Title A General Report of the Geological and ... · Title A General Report of the Geological and Palaeontological Survey in Maragheh Area, North-West Iran, 1973 Author(s) Kamei, Tadao;

Title A General Report of the Geological and PalaeontologicalSurvey in Maragheh Area, North-West Iran, 1973

Author(s)Kamei, Tadao; Ikeda, Jiro; Ishida, Hidemi; Ishida, Shiro;Onishi, Ikuo; Partoazar, H; Sasajima, Sadao; Nishimura,Susumu

Citation Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series ofgeology and mineralogy (1977), 43(1-2): 131-164

Issue Date 1977-01-31

URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/186612

Right

Type Departmental Bulletin Paper

Textversion publisher

Kyoto University

MEMolRs oF TrHE FAcuLTy oF SclENcE, KYOTO UNIvERsuTy, SERIES oF GEoL. & MINERAL. Vol. XLIII, No. 1/2, pp. 131-164, Pls 7-9, January 30, 1977

A General Survey

Report of the Geological and Paleontological

in Maragheh Area, North-West Iran, 1973

By

Tadao KAMEi*, Jiro IKEDA**, Hidemi.IsHiDA**,Shiro IsmDA*, Ikuo ONisHi**", H. PARToAzAR',

Sadao SAsAJiMA* and Susumu NIsHIMuRA"

(Received Oct. 20, 1976)

Content

Abstract ...............................................................................................................131

Introduction ..............................................,..........................................................132

Previous Works ......................................................................................................132

General Geography and Geology in Maragheh Area ......................................................134

Excavation at Dareh-e Gorg.......................................................................................136

a. Sites and Trenches ............................,.......,..,...............................................136

b. Condition of fossil preservation .....................................................................141

c. Disposition of fossil bones ...........................,...............................................141

d. Fossil specimens ..........................................................................................141

List of the collected fossils ........................................................................145

Stratigraphy ..............................................,..........................................................146

Palaeomagnetism of Pyroclastic Sediments ...................,..............................................154

Fission-track Age of Pyroclastics and Chronology of Maragheh Formation ........................157Age Estimation of Maragheh Fauna ...........................................................................159

Summary...............................................................................................................161

Acknowledgement ........................................,..........................................................162

References .................................,...............,..........,...............................................162

Abstract

The present article is a general report on the excavation of the bone beds in Maragheh area,

N. W. Iran. The excavation has been done at four sites in Dareh-e Gorg, near Mordagh, inautumn of 1973. Many fossil bones were sampled and those dispositions were recorded. The fossilmaterials excavated in this time were listed, including many cranial and postcranial bones ofiEripparion, Antelope, and other Bovidae, Carnivores, Choerolophodon, etc.

* ***** ' tt

Department of Geology and Mineralogy., Fac. Sci., Kyoto UniversityLab. Physical Anthropology, Zoological Dept., Fac. Sci., Kyoto University

Inst. Geology, Fac. Liter. and Sci., Shimane University

Geological Survey of IranDept. Earth Science, College Liberal Arts, Kyoto University

132 Tadao KAMEi et al.

The fossil bone was obtained from the sediments of 130 m thick in Mordagh area, consistingmainly of the alternations of tuffaceous sandstone and mudstone. Those are assignable to thelower part of the Maragheh Formation. The six tephra were recognized as the distinct markerbeds in those sediments. Then, the sedimentary environment is presumed. Directions of natural remanent magneti-zation of 9 sites were measured. Six pyroclastics including one ash flow of basement were datedby fission-track method and the age of the Maragheh fauna was considered as 6.6 to 6.9 my.

introduction

For the occurrences of fossil bones in the area of Maragheh in North-west Iran

many scientists have paid much attention since the middle of last century. In the

autumn of 1971, three members ofthe Kyoto University Scientific Expedition (KUSE)

team ofJapan, J. IKEDA, S. IsHiDA and N. SHiGEHARA, visited the GeologicalSurvey of Iran (GSD after their field-work in the Siwalik Hills of India and in Sinap

series of Turkey. With the collaboration scheme organized by the GSI, those three

members and F. GoLsHANi, a geologist of the GSI, have carried out a brief recon-naissance survey at Dareh-e Gorg, en route from Mordagh to Kerjaveh in Maragheh

area, during the middle of November of that year.

Having been based on the result, the team determined to conduct more detailed

excavation and geological survey around the vicinity of Maragheh. From September

12th to November lst, the KUSE team has been honorably given again the oppor-tunity to workjointly with the GSI in Maragheh area. The Japanese team con-sisted of five members, J. IKEDA, T. KAMEi, S. IsHiDA, H. IsHiDA and I. ONisHi,

and the Geological Survey of Iran has dispatched H. PARToAzAR, to work inoollaboration with the Japanese team.

In this report, those members of the joint team state the observation of field-work

and excavation at Dareh-e Gorg, and the results of the paleomagnetic study forMaragheh samples by S. SAsAJiMA of Kyoto University and the fission-track agesdetermined by S. NisHiMuRA ofthe same university are included.

Previous Works

The study of the Maragheh bone beds has been undertaken since the middle oflast century, but the story of fossil bone of the area went up in legend far more

ancient time. R.T. GuNTHER (1899), reviewing the paleontological studies on the

bone beds, wrote: "Village people regard the Mastodon bones as the remains of the

big men who lived before the fiood; but the chief man of the village classified the

bones under the heads elephant, deer, swine, unicorn and `devy', or men with hornslike genii."

It was the first scientific paper in which H.W. ABicH (1857) reported tusk of

elephant, remains of deers and fossil onager found from Maragheh which had been

Geological and Paleontological Survey in Maragheh Area, NW iran 133

sent from Russian mission KHANiKoFF to Dorpat University (now, Tortustat Uni-versity, Estonia). KHANiKoFF, who discovered Maragheh bone beds, had been inPersia in 1840. J.F. BRANDT (1870) and C. GREwiNGK (1881) studied the specimens

of Dorpat University which had been sent frorn chemist M.A. GoEBEL, who wasalso a member of KHANiKoFF expedition. Based on ABicH's and BRANDT's works, Maragheh mammals had been con-sidered as Pleistocene fauna including living ones by A. GAuDRy, 1878. E. TiETz(1881) wrote in his "Ueber einige Bildungen derjungeren Epochen in Nord-Persien",

regarding Maragheh mammals as "Steppen lehm" fauna. But another view wasmade by C. GREwiNGK in the same year. He found the presence of Hi parion,Rhinoceros non tichorhinus, Mastodon?, Helladotherium and Tragoceros in thefauna, and pointed out the close relation between Maragheh mammals and those of

Pickermi in Greece. In addition to this, he commented that the living and Pleisto-

cene forms observed in the fauna by ABicH and BikeNNDT might be the materials

derived from cave deposits nearby.

In 1884, H. PoHLiG was invited by a merchant of Tabriz and made ajourney to

Persia, He excavated the bone beds near Maragheh during the season of June andJuly. According to him, "The fossil bones have been found in the reddish marlsat more than six plaoes, at greater or less distances from the city (up to 30 miles),

and at different horizons, which, however, do not differ from each other by any

characteristics of the mammalian fauna." (1886). He intended to publish a mono-

graph of Maragheh fossils, but left only the faunal list and short comment. PoHLiGlisted sixteen species of mammals, and stated, "it seems to me therefore that a Pleisto-

cene fauna does not really oecur in the Maragheh valley". PoHLiG's collection

was mostly deposited in the Museum of Prof. Von FRiTscH at Halle. In summer of 1885, A. RoDLER and E. KiTTLE visited Maragheh and excavatedbone beds by the help of Kaiserliche naturhistorische Hofmuseum of Wien (RoDLER,

1885; KiTTLE, 1885). In the report, KiTTLE enumerated following fossil localities:

Korpan, Korpan-Mescha, Zad-Baschin, Rasat and Ketschara at Murditscha. Thosematerials excavated were sent to the Hofmuseum, and have been studied by KiTTEL

(1887), RoDLER and WEiTHoFER (1890) and G. ScHLEsiNGER (1917). Owing to theirefforts, it became clear that the Maragheh mammals have close relation with those

of Pickemi and Samos and have position in "Pontian" fauna. On the other hand, R. LyDEKKER (1886) formed a notice on fossil materials of

Maragheh which were sent from R. DAMoN to the British Museum. He, admittingthe priority of this study to PoHLiG, stated a significant meaning of the Maragheh

mammals in relation to the western limits ofthe Siwalik fauna of India. He assumed

that the Maragheh beds are of later age than the Lower Siwalik.

On September of 1899, R.T. GuNTHER visited Maragheh and stayed at the houseof Quasha MusHi who had excavated and dispatched bone materials to PoHLiG.


GuNTHER made picking up fossil materials near Kirdjawa (Kerjaveh). The materials

were surveyed by C.I. Forsyth MAJoR who was working about the contemporaneous

fauna of Samos. MAJoR had already reported the remarks on Orycteropus ofMaragheh in 1893. J. de MoRGAN, a scientific mission delegated from Ministry of Public Instruction

of France, had stayed in Persia during 1889-1891. He passed Maragheh in 1889and had much interest in bone beds. His reports on the geology and paleontology

of Persia were published in 1905, but prior to this, M. Marcellin BouLE of museum

d'histore naturell de Paris got in tough with J. de MoRGAN and atso had muchinterest in Maragheh bone beds in 1897. 0n his suggestion, French expedition party

went to Persia in 1904, and excavated bone beds at Kirdjawa (Kerjaveh) near Murdi-

tchal (Mordagh) three times with twelve workers. They also carried out geological

survey at Kingir, Korpan, Chollovend and Mourandjikh. At that time, new fossil

localities were found near Kermedjawan, 26 km east of Maragheh. R. de MEcQuE-NEM, a member of this expedition, wrote short notes in 1905 and 1906. He engaged

in the paleontological works of Maragheh mammals in the museum d`histoirenaturelle and made some reports in 1908 and 1911.

In 1924 and 1925, MEcQENEM published a monograph, "Contribution a 1'etudedes fossiles de Maragha". In this paper, he described 7 families, 26 genera, 32

species ofmammals and two genera ofbirds. Among them, the discovery ofMesopi-thecus from Maragheh was noteworthy. After a long lapse of time, F. TAKAi ofTokyo University of Japan visited Maragheh and picked up some fossil bones atKarjabad in autumn of 1956 (TAKAi, 1958). In 1967, H. ToBiEN, Joh.-GutenbergUniversity of Mainz, visited Iran and excavated Maragheh bone beds. He reported

a fossil list and discussed the occurrence of fossils (ToBiEN, 1968a, b).

Recently, Dutch team of D.P.B. ERDBRiNK and others carried out fieldwork in the region in 1973, and they published excellent results on stratigraphy,

paleomagnetism and K•-Ar dating (ERDBRiNK et al. 1976).

General Geography and Geology in Maragheh Area

In the geological map of Iran arranged by NIOC, the basement of this area is

assigned to the rocks ranging chronologically from Jurassic to Mio-Pliocene, andthe overlying sediments are designated as Plio-Pleistocene (QPI).

The fossil-bearing deposits in Maragheh area is distributed widely ranging more

than 3oo Km in north-south trend and about 500 Km in east-west trend. Kuh-eSahand (3,562 m), mass of extinct volcanoe, is surrounded by those deposits within

the reach of Tabriz, Maragheh, Miandoab and Mianeh (Fig. 1). In this report,the sediments in which abundant fossil vertebrates are contained were named there-

after as the MARAGHEH FORMATION.

Geological and Paleontological Survey in Maragheh Area, NW Iran 135

Our excavated sites are located at Dareh-e Gorg, about 2 Km north-northeast

of Mordagh, the village of about 15 Km east-southeast of Maragheh (Figs. 2, 3 and

4). This area, is characterised by hilly-land extending about 30 Km from the southern

foot (ca, 2,400 m) ofKuh-e Sahand to Mordagh (ca, 1,580 m). In south ofMordagh,

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there is mountainous and hilly area consisting of shales and sandstones belonging

to the Mesozoic marine sediments.

Hilly areas near the excavated sites are semi-desert environment with dry valleys

occasionally dissected in 20 to 30 m depth. The surface elevation of those dissected

hills has altitudes ranging from 1,650 to 1,7oo m and the topography has wide and

low relief. On the top of the hills, residual andesite gravels are scattered in con-

siderable extent. Nearly horizontal layers, mainly consisting of alternations of

tuffaceous sandstone and mudstone, crop out on the surface of slope.

Excayation at Dareh-e Gorg

a. Sites and trenches

The excavation has been carried out at four sites, Site-I, II, III, and IV, in the

vicinity of Dareh-e Gorg (Fig. 5). To this excavation the team applied stepped


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trench method, in order to hold those sites on the steep slope. In the cross-sections

of trenches (Figs. 6-8), each horizon excavated is indicated successively by the

same marks. Site I (Fig. 6) : A trench with 14 steps was cut in the slope from the top of hi11

to the valley floor. As the fossil bones were found only in the lowest, the excava-

tion was proceeded to horizontal direction transversely to the slope.

Site II (Fig. 7) : A trench with 12 steps was cut in the slope from the top of hill

to the valley floor. Fossil bones were unearthed in horizons D and E. For searching

small vertebrate fossils, the mudstone were sampled about one ton each from every

horizons.

Site III (Fig. 8): During the excavation, an intensive work has been paid to

this site. At first, three trenches were dug transversely to the slope. The lowest

one, trench-a, was 10 m in length, and other two, trench-b and -c were 12 m in

length. In the next stage, the horizon-b' which was exposed under trench-c, was


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subdivided into seven layers successively each 20 cm in depth. Stratigraphicallyupper six layers correspond to Horizon-b, but the lowest layer, Layer 7, is equivalent

to Horizon-a. For the convenience of excavation, each trench was divided intofive or six sections, each of which was 2 m in length. Fossil bones were concentrated

in Horizons-b, -c and -b'. The mudstone were sampled at about one ton fromHorizon-b for studying small vertebrate fossils.

Site IV: Many fossil bones were yielded from the trench.

b. Condition offossil preservation

It seems that the preservation of fossil bones is rather well. The matrix wasmoderately hard, and, therefore, various sharply pointed chisels were effective to

pick up bone materials from the matrix. As the fossil bones were so fragile and were

also much distorted, it was necessary to pick up them carefu11y together with surround-

ing matrix. Sometimes, however, it happened to be broken down to pieces.

c. Disposition of fossil bones

Throughout the territory of Dareh-e Gorg, fossil bones were discovered in some

clustered assemblages. In each cluster of bones, the disposition of fossils seems to

have a definite orientation in exposition, as recognized clearly in Layers 4, 5 and 6

of Horizon-b' (Fig. 9). In addition to this, the assemblage of fossil bones seems to

form concentrated piles in some sections and layers, noticeably in Layers 4, 5 and 6

of Sections IV, V and VI (Figs. 9 and 10). From the above-mentioned facts, it may

be possible to deduce that the fossil bones were transported by a sort of a stream.

However, there is another evidence that some fossil bones were found to be standing

obliquely to the surface plane of the bed. Moreover, it was true that some bones,

e.g. Ieg bones of Hipparion, were uncovered in the statas of aniculation in situ.

Accordingly, it is possible to assume that those fossil bones had been transported

by a stream, but not been drifted for a long distance.

d. Fossilspecimens

The fossil materials excavated in this time were listed below. They includemany cranial and postcranial bones of Hi parion, Antelope and other Bovidae,Carnivores, Choerolophodon, etc. As the team adopted stepped trench method forthe excavation, the analysis of fossil assemblages may be possible not only qualita-

tively but also quantitatively.


b'-1SectionM v rv m

"y

gNS

`JS

"'"

D 1rn

b'-2 Sectionvr v rv m"-

o

" Åë

Neb

,,,s.j}$see

6

o lm

b,-3 Section 'Vr

oe

v

s.-.......-..

N

ts

m

Fig. 9.

e

Q lrn kSketch of Horizontal Plane, Showing Fossil Disposition in Layers b' 1-6 of


b'•4 Sectionvr v' N m

l,

iau$"b

1•J s

o

ssu9!..0

.tc=ess!1([\"s" y•Zll7 Nsip

'

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ood

a=='ebkbNg4`.,.vPp

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0.

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Sections IV-VI at Site III

pk

Section wt y W m II I

Layer

c

:t,fit,•f.tkt•.,.,t:,--:,rl:-i.{;•:iL,-;.'t'L'.l•,l,E:,i•;.t"•:.t/fl:.f•Sy,••:••:-•••

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•::l- I.lf,-:;•+.l,.ÅÄ/1"r:•::Eg•]•."A-:::t'/rl!?rl•;,•.t'i,:-F;}ÅÄ.t•t;T•.•:,L=•

' CL• r, ' = '-/,Lt.

1

2

--:f-:;i'"•:-1•;'::-:r-::iLP-'1-;..T.'.'•:t--::ÅÄT•;Ti.L'I.t•-.trt;/",:-:'tE-".i.--::;•;L•fi,'t,.4-:i./'lltt/i--:f.':-I,..tLE!,]-::.ri:ltt.ÅÄ2,l.f,'ei,'."-:•Yv-'"-*'l,:•'.2•l'i•"l:::l:•Itt•ÅÄIl't•-'-.'./"'."7-iiJ•:-:-'l:il

-.•::, J= :X• '-'.-:..:ta. =e :..= : ,•= := •.-• :l:,'::..•s ..:,.

I,:.\'k'li'tF.tLi,i'5'i.g,•,i-l•:.t,l•:.tt,.j2,-",-v".•i,i-'{-'4•;.gt:,.tit:•ti,•,:•:-:#;'•:i'di•r'.i-,..

.. r.-::k:'.tf}:'f••:V•::r•!:h'-::tr,:•+t':.';`/'t'#.t/::-;V.li-:v;':-lihSre-.Sr•:T-.1"i:;rJL"L•ÅÄ7:-::'"••r.•-L#

'-• •t" Fr•}•:,;`,T•gT::•il•#,'tte:t'El:e,:=:l:.J.

sbt . 4 5 6

t•E•}il,-:•.:,.",-...

--"r-)=- .=:'LS 't-: .

tHtJ- t- - Lt; -- ---t----t---- LAJ--vLt ---4 -l ------ -- +

g•:',y•i...'.l•tLl•.i-:i;-;•'ST,i.ll•1••l#•-,}tr,,1•l•tJl•.v.i,:fl .'--'L;:-. =' ,-1•- ;,• = •=;k, :-'.• :: J..h, •=, •,=1,':=•L Tt-::-.,:-::u.i•;lf•Ittii.A.;•r•':'t:•TU'di:•:-"•-•'fÅÄ:-i-::::::i•j•r•:•:t

rr:•?ai. ig. :-r•-.-•T•.:,t",- ':J •-• '- •-;k•tt• •tt.'•T•of ::,t

m-,-i-••

it{'•'i.,/iii•iit,rl':-l"/'l•'k,:.tL:,,f,:,/r•tlg.:.,•,tl/r/•,il,-'1/1''i:":•i-g•'-l/;-;/t:'l.e'

"-•" . L•.-• sr• •=r. =. t•..z:•r•iv s=• =•"'• :X• Lr•st• "Tdr• .v:• •:•••itt,•1•t•;•f•;:.-•4ii-:.-4;•:•l;•,-'-,!.•.lf•.111•tr,,#=,'•;,ic,.:•:,'.;•.:;.;•;•fl'

,fE-,{,g-l'tkl"il,-{'$-ii-gl-;.'ls'S,.,f;f./-E-al.illl,l:llllei-l'ii

rlSn:•'

l'iJ.::i..r'"'

.r.=:•=::tt•-;•:•E•il:ii'E••

,=',3....'. .

'+::-yttt':-I

I

sm-' •:-:i' l]'vii

:

:"",.' ::ti:•' t.)S;it/i:V:'•;"Wf':'te

'

,g,

at

1 thL 7)

EIIIiipinkish White clayE!i[l!] gray. sandy silt

[IIIIIIII]pinkish gray clay

,=.P-tN.

--'- "tex=''Sr•i•

Mreddish brown sandy mud',.Li,i',/:• dark gray sana and gravel

.,. grayel vo fossil

;::'-L-

o"-'-'tslo2m

;lr"•?,li,i'.'•'\•-:.-g•:,,tiE,•.r.{ts/t•tL••i

Itt':I'l:i,l"-i,l:'ttli-:'t'"g":;':'ll'hayer

i.tL'{t/tL,'t.t.1]t..-:$r•:.•:' •c

r.•r.,r•'•X•:•L-•s=

2 3 -b. 4 5 6 cm ro a'

HgBx>KN9pt-

Fig. 10. Sketch of Vertical Plane of the East Wall at Site III


List of the collected fossils

MAMMALIA Proboscidea: Choerolophodon penteleci GAuDRy Broken but rather well preserved cranial bone with 2I, iMi, 2M2 and unerupted

3MS in situ; vertebral bone, probably lumbar vertebra; broken left scapula,

rib bone; broken right humerus; broken left femur without epiphyses; left tibia, phalanges. Those materials are belongings of more than two individ-

uals.

Perisodactyla :

Aceratherium persiae PoHLiG Only one broken left humerus is preserved.

Chilotherium morgani MEcQu. Mandibles, one isolated tooth and one phalanges.

Hi parion gracile KAup Cranial bones are preserved; broken and fragile maxila; mandibles; isolated teeth ; the vertebral bones are composed of one axis, one cervical vertebra and

one thoracic vertebra.

Scapulae, pelvis but broken are present. One left humerus and one right ulna. Metacarpus, one calcaneous, one astragulus, metatarsus, phalanges and one hoof remains are identified.

Artiodactyla:

Suid gen. et sp. indet.

One femur, one fibula may belong to Suid. Helladotherium gaudryi MEcQu. One right maxila with M2, M3 and one broken mandible.

Achtiara coelophrys RoDLER et WEITHoFER Only one isolated tooth is preserved.

GiraMd gen. et sp. indet.

One mandible, one isolated tooth and one calcaneous.

Microstonyx sp. One mandible.

Mandibles and isolated teeth, one pelvis, metatarsals.

Tragocerus spp.

Fragrnental cranial bones, mandibles, isolated teeth, fragmental horns, vertebrae,

scapula, rib bones, pelvis, humerus, tibia, astragalus, calcaneous, metatarsals.


Hippotragus sp.

Fragmental cranial bone, mandible, radius, ulna, metacarpus, tibia.

Oioceros boulei MEcQu.

Fragmental cranial bone, femur. Oioeeros sp.

Tibia.

Carnivora :

Hyaenarctos maraghanus MEcQu. Mandible. ? Machairodus sp.

Mandible.

AVES Struthio sp.

Pelvis.

REPTILIA Ophidia gen. et sp. indet.

Vertebral column. Clemys sp. One shield.

As already mentioned, for the purpose of searching small vertebrate fossils,the materials were sampled at Sites II and III. As the result of carefu1 washing and

sieving by use of 1 mm mesh sieve, contrary to our expectation, no traces of small

vertebrate fossils whatever were recognizable,

Stratigraphy

As the main subject of this research has devoted to the excavation, the geological

survey was carried out only for a week from October 15th to 21st. Due to a very

short field work, the geological survey was compelled only to confine to takesome geological columns in the neighbourhood ofDareh-e Gorg (Figs. 3, 11 and 12).

The sediments 130 m thick in Mordagh area, mainly consisting of alternationsof tuffaceous sandstone and mudstone, are assignable to the lower part of the Mara-

gheh Formation. In this area, it is possible to recognize the following six distinct

marker beds from the view point of tephro-chronological observation.

The Maragheh Formation lies unconformably on the basement rocks nearChekan. At locality 15 (Fig. 3), biotite-bearing ash flow with a bedding plane of

N16OE, 23eW overlies Jurassic ammonite-bearing marine shales with bedding plane

of N260E, 31OS. In other places, gray siltstones of the Maragheh Formation abut


--m-- Scoria bed

--- Upper PumiCe

"".".".. White fine tuff

-Lower PumiceN Mordagh tuff

-"--o 2km

fault

1

t : : s Sargizeh ts

ttMl h-" 1.7hhh )

h- N. C'- .) s)

.

r: N, ,J. .)b<s<,c-.-

,

MomenehN

Aliabad "-. -. N

Kerjaveh

...•.: 1

ee " 'N

t t

K

i "stt=.s"tK'

rs )--E-.t....-

-4:-scN

li -s-://`2.,,.,,,,.,Y

7'b(s:""Vtttt:

l,.- .:"'iiikuti",

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1

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:

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--.r',

v

1

:

.

.

is ,: .s." .: s- h"k "")I

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:, g. IN"

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t

ig..t/f"/`<.- h/

sNlttt i" .sS"

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N .. --.J "-vt .,vze- ,,h

tt.L' / lrt

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N

"'-""--'" "" ""h --- -d ""N "s""j """" s""NIh s""""N>"}"hh

""-""lsl-IJNh"s2"hNn

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t'

hA

di

-- L 1-

lh

ht

'

Eh.3

l

}t

Dash"a.t.a.n.d

7tt ."tLt""ttl"""s"-itt-"tt"tt:.

1=- . t s"' "tttd. ss it:r/'i,::-eti':'i.,,;.s,it'"'t'l:::""

S :.' s"k ttetettt. r.. -"

ts -" " stilsssN ts sslDivrazm`

-r- "ztMh ""uttc

tt;,",""'Mordag"NttS'

s"""" N""""S """"

Karajugh .<N""N"t N'- sE.klNiXN"t

!" il"!ii, 1}1• t--

h

h:

N

h .---.-2 "= .".xN";""3NN t.i/'"'-t'

sN NN-. "ssN x-NSr"

"".N"K" :.-.. S*s'

-- -;- ..l-== ..- N:-: Ei=.:' "scNlt'"3N-'

-4- Sss

lFig. 11 . Geologic Sketch Map in the Neighbourhood of Mordagh


OSargizch

PumicgSqlls

scon' a bed

i,rs,,{.I,E

vev.3.

vVvVv

'i,'1:srr;•'

".' v'v

"." v"v

vVvv

vvvvvvv

vvvvv

vvvvv

vvvvvvvvvvvvvvyvvvvvvv

vvvvvvvvvv

vvvvv

vvvvVYvvvvVvvvvvv

vYvyv

vvvvv

YYvvV

vvvvv

vvvvv

vvvvvvvvvvvv

@Kerjaveh CW)./tittt )ttt

t

i' ..' r=./.,'L/:Ar

@Momenchvvvvvvvv

,,

?/liil/I/

vyVvvvv

vvvV

vvvvvvvvv

vvvVv

vvvv

vv

vvvvv

----

--------k-

?

t'

vvvyvvvYvvv

vvvv

vvvvvyvvvvvvvvvvv

vvv

vv

------t--.s."N ':'bftt' ,"

''=' f`t

vvvvvv' vVYv

.--N---.---- vvVvvv

vvv vvvvV Å}"'i't -yvvvVv----- 'I' %/E•-{i, N.

vw tt tttt

vW ' '

vvv{t

vvvvvvv.

,su,-,t/,eessXst.{

Yvvvvvvv -:- .

vvv ----.

vv ----vvv .-ivvv ----vvv --vvv x

vvvvv

-IS'S•

VYv -----vvv --.

vvvvvvvvvvvv

t-.-.t"t .t

.-;.=?ÅÄ:''r'lti'•t----

vV --' .r,

-i, --- ------.---J-

-

.

t,'

@Kerjaveh (NWN)

vVvVv I/t"J.

I5.'/t

.;V.'J

l•Xx•'--""'-N.t

.-.

@Kerjaveh (SW)

! .1•11,!

'/f/'

!1 ,/.

. 11 ti• //••

/7' I' !i . •t ,11

.,

.I

,

X(1) fossils, loc: no. in Figs. 13 and 14

@ Loc. no. in Fig. 3

•/

/111/

lf/

.x

1!'

itt'-/lil:r,:N:tC'.N1.i'J.-ltlt t-=x/ l-1!1'.'tCL•",(t4-1.•J:..-e.

"'-kt:tt/t/tXx.v

l.•!.tti.

,: !..- .i;1

i.1".t•1-tt

;;ltt- -.-

.:f,.::i• .-../Tl.- -

11////11S/l,,.

-

L- :-:

:l. :.

--.

Il,1i•tt,L,,I

/1111//ti./1i:

.t T:.'t'i

.v-' t.tt,r.:E'

ll•i•I'illl•l,i

tee;• •-

- /-6t,..'S.t"N."}v&.•-

./.-

@Dareh,e Gorg Site I, n

.,•'

es'•5(el.:X-:!!

!I1:'k'.-6.'.-e'i2----t-icll.IZ

m

Fig. 12. Geologic Columnar Sections at the Fifteen Localities in the

Nejghbourhood of Mordagh

oo

•10

o

on alternations of sandstone and mudstone of Mesozoic age. Owing to high relief

of the basement topography, in southern area some fenster hills of the basement

rocks are surrounded by the Maragheh Formation. At 250 m west of Divrazm,hard dacitic fine ash fiow lies on the scoria fall deposit. The ash flow is about 4 m

thick, nearly horizontal, and is cut by fault which runs in N80OW, 44OS. In the north

of fault, there are cobble conglomerates and red sandy mudstones with a dip of 46 ONE

and a strike of N55OW, it seems that cobble conglomerates belong to a member of

the basement rocks and red sandy mudstones may represent a local facies of the


t

@Darche Gorg tilt,\:,

-t )'}l', -"-.b.---i--i-..

h------h----

@Mabad (NE)

------

.-,• -.".-...-.----.-.-.-.

;'i•li,

:t."r'J,`{;'

•ii-1,f.i

"ii:'stÅ}rl"

'n..e.{Xlo)

@A!iabad @Mordagh as) (N)

'ÅÄ'"'ii

:-i""h'

•s ,,='--'-=-ti-t.g.PNsinÅí....TuN.ff.h.-.-.......:"

N. }

:. l,e•Åík{'

, l I,I

i" i 'i.,iii•I:l,

, l ';,i•'ili

l.

I •:•:.:.':•

l •.•].i••:

iii,,•'}l,

.}.{-

llil.-l.

Ii' ,pt•

,11;//•1•,

l} •=t

,

?

x

dlt

x Å~ /- 1 /,

! / !

!//1

/ /

/!//

@MordaghN (NEE) .

/jl/ri

/i'i

/il'

N.,,. Nx

tlt'

/iig

/ii

II'

'cx,,

i,I

il

i.l

il

:.:.:swiandthYpTetTi"d,tle

silt

x. N

"'s'

.

Mordatutffh

rtrud

NN

.

::"[ sandy mud

::.:.: with pebble

:.:.::,

x -.t./

asih flow PUrrlice flOW tuffaceous mud pumice, fall tuff (aslt fall)t;')l ://,'t;'• pumice and sand

muddy ashv' ." volcanic spmd and muddy aslr"l•It.:'i pumice sand

;.:..: gravel

i:.:.:.:. gand

silt-•mud sandy mud-:t fine sand and sht

-

@Mordagh- Dashatan

d----pt-

@Agh Kand

-•--..Q4-g-h Kand Åë)

-•-- -#gas.,

Maragheh Formation. The marker beds were named ascendingly as Mordagh tuff, Lower pumice,White fine tuff, Upper pumice, "Scoria" bed and Pumice falls (3 layers).

Mordagh tuff crops out at the cliff along the waterway for irrigation at 1.2 Km

NEE ofMordagh as shown in Column 8 ofFig. 12. It is 4.1 m thick in total. The

detail lithology and sampled horizons are as follows:

O.4 m reddish-purple pumiceous tuff

O.3 reddish-purple granules


O.5O.5O.21.0

O.5

O.3

O.4

reddish-purple granule breccia bearing muddy ash 73015-2

yellow volcanic medium sandsfall pumices

bedded greenish tuff with intercalation of coarse sand layer

greenish tuff with abundant pumices of 5 mm dia. pumices at the topare 1 cm dia.

volcanic gravels of granule size

green tuff 73010, 73015-1

Lower pumice bed crops out at the slope from Dareh-e Gorg to Kerjaveh. Atthe southwest of Kerjaveh, it is 2.3 m thick.

1.5 m red-brown muds with rounded pumices, 10 cm in max. dia.; two kinds of pumice: light purple, ill-bubbled pumices with O.5 mm long hornblende and white, fibrously bubbled pumices with 1 mm long hornblende and O.5 mm biotite

O.3O.3O.1

O.05O.07

White fine tuff consisting of fine

Site II, and III and IV in Dareh-e

reddish-gray color (10R 5!1 in Munsell's soil

but becomes white in color in dry and weatherd condition.

Upper pumice bed is 2.5 m thick at the top of eastern Dareh-e Gorg, Loc. 7.A variety of pumices are contained as follow:

a) light-reddish purple, somewhat ill-bubbled, 3 mm feldspar is conspicuous,

with biotite and hornblende b) pinkish, ill-bubbled, 1-2 mm quartz and feldspar, with biotite and horn-

blende c) light-purple, ill-bubbled, O.5 mm hornblende, a less amount of phenocryst

d) white, ill-bubbled, partly fibrous, O.2 mm hornblende, a little amount of

phenocryst 2.0 m alternations of volcanic sand and pumiceous sand

O.6

O.2O.1

O.2O.6O.6

volcanic sands and small pumices

pumices, 3 cm in max. dia., matrix a little ash

pumice sands and ash, thin alternated

light pink ash

coarse ash with pumices

glass lies immediately below the fossil bed at Gorg, and 67 cm thick at Site II. This tuff shows color names) at the time of excavation,

rounded pumice gravels of pebble and cobble size

volcanic sands

pumice bedvolcanic sands

rounded pumice gravels of pebble and cobble size

alternations of pumiceous sand and sand


O.5 volcanic sands with lens of pumice pebble O.6 pebble and cobble pumice gravels

O.1 ash O.5 red sandy muds

Scoria bed lying on pumice fiow deposits is O.5-2 m thick and hardjecting like eaves.

Loc. 1, east of Sargizeh O.5 m hard subangular andesite granules, O.5-1 cm dia.

O.4 red-brown pumiceous muds O.2 dark-gray volcanic sand 2.2 red-brown pumice flow

Loc. 2, western southwest of Momeneh O. 8 m hard laminated sands

10

O.3

2.0

1.2m O.4 O.25

2m Pumice fall bed consists of2 or 3 falls

The top of this bed is reverse by graded and shows convolute structure.

Loc. 2, western southwest of Momeneh O.02 m coarse (2-3 mm dia.) fall pumices, reverse by graded

O.02 graded fine (medium sandy) fall pumices O.05 graded coarse (3-5 mm dia.) fall pumices O.15 graded fall pumices

Loc. 1, east of Sargizeh O. 15 m fine laminated (medium sandy) pumices

O.03O.07O.03O.06O.02O.1

, and pro-

laminated coarse sands and granule breccias with pumices pebbleand round-subangular gravels

reddish-brown sandy muds with pumicessubround andesite pebble-bearing pumice flow

Loc, 3. west of Kerjavehangular-subangular granules with 20 cm dia. andesite gravels

3-4 cm dia. pumicevolcanic sands with breccias

pumice fiow

of small pumices, showing graded bedding.

fine ash

yellow fall pumices

fine ash

fall pumices

fine ash

fall pumices


Owing to the fault run at the southside of Mordagh, the Mordagh tuff is notexposed there. Therefore, in the area extending from Mordagh to the south it was

impossible to obtain precise data in this survey.

The uppermost part of the sedjments in the areas of Mordagh and Kerjaveh

o 1

---."t

.t Sargizehss tl2km l / /

** ,Å~/C/1io

Tsi,,eKand Al,.betpt

xld

Moineneh N

tt fXJ.. ,i;{8X

N,

IJ

,,tst.5-

/*slrrr2

Kerjave ss is'x //3Z

K

""s"s"

tT trtlllq""""

"""ltttt-

i .F'..ttt""N

-""s=ttl"

h

X

'1 'ashgt-a.npt..t

""""""sll"ttJtt,"l""Ztrt ttrlllll.[st'C

,F SIJIJ. -S "-- "-tl";/ "sts"S"}"1--"""" ".. l" "N N.- "x"z"" "" "il"N

7 t/ / Il (i choil81>and

l xg s,;.tv"

"x.,

v<E,\,

"gue"t"-...i.l.l-"il.'1"1

""z

-,•ti..N...siz --.-....-ce

"h"

"" /

/ t"

;5-x" Nxk..-,.. /J

b/vk / i / "sit. 7 r= .f=!:- ""."7

.tr...,s' ljitls" li/

.

"T-t--- l I ..",d. t "-:' l ..i,,,,::r S =.lr::r: 1 s

ltJttl-t-et t:. JJI

-"" N

Mor ""N """""l

ag ."""N- :"titSZ

.9'i

-

DivrazR{sSill

Karajugh

eztt

Moghangegh LL

"X."iR:N "Sx5s-LS

tti.""t-:.:a-.'

;'-' tt'" ==

E/c;t:a2'3)rt)b:w>oisE$ssss

si

}t

/ -v-zllf

l/7s?i,<Å~

I/1; NN.....,....,...

'.3'3"li"..bh"-'h'Cil(l."'!'.tlll'ii'5`'""'."t"'S:N <INN

.=.N. ::= ;s" KEIi :E-i .".x.ssv""s. N hhS sN

Fig. 13. Fossil Localities Observed in this Survey


xgZflaEes

op

.9

6sa" ..x

-Åí..

diac

Mg"t$gE•eem<

dggb'

300?

73oo4-N?5.273ooe-N

73012r

10

eo

73019'6.6

73003-N

'XITl2XIO

x89I? X7x56

73oo273oo1----N

730i7<g:gxX23

Xl

15•.

0.5

10-

oo

7,O'

lichology

;gg18>----R-7,2

73e2ih8Z

?

40

4-•5

alt. of ss & msintercalatedash flows &falls{estirnated)

Korde deh ash fZeW

alt. of ss & msintercalatedash flows & falls,10 cm to 1 m thick,in several m. intervales

Sargizeh tuff alt. ss & ms pumice fqlls C3 Zayers) alt. ss & ms "sÅëoria" bed pumice flow

alt. $s & ms

rlPper pmice

alt. ss & rns

Othite fine tuff

alt. ss & msZDwer pumice

alt. of ss a mswith thin iine tuffs

Mordagh tuff

alt. ss & ms

biotite bearing ash flowbiotite bearing ash fiow$h & ss with JurassicA;ru Dnite

Explanation of Fossil Localities

1. Northwest of Mordagh, 20 m lower than Lower pumice 2. North of Mordagh, 5 m lower than Lower pumice 3. South of Kerjaveh, 5 m lower than Lower pumice 4. NortheastofAliabad,belowLower . pumlce 5. North of Mordagh, 5 m upper than Lower pumice 6. Dareh-e Gorg (SiteI), 5m upper than Lower pumice 7. North part of Dareh-e Gorg, 1.5 m' lower than White fine tuff 8. Dareh-e Gorg (Site II, III, IV), O-2

m upper than White fine tuff 9. Northeast part of Dareh-e Gorg O-2 m upper than White fine10. Northeast of Aliabad, 5 m lower , than Upper pumice11. Northeast of Kerjaveh, below Up- . per pumlce12. Northwest of Ghartowol, below Upper pumice

N: Normal PolarityR: ReversedPolarityI : Intermediate Polarity

(Paleomagnetic polarity of

73010 is N.)

Fig.14,VCompiled Geologic Column with List and Stratigraphical Hori- zons of Fossil Localities, Palaeo- magnetic Polarity and Fission-track Age of Pyroclastics

154 Tadao KAMEi et al,

submerges towards north in the area between Sargizeh and Agajari. To the northfrom Agajari, the upper part of the Maragheh Formation is accessible to observe.As to the upper part of this formation, the geological relation was ascertained in the

region from Sargizeh to Korde-deh, the northernmost village of this area. Theupper part of the Maragheh Formation in this area consists mainiy of alternations

of tuffaceous sandstone and mudstone with intercalations of tuff and ash fiow which

are superimposed in every 5 to 10 m intervals. The most of tuff and ash fiow beds

have a thickness of less than 1 m. At Korde-deh, a remarkable non-welding ashflow bed, called as the Korde-deh ash flow, is observed at about 40 m higher above

the river bed. The sediments, ranging from the Pumice falls of lower distinc tmarker

bed below to this upper ash flow, is estimated to be about 90 m thick. Furthermore,

the thickness of the upper part above the Korde-deh ash fiow is estimated as ap-

proximately 300 m as thick. Accordingly, the total amount of thickness of theMaragheh Formation is assumed to be within a range from 500 to 600 m (Fig. 14).

In the lower part of Maragheh Formation, eight horizons of fossil bones can be

discriminated based upon some characteristic interventions of pyroclastics.

Throughout the areas researched, the Maragheh Formation is horizontal ingeneral except for some local disturbance. Such local distortion of the geological

structure is probably due to tectonic warping depending upon the basement structure.

Furthermore, it is recongnized that the area is thrown down by south side down fault,

and those are situated in the fault zone in NW-SE direction which runs through the

northern part of Mordagh.

The Maragheh Formation is composed mainly of alternation of tuffaceoussandstone and mudstone with intercalations of volcanic ejecta such as ash fiow, ash

fall, pumice fiow and so on, Though those sediments have some intercalations of

gravels, no conspicuous conglomerate exists so far as we observed. From theobservation given to those sedirnents, it may be possible to assume that the sedi-

mentary environment had been predominated by fiuviatile condition. On the otherhand, however, the many insertion of red clay within the deposits suggests that the

land had occasionally emerged from subaquatic conditions. Moreover, well pre-served continuity of graded or reversely graded pumice fall and tuff may suggest the

presence of widespread lacustrine environment throughout this area. From theconsideration stated above, it is probable to deduce that there was the repetition of

fiuviatile, steppe and lacustrine environments. During that time, the northernvolcanoes of Mt. Sahand had provided intermitently ash and pumice flows, rangingfrom acid to intermediate type.

Palaeomagnetism of Pyroclastic Sediments

Recent geomagnetic data (1965) obtained at near Maragheh area, about 370

Geological and Paleontological Survey in -Maragheh Area, NW Iran 155

20'N in lattitude and 46020'E in longitude, are about 40E in declination, about

55.5O in inclination and about O.39 gauss in vertical component.

Directions of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) of some pyroclastics were

measured by means ofan astatic magnetometer. Sample, No. 73011 was taken fromthe coarse biotite tuflr, the lowermost Maragheh Formation lying unconformably on

the Jurassic shales at locality 15, south of Chekan. The NRM polarity of thissample is reversed, though only one specimen is available (Fig. 15).

NRMs of nine specimens from sample No. 73010, the basal part of Mordaghtuff at locality 8 are measured before and after rnagnetic cleaning with a peak field

M, N.

7•3003tl-' e"xsstlSl/Xl

73olt!SLs(Noo,.<E.esbx/1'

s-!------

+

t-sILX'Xit3teP-O'i-Qs-xxxxiX,ilf3oo4kXtt,x.,/fikN.x-,)iss,.Q1.-t

IX-

x-.4.......--.X....---tlt

73012

73011o

Fig. 15. Djrections of NRMs, Schmidt's equal area projection

73oo1, oo3 (N): White fine tuff after magnetic cleaning in a peak field of 200 Oe 73004, oo8 (N): Korde-deh ash flow gigll [I})l.: 8:Z:;e/iOttifftebearingaShflOW] notmagneticaiiycieaned

73011 is shown in upper hemisphere + : Direction of the present axial dipole field in this area


of 80 Oe. As shown in Fig. 16, NRMs do not exhibit well grouping after a.f. de-

magnetization of 80 Oe. However, the polarity of this sample is certainly supposed

to be normal. No. 73015-1 was collected from the same part with No. 73010.No. 73015-2 was from the upper part of Mordagh tuff at the same locality. TheirNRM directions are pointing within the variation range of No. 73010.

Sample No. 73001 taken from White fine tuff, II-A bed, was measured by 6specimens, and after magnetic cleaning of 80 Oe it showed normal polarity having

the mean values, declination of N240E and inclination of 450. The top of thistuff, No. 73002 showing disturbed deposition indicates extraordinary directions

(Fig. 16). No. 73oo3 from II-C bed, of which lower part of mudstone bearingfossil bones, shows declination of Nl8 OW and inclination of 36O after a.f. demagneti-

M.N.

o&oc

.xg!iRy'OIOactloE;e

iOB73ols-1CER.+

oioGXQ!.tl8})'K"-'7i

.Xo' ,'

g:1Qx•••'

73010DoioH(gibcSti:oF

OIOA

N73002

.

NNN'

Fig. 16. Directions ofNRMs 73oo2 (I?): White fine tuff; only one specimen after magnetic cleaning in a peak

field of 1oo Oe aower hemisphere) 73010 (N) : Mordagh tuff after magnetic cleaning in a peak field of 80 Oe

73015 (N): Mordagh tuff


zation of 80 Oe (Fig. 15).

No. 73012, the basal part of Sergizeh ash flow, 8 m higher than Pumice fa11,

shows intermediate polarity, 900E in declination and 550 in inclination. Threespecimens from the lowest part of Korde-deh ash fiow, No. 73oo4 and O08 all show

normal polarity, although their declination are quite different (Fig. 15).

Thus, the NRMs of the pyroclastics intercalated in Maragheh Formation showalmost normal polarity excepting the basal one. This is not consistent with the

postulation for the stratigraphic position of the Maragheh fauna, as BERGGREN and

Van CouvERiNG (1974) considered in palaeomagnetic stratigraphy as comparativelonger reversed polarity event c of Epoch 7.

Fission-track Age of Pyroclastics and Chronology of Maragheh Formation

Seven fission-track ages of zircons in pyroclastics were obtained.

Zircon, because of its high uranium impurity content, its fragmental occurrence

in common clastic rocks and of its high temperature stability, is suitable for the

application of fission-track dating. Zircon crystals were separated from samples

using the standard separating procedure with heavy solutions and isodynamicseparator. For obtaining the best etching of fission-tracks in zircon it requires

2 hours in 1:1 concH2SO` and 55O/. HF at 1800C using tefron capusule in stainless

steel container which is similar to what was designed by NisHiMuRA (1975).

For the reactor run, a small amount of zircon was packed in a plastic container

and irradiated in a reactor of Kyoto University of which neutron flux was alsocalibrated by the fission-track method (HAsHiMoTo et al., 1969).

Fission-track age, T yr, can be represented by the following equation (FLEiscHER

and PRicE, 1964);

T== -1- in [i+i Pps, ÅëopO]

where p, is the fossil fission-track density (cm-2), pi the induced track density by

bombardment with the thermal neutrons (cm-2), the total decay constant for uranium

(yr-i), af the fission decay constant for 2SSU (we used 6.85Å~10-i7 yr-i, Nishimura,

1975), c the thermal neutron cross section for fission 2S5U (cm2), Åë the thermal neutron

dose (cm-2), and v the isotope ratio 235U/2SSU respectively. If T were smaller than

109 yr, the equation can be written

T=6.12Å~lo-sÅë Ps . pi Ages of zircons obtained from pyroclastics are given in Table 1. The precision

of the dates was usually under 10O/., being calculated from the sum of errors deter-


mined on the number of spontaneous and induced tracks counted in the volcaniccrystals and the number of tracks counted in the standard.

Errors in the uranium determination of the standard, in the decay constant and

in ununiform distribution of uranium in crystals were not included. It is estimated

Table 1. Fission-track ages of zircons of pyroclastics in Maragheh Formation

Sarnple No.Spontaneousfission-track

density Ps (Cm-2)

Inducedfission-track

density Pi (Cm-2)

Thermalneutron dose

Åë (CM-2)

Fission-track

age

T (my)

73021

73020

73017

73017

73019

73oo4

73010

6.3Å~lo6

9.3Å~105

7.2Å~lo5

9.1Å~105

1.1Å~lo6

6.6Å~lo5

1.1Å~106

5.2Å~106

8.3Å~106

9.2Å~106

4.6Å~106

5.5Å~106

4.2Å~106

5.2Å~106

1.10Å~10i5

1.05Å~10is

1.05Å~10is

O.54Å~10is

O.54Å~10i5

O.54Å~10ifi

O.54Å~1Ois

82

72 5.0

6.5

6.6

5.2

7.0

MY

8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

---.---- -- :------L---

-- ----- -.--h----::------..-..

----- h----- .

+l

;,

--.- -"----- ------ ---- -.- s---.-.--.s --li--------

----s- "--------- ---.-. h----- -h--.-. -----

o

Fig. 17. Fission-track ages

Maragheh Formation

1oo

and thickness of beds

2oo

between specimens and base of

3oom


at about 5-10O/..

On the other hand, when we get the fission-track age of each crystal inone sample, the standard deviation is about 15 O/,.

Then, accuracy of these dates is under 200/.. In Fig. 17, the range of Å}20%

to each value is shown.

Age Estimation of Maragheh Fauna

A fu11 succession of the Maragheh Formation is composed mostly of the productof fluviatile deposition. Therefore, it seems that there are some diMculties in the

discussion of age estimation when we wish to combine fission-track age detemination

and paleomagnetic polarities of those deposits. In fact, the relation between the

fission-track ages and the stratigraphic horizons are examined basing on the results

of the measurement for the basal part of this Formation (Fig. 14).

At the road cut, west of Divrazum, biotite-bearing dacite ash fiow of the base-

ment is exposed. The result of fission-track age of that rock (Sample No. 73021)

is 82.0 my and suggests the surface erosion of continental environment in the Late

Cretaceous. The basal biotite tuff of Maragheh Formation (No. 73011) indicates

reversed polarity, and the same rock (No. 73020) is 7.2 my in fission-track age.

Successively, tephra layers intercalated in the Maragheh Formation have following

fission-track ages; the basal part of the Mordagh tuff (No. 73010) is 7.0 my; pumice

gravel from the Lower pumice bed (No. 73017) reveals 5.0 and 6.5 my; pumice gravel

from the Upper pumice bed (No. 73019) is 6.6 my; the lowest part of Korde-deh ash

flow is 5.2 my. Because of an internal inconsistency we may discard a value of 5.0

my for the Lower pumice. Referring to the Late Neogene paleomagneto-stratigraphy reported by BERGGRENand Van CouvERiNG (1974), the present paleomagnetic data and fission-track ages

of the Maragheh Formation are very effective in making strict correlation of Neogene

stratigraphy. The basal ash fiow (7.2 my, reversed polarity) is correlatable with

Epoch 7-b of BERGGREN and Van CouvERiNG. The Mordagh tuff (7.0 my, normalpolarity) may be correlated to the normal interval between a and b of Epoch 7.The fission-track age and the polarity of the Korde-deh ash flow, 5.2 my, normal

polarity, is inconsistent to the estimation of BERGGREN and Van CouvERiNG inpaleomagneto-stratigraphy. On the other hand, the horizon of Maragheh fauna inour excavation is represented by the White tuff and it is measured as older than 6.6 my

or younger than 6.5 my, normal polarity. Therefore, it may be reasonable to take such

assumption into consideration for the age estimation of the Maragheh fauna basing

upon the fission-track age, the geomagnetic polarity and the thickness values of the

sediments between the marker beds. On the consistency concerning the thickness and

fission-track age, it seems to be reasonable to adopt the values of7.2, 7.0 and 6.6 my


for the basal ash flow, the Mordagh tuff and the Upper pumice. In this way, it may be

possible to designate the stratigraphical position of the Lower pumice to 6.8 my of the

upper part of Epoch 7, and the Korde-deh ash flow to 5.8 my of the lower part ofEpoch 5. As the result, those considerations will lead a conclusion that the White tuff

of the normal polarity is corrrelatable to the top of Epoch 7, and then, about 6.7 my.

Accordingly, it seems to be reasonable to estimate that the ages of the 12 localities of

Maragheh fauna range from 6.6 to 6.9 my. BERGGREN and Van CouvERiNG (1974) considered that the Maragheh fauna wascontemporaneous with Hipparion fauna of Morocco, Melka el Ouidane (Camp-Berteaux). As the K-A age of Melka el Ouidane is reported as 7.4 my (CHouBERT

T PALEOMAGNETICEUROPEAN

LANDMAMMAL

CONTINENTALVERTEBRATEFAUNAS PERITerHYSmmy

STRATIGRAPHYEPOCH&AGE

AGE EUROPE&N.AFRICA TURKEY IRAN SIWALIKHILLS

LANDSEVENTS

Firstappearanceof4.e TATROr thphas

GILBERTPLIOCENE z$

-Z

U5,O 8 Anharmpithecrs

zec ROUSSILLON SYNAPMOYEN

EPOCH5 $kco

KAVAKDERE-6.0 8 EvaperiteCetlrys

EPOCH6 E D,)pptthecttsGigantoptthecttS

COBANPINAR MARAGHEH DHOKPATHANMesoPithecas

a Duterendationof7.0 Hi'n

Zc < MELKAELOUIDANE

m H SAMOS57.4K-Ats A ZateSteppeFauna

8,O

< Z opt A < et

EPOCH8 z H p SAMOSI•4S.5K•Am z e PIKERMro o

9.0 oect

EPocH9NE

oH

10.0Tnltiationefrelatively

cootsummeranddryclimate

EPocH10 z BACCINELLO Oreopt'thecus11.0 $Z 2 EarlyStqppeFauna<--- H

m " AAA <g <> >12,O EPOCH11 s E

Mca

Ran:aPithecrs

HOWENEGG125K•AINONA NAGRrFirstHippan'en'

Fig. 18. Correlation chart of the Maragheh fauna and its equivalents


et al, 1968), BERGGREN and Van CouvERiNG assigned the stratigraphical position of

Maragheh fauna to thec of Epoch 7. Recently, ERDBRiNK et al. (1976) published a report, "The bone bearing bedsnear Maragheh in N.W. Iran". In the article, they stated precisely geology, strati-

graphy, K-A dating and paleomagnetic survey in the Maragheh area. Their in-vestigation is very profitable for us to make the present report. However, it should

be mentioned that the results of our survey leads to another conclusion as to the

time range of the bone bearing beds and the age of the Maragheh fauna.

According to ERDBRiNK and others, the range of the bone bearing beds nearMaragheh has a duration of about 10 mi11ion years. In opposition to this, theresult of our investigation suggests that the Maragheh fauna covers a longevity of

about 2 million years. Moreover, being taken into consideration faunal assemblage,

it seems adequate to correlate the Maragheh fauna with Late steppe fauna (7.4 my),

rather than with Early steppe fauna (12.5 my).

Here is given our tentative correlation of the Maragheh fauna with other faunas

in the neighbourhood and with BERGGREN and Van CouvERiNG's paleomagneto-stratigraphy (Fig. 18). Anyhow, it is not to say that the synthetic study on the

Maragheh fauna has important role in the study of Cenozoic vertebrate evolutionin Asia, Europe and Africa. Therefore, it is necessary to continue the study of the

Maragheh Formation, more precisely and syntheticaly from the view points ofgeology, stratigraphy, paleontology, paleomagnetism, geochronology and so on.

Summary

The geological and paleontological survey in Maragheh area was carried outby the joint team of Kyoto University and Geological Survey of Iran, 1973. Theyexcavated at four sites in the vicinity of Dareh•-e Gorg, about 2 km north-northeast

of Mordagh and about 15 km east-southeast of Maragheh. The excavation wasperformed by the stepped trench method, And the fossils were sampled qualitatively

as well as quantitatively.

There are many pockets of fossil bone assemblage. It may be possible to assume

that those fossil bones had been transported by a stream, but never been drifted for

a long distance, The collected fossils contain many mammals, birds and reptilesas listed.

The fossil-bearing sediments were named as the Maragheh Formation. It iscomposed mainly of alternation of sandstone and mudstone with intercalations ofvolcanic ejecta such as ash fiow, ash fall, pumice flow and so on. The deductionfrom the lithology reveals the repetition of fluviatile, steppe and lacustrine environ-

ments. The Maragheh Formation is estimated to be within a range from 500 to600 m in thickness. The sediments of 130 m thick distributed in Mordagh area are


assignable to the lower part of this Formation.

NRMs of pyroclastic sediments shows almost normal polarity excepting thebasal one. Seven fission-track ages of zircons in 6 pyroclastic layers were given.

The fission-track agcs and paleomagnetic data were compared with the paleomagnetic

stratigraphy by BERGGREN and Van CouvERiNG (1974). It is estimated that the ages

of the Maragheh fauna range from 6.6 to 6.9 my.

Acknowledgement

Thanks are due to the Ministry of Education of Japan and Geological Surveyof Iran, for providing agrant in aid ofthis research. Gratefu1 acknowledgement is

made to Dr. N. KHADEM, the former Managing Director of the Geological Survey of

Iran, and staff members ofthe G.S.I. especially to Mr. H. TARAz, Dr, M. MEHRNusH,

Mr. M.H. NABAvi, Mr. F. GoLsHANI, for their helpful advices and help to the expedi-

tion. The authors are much indebted to Mr. R. AssEF, the PREsENT ManagingDirector of the Geological Survey of Iran for his kind permission to publish the

report. Thanks are also due to Mr. N. SHiGEHARA of Dokkyo Medical College forhis cooperation, and also to late Mr. S. OMAcHi, Mr. A. YosHiKAwA, Mr. F. OKiTsu

of Iranian Petroleum Company at Teheran for their friendly guidance and hospitality.

References

BERGGREN, W.A. and J.A. Van CouvERiNG 1974: The late Neogene-Biostratigraphy, geochrony- nology and paleoclimatology of the last 15 million years in marine and continental sequences.

Palaeogeography, Palaeoelimatology, Palaeeecology 16, 1!2, 1-216.

CHouBERT, G., R. CHARLoT, A. FAuRE-MuRET, L. HoTTiNGER, J. MARcAls, D. TissERANT and P. VmAL 1968: Note preliminaire sur le volcanism e messinien-"pontien" au Maroc. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. D, 266, 197-199.

ERDBRiNK, D.P.B, H.N.A. PRiEM, E.H. HEBEDA, C.C.P. DANKERs and S,A.P.L. CLoE[[iNGH 1976: The bone bearing beds near Maragheh in N. W. IRAN I. Koninkl. Nederl. Akad. van PVe- tenschappen-Amsterdam Ser. B, 79 (2), 85-101.

, , , and 1976: The bone bearing beds near Mar- agheh in N. W. IRAN II. ibid 102-113.FLEiscHER, R.L. and P.B. PRicE 1964: Techniques for geological dating of minerals by chemical etching of fission fragment tracks. Geoehim. Cosmoehim. Acta, 28, 1705-1714.GREvviNcK, C. 1881: Ueber fossile Stiugethiere von Maragha in Persien. Jahrg. Verhandl. k. k. Geologisch Reichsanstalt, Nr. 15, 296.

GuNTHER, R.T. 1899: The Pliocene Mammalia of the Bone-beds of Maragha. The Jour. of Linnean Soc. ZooL 27 (177), 376-378.HAsHiMoTo, T., S. IwATA, S. NismMuRA, T. NAKANisHi, and M. SAKANouE 1969: Measure- ments of reactor neutron flux by fission-track method. Paper 9th Ja. Conf. Radioisotopes, 231-234.KmT.E, E. 1885: Die fossile Saugethier-Fauna von Maragha in Persien. Jahrg. Verhandl. k. k. Geologisch Reichsanstalt, Nr. 16/17, 397-399.

1887: Beitrage zur Kenntniss der fossilen Saugethiere yon Maragha in Persien. I.


Carnivoren. AnnaL k. k. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 2 (4), 317-338, taf. 14-18.

LyDEKKER, R. 1886: On the Fossil Mammalia of Maragha, in North-western Persia. euart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 42, 173-176.MEcQuENEM, R. de 1924-1925: Contribution a 1'etude des Fossiles de Maragha. Annales de Paliontologie, 13 (1924), 135-160, pl. 19-22; 14 (1925), 1-62, pl. 1-5.

NrsHrMuRA, S. 1975: On the problem of the application of fission-track dating for tephrochrono- logy. (in Japanese) Tsukumo Earth Seience, No. 10, 1-8, College Liber. Arts, Kyoto Univ.OzANsoy, F. 1965: Etude des Gisements Continentaux et des Marnrniferes du Cenozoique de Turquie. Mtim. de la Soc, GtioL de France, N.S. 44 (1), Mem. 102, 1-92, pl 1-10.

PoHuG, H. 1884: Geologische Untersuchungen in Persien. Jahrg. Verhandl. k. k. Geologisch Reichsanst., Nr. 14, 280T284. 1886: On the Pliocene of Maragha, Persia, and its Resemblance to that of Pikermi in Greece; on Fossil Elephant Remains of Caucassia and Persia; and on the Results of a Mono- graph of the Fossil Elephants of Germany and Italy. euart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 42, 177-183.RoDLER, A. 1885: Das Knochenlager und die Fauna von Maragha. Jahrg. Verhandle. k. k. Geologisch Reichsanst., Nr. 14, 333-337. 1889: Ueber Urmistherium Polaki, einer neuen sivatheriiden aus dem Knochenfelde von Maragha. Denksch. d. Math.-Natur. Classe der K. Akad. der Miss.. 56.RoDLER, A. und K.A. WEiTHoFER 1890: Die Wiederkauer von Maragha. Denksch. d. Math.- Natur. Classe der K. Akad, der PViss., 52.

TAKAi, F. 1958: Vertebrate fossiles from Maragha. (in Japanese) Oriental Culture, No. 26, 7-11. Inst. Orient. Cult., Univ. Tokyo.ToBiEN, H. 1967: Subdivision ofPontian Mammalian Faunas. Commitee Mediterranean Neogene stratigraphy. Proc. IV Session, Bologna 1967 Giornale di Geologia (2) 35, 1, 1-5.

1968: Palaontologische Ausgrabungen nach jungtertiaren Wirbeltieren auf der Insel Chios (Griechenland) und bei Maragheh (NW-Iran). Jahrb. d. Ver. "Freunde der Universitb't

Mainz", 51-58.

164 Tadao KAMEI et a!•

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Explanation of Plate 7

Excavation Sites of Upper Dareh-e Gorg, Site I to III from left to right (south view)

Site I and III (southwest view)Scoria bed and Upper Pumice bed between Kerjaveh and Chollevand (south view)Fossil disposition in Layer b'-4 at site III (north view)

Oocurrence of the mandible of Hipparion gracile (Site I)

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.


Choerolophodon penteleci GAuDRy, left side view of the sku11.

ibid, palatinal view of iM'.2Mt in situ. (112)

(1/4)

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.


Hi parion gracile KAup, palatinal view with 4P.iM.2M.8M,ibid, astragalus (upper) and metacarpus aower).

unit of seale is 1 cm each.

Mi.M2.M8.

Mem. Fac. Sci,, Kyoto Univ., Ser. Geol. & Min., Vol. XLIII, No. 112 Pl. 7

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KAMEi et al. : Geological and Paleontological Survey in Maragheh

Documents

Title A General Report of the Geological and ... · Title A General Report of the Geological and Palaeontological Survey in Maragheh Area, North-West Iran, 1973 Author(s) Kamei, Tadao;