T.L.E. PRESENTATIONPRESENTED BY: III-MENDELEEV

LandscapingLandscaping

Landscape is one of the necessary features of a complete plan of the house. This gives the house owner an advance idea on how to develop the lawn they are to occupy soon. A landscape plan shows the types and location of vegetation used in the lot the arrangement of pathways, sidewalks and the general physical features of the house and its vicinity.

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Guides in Landscape PlanningHerewith are the guidelines on how things are put in order for a good and functional landscape

plan.

1. The main entrance of the house should face the main street in order to improve the house appearance dominated by the lawn.

2. Symbols should be used to show positions of stones, shrubs, flowers, gardens hedge room and lawn.

3. Types an location of Vegetation and ground cover should be classified as per symbol used in the plan.

4. Existing land contour should be changed, if so desired, to change and improve the general appearance and function of the site.

5. Elevation of trees in the plan must be noted to clarify datum level.

6. Planting furrows should be outlined to represent a vegetable garden.

7. Symbols of trees in a related pattern should be outlined to represent an orchard.

8. The property line must be clearly defined to set a fix limit to the desired improvement in the lot.

9. Location of trees must be determined to have a balance of decoration within the site, thereby apportioning the shades and windbreaks needed.

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Guides in Landscape Planning10. Shrubs and trees should be provided within the lot

if and when the following objectives are meet:

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When it provides privacy.

When it defines boundaries.

When it cut lines walls.

When it conceals foundation wall.

When it balance irregular contour.

When it controls traffic.

When it serves as windbreaker.

Guides in Landscape Planning11. Subdivisions and outlines of courts should

be represented.

12. Flower gardens should be shown by the outline of their shapes.

13. Indicate lawns with small and sparsely placed dots on vertical lines.

14. Walks and paths should be indicated as planned.

15. Conventional maps symbols must be used for small bridges.

16. Outlines and surface coverings of patios and terraces should be indicated.

17. Trees and shrubs must be identified with labels.

18. Locate flowers to determine the maximum beauty and ease in maintenance.

19. The area occupied by the building must be outlined or crosshatched.

20. Represent a tree by outlining the area covered by the branches. It could be symbolized with circle or irregular lines representing the appearance of the branches.

21. Indicate water with irregular parallel lines.

22. Shrubs and hedges in front of the building must be shorter so as not to destroy the beauty and interfere with traffic, especially along the entrance walk.

23. Pathways through the lawn, or lot center should not be planted with shrubs.

24. Lot corner could be covered with higher plants to serve as transitional area to the opposing lines of the house and the ground line. Hedges must be properly selected to match to the color and design of the house.

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Values of LandscapingAny building, no matter how well or poorly designed, may be improved by landscaping. The soft lines of trees and shrubs set off the sharp lines of the building, and the presence of growing things moderates the weather around the structure and filters the air in the surrounding, liven commercial buildings demand landscaping.

Buildings in hot climate, like ours is greatly improved with trees and vegetations around. Thus, landscaping becomes an integral part in house designing, and its use is impractical without gardening.

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History of GardeningGardening is an art, a science and a craft. It is interchanging since it is a thing alive. The life of a garden flows on in rhythmic sequences.

It is one of the oldest arts. The ancient Egyptians, Assyrians and the Persians developed gardens of majestic grandeur and opulence. The Greek temples were surrounded by groves of trees and trees line the important streets and market places in their principal cities.

The Romans were inspired by the vast palace garden of Mesopotamia which they had conquered. They studied hydraulics to bring water from great distance to conduits just to supply the ornamental fountains which adorned their villa gardens. These great villas were later followed by the Italian designers.

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Examples of Garden History

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'Lingering Garden' of Suzhou, China

Examples of Garden History

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Garden à la Française and grotto at Kuskovo

Creating DesignCreating a design is an ordinary process of thought, a sequence of decision, resulting in an arrangement of forms and object in a harmonious composition. It is a systematic method of seeing results, out of the imagination of the designer. A good landscape designer must be an extreme lover of nature.

A design is usually expressed in a series of preliminary sketches, followed by maps, plans, elevations, perspective drawings and finally working drawing showing the details of construction and planting.

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Architectural Features of Landscaping

A garden composed of entirely of plant materials is apt to lack precision and definiteness of design. Pavements on flagstone and bricks have architectural functions like their regular pattern and outline. Lattices, arbors, trellises and pergolas not only provide support for vines but also contribute to the architectural embellishment of the garden. Fountains, sundials, statues, seats and benches can be treated also as incidental ornaments.

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Essentials of a Composition

A good design is the result of a careful study and imitation of nature and the wise combination and application of the elements of design, viz:

FORM. Mass or space may appear closed and solid, or closed and volume containing, or it may be open and projecting. All these give balance and substance to composition.

SPACE. Surrounds form and is contained within it. The design can create a feeling of space. It should not create the impression that even form is surrounded by other forms.

COLOR. Plants are the pigments in color scheme and every plant contributes its facet of color to the whole.

TEXTURE. This is a matter of leaf size and distribution.

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Basic Principles of Design

1. UNITY. The sense of wholeness in design. No part should appear as appendages or after thought. 

2. REPETITION. Unity is often achieved through repetition. Grouping spaces are repeated throughout the to tie the landscape together aesthetically, and to achieve unity.

3. RHYTHM. When there is repetition in a regular sequence, a sense of rhythm is achieved.

4. VARIETY. Too much rhythm, too much repetition, too much unity ruin a sense of rhythm is achieved.

5. EMPHASIS. The principle of emphasis is used by the designer to draw attention to any given area of his subject.

6. BALANCE. This is the achievement of equilibrium in design. A landscape design is said to be balanced if it is symmetrical and there is variety of space relationship.

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Elements of a Japanese Garden

A Japanese garden is said to be rich in symbolism of philosophy and religion. It is therefore known of its subtlety and serene in its entirety. They are well planned to seek harmony with nature and are planned to create moods of rest and peace of mind.

The elements that go with it are as follows:

Rocks, stones, earth, sand and water are of equal importance to the plants.

Dramatizing of materials either by isolating the materials or by displaying them against a background that contrasts in color or texture.

The drama of sunlight and shade, by studying the movement of the sun and placing sculptural objects and plants so that they are viewed from angels that accentuate their form.

Idealizing nature. Through this, the elements are naturally weathered and of proper size for the setting they are in. Japanese gardens are full-scale abstractions of nature, never miniaturized.

Establishing a sense of line. When two or more adjoining materials meet, a line is formed. By using such lines in strong flowing curves, a sense of coherence and pleasing unity is achieved.

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Example of a Japanese Garden

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Buenos Aires

Steps in Planning a Landscape

Before coming up with a permanent lawn design, a thorough idea on the kinds of materials and how it matches with nature is a must to a landscape designer. The following steps are considered I designing:

1. Consider your landscape needs. Start the physical reality of what is there – what is to be restored, what is to be removed before deciding on what to add.

Note also the following:

Soil type Effects of wind, sun and temperature

Kinds of drainage Effects of sun and shade

Existing featuresLandscaping

Steps in Planning a Landscape

2. Put the layout paper

measure the site

establish grades and lines by contouring

note the difference between indoor and outdoor scale,

privacy and traffic routes.

3. Decide what to plant

note the character of the site

the functions of the plant

plant suitability to climate and soil conditions

4. Prepare the Site

consider the shape of the site (layered, rolling, with mounds, etc)

establish good drainage

protect the existing features

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Steps in Planning a Landscape

5. Place Rocks for Natural Effects. The basic aim in setting the rocks in a garden is to avoid artificiality. Basically, there are three different types of rock groupings and principles to be observed, as follows:

Outcrop – this shows only the tip of the iceberg. The rock must be placed in such a way that they suggest the presence of further rock beneath the ground

Rock fall – this kind of grouping can be effective on rough, overgrown site. It is difficult to stimulate on rock fall successfully on a gentle slope.

Alluvial – this bread group ranges from dry valves of river pebbles to groups of large, flat-topped boulders surrounded by soft earth. The essential point here is that the stone do not suggest any physical link with bedrocks.

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Steps in Planning a Landscape

6. STRUCTURE THE GARDEN. Consider also the putting up of screens, utility structures like special purpose structures.

7. MAINTAIN. Consider the source of water, drainage, plumbing connections. All of these steps need to be considered to come up with really a beautiful and functional landscape, making your dream house a dream come true.

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Electrical LayoutElectrical Plan. One of the parts of a complete plan is an electrical layout. More or less, it covers the fourth sheet of the five plans. Its main purpose is to display the distribution of light and other electric fixtures in the house.

1. Floor Plan. This floor plan differs from the original floor plan presented in the second page in the sense that it does not include the basic house furnishings but rather the distribution of electrical lights, convenience outlets, switches and the location of the electric meter.

2. Service Entrance Detail. This detail reveals the arrangement of connections from the main (service) line to the secondary rack (in case of concrete wall to the entrance cap, to the meter and the circuit breaker or the main switch.

3. Service Drop. The service drop gives the distance of the house from the main line, the height of the service entrance from the ground level and a note for reference to the service entrance detail.

4. Riser Diagram. This includes the number of circuits, its arrangement, the panel boards, meter and the sizes of wires used from the main line to the house. This is often used in houses with more than one storey.

Electrical Layout

Electrical Layout

light meter

power meter

convenience outlet

range outlet

light outlet

single gang tumbler switch

switch line

supply line

circuit homerun

power panel

lightning panel

panel board

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5. Legend. This includes the symbols of the electrical features used in the house and its specific names. The usual symbols used are as follows:

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Types of outlets

Light wattage

Power wattage

Current of light

Current of power

Circuit number

Description of loads

Size of wire

Fuse rating (Amperage)

Number of outlets

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6. Schedule or Load. This is a tabulation of the different electrical loads in the house. This is purposely made for easy reference to the users of the plan. Its content usually includes the following:

Electrical Layout7. Specifications. This is the elaboration of the instructions which could

not be shown in a plan, as to the type of work, kinds of materials and others. An electrical specifications includes the following points:

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An electrical wiring installation shall conform with the latest provisions of the Philippine Electrical Code the local electrical code and requirements of the engineering office.

All Electrical wiring installations shall be done under direct supervision of a responsible electrical engineer or a master electrician.

All electrical wiring materials shall be approved by the Bureau of Standards.

Protective over current devices shall be of the same rating as shown in the single-lie riser diagram.

All electrical wires to be used in any part of the circuit shall not be smaller than Number 12 AWG and of type TW or THW,660.

All convenience outlets and switches shall be installed 130 centimeters respectively from floor finish unless otherwise specified.

All electrical wiring installations shall be provided with PVC conduit pipes and embedded in concrete walls and columns.

All electrical wiring installations shall be provided with pull boxes, although not shown in the electrical wiring plan.

Guide in Electrical Layouting

1. A garage light should have two control switches. One should be found inside the house and one in the garage.

2. Each closet should have wall-bracket type light fixture and pull switches.

3. Rear hall should have ceiling light, lighting both the hall and the basement stair. It should have two switch controls, one near the exterior door and one in the basement.

4. The front hall should have ceiling light of two switches, one in the wall near the door and one in the second floor.

5. Living room has ceiling outlet controlled by two switches, one near each of the doors in that room.

6. A living room should have eight wall plugs controlled by two switches, one near each of the two doors.

7. Two wall-bracket type lights are attached outside of the front door. It is switched on the wall of the hall.

8. The exterior wall has two weather proof plug outlets, one on each side of the front door.

9. A special clock outlet may be attached to the wall, for an electric-powered clock. This wall clock is often found in the living room.

10. A telephone outlet is provided in the dining room.

11. A front door buzzer is indicated on the wall near the kitchen door closet.

12. Electric range outlet is provided in a position indicated in the kitchen plan.

13. An exterior wall-bracket type light is installed to the exterior corner of the house, near the garage. This is to be provided with a weather-proof exterior switch, placed near the front corner of the house and an interior switch near the rear door.

14. An exterior wall bracket type light is installed above the rear or service door. Its switch should be placed on the wall near the door.

15. Both dining and kitchen must have ceiling outlets controlled on the wall near the door between them.

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Electrical Wiring Plan Requirements

Based on the Guidelines in the Application for Building Permit required by the Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communication, as emphasized by the Electrical Department, the following are the details of the support for the approval of the permit:

Electrical Plan. This is a complete electrical plan drawn in a 20”x30” material. This will be blueprinted to a number of copies, signed and sealed (dry) by a Professional Electrical Engineer or Master Electrician.

Seven Copies – basic number of copies needed before the permit is processed.

Nine Copies – number of copies needed for loan purposes.

Reminder. The original plan in a tracing paper will not be signed by the Engineer or Electrician.

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Items Needed in the Plan

1. General lighting and convenience outlets, telephones, public address system and others, if desired

2. Schedule of load

3. Riser or single line diagram

4. Legend of electrical layout

5. Service entrance detail

6. Specification

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Other Requirements1. Design analysis

2. Cost estimate

3. Application Form properly accomplished

4. Worksheets

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Lighting SystemThe average illumination in a room is calculated in terms of foot-candle at the working level. This is measured about 80 cm. (table level) above the floor level. The distribution of a lighting system is classified as follows:

DIRECT LIGHTING. This is the lighting system when the predominant light is feed directly from the lighting unit as the source, and is focused downward directly from the fixture.

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Lighting System

SEMI-DIRECT LIGHTING. This system where the greater amount of light is obtained from the ceiling through reflection.

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Lighting System

SEMI-INDIRECT LIGHTING. This lighting system where light is partly focused downward with more than half of it focused upward and is reflected from the ceiling.

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Lighting System

INDIRECT LIGHTING. This is a system when light is diffused and is reflected from a wide ceiling area. This results to soft and subdued light effect due to low brightness and the absence of a sharp shadow.

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Plumbing LayoutPlumbing Plan. Similar to an electrical plan, a

plumbing plan is a regular part of a complete plan of the house. It is usually the fifth sheet of the five sheet-plan. The object of the said layout is to display the complete plan of the water and disposal system of the house.

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Plumbing PlanA complete plumbing plan has the following content:

1. Floor plan. This plan emphasizes the kitchen and comfort room where water system and waste disposal is found, as well as the location of the kitchen and the bath and toilet and the placement of the necessary fixtures of each of these rooms, where pipe lines run and other plumbing accessories.

2. Detailed Plumbing Layout. This shows the fixtures in the kitchen in a separate illustration and the fixtures in the toilet in a separate space all scaled in a bigger proportion, like 1:50 or 1:75 meter. This shows a clearer view of the pipe lines and the other attachments to it.

3. Isometric Plumbing Layout. This is the pictorial presentation of the detailed layout above. This given a better perspective of the position of each of the parts when actually laid out, showing the exact symbols in its conventional form.

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Plumbing Plan

Water closet

Lavatory Floor drain Kitchen sink Vent thru

roof Septic vault Hose bin

Catch basin Shower

head Water pipe

line Soil pipe

line Vent pipe

line

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4. Legend. This is the sketch of the conventional symbols used in the layout, as well as the abbreviations universally understood by plumbers in the field.

Plumbing Plan5. Septic Vault Detail. This is the total presentation of the septic tank of the house. The

general idea presented includes the plan and the longitudinal section.Plan. This shows the overview of the tank and the detailed dimension of the top.

Longitudinal Sectional. This shows the height and other detailed dimensions therein, its compartments, location of pipes, manholes, the necessary labels of parts and the location and sizes of reinforcements required.

6. Specifications. This is a separate specification intended for the plumbing layout only and the necessary workmanship desired.

Cast iron pipes and fitting should be used for all sanitary waste pipe system.PVC or asbestos cement pipe may be used for ventilation.Galvanized iron pipes and fittings for all water supply and distribution pipe system should be threshold.Maintain a 2% slope for 4”Ø or smaller pipes and 1% slope for pipes greater than 4” Ø for all waste drain pipes, throughout.

All plumbing installations shall conform with the latest edition of the National Plumbing Code.All plumbing installations should be under the direct supervision of a licensed master plumber. It has been verified that there no exist no artesian well within the radius of 10 meters from the proposed septic tank as indicated in the plan.

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Guide in Plumbing Layout

1. In cold areas, two lavatories has to be installed in wash rooms for hot and cold water supply in ½” pipes.

2. In case of hot water pipe installation, a hot water heater, refrigerator and range are supplied with gas by way of a ¾” pipe.

3. Drinking fountain will have cold water in 1 ½” drain.

4. Soil and VTR pipes must be in 4” in diameter.

5. House drain from soil stack to the sewer should be 3” pipe.

6. The sewer must be of 6” terra cotta tiles.

7. A house sewer must have one clean cut near the junction of the street shower.

8. Water closet must be a ½’ pipe.

9. Lavatories and sink should have ½” hot water branches. This is ignored in warm areas.

10. The main vent stack should be located in a partition, the men and women room.

11. Where hot water line is installed, a slot sink should be connected to both hot and cold water lines.

12. A 2” vent pipe is required for slop sink, lavatories and the kitchen sink.

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Some points has to be considered in plotting plumbing details for the satisfaction of the house owner, viz:

Commonly Used Pipe Fittings

Stop Cock – A valve that regulates the flow of fluid through a pipe; a fauce

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Commonly Used Pipe Fittings

Check Valve – A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is a mechanical device, a valve, which normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only one direction.

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Commonly Used Pipe Fittings

Tee Joint – A tee is used to either combine or split a fluid flow. Most common are tees with the same inlet and outlet sizes, but 'reducing' tees are available as well. Tee-fittings are also an integral part of the computer-enthusiast level watercooling solutions found in many modern enthusiast PCs. The fitting is one of the three main components of a T-Line, alongside an end-cap or fillport and a length of tubing. They are plumbed into the system, with the perpendicular barb (and its attached stretch of tubing leading to a fillport or a cap).

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Commonly Used Pipe Fittings

Elbow Joint – A pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tube allowing a change of direction, usually 90° or 45°. The ends may be machined for butt welding, threaded (usually female), or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ in size, it is called a reducing or reducer elbow.

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Commonly Used Pipe Fittings

Shower Head – Used mostly for bathing purposes, it reduces the hassle of taking a bath.

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Commonly Used Pipe Fittings

Bushing – a pipe fitting which is threaded on both the inside and the outside so that it can be used to connect two pipes (or other fittings) of different sizes.

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Commonly Used Pipe Fittings

Plug – a drain-opening stopper; a fitting for closing the end of a pipe.

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Commonly Used Pipe Fittings

Union – A union is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick and convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement. While a coupling would require either solvent welding or being able to rotate all the pipes adjacent as with a threaded coupling, a union provides a simple nut transition, allowing easy release at any time.

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Commonly Used Pipe Fittings

Reducer – A reducer is the component in a pipeline that reduces the pipe size from a larger to a smaller bore

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Commonly Used Pipe Fittings

Nipple – A short length of pipe with threads at each end; used to join couplings or fittings.

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Commonly Used Pipe Fittings

Coupling – A short internally threaded section of pipe, used to join two pipes or conduits.

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Commonly Used Pipe Fittings

Faucet - A faucet is a device for delivering water from a plumbing system. It can consist of the following components: spout, handle(s), lift rod, cartridge, aerator, mixing chamber, and water inlets. When the handle is turned on, the valve opens and controls the water flow adjustment under any water or temperature condition. The faucet body is usually made of brass, though die-cast zinc and chrome-plated plastic are also used.

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Commonly Used Pipe Fittings

Wye Joint – A type of waste fitting tee which has the side inlet pipe entering at a 45° angle.

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Commonly Used Pipe Fittings

Globe Valve – A globe valve is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.

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Commonly Used Pipe Fittings

Gate Valve – A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a round or rectangular gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid.

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Commonly Used Pipe Fittings

P-Trap – A P-shaped trap forming a water seal in a waste or soil pipe; esp. used for sinks and lavatories.

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Commonly Used Pipe Fittings

Meter –A water meter is a device used to measure the volume of water usage. This article provides an overview of technical aspects of water meters. The worldwide prevalence of metering as well as its economic benefits and costs are covered in the separate article on water metering.

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Sewage DisposalSewage disposal is the proper upkeep of waste matters of the inhabitants of the house to avoid the spread of water-borne diseases by contaminating drinking water in the vicinity. This exercise is most effective owners know not only the different types of disposal but also the value of the disposal system.

The indentified types of disposal are as follows;

CESSPOOL TYPE. This is a hole on the ground, provided with stones and bricks allowing raw waste matter to settle and leach into the undersurface of the ground. This type is out of use today even in rural areas since it is found to be too unsanitary.

PRIVY TYPE. This is a concrete vault purposely built to collect and dispose raw waste matter. It is sealed with a wooden shelter. This type is already considered obsolete nowadays.

SEPTIC TANK TYPE. This is a vault that is used to collect the organic waste discharge from the house sewer. It is provided with two chambers in its design – digestion and leach chambers.

It has a dual function:Sedimentation in the upper rank.Anaerobic Decomposition of the accumulated sludge at the bottom.

The main function of the Septic Tank is to liquefy and precipitate the solid putrefying and odorous materials from the house.

PUBLIC SEWER LINE. This is a public sewage disposal system. This is usually constructed in public buildings. Usually, this serves three functions: Public Sewer, Sanitary Sewer and Store Sewer.

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Sewage Disposal Examples

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Cesspool Type

Sewage Disposal Examples

Privy Type

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Sewage Disposal Examples

Septic Tank Type

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Sewage Disposal Examples

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Septic Tank Types

Sewage Disposal Examples

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Public Sewer Line

Gas Emitted from Septic Tank

Being a reservoir of the house sewer, the septic tank emits foul odor caused by the presence of the different kinds of gases. These are discharged into the atmosphere through ventilation pipe.

The following gases are included:

1. METHANE (CH4) GAS. This is the result of the reaction of hydrogen and carbon, and is classified as natural component of natural gas.

2. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) GAS. This is the result of the combination of carbon and oxygen. This gas is the simplest oxide of carbon.

3. CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) GAS. This is the by-product of methane.

4. HYDROGEN (H2) GAS. This is the moist gas from organic waste matters.

5. HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) GAS. This is a colorless gas with offensive odor.

6. SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2) GAS. A colorless gas with irritating odor.

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Factors that affect the construction and location of

the Septic TankBeing a reservoir for house waste matters, its construction must be of the approved standards, and its location should be such that it will not contaminate nearby water supply.

1. It should be located at a safe distance from any source of potable water, at least 15 meters away from it.

2. It should be provided with inlet and outlet, inverts of long turns of sanitary tee casted in concrete wall. The inlet must be placed at about 1:20 meters from the bottom of the tank.

3. Water content inside the tank must be 1.20 meters deep, for a sanitary function.

4. The base of the digestive chamber should be sloped to a point where the settled organic wastes merged for better anaerobic bacterial propagation.

5. The top cover of the manhole should be extended at least 15 cm above the soil level to prevent water penetration.

6. The tank should be constructed near the soil surface where the anaerobic bacteria tribe. These bacteria cannot survive above 1.5 meters high subsoil. If so, their function in the oxidation is slow, and it is a must in the process.

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Suggested Sizes of Septic Tank

FACTORS NEEDED IN DETERMINING THE VOLUME OF SEPTINC TANK

To exactly come up with the exact volume needed in a septic tank, the following ideas has to be considered:

1. Minimum width .90m

2. Maximum width 1.50m.

3. Minimum depth of liquid 1.20m

4. For residential septic tank allocate 2.00cu. m liquid content

5. For school, commercial & industrial septic tanks volume of tank should at least be .057 cu. m, or a maximum of .086 cu. m,/person should at least be .057 cu. m, or a maximum of .086 cu,m,/person

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Bill of Materials

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Kinds of Drainage System

KINDS OF DRAINAGE SYSYTEM

Drainage system as a whole, is divided into three different components, referred to as D-W-V by plumbers, where:

D - means drainage

W - means waste

V- means ventilation

All of the three is a line by itself, thus they use pipes of a specific kind and size.

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General Requirements of Drainage Systems

Like other parts of the structure, the drainage has to conform with some basic rules to make it effective and functional as it so designed. The following specifications have to be observed in the designing stage and in the actual construction:

1. All pipes must be well fitted and tightly connected to prevent leakage of gas or liquid.

2. Ventilation pipe must convey gases to the atmosphere efficiently, where it can do no harm to the populace nearby.

3. All fixtures in all branch connections shall be provided with straps to prevent backflow of gases, except that of the water closet.

4. All fixtures have to be re-vented to avoid siphoning of the water seal.

5. Drainage pipe has to be sloped downward properly for a smooth flow of water to the waste disposal.

6. Drainage pipes should with adequate cleanout fixtures for possible repair, in case of stoppage.

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Waste PipeThis is any kind of pipe that is used to receive the discharge of any other fixtures, other than the water closet. This where the waste matters passes down to the soil pipe. This pipe is smaller in size than the soil pipe. If not connected to the house drain or soil stack, this is otherwise known as Special Waste Pipe.

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Points Considered when Installing Waste Pipes

For efficient function, the following are some of the important factors to be considered in installing waste pipes.

1. Proper selection of the correct material.

2. Wise use of necessary fittings.

3. Accessible locations of cleanouts.

4. Correct and reasonable slope of the pipe line.

5. Appropriate size of the pipe.

6. Approved pitch, or slope of the waste pipe line is 2%, or 20 mm. slope per run.

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Kinds of Waste PipeCollectively, a waste pipe is classified into two kinds with respect to the kind of fixture it serves, viz:

1. DIRECT WASTE PIPE. This is a waste pipe where one of the terminal is directly connected to the plumbing system.

2. INDIRECT WASTE PIPE. This is a connection in which one of the terminal of the waste pipe is not directly connected to the plumbing system.

Example: Lavatory to floor drain, then to the waste line.

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Fixtures Served by Direct Waste Pipe

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SinkkitchenpantrysculleryslopeBathtubSitzFootBidet

LavatoryWall hungPedestalTwo-pieceShowerSingle stallGangUrinalPedestal

StallTroughLaundry tubDrinking fountainHospital fixtures

Fixtures Served by Indirect Waste Pipe

The following common house fixtures are served by an indirect waste line connection:

1. Soda fountain

2. Bar waste

3. Refrigerator

4. Drinking fountain

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