in*payment*for*services

medicine*person

(ga)-s-√.ei act ga s- √.ei ask*for for*S*to*ask*for*more,*demand*more*in*payment*for*services

a-(na)-d-√.ei act na d- √.ei answer for*S*to*answer,*reply*to*a*greeting*or*to*oneʼs*name

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 40

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

O-(?)-d-√.eik state ? d- √.eik paralyzed for*O*to*be*be*paralyzed,*panic,*be*incapable*of*action*(with*fright,*shock,*or*surprise)

fright,*shock,*surpise

a-ka-(na)-S-∅-√.eikw act na ∅- √.eikw whistle for*S*to*whisle

O-(ga)-S-l-√.eilʼ ga l- √.eilʼ salt for*S*to*salt*O;*for*S*to*store*O*in*salt

O-ka-(ga)-S-l-√.eilʼ act ga l- √.eilʼ salt for*S*to*put*salt*on*O*(for*preserving) preserving

ya-(?)-S-l-√.eis motion ? l- √.eis stagger sfor*S*to*stagger*(esp.*of*young*child*or*drunkard)

young*child*or*drunk

O-ka-(na)-S-∅-√eitsʼ motion na ∅- √eitsʼ move for*S*to*move*carefully*and*slowly

xʼéidáx + ya-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√eitsʼ motion ∅ ∅- √eitsʼ open for*S*to*open*really*quietly*(usually*door) door*(us.)

xʼéi-t~ + shu-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√eitsʼ motion ∅ ∅- √eitsʼ close for*S*to*close*real*quietly*(usuallydoor) door*(us.)

O-ka-(?)-d-√éiyaḵw state ? d- √éiyaḵw injurefor*O*to*be*injured*(very*general,*covering*dislocation,*tom*ligament,*etc.,*rendering*the*limb*useless)

O-xʼa-(∅)-d-√.ék state ∅ d- √.ék worthless for*O*to*be*worthless*(of*speech),*have*no*good*in*it,*be*full*of*lies

tlél + O-(?)-d-√.ét state ? d- √.ét empty for*O*to*be*empty,*contain*nothing

tlél + O-(?)-d-√.ét state ? d- √.ét empty for*O*to*be*empty*(of*container*with*small*opening)

container*with*smal*opening

.i

ka-(na)-dl-√.ítʼch kadli.ítʼch state na dl- √.ítʼch sparkle for*something*to*sparkle,*reflect*light

.oo

ḵu-(na)-S-∅-√.oo ¹ áa ḵuya.óo / áa ḵuwa.óo act na ∅- √.oo ¹ live*at for*S*to*live,*live*at,*dwell*permanently

P-dáx + ḵu-(?)-∅-√.oo ¹ state ? ∅- √.oo ¹ remain for*something*to*remain,*be*left*over

P-xʼ yéi + O-(na)-S-∅-√.oo ² áa yéi aawa.oo event na ∅- √.oo ² put*at for*S*to*put,*leave*(plural)*O*at*P

yéi + O-(na)-S-∅-√.oo ² yéi aya.óo state na ∅- √.oo ² wear for*S*to*wear,*put*on,*dress*in*O;*for*S*to*use*O clothing

naa yéi + (?)-S-d-√.oo ² event ? d- √.oo ² wear for*S*to*wear,*put*on,*dress*in clothing

N + sha-(na)-S-∅-√.oo ² act na ∅- √.oo ² dress for*S*to*dress,*dress*up*O;*for*S*to*dress*O*in*at.óow clothing,*at.óow

O-(na)-S-∅-√.oo ³ aawa.oo event na ∅- √.oo ³ buy for*S*to*buy*O

O-ka-(na)-S-∅-√.oo ³ akaawa.oo event na ∅- √.oo ³ buy for*S*to*buy*O*(usually*round,*spherical*object) spherical*object

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 41

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

O-(na)-S-∅-√.oo ³ event na ∅- √.oo ³ buy for*S*to*buy*O spherical*object

O-ka-(na)-S-∅-√.oo ³ event na ∅- √.oo ³ buy for*S*to*buy*O stickDlike*object

N-ch + (?)-S-s-√.oo ⁴ act ? s- √.oo ⁴ give for*S*to*give*(to*take*away)*N

()-S-l-√.oo ⁴ act l- √.oo ⁴ give fo*S*to*give*(at*payDoff*party,*an*amount*over*and*above*payment)

O-(∅)-S-l-√.ook ¹ awli.úk event ∅ l- √.ook ¹ boil for*S*to*boil*O*(esp.*water) esp.*water

(∅)-dl-√.óok ¹ yaa nal.úk event ∅ dl- √.óok ¹ boil for*something*to*boil

yoo + O-ka-(?)-∅-√.ook ² event ? ∅- √.ook ² overflowoverflow,*tumble*forth*(of*contents*of*closet,*etc.),*tumble*down*(of*rocks,*etc.*in*pile);*spout*forth*(of*steam)

O-ka-(∅)-S-s-√.ook ² act ∅ s- √.ook ² fill fill,*be*full*(esp.*to*point*of*overflowing?)*(esp.*with*berries,*salt,*etc.)

P-t~ + ka-(na)-∅-√.ook ² motion na ∅- √.ook ² advance advance*(of*glacier),*grow,*slide*forward*slowly glacier

ḵu-(?)-S-dz-√.ookʼ act ? dz- √.ookʼ playfor*S*to*entertain,*amuse*oneself*(while*stationary);*for*S*to*play*quietly*(while*stationary,*of*children)

hands

O-(∅)-S-∅-√.óon aawa.ún event ∅ ∅- √.óon shoot for*S*to*shoot*O*(with*firearms) firearms

O-(∅)-S-l-√.óon act ∅ l- √.óon shoot for*S*to*fire*(gun,*etc.),*shoot*off,*blast

O-(na)-S-∅-√.únt a.únt act na ∅- √.únt shoot for*S*to*shoot*at*O*(with*firearms) firearms

O-(ga)-l-√.oos li.oos state ga l- √.oos noisy for*O*to*be*crazy,*lively,*noisy,*never*still

O-tu-(ga)-d-√.oos state ga d- √.oos sulk for*O*to*sulk,*be*sulky,*refuse*to*speak;*for*O*to*refuse*to*run*(of*machine)

O-ji-(ga)-l-√.oos act ga l- √.oos meddle for*O*to*meddle,*handle*too*much

O-xʼa-(ga)-l-√.oos state ga l- √.oos talkative for*O*to*be*talkative,*gossipy,*noisy

O-(na)-S-∅-√.óosʼ a.úsʼk act na ∅- √.óosʼ wash for*S*to*wash*O

sh daa + (na)-S-d-√.óosʼ aka.úsʼk act na d- √.óosʼ wash for*S*to*bathe,*take*a*bath

O-(∅)-S-l-√.óosʼ act ∅ l- √.óosʼ wash for*S*to*wash*O*(often*meat*or*feet) meat*or*feet*(usually)

O-ka-(na)-S-∅-√.óosʼ act na ∅- √.óosʼ wash for*S*to*wash*O*(usually*surface*of*pot,*table,*etc.)

sha-(∅)-S-d-√.óosʼ act ∅ d- √.óosʼ wash for*S*to*wash*(own)*hair hair

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Tlingit Verbs by Stem

Dictionary of Tlingit (Edwards 2009), Tlingit Verb Dictionary (Naish & Story 1973), Tlingit Verbs & Tlingit Stem List (Leer, nd, 1978) 42

Listing Imperfective Type CP Cl Root Keyword Definition Item Specific P

sh + O-ḵʼa-(?)-dl-√.oosh state ? dl- √.oosh sulk for*O*to*sulk;*for*O*to*refuse*to*talk*and*have*mouth*puckered*in*bad*feeling

O-(?)-S-∅-√.oot act ? ∅- √.oot remove for*S*to*remove*(splinter,*shavings,*etc.)*from*flesh,*using*instrument*such*as*needle needle

kei + O-(?)-S-l-√.oot act ? l- √.oot remove for*S*to*remove*(splinter,*shavings,*etc.)*from*flesh,*using*instrument*such*as*needle needle

O-(?)-S-sh-√.ootl act ? sh- √.ootl boil for*S*to*boil*O*(fish) fish

O-(∅)-S-∅-√ootʼ act ∅ ∅- √ootʼ suck for*S*(esp.*octopus*or*suckerfish)*to*suck,*hold*on*by*suction

esp.*octopus*or*suckerfish

O-(?)-S-∅-√.óow a.óow act ? ∅- √.óow buy for*S*to*buy*lots*of*O

wóosh + a-ya-(?)-S-∅-√.óow act ? ∅- √.óow buy for*S*to*buy*lots,*buy*many*things*(esp.*when*being*sold*off*cheap) cheap*things

O-(∅)-S-∅-√.oox act ∅ ∅- √.oox blow for*S*blow;*for*S*to*blow*on*O

O-(?)-S-l-√.oox act ? l- √.oox blow for*S*to*blow*O

O-ka-(∅)-S-∅-√.oox act ∅ ∅- √.oox blow for*S*to*blow*up,*inflate*O

O-ya-ka-(?)-S-l-√.oox act ? l- √.oox blow for*S*to*blowout*O*(light) light

.u

ya-(∅)-S-s-√.únxaa act ∅ s- √.únxaa miss for*S*to*miss*O*(the*target)*when*shooting*with*a*gun gun