Norbert Kučerka

Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics

at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna

Neutron Sources

Idea and History of Pulsed Reactor IBR

Spectrometers at IBR-2M

User Program at Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics

Condensed Matter Research

Historical Overview

p.3

• 1903 – Antoine H. Becquerel & Pierre Curie & Maria Skłodowska-Curie – radiation phenomena

• 1917 – Ernest Rutherford – splitting the atom in a nuclear reaction

• 1932 – James Chadwick - discovery of neutron

• 1932 – John Cockcroft & Ernest Walton – controlled split of nucleus

• 1933 – Leó Szilárd – the idea of nuclear chain reaction

• 1937 – Glenn T. Seaborg – concept of nuclear spallation

• 1942 – Enrico Fermi – the first artificial nuclear reactor Chicago Pile-1

• 1947-1993 – National Research eXperimental reactor

• 1949/1957-2018 – National Research Universal reactor

• 1950-1954 – Ernest O. Lawrence – the first spallation source Materials Testing Accelerator

• 1955 – Dimitry I. Blokhintsev – the idea of pulsed reactor

• 1957/1960-1968-2001 – Ilya M. Frank & Fyodor L. Shapiro – the pulsed reactor IBR, IBR-30

• 1977/1984-2006/2010-2037 – IBR-2, IBR-2M

• 1997/2006-present – Spallation Neutron Source operational

• 2009/2019-future – European Spallation Source constructing

Fission(1933) vs. Spallation(1937) Neutron(1932) Sources

p.4

National Research Universal (1957) reactor at Chalk River, ON

Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge, TN (2006)

Inefficient use of neutrons produced in stationary reactors due to

• monochromators (acceptance~1%)

• choppers in Time-of-Flight methods

Complex systems at spallation sources

Reactors(1942) vs. Accelerators(1951)

Idea of IBR (Импульсный Быстрый Реактор) in 1955

p.5

Institute of Physics and Power Engineering in Obninsk, Russia

The idea of the pulsed fast reactor of neutrons belongs to russian scientist Dimitry Ivanovich Blokhintsev

“Why not fix a part of the reactor active zone on a rim of the disk so that at each revolution this part passes near the stationary zone and creates a supercritical mass for a short time?”

1958 – Nobel Prize in physics to I.M.Frank and I.Ye.Tamm for a theoretical explanation of the Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation (1936-1937)

Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics in 1956-1960

p.6

World’s first reactor of a new type built in 3 years at the FLNP directed by Nobel Laureate Ilya Mikhailovich Frank and under the guidance of Fyodor Lvovich Shapiro

• June 23, 1960 - start-up

• operation power of 1kW

• upgraded to 6kW

High Flux Pulsed Reactor IBR-2 in 1984-2006/2010-2037

p.7

• IBR-2 operating at 2 MW while designed for 4 MW operates from 1984

• modernization of all components 2006-2010

• IBR-2M service life untill 2037

IBR-2M Parameters

p.8

Neutron Sources Around the World

p.9

Report of a technical meeting held in Vienna, 18–21 May 2004 , IAEA-TECDOC-1439 (2005)

Suite of Spectrometers

p.10

physics

47%

chemistry

10%

biology,

biophysics

7%

geosciences

5%

materials

science

26%

applied science

4%

Other

1%

Russian Federation

Azerbaijan

Bulgaria

Belarus

Czech Republic

France

Germany

JINR

Hungary

Latvia

Mongolia

Romania

Poland

Slovakia

Spain

Ukraine

Vietnam

User Program in 2014

p.11

Advantages of Neutrons

p.12

• Charge:

• Magnetic Moment:

• Scattering Power:

==> deep penetration into matter

==> the world smallest magnetometer

==> sensitivity to light elements

==> sensitivity to isotope exchange

Diffraction

p.13

p.14

Real-Time Studies of Li-Based Accumulators

HRFD : Bobrikov I.A., Balagurov A.M. et al. J of Power Sources 258 (2014)

Real-time monitoring of transition processes during charge-discharge cycles revealed 10% increase of LiC6 phase in anode when cathode was doped with vanadium oxide, which correlates with better electrochemical properties.

p.15

Hydrogen-Assisted Phase Transition in MgNi2H3

DN-2 : V.A. Yartys, V.E. Antonov, A.I. Beskrovnyy et al. Acta Materialia 82 (2015)

Magnesium-based alloys and composite materials containing magnesium dihydride (MgH2) are important hydrogen and energy storage materials

Neutron diffraction reveals the positions of D atoms in structure

neutron diffractometer DN-2

Railway Wheel Steel: Crystallographic Texture Changes

p.16

Studying the textures in railway wheel helps to improve technologies in steel industry

SKAT - texture diffractometer (operated by GEOMAR Kiel, Germany)

Strain Measurement on a Granite Sample

Investigations on geological samples help a better understanding of deformation processes, which take place in rocks under conditions of the Earth's upper crust, and during the Earth quakes

The EPSILON Strain-Diffractometer (operated by KIT Karlsruhe, Germany)

Scheffzük, Ch., Zang, A., Stephansson, O., Ullemeyer, K. & Schilling, F.R. Sweden. J. Phys. (2014)

T. Lychagina, D. Nikolayev, A. Sanin, J. Tatarko, & K. Ullemeyer J. Phys. (2014)

Small Angle Scattering

p.17

M.V. Avdeev, V.L. Aksenov, O.V. Tomchuk, et al. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 25 (2013) O.V. Tomchuk, D.S. Volkov, L.A. Bulavin, A.V. Rogachev, et al. J Phys Chem C 119 (2015)

Structural Organization of Detonation NanoDiamonds

p.18

Fractal Analysis of Small Angle Neutron Scattering reveals continuous spatial transition of carbon states in DND liquid dispersions from crystalline diamond inside particles to graphite-like state on surface

Electronics MRI Local therapy Fluorescent chips

Hexogen

TNT

L. Melníková, V.I. Petrenko, M.V. Avdeev, et al. Colloids and Surfaces B 123 (2014) P.Kopcansky, K.Siposova, L.Melnikova, et al. J of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 377 (2015)

Interactions of Nanoparticles with Bio-Macromolecules

p.19

Magnetoferritin

-0,2 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

0.495

0.484

MF LF 160

MF LF 510

MF LF 766

I(0

) (c

m-1

)

0.434

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

MFer 532 10 mg/ml

LA 2 mg/mL

LA + MFer 532 ratio 1:5

p(r

), a

. u

.

r, nm

Destroy of amyloids

Loading factor (LF)

ferri- hydrite

L

Instability of protein shell

Small Angle Neutron Scattering suggests a partial disassembling of the appoferritin shell due to the increasing content of the magnetic (iron oxides) material

SAXS experiments indicate the destroying effect of Mfer on lysozyme amyloid fibrils with the effect increasing with the loading factor.

Reflectometry

p.20

Structural Study of TiN Hardening Coatings

p.21

Reflection coefficients obtained by neutron and X-ray reflectometry and the scattering length

density profile obtained from the experimental data for the TiN(36nm)/Si system.

courtesy of Dr. D.P. Kozlenko

Neutron Activation Analysis

p.22

Atmospheric Deposition of Trace Elements

p.23

Yu.V. Aleksiayenak, M.V. Frontasyeva, M. Florek, et al. J of Environmental Radioactivity 117 (2013)

courtesy of Dr. M.V. Frontasyeva

Moss is used as a biological indicator of radioactive environmental pollution • e.g., Belarus and Slovakia in consequence of the

Chernobyl accident in 1986

Neutron Imaging

p.24

3D reconstruction of internal structure of

Protosequoia cone (cretaceous period)

from Paleontological Institute RAS

3D reconstruction of Fe-Ni alloy

distribution in Seimchan meteorite

Development of Neutron Imaging Techniques

p.25

Radiography

Tomography

courtesy of Dr. D.P. Kozlenko