Title Page: The Predatory Potential of Selected Species of Spiders as Biological Agents in Controlling Insect Pests of Plants

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Republic of the Philippines

NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY

Main Campus I, Dumaguete City

College of Education

THE PREDATORY POTENTIAL OF SELECTED SPECIES OF SPIDERS AS

BIOLOGICAL AGENTS IN CONTROLLING INSECT PEST OF PLANTS

A THESIS

Presented to

Faculty of the College of Education

Negros Oriental State University

Dumaguete City

In Partial Fulfilment

of the Requirements in

Research in Biological Education

By

Agustin, Keiryl A.

Pesalbon, Roygen T.

Rado, Mavreen Seigred E.

Ragay, Pablo Jr. A

March, 2014







ii

APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OFSECONDARY EDUCATION, MAJOR IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE, this RESEARCH

entitled, “THE PREDATORY POTENTIAL OF SELECTED SPECIES OF SPIDERS AS

BIOLOGICAL AGENTS IN CONTROLLING INSECT PEST OF PLANTS” has been prepared and submitted by Keiryl A. Agustin, Roygen T. Pesalbon, Mavreen Siegred E.

Rado, and Pablo A. Ragay Jr, who are hereby recommended for admission to the oral

examination.

CRAIG N. REFUGIO, Ph. D

Adviser

Approved by the Examining Tribunal at the oral examination conducted on

_____________________________ with the grade of ____________.

LIBERTINE C. DE GUZMAN, Ed.D.

Examiner

Date Signed:

EDUARDO Z. ISO, MAT ANDRE ARIEL B. CADIVIDA

Examiner ExaminerDate Signed: Date Signed:

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the BACHELOR OF

SECONDARY EDUCATION, MAJOR IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE.

LIBERTINE DE GUZMAN, Ed. D.Dean, College of Education

Date Signed:







iii

Acknowledgements

Much time and effort has been spent in making this research paper. However, it

would not have been possible without the support and assistance of many individuals who

are involved in this research paper. We would like to take this opportunity to express our

sincere and profound gratitude and deep regards to the persons, in one way or there, have

generously contributed to the success completion of the study.

We would like to express our very great appreciation to Dr. Craig N. Refugio, our

research instructor, for his patient guidance, encouragement and useful critiques and

suggestions on our paper works.

We want to thank our parents for their unending support and encouragement

throughout our study. They are responsible of why this project could be possible.

We are also grateful to our co-majors (“BIOERS") for their helped, company,

cooperation and constant encouragement during the making of this research.

Lastly, we are thankful to our Almighty God for His kindness and loves for letting us

finished our research paper. Without His Almighty guidance, this research paper would not

be possible to accomplish.

The Researchers







iv

Dedication

To our parents and family,

whose selfless love and unwavering support

knows no bound

To our batchmates and friends,

for the barrels of laughter

and buckets of tears

To our mentors,

whose dedication has left

an indelible impression in our lives

To the future teachers,

for the inspiration to continually strive

for excellence

and

To God,

Who’s our beacon and guide,

our strength and solace







v

Abstract

Predation is of great ecological, evolutionary and behavioral interest. The primary

reason for studying is to determine the role of spiders in suppressing pest populations.

Spiders are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems and abundant in both natural and agricultural

habitats. They also have suit adaptations that enable them to wait out periods of low prey

abundance rather than dispersing like some other groups of arthropods predators. Spiders eat

lots of insects, mostly those smaller than themselves. Taken as a whole and given the

diversity of species assemblages in most ecosystems, spiders' primary niche in nearly every

ecosystem is controlling insect populations. The four species of spiders was used in the

study are: Argiope sp., Gastherancantha sp., Neoscona sp. and Heteropoda sp. were

collected from the bushy and grassy ecosystem within the locality of Dumaguete City,

Negros Oriental. The experimental design for this research tends to used random assignment

of selected species of spiders that were gathered on different conditions of the treatment

variable in order to assess the feeding behavior and predatory capacity of these selected

species of spiders to prey on different insect pests in plants.







vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………... i

APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………………………….…. ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………... iii

DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………... iv

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………....v

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………….……………….vi-vii

LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………viii

LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………ix

LIST OF APPENDICES…………………………………………………………......x

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale……………………………………………………………………1-2

Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………. 2

Hypotheses…………………………………………………………………2-3

Assumptions……………………………………………………………….. ..3

Significance of the Study…………………………………………………..3-5

Scope and Limitations of the Study………………………………………….5

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design………………………………………………………..…….6

Research Environment………………………………………….………….6-8

Research Instruments……………………………………………………..….8







vii

Statistical Treatment of Data……………………………………..……..…8-9

Data Gathering Procedure………………………………………….…..…9-15

Review of Related Liter ature…………………………………………....15-18

Definition of Terms……………………………………………………. .18-19

Theoretical Framework of the Study………………………………….…19-22

Conceptual Framework of the Study………………………………………..23

CHAPTER II

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF

DATA……………………………………………………………………2 4-28

CHAPTER III

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS………………………………………………29 -31

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………...……...32-34

Appendices………………………………………………………………………………3 5-37

Curriculum Vitae……………………………………………………………...…………38-41







viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Summary of the Feeding Activity of Spiders 26

2 Table for t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances 27-28

3 Average insect feeding capacity for each species of spider. 29

4 Insect feeding capacity of each selected spiders ranked based 30

on the number of dead insects found killed or eaten on each

cage set up.







ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Spider species collected includes (from top-left to bottom right)

a. Argiope sp. b. Gasteracantha sp. c. Neoscona sp. d. Heteropoda sp. 7

2 Locator map (Satellite image) of Dumaguete City where the research

was done. 8

3 Collection of spiders and insects used during the course of the study. 11

4 Manual hand picking method was used in the collection process.

Spiders and insects in a separate container. 12

5 S pider were hunted under the leaves and along the ground were

they are suspected to be found. 12

6 Hunting of spiders and insects in a grassy and bushy ecosystem. 13

7 Collection of bamboo twigs which will be used as framework

for cage set up. 14

8 Construction of cage set-up were the spiders was placed inside to

keep them from escaping outside. 15

9 The plants were placed inside the finished cage together with the

spiders and the insect pests. 15

10 The finished glass terrarium where the crab spiders were placed in

being covered by a cloth mesh. 16

11 The Schematic diagram of the Conceptual Framework of the Study. 25

12 Feeding Trends in Spiders 29







x

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

1.1 Feeding Activity of Spiders for Day 1 37


1.3 Feeding Activity of Spiders for Day 3 37-38



2 Summary of the Feeding Activity of Spiders 39

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Title Page: The Predatory Potential of Selected Species of Spiders as Biological Agents in Controlling Insect Pests of Plants