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8/17/2019 Title and Contents Intro Radiometry and Photometry Ed2
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286418455
Introduction to Radiometry
and Photometry, 2nd Edition
BOOK · DECEMBER 2014
CITATIONS
4
READS
7
1 AUTHOR:
William Mccluney
University of Central Florida
19 PUBLICATIONS 508
CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Available from: William Mccluney
Retrieved on: 26 February 2016
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8/17/2019 Title and Contents Intro Radiometry and Photometry Ed2
2/12
Introduction to Radiometry and Photometry
Second Edition
William Ross McCluney
ARTECH
HOUSE
BOSTON LONDON
a rte c h house corn
8/17/2019 Title and Contents Intro Radiometry and Photometry Ed2
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Library of Congress C ataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U .S. Library of Congress.
British L ibrary Cataloguing in Pub lication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover design by John Gomes
ISBN 13: 978-1-60807-833-2
© 2014 ARTECH HOUSE
685
Canton Street
Norwood, MA 02062
All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book
m ay be reproduced o r utilized in any form or by any m eans, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without p ermission
in writing from the publisher.
All terms m entioned in this book that are know n to be tradem arks or service marks hav e been
appropriately capitalized. A rtech Hou se cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. U se of
a term in this book shou ld not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service
mark.
1 987654321
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Contents
Introduction
xiii
End Notes
xviii
Acknowledgments
xxi
1
Fundamental Concepts of Radiometry
1
1.1
Electromagnetic Radiation
1
1.2
Terminology Conventions
4
1.3
Wavelength Notations and Solid Angle
4
1.4
Fundamental Definitions
7
1.5
Lambertian Radiators and Lambert s Cosine Jaw
13
1.6 Radiance, Irradiance, Intensity, and Flux Relationships
16
1.7
Connection with Electromagnetic Theory
20
1.8
Polarization
22
1.9
Photon Flux
25
1.10
Radiometric Information
28
End Notes
36
V
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Vi
Introduction to Radiometry and Photometry
2
Fundamental Concepts of Photometry
39
2.1
Light
39
2.2 Photom etric Definitions 43
2.2.1
Radiation Luminous Efficacy,
K
and the V-lam bda
Function
47
-
2.2.2
Lighting System Lum inous Efficacy,
K
50
2.3
Lum inance and Brightness
51
2.4
Lum inance and Vision
54
2.5
Disability G lare
57
2.6
Discomfort G lare
59
2.7
Illumination
60
2.7.1
Illuminance Selection
62
End N otes
68
3
lackbodies and Other Sources
1
3.1
lackbody R adiation
1
3.2
lanck's Law
3
3.3
ien Displacem ent Law
7
3.4
um inous Efficacy of Blackbody Radiation
8
3.5
olor and D istribution Tem peratures
9
3.6
m ission Into an Im perfect Vacuum
1
3.7
adiation Exchange
1
3.8
xperimental Approxim ation of a Blackbody
2
3.9
ther Real Sources
3
End N otes
10
6
4
ource/Receiver Flux Transfer Calculations
9
4.1
ntroduction
9
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Conten ts
II
4.2
Geometry and Definitions
100
4.2.1
Case 1
102
4.2.2 Case 2
104
4.2.3
Case 3
104
4.2.4
Case 4
105
4.2.5
Case
5
108
4.2.6
Case 6
109
4.2.7
Case
110
4.3
Configuration Factor
111
4.4
Net Exch ange of Radiation
113
4.5
Summary
114
End Notes
125
5 The Invariance of Radiance and the Limits of
Optical Concentration
127
5.1
Introduction
127
5.2
Rad iance Is a Field Quantity
128
5.3
Pencils of Rays
128
5.4
Elementary Beam Of Radiation
129
5.5
Radiance Invariance
131
5.6
Radiance Invariance at an Interface
132
5.7
Rad iance Through a Lens
134
5.8
Rad iance in Absorbing and Scattering Media
135
5.9
Concentrating Radiance Meter
136
5.10 Th e Limits of Optical Concentration
141
End N otes
145
6
Optical Prop
ertiesof Materials
147
6.1 Introduction
147
6.2
Terminology
148
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VIII
Introduction to Radiometry and Photometry
6.3
urface and Interface O ptical Properties
6.3.1
onductor O ptical Properties
6.3.2
onconductor Optical Properties
6.3.3
urface Emission Properties
6.3.4
ngular Depend ence of D ielectric O ptical Properties
6.3.5
ough Surfaces
6.4
ulk Medium Optical Properties
6.5
roperties of Plane Parallel Plates
6.5.1
onscattering Media
6.5.2
cattering Media
6.6
ngular Dependence
6.7
roadband A ngle Properties
6.7.1
ransmittance and Reflectance Equations
6.7.2
pecular and Diffuse Optical Properties
6.8
pectral Dependence
6 9
roadband Spectral Properties
6.10
pectral Selectivity
End N otes
1
The Detection of Radiation
201
7.1
Introduction 201
7.2
Basic Concepts
202
7.3
Classification of Detectors
208
7.3.1
Thermal Detectors
208
7.3.2
Photemissive Detectors
213
7.3.3
Semiconductor Devices
218
7.3.4
Multielement Detectors, Charge T ransfer Devices,
and Im agers
227
7.4
Detector Noise
231
7.5
Signal Modulation and Radiation Chopping
234
7.6
Characterization of Detector Performance
237
7.6.1
Responsivity,
R
238
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Contents x
7.6.2
Quantum Efficiency,
7
238
7.6.3
Noise Equivalent Power, NEP
239
7.6.4
Detectivity,
D
240
7.6.5
Photon Noise-Limited Performance 240
7 7
Flux Conditoning Prior to the Detector 242
7 7 1
Cosine Response Correction
242
7.7.2
Photopic Correction
245
7.7.3
Spectral Filtering
246
7.8
Signal Cond itioning A ffer the Detector
249
7.9
Detector C alibration
249
7.10
Ex am ple Detectors and Th eir Characteristics
251
End N otes
259
8 Optical Systems
63
8.1 Introduction
263
8.2
Optical Axis 264
8.3
Idealized (Thin) Lens Th eory
265
8.4
Radiance and Irradiance of Im ages
270
8.5
Vignetting
273
8 6
Aberrations
273
8.6.1 Spherical Aberration
273
8.6.2 Chromatic Aberration
276
8.6.3
Distortion
277
8.6.4
Coma
277
8.6.5
Astigmatism
278
8.6.6
Field Curvature
279
8.6.7
Correctiug Aberrations 280
8.6.8
The Diffraction Limit
280
8.7
Image Quality
282
8.8
Flux Distribution
283
8.9
Nonimaging Optical Systems
285
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x
ntroduction to Radiometry and Photometry
8.10
Throughput
287
8.11
Integrating Spheres
289
8.11.1
Cosine Correction
292
8.11.2
Transmissometers and Reflectometers
293
8.12
Monochromators
297
8.12.1
Spectral Filters
297
8.12.2
Scanning M onochromators
304
8.13
Windows
310
8.14
Sources
311
8.15
Goniometers
312
8.16
Transmissometers/Reflectometers
313
8.17
Scattering M eters, Neph elometers, Turbidimeters,
and H aze Meters
313
End Notes
320
9
Radiometers and Photometers
325
9.1
Introduction
325
9.2
General Design Factors
327
9.3
Broadband Irradiance and R adiance Meters
329
9.4
Restricted Spectral Band Irradiance Meters for the
Ultraviolet through the Infrared
333
9.5
Illum inance and Luminance Meters
333
9.6
Spectro radiometers
334
9.7
Calibration of Radiom eters and Photometers
338
9.7.1
Transfer Standards
340
9.7.2
Broadband Irradiance Standard Sources
343
9.7.3
Standard Sources for Spectral'Irradiance and
Spectral Radiance
344
9.7.4
Absolute Radiometry
346
9.7.5
Standard Illum inance and Luminance Sources
351
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Conten ts i
9.7.6
adiometer/Photometer Calibration Using
Standard Sources
51
9.7.7
pectroradiometer Calibration
52
9.7.8
ational Standards Laboratories and Other, Labs
and Instrument Organizations
53
End Notes
55
10 etric Primer and Additional Radiometric and
Photometric Quantities and Units
59
10.1 Introduction
359
10.2 The S I System of Units
360
10.2.1
Basic M etric Principles
360
10.2.2 Metric Units for Radiom etry and Photom etry
363
10.3
The I-P System of U nits
364
10.4
Photon Flux U nits
364
10.5
Other Quantities and Units
365
End Notes
368
11 irtual Measurement: Computerized Optical
Ray Trace Analysis
371
11.1 Introduction
371
11.2 Ray Tracing in Radiometry and Photometry
374
11.3
Rays and Their Limitations in Ray Tracing Program s
374
11.4 Com puterized Optical Ray T racing M ethodology
377
11.5
The Ray Tracing Process
378
11.6
Analysis of Results
383
End Notes
391
12
Basic Concepts of Colpr Science
393
12.1
Introduction
393
12.2
Basic Concepts And D efinitions
394
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xii
ntroduction to Radiometry and Photometry
12.3
System s of Color Specification
399
12.3.1
Munsell Color System
400
12.3.2
CIE 1976
L*a*b)
Color Space
402
12.3.3
Tristimu lus Colorimetry
402
12.4
CIE 1931 C olor System
404
12.5
CIE 1964 Supplem entary Observer Color System
409
12.6
CIE 1976 U niform Color Space
411
12.7
Color Tem perature
414
12.8
Standard Illuminants and Reflection Colorimetry 415
12.8.1
Blackbody Illum inants
417
12.8.2
Daylight Illuminants
419
12.8.3
Reflection Colorimetry
421
12.9
Color Rendering Index
422
12.10
Color Software
425
End N otes
427
Appendix A: Correspondence Between Finite
Elements and the Calculus
431
A. 1
Introduction
431
A.2
Definition of the Derivative
432
A.3
Definition of the Integral
434
A.4
Integrals As Sum s
436
A.5
Sum s over Solid A ngles
437
End N otes
441
Appendix B
Table of Physical and Mathematical Constants
443
About the Author
445
Index
447
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Introduction
Radiometry is a system of language, mathematics, and instrumentation
used to describe and m easure the propagation of electrom agnetic radiation,
including the effects on that radiation of reflection, refraction, absorption,
transmission, and scattering by material substances in their solid, liquid, and
gaseous phases.
Photom etry is a system used for the same purpose when the radiation
is to be detected by the hum an eye, so it applies to a more restricted portion
of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Having the languages of radiom etry and ph otometry helps make the
definitions and exp lanations of various descriptive quantities precise and
meaningful.
Evolution of the subject and the units used.
Radiom etry and photometry
have evolved considerably over the long history of civilization's developm ent of
science and engineering. In the beginning, the terminology used was invented
by early scientists attempting to make sense of the visible world around them.
Thus, m any of the early terms and units predated the more logical and consis-
tent international systems of units and terminology used today, infusing the
early development of this field with a possibly confusing set of names as well as
units for the quantities presented in this book .
For example, the Anglo-Saxon period in England used the North German
foot
335
mm or 12.2 inches in current units) as the basis unit of length and it
was divided into 4 palms or 12 thum bs. A cubit was set to be 2 feet and an elne
to 4 ft. The rod
05
Anglo-Saxon ft) was used for the measurement of larger
distances, including the furlong (10 rods). An acre became 160 square rods and
36,000 Anglo-Saxon feet [1].
From the early English system of physical units there evolved what is
currently known variously as the inch-pound, British imperial, and U.S.
XIII