Title Is Labrador beach worth conserving? Author(s) Tan Wee Hin Source School of Science’s Seminar, 28 January 1992, Singapore Copyright © 1992 The Author This document may be used for private study or research purpose only. This document or any part of it may not be duplicated and/or distributed without permission of the copyright owner. The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Citation: Tan, W. H. (1992, January). Is Labrador beach worth conserving? Paper presented at the School of Science’s Seminar, Singapore. This document was archived with permission from the copyright holder.

IS LABRADOR BEACH WORTH CONSERVING?

TAN WEE HIN

Paper presented at the School of Science's Seminar, NIE,

on January 28, 1992

IS LABRADOR BEACH WORTH CONSERVING?_

TAN WEE HIN

DMSION OF BIOLOGY

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF. EDUCATION

NANY ANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

IS LABRADOR BEACH WORTH CONSERVING?

Owing in part to its geographical position, Singapore has often been referred to as a

strategic location for commerce and trade, cultural interaction and communication. Not many

people realise that Singapore also enjoys a unique position with respect to marine life. It lies

• · at the centre of the region which houses the richest marine flora and fauna in the world - the

Indo-Pacific Region.

Despite its tiny size and improbable image of being home to countless and diverse

groups of marine organisms, the island continues to surprise the b�chcomber or scuba diver

with its infinite variety of marine life and even rewards the more observant with naming

rights to new species (which await discovery). While each· of these organisms are of intrinsic

scientific and educational interest, many of them have economic, recreational, cultural and

other uses as well.

However, the story of our marine (natural history) heritage and its future has been

filled with woeful episodes of damage and destruction but hopefully not despair.

I watched the disappearance of many shores which I explored as a young lad, an

undergraduate and as a University researcher/lecturer. These were at Marine Parade, Bedok,

Tanjong Rhu, Tanjong Gui, Tuas, Mata Ikan and Tanah Merah. I reconciled myself to the

fact that the reclamation of these shores was essential for our economic well-being .

2

There are a few stretches of mangrove and sand/mud shores still left on the main

island but only one rocky shore remains at Labrador. This tiny 300 metre stretch of naturally

occurring marine rocks and some granitic boulders from inland, has a coral reef abutting the

shore. It has been worked on by at least three generations of marine biologists and 90untless

busloads of school students, teachers, undergraduates and postgraduates.

My colleagues and I often pondered upon the ultimate fate of Labrador but were

nevertheless taken aback on 15 October 1990 when a New Paper headline caught our

attention - Labrador's Unsure Future. Was this the beginning of the end?

A cursory glance at Labrador Beach does not excite the first time visitor because it

looks rather barren at low tide. Most people harbour fixed notions as to what seashores

ought to be like -- perhaps with highly conspicuous plant and animal life, white sand,

swaying palms and bronzed bodies.

Why should anyone wish to keep this tiny but seemingly 'unattractive' patch of rocky

beach intact? Why indeed! Let me address the title I have chosen for this Seminar - Is

Labrador Beach Worth Conserving?

I can think of several arguments that favour its conservation, not least being natural

heritage.

1 NATURAL HERITAGE

- FLORA (PLANTS)

- FAUNA (ANIMALS)

3

The natural flora and fauna of Labrador are unique for mainland Singapore. In fact,

the only other locality where much of this marine life can be found is on the shores of our

southern islands.

Among the flora, of the dozen or so species of larger aquatic plants at Labrador, six

occur nowhere else on the Singapore mainland. These include the sea grapes, green sea fan

and red seaweed. These organisms need a firm substrate and the environment created by a

sheltered rocky shore. They are important in maintaining the biotope and ecosystem.

The fauna is extremely rich and diverse. The fish fauna is essentially th� of the

coral reef type and many species of damselfish, butterfly fish, pipefish, mullets, gobies,

toadfish etc can be easily observed at low tide.

Labrador is the only place on the main island which. boosts of a decent stretch of

corals. Although most of the living corals are rather small, this is ample demonstration that

the environment here is conducive for reproduction and growth (regeneration). Over a dozen

species of hard corals and a half dozen species of sponges can be found in Labrador including

the zebra coral Oulastrea and the Neptune's Cup sponge Petrosia.

4

Other invertebrates too abound. Sea �emones, polychaete worms, gastropod

mollusts, shrimps, prawns and crabs and a host of other creatures thrive at Labrador. As

an illustration, over 45 species of crabs occur here, some 10% of all the known crab species

in Singapore. Among the molluscs, the variety ranges from turban and top shells to cowries,

nudibranchs and octopii.

2 SCIENTIFIC VALUE

I mentioned earlier that Labrador Beach has been a study site for at least three

generations of marine biologists and provided the basis for > 30 academic theses and > 20

academic publications, .many of which appeared in international journals.

The name Labrador Beach is thus familiar to many regional and international

scientists, some of whom have obtained material from the beach for at least part of their

research.

Several species have also been described with the material from or with the type

locality as Labrador Beach. These include the following recent discoveries of new species -

- Galathea coralliophilus Baba & Oh 1990; Thompsonia littoralis Lutzen & Jespersen 1990;

Barona minuta Harminto & Ng 1991; Salduncula murphyi Polhemus 1991.

Following the publication of the Singapore Science Centre's Guide to the Seashore

(Tan & Ng 1988), the Labrador shore has increasingly been visited for educational ends.

The book is based in large measure, on the flora and fauna of Labrador Beach.

3. EDUCATIONAL V ALOE

- UNIVERSITY

- SCHOOLS

5

Labrador Beach has served generations of University undergraduates studying biology,

ecology, environment and coastal management. Countless busloads of school students and

teachers have also made educational visits to and/or attended training courses on this shore.

The ready accessibility of the site has facilitated the teaching of marine ecology and biology

to students and undergraduates alike� Furthermore, the relevance of what they were taught

in the classroom was brought home to them through first-hand experience of the living

organisms and environment of the shore.

For example, the concept of food chains remains largely academic or theoretical, until

a student actually observes barnacles feeding on plankton and certain fish species eating

barnacles at high tide; or some species of crabs tearing at algae and birds swooping on the

crabs at low tide ..

Then he may possibly understand why a better knowledge of marine food chains and

webs is essential for everyone to grasp. What do fish and crabs eat? Do they all eat the

same type of food? What will happen to the fish if their food die out when a shore is

reclaimed? Do people realise that some 80% of the population in developing countries derive

their animal proteins solely from fish and other aquatic animals?

4. RECREATIONAL V ALOE

6

The shore at Labrador may not be the kind the Tourist Board would wish to tout as

a typical tourist attraction, although it is well visited at high tide by swimmers and at low tide

by anglers.

However, there is a growing surge of nature - minded tourists who are looking out

for places to visit of natural history interest. Labrador Beach may be miniscule in area and

not too scenic, but visitors are usually surprised and delighted by the large variety of

organisms living there.

I hope I have presented some cogent reasons for the conservation of Labrador Beach

as a living heritage and as a field laboratory for scientists, students and teachers owing to the

rich diversity of flora and fauna present there.

There is no conflict between the conservation of the shore and the development of the

port area around it as long as measures are taken to present changes to the tidal flow rate

when reclamation works for port development begin. Any reduction in current speed in the

region of the beach may result in siltation and damage to the marine life.

D232/LABRADOR

APPENDIX I

organism. recorded froa Labrador Beach

FLORA: MACROPHYTES

Caulerpa serrata (Sea grapes) Caulerpa lentillifera Avrainvillea (Sea fan) Halimeda tuna Codium Enteromorpha (Green algae) Padina commersoni (Mermaid's fan) Sargassum Halymenia (Red algae) Eucheuma (Red algae) Halophila ovalis Enhalus acoroides (Sea grass) Cymothoea (Short sea grass)

FAUNA

Cnidarians

Three species of jellyfish Two species of colonial anemones Cerianthus (Sea anemone) Stoichactis (Giant sea anemone) Epiactis (Beaded sea anemone) One species of hydroid

Platyhelminthes

At least three species of polyclads (flatworms)

Nemerteans

Gorgonorhynchus (red ribbon worm) At least two other species

Clathria Suberites

Sponges

Petrosia (Neptune's Cup sponge) Ball Glass Sponge At least 6 other species of sponges

Goniastrea (coral) TUrbinaria (coral) Fungia (Mushroom coral) Platygyra (coral) Oulastrea (coral)

Eunice (Palolo worm) Perinereis (Baitworm) Spionid worms Sabellastarte (Fanworm) Hydroides (Keelworm) Galeolaria Chloeia (Glassworm) Iphione (Scaleworm)

Corals

Annelida

Insects, Arachnids and allies

Halovelia (Sea skater) Salduncula murphyi (Sea skater) Pycgnogonids (Sea Spiders) Desis martensi (Marine Spider) Tachypleus gigas (Horseshoe crab)

Crustaceans

cryptodromia pileifera (Dromiid crab) Heteropanope glabra Pilumnopeus eucratoides Pilumnus vespertilio (Hairy crab) Glabropilumnus laevimanus Pilodius melanochira Leptodius exaratus (Pebble crab) Leptodius scaberrimus (Pebble crab) Ozius guttatus Eriphia smithii (Red-eyed reef crab) Myomenippe hardwicki Menippe rumphii Lophozozymus pictor (Mosaic Crab) Euxanthus exsculptus Atergatis integerrimus (Red Egg Crab) Actaeodes·mutatus Matuta lunaris (Moon crab) Neodorippe callida (Carrier crab) Leucosia Portunus pelagicus (Swimming crab) Thalamata spinimana Thalamita crenata

Charybdis natator Macrophthalmus Baruna minuta

Ocypode ceratophthalma (Ghost crab) Uca vocans (Fiddler crab) Uca annulipes (Fiddler crab) Dotilla wichmanni (Soldier crab) Scopimera Ilyoplax Halicarcinus corallicola (Pinhead crab) Schizophrys aspera Micippa philyra Camposcia retusa (Velcro crab) Menathaeus monoceros Hyastenus Metopograpsus oceanicus Nanosesarma Varuna litterata Parthenope longimana (Calthrop crab) Petrolisthes lamarckii (Porcelain crab) Coenobita (land hermit crab) Clibanarius (Hermit crab) Diogenes (Hermit crab) Galathea corallicola (Squat lobster) Upogebia ancylodactyla Callianassa Alpheus (at least three species) (Snapping shrimp) Palaemon sp. Periclimenes (Cleaning prawn) Acetes (Belachan shrimp) Penaeus (Cmmercial prawn) Metapeneaus Harpiosguilla (Mantis Shrimp) Gonodactylus chiragra (Smasher shrimp) Balanus Tetraclita Chthamalus Membranobalanus Thompsonia littoralis Ligia exotica (Sea slater) Sphaeroma Talitrid sandhoppers Cirolanid isopods Cymothoid isopods

Sipunculida

At least two species of sipunculids (Peanut worms)

Molluscs

Cypraea errones (Common cowrie) Cypraea miliaris (Spotted cowrie)

Cerithidea obtusa Batillaria zonalis Strombus urceus (Gong-gong) Strombus canarium (Gong-gong) Lambis lambis (Spider conch) Polinices Natica Nassarius Murex Chicoreus Morula Thais (at least two species) Conus censors

.Monodonta labia Pyrene Drupa Angaria Turbo intercostalis (Turban shell) Trochus (Top shell) Haliotis (Abalone) Acmaea Siphonaria Onchidium (sea slug) Jorunna (nudibranch) Elysia (Leaf slug) Siboga Scutus Bulla (Bubble shell) Nerita (at least two species) Littoraria (Periwinkle) Nodilittorina Planaxis Saccostrea (Oyster) Dentalium (Elephant-tusk shell) Chlamys Barbatia Gafrarium (Clam) Anomalocardia (Heart cockle) Lima lima Mytilopsis sallei Chama (Jewelbox shell) Lithophaga (Date Mussel) Teredo (Shipworm) Ischnochiton (Chiton)

Echinoderms and others

Holothuria (Sea cucumber) Archaster typicus (Starfish) Ophiothrix (Serpent star) Ophiuroids (at least two other species) (Serpent star) Polycarpa (Sea squirt) Tunicata (at least five species)

Fish

Sillaqo Scatophaqus argus (Scat) Snake Blenny Mullet Monacanthus (Filefish) Antennarius (Frogfish) Syngnathus (Pipefish) Siganus (Rabbitfish) Pseudogobius spp. (Goby) Periophthalmus (Mudskipper) Batrachus (Toadfish) Synanceja horrida (Stonefish) Plotosus canius (Catfish) Plotosus albolineatus Paraplotosus albilabris Chelmon rostratus (Butterfly fish) Dischitodus (Damselfish) Abudefduf (Damselfish) Epinephalus tauvina (Grouper) Halichoeres (Wrasse) Muraenid eels Opichthyid eels Tetraodon (Puffer fish) Arothron immaculatus (Green Puffer fish)

5

APPENDIX II

University Theses based on or involving Labrador Beach

Kan, S. P., 1964. studies on the anatomy, histology and general biology of Holothuria coluber. B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 48 pp.·

Lee, M. N. s., 1966. Some observations on the bi ology of Hyastenus sebae (Class: Crustacea, Order: Brachyura, Superfamily: Oxyrhyncha, Family: Majidae). B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 73 pp.

Phoon, H. L., 1966. Studies on the commensal copepod Sunaristes paguri in Singapore. B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 50 pp.

Yeo, S. B., 1966. Studies on the Placunidae, the anatomy, the feeding, the food and commensals of Placuna, Placenta and Placuna sella. B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 74 pp.

Ng, Y. K., 1967. Some studi es of the biology of Modiolus metacalfei (Class Bivalvia) around Singapore shores. B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 66 pp.

Chong, L. W. N., 1968. Some studies on the biology of Euchelus species (Class Gastropoda) found around Singapore shores. B.Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 62 pp.

Chou, L. M., 1969. The Doridid Nudibranchs of Singapore. B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 158 pp.

Pang, J. s. Y., 1969. Some studies on the biology of Cypraea errones Linnaeus. B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 151 pp.

Mok, K. Y., 1970. Aspect of the biology of Actinopyga lecanora Bronn. B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 106 pp.

Ong, M. s. s., 1970. Functional anatomy and histochemistry of the reproductive system of the genus Connus (Linne) and observations on the egg masses and veliger Conus consors (Sowerby). B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 49 pp.

Chan, C. Y., 1971. On some aspects of the biology of Palaemon­like prawns. B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of zoolo gy, University of Singapore, 123 pp.

6

Chan, P. K., 1971. The study of local corals to determine their suitability and possible exploitation for marina aquaria. B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 88 pp.

Ittoogi, E., 1972. study of the biometrics and population dynamics of the Enhalus prawn Periclimenes P. Indicus. B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 132 pp.

Tan, M. B. H., 1972. The biology and development of Tubastrea and the taxonomy of Acropora. B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 155 pp.

Poon, K. H., 1976. Some biological studies on the Fiddler crabs, Uca of Singapore, with special reference to Uca vocans (L. 1758). B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University ofSingapore, 113 pp.

Chan, L. T., 1980. A preliminary study of the effects of land reclamation on the marine fauna of Singapore, with particular reference to the hard corals {Scleractinians). B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore, 130 pp.

Lim, s. s. L., 1980. Biology of the xanthid crab Pilumnus vespertilio {Fabricius) {Crustacea, Decapoda, B rachyura, Xanthidae) with emphasis on larval to post-larval development. B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore, 162 pp.

Teo, L. W., 1982. Marine algae of Singapore. B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Botany, National University of Singapore, 94 pp.

Yap, s. s. M., 1982. Food and feeding habits of an inter-tidal crab Pilumnus respertilio {Fabricus) {Crustacea, Brachyura, Xanthidae). B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore, 94 pp.

,

Ng, P. K. L., 1983. Aspects of the systematics of the family Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819 {Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura) and a study on the evolutionary trends in the superfamily Xanthoidea (sensu Guinot, 1978). B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore, 251 pp.

Ho, W. H., 1988. The family Littorinidae in Singapore. B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore, 151 pp.

Kok, E. G. L., 1988. Systematics and ecology of Mushroom Corals {Scleractinia, Fungiidae). B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore.

Lim, C. F., 1961. Studies on the sipunculida of Singapore, the structur� of the gut, and the food of the sipunculoid -Phascolosoma lurco. M. Sc. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 140 pp.

Ow Yang, c. K., 1963. Studies on the systematics and distribution of marine Brachyura in Malaya with special reference to the families Portunidae and Majidae. M. Sc. The�is, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 268 pp.

Suhaimi, A., 1965. Systematic and biological studies of the barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica) of Singapore �ith special reference to the Balanus amphitrite complex. M. Sc. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 111 pp.

Lee, M. N. s., 1968. studies on the Spider Crab Hyastenus sebae Buitendijk (Decapoda, Brachyura) at Singapore. M. Sc. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 194 pp.

Chai, H. L .,1969. Some studies on the ge nus Lithophaga (Mytilidae, Bivalvia) of the Malay Peninsula, with a review of local Mytilidae. M. Sc. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 163 pp.

Yeo, s. B., 1970. Some studies on the superfamily Anomiacea in Singapore. M. Sc. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 105 pp.

Harminto, s., 1988. Systematics of the family Ocypodidae Rafinesque, 1815, �- lat. (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura) of Southeast Asia. (An attempt to clarify its systematics based on the adult and larval morphology.) M. Sc. Thesis, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore, 193 pp.

Lim, c. F., 1965. Studies on the Arcidae in the Malay Peninsula and adjacent islands with special reference to the genus Anadara. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 207 pp.

Tan, W. H., 1973. A study of the various aspects of the biology of the green mussel Mytilus viridis Linnaeus of importance to its cultivation in Singapore or Johore waters. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, 254 pp.

APPENDIX III

List of scientific/educationa1 publications involving Labrador Beach

Johnson, D. s., 1961. A synopsis of the Decapoda Caridea and Stenopodidea of Singapore, with notes on their distribution and a key to the genera of caridea occuring in Malayan waters. Bulletin of the National Museum Singapore, 30: 44-79.

Wee, Y. C., 1964. A note on the vegetation of Singapore Island. Malayan Forester, 27: 257-266.

Chuang, s. H., 1973. Animal Life and Nature in Singapore. Singapore University Press.

Yang, C. M., 1979. A list of the Brachyura in the Zoological Reference Collection of the Department of Zoology. Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore, Publication No. 14, ix+60 pp. (mimeographed)

Lim, s. s. L. and L. W. H. Tan, 1981. Larval development of the hairy crab, Pilumnus vespertilio (Fabricius) (Brachyura, Xanthidae) in the laboratory and comparisons with larvae of Pilumnus dasypodus Kingsley and Pilumnus s ayi Rathbun. crustaceana, Leiden, 4191): 71-88.

Lim, s. L., K. L. Ng and w. H. ran, 1984. The larval development of Heteropanope glabra Stimpson, 1858 (Decapoda: Xanthidae) in the laboratory. Crustaceana, Leiden, 47(2): 1-16.

Ng, P. K. L. and L. W. H. Tan, 1984. The Indo-Pacific Pilumnidae I. Description of four new species of the genus Pilumnus L e ach, 1815 and definition of a new genus, Bathypilumnus. Journal of the Singapore National Academy of Science. 13: 13-19.

Ng, P. K. L. and L. W. H. Tan, 1984. The 'shell peeling' structure of the box crab Calappa philargius (L.) and other crabs in relation to mollusc shell architecture. Journal of the Singapore National Academy of Science. 13: 195-199.

Ng, P. K. L., 1985. The Decorator Crab - Master of Camouflage. Nature Malaysiana, Kuala Lumpur, 10(1): 20-21.

Lim, s. s. L., L. w. H. Tan and P. K. L. Ng, 1986. The complete larval development of Pilumnopeus eucratoides Stimpson, 1858 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Pilumnidae) in the laboratory. crustaceana, Leiden, 50(3): 265-277.

Ng, P. K. L. and L. w. H. Tan, 1986. The leaf-carrying behaviour of Neodorippe (Neodorippe) callida (Fabricius, 1798), with a note on carrying behaviour of dorippid crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura). Journal of the Singapore National Academy of.Science, 15: 45-47.

It

Tan, L. W. H., S. S. L. Lim and P. K. L. Ng; 1986. The complete larval development of the dromiid crab, Cryptodromia pileifera Alcock, 1899 (Decapoda: Dromiidae) in the laboratory. Journal of Crustacean Biology, U.S.A., 6(1): 111-118.

Wee, Y. c. & R. Corlett, 1986. The City and the Forest. Plant Life in Urban Singapore. Singapore University Press, 186 pp. [BOOK]

Chong, S. S. C. and P. K. L. N g, 1986. The Master Camoufleurs. 4. A Living Roof (Dromiid crabs). Nature Malaysiana, Kuala Lumpur, 11(1): 16-17.

Ng, �- K. L., 1987. The Master camoufleurs. The Upside Down World of the Leaf Porter Crab. Nature Malaysiana, Kuala Lumpur, 12 (2): 14-15.

Tan, L. W. H. and P. K. L. Ng, 1988. A Guide to Seashore Life. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp. [BOOK]

Ng , P • K. L. , L. W. H . Tan , C • s • Ng and P . Gopalakrishnakone, 1988. Poisonous Crabs. Venom and Toxin Research Group, National University of Singapore, Publication No. 7 (Poster).

Ng, ,P. K. L. and L. W. H. Tan, 1988. The iden tities of Heteropilumnus subinteger (Lanchester, 1900) and Heteropilumnus hirsutior (Lanchester, 1900) stat. nov., with description of a new species, Heteropilumnus hol thuisi sp. nov. (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Pilumnidae). Crustaceana, Leiden, 54(1): 13-24.

Baba, K. & s. c. Oh, 1990. Galathea coralliophilus, a new decapod crustacean (Anomura: Galatheidae) from Singapore, Gulf of Thailand, and West Irian. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 103(2): 358-363.

Ng, P. K. L. and L. W. H. Tan, 1990. Animals of A Rocky Shore. Identifying Local Plants and Animals Series No. 20. Singapore Science Centre, 24 slides and 1 pamphlet (Slide Package].

Goh, B. P. L., L. M. Chou and P. K. L. Ng, 1990. Anomuran and brachyuran crab symbionts of Singapore hard corals of the families Acroporidae, Agaraciidae and Pocilloporidae. Indo­Malayan Zoology. Rotterdam, (1989), 6(1): 25-44.

Ltttze n, J. & A. Jespersen, 1990. Records of Thomosonia (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) from Singapore, including description of two new species, � littoralis and T. pilodiae. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Singapore, 38(2): 241-249.

Polhemus, J. T and D. A. Polhemus, 1991. Three new species of Salduncula Brown from the Malay Archipelago, with a key to the known species (Heteroptera: Saldidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Singapore, 39(1): 153-160.

Harmint o, s. and P. K. L. Ng, 1991. A Revision of the Camptandriine genus Baruna Stebbing, 1904 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Decapoda: Ocypodidae), with descriptions of two new species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Singapore, 39(1): ·1s1-201 •

APPENDIX IV

First and third year projects based on or involving Labrador Beach

Cheong, K. F., 1982. A collection of molluscs from a rocky shore in Singapore. First year project, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore.

Liew, M. c. and B. L. Lim, 1982. Gastropod findings of Labrador Beach. First year project, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore.

Lee, Y. F. and S. Wong, 1982. Shells from Labrador and St. John's Beach. First year project, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore.

Lee, P. G. and c. Lim, 1982. Crab collections at Labrador Beach. First year project, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore.

Loh, J. L. A. and D. P. H. Loh, 1982. Crabs-Xanthids (Walking Crabs of Singapore). First year project, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore.

Sit, B. T. ands. Shanti, 1982. The distribution of shells in a selected area at Labrador Park. First year project, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore.

Michael, c. and K. w. Choo, 1983. Crabs of Singapore. First year project, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore.

Kumar, M., F. c. Yee, M. K. H. Yeo ands. L. Yeo, 1984. A survey of the crabs of the west coastal areas of Singapore. First year project, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore.

Loo, M. and P. P. Oei, 1984. Low tide organisms. First year project, Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore.

Soh, R. S. P. and J. K. Y. See, 1984. Project seashells. First year project, Department of zoology, National University of Singapore.

Krishnaveni, c. Chee, D. Kee and A. Chew, 1986. Vertical zonation and larval development of Siphonaria. Third year project, Department of �oology, National University of Singapore.