TITLES FOR FLAPS OCTOBER 21, 2014

1. TYPES OF COMPOUNDS2. ELEMENTS3. CARBOHYDRATES4. LIPIDS5. PROTEINS6. NUCLEIC ACIDS

TYPES OF COMPOUNDS

• COMPOUND- WHEN TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS COMBINE CHEMICALLY.• THE SMALLEST UNIT OF ANY COMPOUND IS CALLED A MOLECULE.• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS DO CONTAIN CARBON• INORGANIC COMPOUNDS DO NOT CONTAIN OXYGEN

• AN ELEMENT IS ANY SUBSTANCE THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES.• THE SMALLEST UNIT OF AN ELEMNT IS CALLED AN ATOM.• EXAMPLES: CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN AND SULFUR

ELEMENTS

• CARBOHYDRATES: FUNCTION IS TO STORE AND PRODUCE ENERGY AND TO MAKE UP SOME CELL PARTS• CONSIST OF CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN• EXAMPLES ARE SUGARS AND STARCHES

CARBOHYDRATES

• LIPIDS: FUNCTION: CELLS USE SOME OF THE ENERGY CONTAINED IN LIPIDS AND STORE SOME ENERGY IN LIPIDS FOR LATER USE.• CONSIST OF CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN• EXAMPLES ARE FATS, OILS, AND WAXES

LIPIDS

PROTEINS

• FORM PARTS OF THE CELL MEMBRANES AND ORGANELLES, • PROTEINS MOLECULES ARE MADE UP OF SMALLER MOLECUSLES CALLED AMINO ACIDS.• ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP PROTEINS ARE CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, AND SOMETIMES SULFUR• EXAMPLE OF ARE ENZYMES WHICH SPEED UP ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS NECESSARY FOR LIFE PROCESSES.

NUCLEIC ACIDS

• NUCLEIC ACIDS CONTAIN INSTRUCTIONS THAT CELLS NEED TO CARRY OUT ALL THE FUNCTIONS OF LIFE.• ELEMENTS: CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN,

PHOSPHORUS• TYPES:1.DNA ( DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) –IS THE GENETIC

MATERIAL THAT CARRIES INFORMATION ABOUT AN ORGANISM AND IS PASSED FROM PARENT TO OFFSPRING. FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS.

2.RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID)-IT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PRODUCTION OF PROTEINS. FOUND IN THE CYTOPLASM AND NUCLEUS.

TITLES FOR FLAPS ON FOLDABLE FOR OCTOBER 20, 2014

1. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS2. EIGHT LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION3. DOMAINS4. KINGDOMS5. TYPE OF CELLS6. KIND OF CELLS

Common Characteristics of all Living Things

• 1. One or more cells• 2. Grow and develop• 3. Have genetic material• 4. Reproduce: Sexually or Asexually• 5. Use energy• 6. Respond to their environment

Eight Levels of Classification

• 1. Domain• 2. Kingdom• 3. Phylum• 4. Class• 5. Order• 6. Family• 7. Genus• 8. Species

Domains

• Bacteria • Archaea• Eukarya

KINGDOMS

• Archaebacteria• Eubacteria• Protista• Animals• Plants• Fungi

TPYES OF CELLS

• Prokaryote-no nucleus• Eukaryote- has a nucleus

Kinds of Cells

• Plant• Animal• Fungi• Bacteria (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)• Protista

NOTES FROM OCTOBER 13- 17, 2014

Why Scientists Classify Organisms?

• Answering Questions: The classification of living things makes it easier for biologist to answer many important questions such as:

1. How many known species are there?2. What are the defining characteristics of each species?3. What are the relationships between these species?

How do Scientists Classify Organisms?

• Classification Today Taxonomists use the eight-level system to classify living things based on shared characteristics.

• Branching Diagrams On a branching diagram, several characteristics are listed along the line that points to the right. Each characteristic is shared by the animals to the right of it.

Branching Diagrams

Scientific Names

• One Species, One Name A scientific name is always the same for a specific kind of organism no matter how many common names there might be.

• Two-Part Names The first part of a species name is the genus name. The first letter of the genus is always capitalized. The second part of the name is the species name and it is always lower case.

Dichotomous Keys

• What Is a Dichotomous Key? A dichotomous key is an identification aid that uses sequential pairs of descriptive statements.

• Two-Part Names By working through the statements in a dichotomous key in order, a person can eventually identify an unknown organism.

How are Organisms Classified?

• What Is Used to Classify Organisms? Organisms are classified by their characteristics.

• Adding New Classification Categories As scientists continue to learn about living things, they add classification categories that account for the characteristics of different organisms.

Three Domains

• Bacteria • Archaea• Eukarya

• *Organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms based on their cell type, their ability to make food, and the number of cells in their body

CELL ORGANELLES AND FUNCTIONS

• SEE NOTES FOR OCTOBER 23 TEST ( ATTACHED WORD DOCOMENT)

Objectives

1. Explain how viruses are similar to and different from living things.

2. List the four major virus shapes.

3. Describe the two kinds of viral reproduction.

Viruses

Viruses are tiny. They are smaller than the smallest bacteria. About 5 billion virus particles could fit in a single drop of blood.

Are Viruses Living

• A virus is a microscopic particle that gets inside a cell and often destroys the cell.• Like living things, viruses contain protein and genetic material. But

viruses don’t act like living things. They can’t eat, grow, break down food, or use oxygen.

Are Viruses Living

Virus Living Thing• Contain genetic material• Do grow and develop• Only reproduces inside a host• Does not use energy• Does not sense and respond to

change in its environment.• Does not have cells• Cannot function on its own; needs a

host

• Contain DNA (genetic material)• Grow and develop• Reproduces• Uses energy• Does sense and respond to change in

its environment.• Has 1 or more cells• Can function on its own (organism)

Classifying Viruses

Viruses can be grouped by:1. Shape2. Type of Disease3. Life Cycle4. Genetic Material

Four Main Shapes

• Crystals

• Cylinders

• Spheres

• Spacecraft

Kinds of Viral Reproduction

• Lytic Cycle- Viruses attack living cells and turn them into virus factories.

Kinds of Viral Reproduction

Kinds of Viral Reproduction

• Lysogenic Cycle- Each new cell gets a copy of the virus’s genes when the host cell divides. The genes stay inactive for long time. When the genes do become active, they begin the lytic cycle and make copies of the virus.

Treating a Virus

Antibiotics do not kill viruses, but scientists have recently developed antiviral medications that stop viruses from reproducing.

Because many viral diseases do not have cures, it is best to prevent a viral infection from happening in the first place. Vaccinations give your immune system a head start in fighting off viruses.

KEY CONCEPTS CHAPTER 3, SECTION 1 • KEY CONCEPTS CHAPTER 3, SECTION 1 1. WHAT ARE ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS?

• A(N) ELEMENT IS ANY SUBSTANCE THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES. ITS SMALLEST UNIT IS THE ATOM• WHEN TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS COMBINE CHEMICALLY, THEY FORM A

COMPOUND.

2.HOW IS WATER IMPORTANT TO THE FUNCTION OF THE CELLS?•MOST CHEMICAL REACTIONS WITHIN CELLS COULD NOT

TAKE PLACE WITHOUT WATER; WATER ALSO HELPS CELLS RETAIN THEIR SIZE AND SHAPE AND HELPS STABILIZE TEMPERATURE.

3.WHAT ARE THE MAIN KINDS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES IN LIVING THINGS?• CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE IMPORTANT

GROUPS OF ORGANIS COMPOUNDS IN LIVING THINGS.

KEY CONCEPTS CHAPTER 3, SECTION 2

• HOW IS OSMOSIS RELATED TO DIFFUSION?DIFFUSION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH SMALL MOLECULES MOVE FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION; OSMOSIS IS THE DIFFUSION OF WATER MOLECULES THROUGH A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE.

• HOW DO MOST SMALL MOLECULES CROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE? SMALL MOLECULES CROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE BY DIFFUSION• WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PASSIVE AND ACTIVE

TRANSPORT? ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRES CELLULAR ENERGY TO MOVE MOLECULES WHILE PASSIVE TRANSPORT DOES NOT.

• WHAT ARE THE TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT?DIFFUSION AND OSOMOSIS

• WHEN WOULD ACTIVE TRANSPORT BE USED?•WHEN A CELL NEEDS TO TAKE IN A SUBSTANCE THAT IS IN A HIGHER CONCENTRATION INSIDE THE CELL THAN OUTSIDE.

KEY CONCEPTS CHAPTER 3, SECTION 2

• WHY IS OSMOSIS IMPORTANT TO CELLS? CELL CANNOT FUNCTION PROPERLY WITHOUT ADEQUATE WATER. SO OSMOSIS WATER MOLECULES ARE DIFFUSED THROUGH THE SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE.

• WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE CELL MEMBRANE?THE CELL MEMBRANE IS SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE, WHICH MEANS THAT SOME SUBSTANCES CAN PASS THROUGH THE MEMBRANE WHILE OTHERS CANNOT.

• WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORTS?1.Endocytosis -cells ingest substances. 2.Exocytosis- processes of releasing contents of the cell to the external environment