TK 2123 COMPUTER ORGANISATION & ARCHITECTURE

Room: E-3-31

Phone: 03-8921 6726

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Dr Masri AyobDr Masri Ayob

TK 2123TK 2123COMPUTER ORGANISATION & COMPUTER ORGANISATION &

ARCHITECTUREARCHITECTURE

Lecture 1: An Overview of Lecture 1: An Overview of Computer System (1)Computer System (1)

Prepared by: Dr Masri AyobPrepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123 - TK2123 22

Course InformationCourse Information

Text books:Text books: Irv Englander, (2003). The Architecture Of Computer Irv Englander, (2003). The Architecture Of Computer

Hardware And System Software, 3/E, John Wiley & Sons.Hardware And System Software, 3/E, John Wiley & Sons. Andrew S. Tanenbaum, (2006). Structured Computer Andrew S. Tanenbaum, (2006). Structured Computer

Organization, 5/E, Prentice Hall.Organization, 5/E, Prentice Hall. William Stallings, (2006). Computer Organization and William Stallings, (2006). Computer Organization and

Architecture: Designing for Performance, 7/E, Prentice Hall.Architecture: Designing for Performance, 7/E, Prentice Hall.

Class:Class: Monday 6:30pm-09:30pm BS 2-1Monday 6:30pm-09:30pm BS 2-1

Course website:Course website:http://www.ftsm.ukm.my/jabatan/tk/masri/tk2123http://www.ftsm.ukm.my/jabatan/tk/masri/tk2123


AssessmentAssessment

Assignments : 15%Assignments : 15% Quiz : 25%Quiz : 25% Mid Semester Examination : 20%Mid Semester Examination : 20% Final Examination : 40%Final Examination : 40%

Warnings:Warnings:Copying assignment/quiz/exam is prohibited.Copying assignment/quiz/exam is prohibited.Delay of submission influences on marks. Delay of submission influences on marks.


ContentsContents

This lecture will address:This lecture will address:The ways in which a knowledge of computer The ways in which a knowledge of computer

architecture enhances our abilities as architecture enhances our abilities as computer users and professionals.computer users and professionals.

The input-output-process model of computing.The input-output-process model of computing.The basic components of a computer system.The basic components of a computer system.


Architecture & OrganizationArchitecture & Organization

Architecture is those attributes visible to the Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmerprogrammer Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O

mechanisms, addressing techniques.mechanisms, addressing techniques. e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?

Organization is how features are implementedOrganization is how features are implemented Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated

addition?addition?


IntroductionIntroduction

Typical elements in computer-based Typical elements in computer-based information system: information system: The data element:The data element:

fundamental representation of facts and fundamental representation of facts and observations.observations.

Data is processed by a computer system to provide Data is processed by a computer system to provide the information that is the very reason for the the information that is the very reason for the computer’s existence.computer’s existence.

As you will see, data can take on a number of As you will see, data can take on a number of different forms. different forms.



The hardware element:The hardware element:Computer hardware processes the data by:Computer hardware processes the data by:

Executing instructions.Executing instructions. storing datastoring data and moving data and information between the various and moving data and information between the various

input and output devices that make the system and the input and output devices that make the system and the information accessible to the users. information accessible to the users.



The software element:The software element:Software consists of the system and application Software consists of the system and application

programs that define the instructions that are programs that define the instructions that are executed by the hardware. executed by the hardware.

The communication element:The communication element:Modern computer information systems depend on Modern computer information systems depend on

the ability to share processing operations and data the ability to share processing operations and data among different computers and users, located both among different computers and users, located both locally and remotely. Data communication provides locally and remotely. Data communication provides this capability. this capability.



The combination of hardware, software, The combination of hardware, software, communication, and data make up the communication, and data make up the architecture of a computer system.architecture of a computer system.

The architecture of computer systems is The architecture of computer systems is remarkably similar whether the system is a remarkably similar whether the system is a PC, a large mainframe etc. PC, a large mainframe etc.



Even more remarkably, the basic Even more remarkably, the basic architecture of computer systems has architecture of computer systems has changed surprisingly little over the last fifty-changed surprisingly little over the last fifty-five years. five years. The latest IBM mainframe computer executes The latest IBM mainframe computer executes

essentially the same instruction set as the essentially the same instruction set as the mainframe computer of 1965.mainframe computer of 1965.

The basic communication techniques used in The basic communication techniques used in today’s systems were developed in the 1970s.today’s systems were developed in the 1970s.



As new as it might seem, the Internet celebrated its As new as it might seem, the Internet celebrated its thirtieth anniversary in 2000. thirtieth anniversary in 2000.

All of this is surprising considering the growth of All of this is surprising considering the growth of computing, the rapid change of technology, and computing, the rapid change of technology, and the increased performance, functionality, and the increased performance, functionality, and ease of use of today’s systems. ease of use of today’s systems.

This makes the study of computer architecture This makes the study of computer architecture extremely valuable as a foundation upon which to extremely valuable as a foundation upon which to understand new developments in computing as understand new developments in computing as they occur.they occur.



All Intel x86 family share the same basic All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecturearchitecture

The IBM System/370 family share the same The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecturebasic architecture

This gives code compatibilityThis gives code compatibilityAt least backwardsAt least backwards

Organization differs between different versionsOrganization differs between different versions


Structure & FunctionStructure & Function

Structure is the way in which components Structure is the way in which components relate to each otherrelate to each other

Function is the operation of individual Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structurecomponents as part of the structure


FunctionFunction

All computer functions are:All computer functions are:Data processingData processingData storageData storageData movementData movementControlControl


Functional ViewFunctional View


Operations: Data movementOperations: Data movement


Operations: Storage Operations: Storage


Operation: Processing from/to storage Operation: Processing from/to storage


Operation :Operation :Processing from storage to I/OProcessing from storage to I/O



What do the insides of a computer “look What do the insides of a computer “look like” and why do we care? like” and why do we care? As users, we do not have to know the answer As users, we do not have to know the answer

to this question, any more than we have to to this question, any more than we have to understand the workings of a car engine in understand the workings of a car engine in order to drive the car.order to drive the car.



We can run standard software packages without We can run standard software packages without understanding exactly how they work.understanding exactly how they work.

We can program a computer in a high-level language We can program a computer in a high-level language without understanding how the machine executes the without understanding how the machine executes the individual instructions.individual instructions.

We can create Web pages without understanding how the We can create Web pages without understanding how the Web browser gets its pages from a Web server or how Web browser gets its pages from a Web server or how the Web server creates those pages.the Web server creates those pages.

We can purchase a computer system from a salesperson We can purchase a computer system from a salesperson without understanding the specifications of the system. without understanding the specifications of the system.

Etc……Etc……



And yet, there is something missing.And yet, there is something missing. Perhaps the package doesn’t do exactly what we want, Perhaps the package doesn’t do exactly what we want,

and we don’t understand the machine well enough to and we don’t understand the machine well enough to risk fooling around with the package’s options.risk fooling around with the package’s options.

Perhaps if we understood the system we might have Perhaps if we understood the system we might have written the program to be faster and more efficient.written the program to be faster and more efficient.

Perhaps we could create Web pages that load faster Perhaps we could create Web pages that load faster and work better. and work better.

Perhaps the salesperson did not sell us the optimum Perhaps the salesperson did not sell us the optimum system for our job. system for our job.

Etc……Etc……



The jargon of computers has become a The jargon of computers has become a part of the English language.part of the English language.

You can open any daily newspaper and You can open any daily newspaper and find references to “1GB DDRAM” or “XGA find references to “1GB DDRAM” or “XGA TFT display” or “512K level 2 cache” or TFT display” or “512K level 2 cache” or “56K V.90 modem” in articles and “56K V.90 modem” in articles and advertisements. (In a way, it’s scary!).advertisements. (In a way, it’s scary!).

Prepared by: Dr Masri AyobPrepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123 - TK2123 2424Figure 1.1Figure 1.1 A typical computer ad A typical computer ad



But how good a system is this?But how good a system is this? Are these features important to the user?Are these features important to the user? Is this the right combination of features that you need in your Is this the right combination of features that you need in your

computer to have the computer perform the work that you wish to get computer to have the computer perform the work that you wish to get done?done?

Is a 2.7 GHz Pentium 4 the best choice of a CPU?Is a 2.7 GHz Pentium 4 the best choice of a CPU? Perhaps we are paying too much for the performance that we need. Perhaps we are paying too much for the performance that we need. Or maybe we need more. Or maybe we need more. What does the presence of a Firewire port imply in the context of a What does the presence of a Firewire port imply in the context of a

long-term investment of computers for your organisation?long-term investment of computers for your organisation? Is DVD-RAM the most useful format for your work? Is DVD-RAM the most useful format for your work? Etc……Etc……



Understanding the computer system’s operations Understanding the computer system’s operations has an immediate benefit: has an immediate benefit: it will allow you to use it will allow you to use the machine more effectivelythe machine more effectively. . As a user, you willAs a user, you will

be aware of the capabilities, strengths, and limitations of the be aware of the capabilities, strengths, and limitations of the computer system.computer system.

have a better understanding of the commands that you use.have a better understanding of the commands that you use. understand what is taking place during the operation of the understand what is taking place during the operation of the

programs that you use.programs that you use. understand more clearly what an operating system is, and understand more clearly what an operating system is, and

how to use it effectively and to your advantage.how to use it effectively and to your advantage. know when it is preferable to do a job manually, and when the know when it is preferable to do a job manually, and when the

computer should be used. computer should be used.



As a programmer, it will allow you to As a programmer, it will allow you to write better programs. write better programs. use the characteristics of the machine to make your use the characteristics of the machine to make your

programs operate more effectively.programs operate more effectively. For example, choosing the appropriate data type for a For example, choosing the appropriate data type for a

variable can result in significantly faster performance. variable can result in significantly faster performance.

Soon you will know why this is so, and how to Soon you will know why this is so, and how to make the appropriate choices. make the appropriate choices.



As a system analyst, you:As a system analyst, you: will be expected to specify computer systems for purchase, for will be expected to specify computer systems for purchase, for

yourself and for your organization. yourself and for your organization. would like to purchase the computer that best meets the would like to purchase the computer that best meets the

needs of the application.needs of the application. must be able to read and understand the technical must be able to read and understand the technical

specifications in order to compare different alternatives and to specifications in order to compare different alternatives and to match the system to the users’ needs. match the system to the users’ needs.

should be able to assist management in making intelligent should be able to assist management in making intelligent decisions about system strategy.decisions about system strategy.

should able to differentiate between simple technological should able to differentiate between simple technological obsolescence that does not affect your work significantly and obsolescence that does not affect your work significantly and major advances that suggest a real need to replace older major advances that suggest a real need to replace older equipment. equipment.


IntroductionIntroduction As a system administrator or manager, your job is to As a system administrator or manager, your job is to

maximize the availability and efficiency of your maximize the availability and efficiency of your systems. You:systems. You:

will need to understand the reports generated by your systems will need to understand the reports generated by your systems and be able to use the information in those reports to make and be able to use the information in those reports to make changes in the systems that will optimize system performance. changes in the systems that will optimize system performance.

will need to know when additional resources are required, and will need to know when additional resources are required, and be able to specify appropriate choices. be able to specify appropriate choices.

will need to specify and configure operating system will need to specify and configure operating system parameters, set up file systems, manage system and user PC parameters, set up file systems, manage system and user PC upgrades in a fast-changing environment, provide and assure upgrades in a fast-changing environment, provide and assure the robustness of system security, and perform many other the robustness of system security, and perform many other system management tasks. system management tasks.



A deep understanding of the basic A deep understanding of the basic concepts is fundamental to long-term concepts is fundamental to long-term survival and growth in the field of survival and growth in the field of information technology and IT information technology and IT management.management.

This type of understanding is at the very This type of understanding is at the very foundation of being a competent and foundation of being a competent and successful system analyst, system successful system analyst, system administrator, or programmer. administrator, or programmer.


The User’s Point of ViewThe User’s Point of View

The purpose of the computer, obviously, is to The purpose of the computer, obviously, is to perform some useful work, whether that work be:perform some useful work, whether that work be: word processingword processing retrieval and manipulation of dataretrieval and manipulation of data simple bookkeepingsimple bookkeeping solving a difficult mathematical problemsolving a difficult mathematical problem Web browsingWeb browsing or the graphical display and internal calculation or the graphical display and internal calculation

associated with a video game or desktop presentation associated with a video game or desktop presentation program.program.



For example, a simple online credit card For example, a simple online credit card purchasing system:purchasing system: When a customer makes a purchaseWhen a customer makes a purchase

the clerk keys or scans the transaction into a terminal that is the clerk keys or scans the transaction into a terminal that is used as input to the department store computer.used as input to the department store computer.

The computer communicates with a bank computer that The computer communicates with a bank computer that checks the customer’s credit and okays the transaction.checks the customer’s credit and okays the transaction.

The computer prints a receipt at the terminal for the customer The computer prints a receipt at the terminal for the customer to sign and records the transaction in the customer’s account.to sign and records the transaction in the customer’s account.

Prepared by: Dr Masri AyobPrepared by: Dr Masri Ayob - TK2123 - TK2123 3333Figure 1.2 Figure 1.2 A simplified credit card transaction A simplified credit card transaction



For this example,For this example,The primary processing operations that take The primary processing operations that take

place include searching for data, merging of place include searching for data, merging of data, and simple calculation.data, and simple calculation.

On this system, input is provided via terminal On this system, input is provided via terminal keyboard. Output occurs on the screen and on keyboard. Output occurs on the screen and on a printer. Hard disks provide long-term storage. a printer. Hard disks provide long-term storage.



A seemingly very different operation occurs when you sit A seemingly very different operation occurs when you sit at your personal computer working with a word processor.at your personal computer working with a word processor.

But is it really that different?But is it really that different? The text file is probably stored on either a removable disk or a The text file is probably stored on either a removable disk or a

hard disk.hard disk. The word processor program itself is also stored on disk.The word processor program itself is also stored on disk. The text file being processed is initially loaded into the main The text file being processed is initially loaded into the main

memory of the computer as data, just as the customer’s credit file memory of the computer as data, just as the customer’s credit file was in the previous example. was in the previous example.

Word processors also perform comparisons and make Word processors also perform comparisons and make decisions, just as the credit card program does. decisions, just as the credit card program does.


The Input-Process-Output ModelThe Input-Process-Output Model

The critical idea here is that regardless of The critical idea here is that regardless of the type of work to be performed, the work the type of work to be performed, the work of a computer can be characterized by an of a computer can be characterized by an input-process-output model (IPO); that is a input-process-output model (IPO); that is a program:program: receives input from a disk file, mouse, receives input from a disk file, mouse,

keyboard, or some other input device; keyboard, or some other input device; performs some processing on the input;performs some processing on the input;and produces output to a disk file, a printer, a and produces output to a disk file, a printer, a

video screen, or some other output device. video screen, or some other output device.


Figure 1.3Figure 1.3 A computer process A computer process


Internet ResourcesInternet Resources- Web site for book- Web site for book

Student Companion Site (Englander)Student Companion Site (Englander)http://bcs.wiley.com/he-bcs/Books?http://bcs.wiley.com/he-bcs/Books?action=index&itemId=0471073253&bcsId=1432action=index&itemId=0471073253&bcsId=1432Little Man SimulatorLittle Man Simulator

http://bcs.wiley.com/he-bcs/Books?action=resource&bcsId=1432&itemId=0471073253&resourceId=957


Internet ResourcesInternet Resources- Web site for book- Web site for book

http://WilliamStallings.com/COA/COA7e.htmlhttp://WilliamStallings.com/COA/COA7e.html links to sites of interestlinks to sites of interest links to sites for courses that use the booklinks to sites for courses that use the book errata list for bookerrata list for book information on other books by W. Stallingsinformation on other books by W. Stallings

http://WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.htmlhttp://WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html MathMath How-toHow-to Research resourcesResearch resources MiscMisc

http://williamstallings.com/StudentSupport.html


Internet ResourcesInternet Resources- Web sites to look for- Web sites to look for

WWW Computer Architecture Home PageWWW Computer Architecture Home Page CPU Info CenterCPU Info Center Processor EmporiumProcessor Emporium ACM Special Interest Group on Computer ACM Special Interest Group on Computer

ArchitectureArchitecture IEEE Technical Committee on Computer ArchitectureIEEE Technical Committee on Computer Architecture Intel Technology JournalIntel Technology Journal Manufacturer’s sitesManufacturer’s sites

Intel, IBM, etc.Intel, IBM, etc.


Internet Resources Internet Resources - Usenet News Groups- Usenet News Groups

comp.archcomp.archcomp.arch.arithmeticcomp.arch.arithmeticcomp.arch.storagecomp.arch.storagecomp.parallelcomp.parallel


Thank youThank youQ&AQ&A

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TK 2123 COMPUTER ORGANISATION & ARCHITECTURE