Tiziana Catarci SAPIENZA Università di Roma Dipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica

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DAdvanced User Interfaces + Advanced User Interfaces + Data Integration + Mobile Data Integration + Mobile

Process Management = Save Process Management = Save Yourself !! Yourself !!

The The WORKPADWORKPAD project for supporting project for supporting emergency operatorsemergency operators

Mobile Process Management, Integrated Mobile Process Management, Integrated DataData

and Geo-collaboration for Emergency and Geo-collaboration for Emergency TeamsTeams

Tiziana CatarciTiziana CatarciSAPIENZA Università di RomaSAPIENZA Università di Roma

Dipartimento di Informatica e SistemisticaDipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica

[Department of System & Computer Engineering][Department of System & Computer Engineering]

[email protected]@dis.uniroma1.it

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WORKPAD Project 2

Objective & PartnersObjective & Partners

Università di Roma LA SAPIENZAItaly (COORDINATOR)

Università di Roma TOR VERGATAItaly

Salzburg ResearchAustria

Technische Universitaet WienAustria

IBM Italia – Center for Advanced Studies

Italy

APIF Moviquity S.A.Spain

Software602 A.S.Czech Republic

Calabria Region –Civil Protection Department

Italy

An Adaptive Peer-to-Peer Software Infrastructure for Supporting Collaborative Work of Human Operators in Emergency/Disaster Scenarios

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WORKPAD Project 3

Dealing with Dealing with EmergenciesEmergencies

We address We address response response and short-and short-

term term recoveryrecovery

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WORKPAD Project 4

Web

WORKPAD P2P Back- end

MANET of devices- each device off ers

services- the coordinator device

enacts the team process

Robust and reliablecommunicationchannel (link)

Centre, that provide data & knowledge & content

P2P semantic link withother centres, to bedynamically set- up for integration & inter-organizationcoordination purposes

Semantic linkswith otherexternal sources

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WORKPAD Project 5

P2P-GRI D-based Back-End Architectures

P2P-Content & DataI ntegration

(including geo-information)Technologies

P2P-MANET-based Front-End

Geo-collaborationon MANETs

AdaptiveWorkflow

Managementon MANETs

Agencies/ OrganizationsEmergencyNetwork

WORKPAD- basedNew Working Environments

CollaborativeTeams

Front- endBack- end

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6

SOUR

CCS 1 CCS N……

COM 1.1 COM 1.N COM N.1 COM N.N… …

National Department ofCivil Protection (DPC)

Organization XControl Room

Organization YControl Room

Team X.1

Team 1

Team 2 Team 3

Team Y.1Team Y.2

Team 4

Team 5Team 6 Team 7

communication with FE teams

A FE team has a leader taking decisions

Some organizations may have a control room giving orders to FE teams.

Regional Departmentof Civil Protection (DPC)

CCS plans the concrete activities, collects and elaborates data, coordinates COMs

SUOR provides logistic and information support to the CCSs

SUOR is continuouslyin touch with the National DPC via the Regional DPC

COMs are the interfaces to the concrete organizations and coordinate their activities

SUOR = Sala Operativa SUOR = Sala Operativa Unificata RegionaleUnificata Regionale

CCS = Centro CCS = Centro Coordinamento dei Coordinamento dei SoccorsiSoccorsi

COM = Centro Operativo COM = Centro Operativo MistoMisto

Com

ma

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CoordinatioCoordinationn

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WORKPAD Project 7

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DMain InnovationsMain Innovations

•… … on top of reliable on top of reliable communication networks, we communication networks, we build smart applications build smart applications supporting teamssupporting teams Process management and

coordination Provision of Integrated Data Geo-collaboration

WORKPAD Project 8

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WORKPAD Project 9

OutlineOutline

•The Workpad “user-centered” methodology

•Process Management and Coordination

•P2P Data Integration

•Geo-collaboration

•User Validation

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The WORKPAD The WORKPAD Methodology: UCD (1)Methodology: UCD (1)

WORKPAD Project 10

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The WORKPAD The WORKPAD Methodology: UCD (2)Methodology: UCD (2)

WORKPAD Project 11

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Requirement Requirement EngineeringEngineering•““Top down”Top down”

Regulations, laws, initiatives and projects on a European basis

•““Bottom up”Bottom up” Case study: EM of Civil Protection Experience of users and system

engineers

WORKPAD Project 12

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Deployed HCI Deployed HCI TechniquesTechniques• User group categorisationUser group categorisation• Focus groupsFocus groups• Structured interviewsStructured interviews• Scenario developmentScenario development• StoryboardsStoryboards• Hierarchical task analysisHierarchical task analysis• Usability testsUsability tests

Mock-ups and real prototypes

WORKPAD Project 13

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Requirement Requirement ClassificationClassification

•User requirements User requirements What will the user be able to

do with the final system?

•System requirementsSystem requirements Which functionalities must

be implemented by the engineers? (in order to satisfy the user requirements)

WORKPAD Project 14

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PROCESS MANAGEMENT PROCESS MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION – AND COORDINATION – ROME4EUROME4EU WORKPAD Project 15

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DMotivationsMotivations

•Currently most teams are intra-Currently most teams are intra-coordinated through coordinated through transceivers and the transceivers and the operational knowledge “is operational knowledge “is tight” to the leadertight” to the leader

•Formalize such knowledge, and Formalize such knowledge, and enact it through software enact it through software applications offered on mobile applications offered on mobile devicesdevices

WORKPAD Project 16

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WORKPAD Project 17

1.1. A process designer defines a A process designer defines a template for a certain event template for a certain event class capturing best practices class capturing best practices and protocols at “peace” time.and protocols at “peace” time.

The template leaves some configuration option open (e.g., a template for all earthquakes)

WORKPAD at work… / WORKPAD at work… / 1 1

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P2P Back-end

AN EMERGENCYFIRES!!!

Daniele(Generic member)

Alessandro (Team leader)

1. Back-end sends 1. Back-end sends the templatethe template

2. Template 2. Template instantiated to instantiated to

the specific the specific emergencyemergency

WORKPAD at work… / 2WORKPAD at work… / 2

2.2. At run-time Alessandro At run-time Alessandro instantiates the instantiates the template “closing” the template “closing” the open optionsopen options

The abstract templates is made concrete by “closing” the open options

The concrete process schema is loaded into the PMS

Alessio(Generic member)

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P2P Back-end

3. The process is 3. The process is enacted inside enacted inside

ROME4EUROME4EU


3.3. The process is The process is enactedenacted Now some tasks

are ready to be assigned to to team membersteam members..

PMS assigns PMS assigns tasks whose tasks whose conditions are conditions are all fulfilled to an all fulfilled to an actor qualified actor qualified to execute themto execute them

Alessandro (Team Leader)



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P2P Back-end


4.4. Members join the Members join the team specifying team specifying the capabilities the capabilities they can providethey can provide Task

assignment is done by considering the capabilities required and those provided by the members




4. Members join 4. Members join the teamthe team

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DWORKPAD at work… / 5WORKPAD at work… / 5

5.5. The Work-list handlers The Work-list handlers of certain members of certain members receive the receive the notification of the notification of the assigned tasks assigned tasks together with their together with their inputsinputs

P2P Back-end

5.Assignment 5.Assignment of tasksof tasksto team membersto team members




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6.6. When a certain When a certain member member completes a task completes a task execution, her execution, her WLH alerts the WLH alerts the PMS.PMS.

This may cause other tasks to become enabled

P2P Back-end

6.Notification of 6.Notification of task completiontask completion




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7.7. PMS analyzes if PMS analyzes if new enabled tasks new enabled tasks are assignable are assignable

If any tasks, then assigns tasks to the best available peer (human and/or automatic service) that provides all required capabilities.

P2P Back-end

7. (Possible) 7. (Possible) Additional Additional assignment assignment of tasksof tasksto team membersto team members




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ROME4EU: An adaptive PMS ROME4EU: An adaptive PMS for smart devices / 1for smart devices / 1

• ROME4EU is an aPMS completely ROME4EU is an aPMS completely developed on Smart devicesdeveloped on Smart devicesPMS is in charge of carrying out

processes by assigning tasks to appropriate humans and/or software resources.

It is adaptive, able to automatically adapt the process execution to deal with exogenous events breaking the initial assumptions.

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ROME4EU: An aPMS for smart ROME4EU: An aPMS for smart devices / 2devices / 2

• ROME4EU is specifically targeted ROME4EU is specifically targeted to highly dynamic and mobile to highly dynamic and mobile environmentsenvironmentsDealing with unreliable and slow

mobile networksLimiting the battery

consumption and the power usage.

Dealing with reduced PDAs’ screen size, which limit the amount of the information concurrently visualisable.

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DArchitectureArchitecture

Team MembersTeam MembersTeam LeadersTeam Leaders

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DLessons learnedLessons learned

• Process Management Systems are Process Management Systems are worthy using in emergency worthy using in emergency managementmanagementProcesses show the same complexity

as business onesPractically feasible (small memory and

CPU requirements)Well understood by end users

• Automatic adaptation is necessary as Automatic adaptation is necessary as a number of unexpected a number of unexpected contingencies may occur contingencies may occur Manual adaptation would delay the

operation execution

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DAt a GlanceAt a Glance

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INTEGRATING DATA - INTEGRATING DATA - ONDAONDA

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• Having data not only belonging to my Having data not only belonging to my organization but also coming from organization but also coming from other sources …other sources … Persons to save in a given building: 10

(with prob. 10% as this is the number of residents) – 14 (with prob. 90% as this is the number of different mobile phones registered in the area just 2 minutes before the emergency)

• … … without establishing a centralized without establishing a centralized systemsystem

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What is P2P Semantic What is P2P Semantic Integration?Integration?• Semantic data integration is about Semantic data integration is about

integrating data at the conceptual levelintegrating data at the conceptual level

• With centralized mediator-based With centralized mediator-based systems, this is accomplished by a systems, this is accomplished by a “global view” (ontology) which is “global view” (ontology) which is mapped to source DB schemas (GAV, mapped to source DB schemas (GAV, LAV, GLAV)LAV, GLAV)

• In decentralized environments, each In decentralized environments, each system (peer) acts both as source and system (peer) acts both as source and mediatormediator

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DAim of the componentAim of the component

• Allow rapid integration of information flows of rescue organizations

• Support organzations of every kind, even if they meet on the emergency for the first time

• Support flexible design of command & coordination flows

• Support Geo Data• Manage event

notification

SOUR

CCS 1 CCS N……

COM 1.1 COM 1.N COM N.1 COM N.N… …

National Department ofCivil Protection (DPC)

Organization XControl Room

Organization YControl Room

Team X.1

Team 1

Team 2 Team 3

Team Y.1Team Y.2

Team 4

Team 5Team 6 Team 7

communication with FE teams

A FE team has a leader taking decisions

Some organizations may have a control room giving orders to FE teams.

Regional Departmentof Civil Protection (DPC)

CCS plans the concrete activities, collects and elaborates data, coordinates COMs

SUOR provides logistic and information support to the CCSs

SUOR is continuouslyin touch with the National DPC via the Regional DPC

COMs are the interfaces to the concrete organizations and coordinate their activities

Com

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Coordination

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Fro

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Modeling &Configuration

Modeling &Configuration

Queries & Notifications

P2P Mappings & Notifications

Queries & Notifications

Local Sources Local Sources

Mappings withLocal Sources

Mappings withLocal Sources

FE/BE Link

KP KPOntology Ontology

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DTechnical OverviewTechnical Overview

• Each Peer is a Semantic Data Each Peer is a Semantic Data Integration System wichIntegration System wichHas an own ontology as global

schemaIntegrates heterogeneous sources

through mapping with the local ontology

Integrates other peers through mappings between ontologies

• A Client is able to A Client is able to Perform semantic conjunctive

queriesReceive notifications about

relevant data changes (Add and Remove subscriptions)

The WORKPAD’s Back-End network is a Peer-to-Peer Semantic Data Integration System (P2P-DIS)

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DArchitectureArchitecture

Information Layer

Query & ReasoningLayer

Modelling Layer

Resources

Knowledge Base Management

Conceptual Modelling Dialogs

Source Mappings Dialogs

Administrator

Peer-to-peer Mapping Dialogs

Reasoner Wrapper

ReasonerQuery Processor

Query Executor

P2P Query Propagator

Local DataOntologies, Mappings

External Reasoner

Front-endApplications

ExternalApplications

Interaction Layer

Active Subscr.

Subscriptions & Notifications

PeersPeersPeers

Change Synch

BE peers publish conceptual schemas (ontologies), then define mappings with local and remote systems

The core element is a query processor that is able to evaluate \ propagate \ reconcile queries according with ontologies and mapping semantics

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1.1. Schemas are specified by Schemas are specified by rich logic languages rich logic languages (Description Logics)(Description Logics)

City is_a Place(NAME)

2.2. Semantic mappings (GAV) Semantic mappings (GAV) with data sources are with data sources are establishedestablished

CAPITAL(ID) City(f(ID)) TOWN(NM) City(f(NM))

3.3. Queries are expressed in Queries are expressed in terms of ontology conceptsterms of ontology concepts

x,y | Place(x) AND NAME(x,y)

4.4. Queries get reformulated in Queries get reformulated in terms of source schemas, terms of source schemas, based on mappingsbased on mappings

How WORKPAD’s Semantic How WORKPAD’s Semantic Integration Works \ 1Integration Works \ 1

E1 E2 E3

S1 S2 S3

C1 C2

C3

Wrapping

Mapping

Ontology

Query: get C1 instances

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5.5. Suitable sub-queries are Suitable sub-queries are propagated to wrapped propagated to wrapped sourcessources

6.6. Consistency of local data is Consistency of local data is up to local DBMSup to local DBMS

7.7. Updates are propagated Updates are propagated through a publish-subscribe through a publish-subscribe mechanismmechanism

Peers subscribe updates on specific views (queries)

Notifications may be used to optimize data access or raise alerts

How WORKPAD’s Semantic How WORKPAD’s Semantic Integration Works \ 2Integration Works \ 2

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DPeer ConfigurationPeer Configuration

• Ontology Ontology Protégé

• Peer Configuration Peer Configuration Modeling Environment

Peer Manifest Unique Identifier Services URLs Ontology URL

Sources Sibling Peers Local and P2P Mappings

The Ontology translated in DL-Lite The Ontology translated in DL-Lite (XML)(XML) Translation Log

(details about translated, approximated and omitted ontology elements)

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The user configures a peer by loading the system’s ontology and mapping it with local databases

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DNoveltyNovelty

• With state-of-the-art centralized systems, information integration is accomplished by a single schema (“global view”) which is statically mapped to information sources

• However, this would require every organization to rely on a single integration system and rigidly adopt the very same conceptualization

• In WORKPAD’s decentralized environment, on the contrary, each system (peer) acts both as source and mediator

• This gives the possibility to every system (organization) to keep its legacy and provide contributions to global knowledge in a flexible and yet controlled way

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• In many cases, mapping legacy sources to ontologies may be not very easy

• Development of rich conceptualizations, such as ontologies, cannot be entirely made at crisis time

• P2P conceptual mapping could be facilitated if based on semantic standards

• Information integration infrastructures for crisis management should be therefore prepared in advance for some extent

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GEO-COLLABORATIONGEO-COLLABORATION

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•To offer operators location-To offer operators location-awareness …awareness …

•… … annotated with relevant annotated with relevant information (coming from the information (coming from the integrated data) …integrated data) …

•… … and the possibility of and the possibility of annotating back and annotating back and disseminating the new knowledgedisseminating the new knowledge

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DOther featuresOther features

• Enrichment of aerial photos with geographic features Enrichment of aerial photos with geographic features • Real-time location indication of Real-time location indication of objects-objects- and and persons-persons-

of-interestof-interest• Real-time distribution of data input/modificationsReal-time distribution of data input/modifications• Interaction with “layered” geo-information on Interaction with “layered” geo-information on

handheld deviceshandheld devices Creating and annotating relevant points-of-

interests• Dynamic updates of geo-information within WORKPAD Dynamic updates of geo-information within WORKPAD

front-end teamsfront-end teams• Querying and persisting into back-end systemsQuerying and persisting into back-end systems• No need of central server for operationNo need of central server for operation

Decentral P2P-based information distribution• Possible BE interaction with semantically integrated Possible BE interaction with semantically integrated

information from various sourcesinformation from various sources

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DGIS component architectureGIS component architecture

Java EE based server + GeoServer

Web Service stub to access BE

Distributed tuple space-based information distribution

J2ME based viewer/editor of SVG data

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• Presentation of geographic information is greatly appreciated A great part of coordination is location-based Currently mostly deployed on desktop machines Much conceptual contributions could be achieved to

Mobile GeoCollaboration• Long way from concept to implementation to product• Evaluation based on research prototype is difficult• Functionality is the first step, stability the second for

acceptance• Tradeoff between platform independence and device

coverage (=Java) vs. performance (=native, Windows Mobile)

• Emulator – real device discrepancy• Pervasive computing: more (uncontrollable) variables (e.g.

changing context factors, immaturity of technologies) Testing, testing, testing (“in the wild” in particular)

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DAt a GlanceAt a Glance

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USER VALIDATION

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DOverviewOverview

•User Test MethodologyUser Test Methodology Online Pre-Tests

Mock-ups and Questionnaires Controlled Experiments Cooperative Evaluation Test with External Users

•The WORKPAD ShowcasesThe WORKPAD Showcases Without and with WORKPAD

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DUser Test MethodologyUser Test Methodology

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DUser Test Methodology (2)User Test Methodology (2)

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DControlled ExperimentsControlled Experiments

• Lab environments under controlled Lab environments under controlled conditionsconditions

• 2 parts:2 parts: First: during Prague meeting for

technical partners (English) Second: extra, bilateral meeting for

users (Italian)• Direct feedback given to technical Direct feedback given to technical

partners responsible for the partners responsible for the relevant componentsrelevant components

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DCooperative EvaluationCooperative Evaluation

First real user tests with prototypes on mobile devices in the real-world context

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Cooperative Evaluation:Cooperative Evaluation:Summary of ResultsSummary of Results

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First Showcase without First Showcase without WORKPADWORKPAD• In the scope of the 100th anniversary of In the scope of the 100th anniversary of

the Messina earthquake event of PCRCthe Messina earthquake event of PCRC

• Intention of the WORKPAD team:Intention of the WORKPAD team: Better understanding of real world

activities Verifying if storyboards are feasible and

realistic Become familiar with the showcase site

Pentidattilo Practical issues (logistics, power, toilets

etc)

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DThe locationThe location

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Second Showcase Second Showcase withwith WORKPADWORKPAD• Goal:

Show and evaluate the prototypical implementation of the reference architecture proposed in the project WORKPAD

• One week of showcase

• User organisations Carpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco (VVF) The Fire Brigade Provincial Headquarters Corpo Nazionale Soccorso Alpino e Speleologico (CNSAS) Alpine Aid and Speleologic National Body Servizio di Urgenza ed Emergenza Medica (SUEM) Service of Urgency and Medical Emergency Croce Rossa Italiana (CRI) Italian Red Cross Europa Unita (EU) Voluntary organisation Confraternita Misericordia (CM) Voluntary organisation

• Four storyboards

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DThe four storyboardsThe four storyboards

SB1: Assessing an areaSB1: Assessing an area

SB2: Establishing a medical SB2: Establishing a medical point point

SB3: Evacuation of peopleSB3: Evacuation of people

SB4: Configuration of the data SB4: Configuration of the data integrationintegration

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DSome Results…Some Results…

• MetricsMetrics Time span, number of required

assists, correct task outcome, number of errors

• Evaluation is based on task Evaluation is based on task execution forms and interviewsexecution forms and interviews

• Trial and „real“ executionTrial and „real“ execution For interesting conclusions: all

mean values dropped meaning that users accustomed quickly

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Current Modus Operandi vs. Current Modus Operandi vs. WORKPAD ImprovementsWORKPAD Improvements

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DUsers‘ ConclusionsUsers‘ Conclusions

• Active involvement of Protezione Active involvement of Protezione Civile both as institution and as Civile both as institution and as individualsindividuals

• Satisfactory project resultsSatisfactory project results

• Impact of the project on actual Impact of the project on actual procedures and workflowsprocedures and workflows

• Willingness to further exploit Willingness to further exploit project results in real everyday project results in real everyday activityactivity

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CONCLUDINGCONCLUDING

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DLessons LearnedLessons Learned

• Innovative software solutions -- developed Innovative software solutions -- developed on top of reliable emergency on top of reliable emergency communication infrastructures -- have the communication infrastructures -- have the potential to improve emergency potential to improve emergency managementmanagement Coordination Integration of data and knowledge Geo-collaboration

• Users should be involved in research Users should be involved in research projectsprojects UCD approaches

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DSummary and Final RemarksSummary and Final Remarks

• Is a Net-centric approach to disaster risk management feasible? Yes

• If yes, what kind of R&D is needed ? In addition to communication infrastructures, software systems

should be conceived, with disruptive approaches to the current way of working

• What features should the Future Internet have in order to support emergency management effectively ?

Built-in support for mobile devices, high bandwidths also in case of ad-hoc networks

• To what extend multi-disciplinary research should be part of new projects ?

Not an option, a must

Documents

Tiziana Catarci SAPIENZA Università di Roma Dipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica