Title 9 - Liberty and Security 2007

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Title NineCRIMES AGAINST PERSONAL LIBERTY AND

SECURITY

Chapter One. CRIMES AGAINST LIBERTY

Section One Illegal DetentionArticle 2!. "i#napping an# $erio%$ illegal

#etentionArticle 2&. Slight illegal DetentionArticle 2'. (nla)*%l arre$t

Section T)o "i#napping o* Minor$Article 2!+. "i#napping an# *ail%re to ret%rn a

,inorArticle 2!-. In#%cing a ,inor to aan#on hi$

ho,e

Section Three Sla/er0 an# $er/it%#eArticle 2!2. Sla/er0Article 2!1. Eploitation o* Chil# LaorArticle 2!3. Ser/ice ren#ere# %n#er co,p%l$ion

in pa0,ent o* #et

Chapter T)o CRIMES AGAINST SEC(RITY

Section One Aan#on,ent o* helple$$ per$on$an#

eploitation o* ,inor$Article 2!4. Aan#on,ent o* per$on$ in #anger

an# aan#on,ent o* one5$ o)n /icti,

Article 2!. Aan#oning a ,inorArticle 2!!. Aan#on,ent o* ,inor 0 per$on

entr%$te# )ith hi$ c%$to#06 in#i7erence o*parent$

Article 2!&. Eploitation o* ,inor$Article 2!'. A##itional penaltie$ *or other

o7en$e$

Section T)o Tre$pa$$ to #)ellingArticle 2&+. 8%ali9e# tre$pa$$ to #)ellingArticle 2&-. Other *or,$ o* tre$pa$$

Section Three Threat$ an# CoercionArticle 2&2. Gra/e threat$Article 2&1. Light threat$Article 2&3. Bon# *or goo# eha/iorArticle 2&4. Other light threat$Article 2&. Gra/e coercion$Article 2&!. Light coercion$Article 2&&. Other $i,ilar coercion$ :co,p%l$or0

p%rcha$e o* ,erchan#i$e an# pa0,ent o*)age$ 0 ,ean$ o* to;en$ or in an0

other ,anner #epri/e$ the latter o* hi$liert06

1. The act o* #etention or ;i#napping ,%$t eillegal6

3. In the co,,i$$ion o* the o7en$e> an0 o*the *ollo)ing circ%,$tance$ i$ pre$ent

a. The ;i#napping la$t$ *or ,orethan 1 #a0$6

. It i$ co,,itte# $i,%latingp%lic a%thorit06

c. An0 $erio%$ ph0$ical in%rie$are inicte# %pon the per$on;i#nappe# or #etaine# or threat$ to ;illhi, are ,a#e6 or

#. The per$on ;i#nappe# or#etaine# i$ a ,inor> *e,ale> or a p%licocer.

I* the o7en#er i$ a p%lic

ocer> the cri,e i$ aritrar0 #etention.The p%lic ocer ,%$t ha/e a #%t0 %n#erthe la) to #etain a per$on to e liale *oraritrar0 #etention. I* he ha$ no $%ch #%t0>an# he #etain$ a per$on> he i$ liale %n#erthi$ article.

Fhen the /icti, i$ a ,inor an#

the acc%$e# i$ one o* the parent$> thepenalt0 $hall e arre$to ,a0or or a 9ne notecee#ing 1++ pe$o$ or oth :Article 2!->par. 29, from his father, ?eliciano. Jefferson wasinstructed to bring the ransom to a snack center. ?eliciano

did not allow his son to bring the ransom and e8plained tothe kidnappers that Jefferson was in shock and could notgo. hen asked about the ransom money, he told thecaller that he could only give 7 i* the p%lic ocer ha$ the legal

a%thorit0 to arre$t an# #etain a per$on> %tthe arre$t i$ )itho%t legal gro%n#. I* thep%lic ocer ha$ no a%thorit0 to arre$t an##etain a per$on> or i* he #i# not act in hi$ocial capacit0> he $ho%l# e p%ni$he# *or%nla)*%l arre$t %n#er thi$ article. Co,pare)ith art. 2!

The ,oti/e o* the per$on

arre$ting i$ controlling. I' (i# !%r!$#e i#t$ deli&er t$ !r$!er %t($ritie#1 t(i#rticle !!lie#. A$ence o* thi$ ,oti/e

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)orromeo alias $onny, a bakery helper of 0owena who hadbeen discharged by her due to negative attitude problems,kidnapped her *'year and %'months old son. The ne8t day,$onny demanded a 7&&,&&& ransom. He was convicted ofkidnapping a minor for ransom and was sentenced to death.

H!"# There is no -uestion that the elements of kidnapping

for ransom were sufficiently established# 1a2 the accused isa private individualD 1b2 the accused kidnapped or detainedthe victim and deprived him of his libertyD and, 1c2 thedeprivation of the victim6s liberty was illegal. As providedfor in Art. 45% of the 07( as amended, the imposition ofthe death penalty is mandatory if the victim is a minor andalso, if the kidnapping was committed for the purpose ofe8torting ransom from the victim or any other person.

/; (A), the minority of enneth was never disputed. Theminority and the demand for the payment of ransom, bothspecifically described in the /nformation, were clearlyestablished by the $tate, free of any scintilla of doubt.

People v. orromeo %2000'

?A(T$# )orromeo alias $onny, a bakery helper of0owena who had been discharged by her due to negativeattitude problems, kidnapped her *'year and %'months oldson. The ne8t day, $onny demanded a 7&&,&&& ransom. Hewas convicted of kidnapping a minor for ransom and wassentenced to death.

H!"# There is no -uestion that the elements ofkidnapping for ransom were sufficiently established# 1a2 theaccused is a private individualD 1b2 the accused kidnappedor detained the victim and deprived him of his libertyD and,1c2 the deprivation of the victim6s liberty was illegal. Asprovided for in Art. 45% of the 07( as amended, theimposition of the death penalty is mandatory if the victimis a minor and also, if the kidnapping was committed forthe purpose of e8torting ransom from the victim or anyother person.

/; (A), the minority of enneth was neverdisputed. The minority and the demand for the payment ofransom, both specifically described in the /nformation,were clearly established by the $tate, free of any scintillaof doubt.

People v. Pastrana" &*, SCR$ &42

?A(T$# 7ostejo, working as a domestic helper in(anada, has four children namely, Jenny, "oroteo, Aresola,and


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Article 273. Ind%cin" -in$r t$ ,nd$n(i# ($-e

Ele,ent$

-. A ,inor :)hether o/er or %n#er $e/en0ear$ o* age< i$ li/ing in the ho,e o* hi$parent$ or g%ar#ian$ or the per$onentr%$te# )ith hi$ c%$to#06

2. O7en#er in#%ce$ $ai# ,inor toaan#on $%ch ho,e.

The in#%ce,ent ,%$t e

act%al> co,,itte# )ith cri,inal intent> an##eter,ine# 0 a )ill to ca%$e #a,age.

It i$ not nece$$ar0 that the

,inor act%all0 aan#on$ hi$ ho,e> a$ longa$ there i$ in#%ce,ent.

The ,inor $ho%l# not lea/e hi$

ho,e o* hi$ o)n *ree )ill. =ather or ,other ,a0 co,,it

thi$ cri,e :a$ )ell a$ Article 2!+ i* theparent$ are li/ing $eparatel0 an# c%$to#0ha$ een gi/en to one o* the,.

Article 272. Sl&er*

Ele,ent$

-. O7en#er p%rcha$e$> $ell$> ;i#nap$ or#etain$ a h%,an eing6

2. The p%rpo$e o* the o7en#er i$ toen$la/e $%ch h%,an eing.

I* the p%rpo$e o* the o7en#er i$

to a$$ign the o7en#e# part0 to $o,ei,,oral trac :pro$tit%tion the penalt0 i$higher.

Di7erentiate# *ro, ;i#napping

I* the p%rpo$e i$ to en$la/e the /icti,> thecri,e i$ $la/er06 other)i$e the cri,e i$;i#napping or illegal #etention.

Article 274. E5!l$itti$n $' c(ild l,$r

Ele,ent$

-. O7en#er retain$ a ,inor in hi$$er/ice$6

2. It i$ again$t the )ill o* the ,inor61. It i$ %n#er the pretet o*

rei,%r$ing hi,$el* o* a #et inc%rre# 0an a$cen#ant> g%ar#ian or per$onentr%$te# )ith the c%$to#0 o* $%ch ,inor.

The ei$tence o* an

in#ete#ne$$ con$tit%te$ no legal

%$ti9cation *or hol#ing a per$on an##epri/ing hi, o* hi$ *ree#o, to li/e )herehe )ill$.

Article 27. Ser&ice# rendered %nderc$-!%l#i$n in !*-ent $' de,t

Ele,ent$

-. O7en#er co,pel$ a #etor to )or; *orhi,> either a$ ho%$ehol# $er/ant or *ar,laorer6

2. It i$ again$t the #etor5$ )ill61. The p%rpo$e i$ to re%ire or en*orce the

pa0,ent o* a #et.

Ser&ice %nderc$-!%l#i$n

E5!l$itti$n $' c(ildl,$r

Doe$ not #i$ting%i$h)hether the /icti, i$ a,inor or not

?icti, ,%$t e a ,inor

The #etor hi,$el* i$ the

one co,pelle# to )or;*or the o7en#er

The ,inor i$ co,pelle#

to ren#er $er/ice$ *or the$%ppo$e# #et o* hi$parent or g%ar#ian

Li,ite# to ho%$ehol#)or; or *ar, laor

Ser/ice i$ not li,ite#

Article 27. A,nd$n-ent $' !er#$n# indn"er nd ,nd$n-ent $' $ne+# $0n&icti-

Act$ p%ni$hale

-. =ailing to ren#er a$$i$tance to an0per$on )ho, the o7en#er 9n#$ in an

%ninhaite# place )o%n#e# or in #anger o*#0ing )hen he can ren#er $%ch a$$i$tance)itho%t #etri,ent to hi,$el*> %nle$$ $%cho,i$$ion $hall con$tit%te a ,ore $erio%$o7en$e.

Ele,ent$

a. The place i$ not inhaite#6. Acc%$e# *o%n# there a per$on

)o%n#e# or in #anger o* #0ing6c. Acc%$e# can ren#er a$$i$tance

)itho%t #etri,ent to hi,$el*6#. Acc%$e# *ail$ to ren#er

a$$i$tance.

2. =ailing to help or ren#er a$$i$tance toanother )ho, the o7en#er ha$acci#entall0 )o%n#e# or in%re#6

1. B0 *ailing to #eli/er a chil#> %n#er$e/en 0ear$ o* age> )ho, the o7en#er ha$*o%n# aan#one#> to the a%thoritie$ or tohi$ *a,il0> or 0 *ailing to ta;e hi, to a$a*e place.

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I* a per$on intentionall0

)o%n#$ another an# lea/e$ hi, in an%ninhaite# place> he $hall not e liale%n#er thi$ article eca%$e e #i# not =INDhi, )o%n#e# or in #anger o* #0ing.

It i$ i,,aterial that the

o7en#er #i# not ;no) that the chil# i$

%n#er $e/en 0ear$. The chil# %n#er $e/en ,%$t e

*o%n# 0 the acc%$e# in an %n$a*e place.

Lamera vs. C$

An owner'type jeep driven by !amera hit and bumped atricycle, damaging the said tricycle and injuring the driverand passenger in the process. Two separate informationswere filed, one for reckless imprudence resulting indamage to property and multiple physical injuries andanother one for abandonment of ones victim.

H!"# The rule on double jeopardy cannot be applied inthis case because the two informations were for separate

offensesK the first falls under -uasi'offenses while thesecond is a crime against security.

Article 276. A,nd$nin" -in$r

Ele,ent$

-. O7en#er ha$ the c%$to#0 o* a chil#62. The chil# i$ %n#er $e/en 0ear$ o*

age61. e aan#on$ $%ch chil#63. e ha$ no intent to ;ill the chil#

)hen the latter i$ aan#one#.

Circ%,$tance$ %ali*0ing the o7en$e

-. Fhen the #eath o* the ,inor re$%lte#*ro, $%ch aan#on,ent6 or

2. I* the li*e o* the ,inor )a$ in #angereca%$e o* the aan#on,ent.

Fhen there i$ intent to ;ill> thi$

article #oe$ not appl0. The p%rpo$e inaan#oning the ,inor ,%$t e to a/oi# theoligation o* ta;ing care o* $ai# ,inor.

The r%ling that intent to ;ill i$

pre$%,e# *ro, the #eath o* the /icti, i$applicale onl0 to cri,e$ again$t per$on$>

an# not to cri,e$ again$t $ec%rit0>partic%larl0 the cri,e in thi$ article.

A per,anent> con$cio%$ an#

#elierate aan#on,ent i$ re%ire# in thi$article. There ,%$t e an interr%ption o*the care an# protection the ,inor nee#$ 0rea$on o* hi$ age.

arent$ g%ilt0 o* aan#on,ent

$hall e #epri/e# o* their parentala%thorit0.

Article 277. A,nd$n-ent $' -in$r ,*t(e !er#$n entr%#ted 0it( (i# c%#t$d*8indi)erence $' !rent#

Act$ p%ni$hale

-. Deli/ering a ,inor to a p%licin$tit%tion or other per$on$ )itho%t thecon$ent o* the one )ho entr%$te# $%ch,inor to the care o* the o7en#er or> in thea$ence o* that one> )itho%t the con$ent o*the proper a%thoritie$6

Ele,ent$

a. O7en#er ha$ charge o* therearing or e#%cation o* a ,inor6

. e #eli/er$ $ai# ,inor to ap%lic in$tit%tion or other per$on$6

c. The one )ho entr%$te# $%ch

chil# to the o7en#er ha$ not con$ente#to $%ch act6 or i* the one )ho entr%$te#$%ch chil# to the o7en#er i$ a$ent> theproper a%thoritie$ ha/e not con$ente#to it.

2. Neglecting hi$ :o7en#er5$< chil#ren 0not gi/ing the, the e#%cation )hich their$tation in li*e re%ire$ an# 9nancialcon#ition per,it$.

Ele,ent$

a. O7en#er i$ a parent6. e neglect$ hi$ chil#ren 0 not gi/ingthe, e#%cation6

c. i$ $tation in li*e re%ire$ $%che#%cation an# hi$ 9nancial con#itionper,it$ it.

Article 276 Article 277

The c%$to#0 o* theo7en#er i$ $tate# ingeneral

The c%$to#0 o* theo7en#er i$ $peci9c> thati$> the c%$to#0 *or therearing or e#%cation o*the ,inor

The ,inor i$ %n#er !0ear$ o* age

The ,inor i$ %n#er 2-0ear$ o* age

Minor i$ aan#one# in$%ch a$ )a0 a$ to#epri/e hi, o* the carean# protection that hi$ten#er 0ear$ nee#

The ,inor i$ #eli/ere# toa p%lic in$tit%tion orother per$on

Oligation to e#%cate chil#ren

ter,inate$> i* the ,other an# chil#renre*%$e )itho%t goo# rea$on to li/e )ith theacc%$e#.

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=ail%re to gi/e e#%cation ,%$t

e #%e to #elierate #e$ire to e/a#e $%choligation. I* the parent$ cannot gi/ee#%cation eca%$e the0 ha# no ,ean$ to#o $o> then the0 )ill not e liale %n#erthi$ article.

Article 27. E5!l$itti$n $' -in$r#

Act$ p%ni$hale

-. Ca%$ing an0 o0 or girl %n#er - 0ear$o* age to per*or, an0 #angero%$ *eat o*alancing> ph0$ical $trength or contortion>the o7en#er eing an0 per$on6

2. E,plo0ing chil#ren %n#er - 0ear$ o*age )ho are not the chil#ren or#e$cen#ant$ o* the o7en#er in ehiition$o* acroat> g0,na$t> ropeH)al;er> #i/er> or)il#Hani,al ta,er> the o7en#er eing anacroat> etc.> or circ%$ ,anager orengage# in a $i,ilar calling6

1. E,plo0ing an0 #e$cen#ant %n#er -20ear$ o* age in #angero%$ ehiition$en%,erate# in the net prece#ingparagraph> the o7en#er eing engage# inan0 o* the $ai# calling$6

3. Deli/ering a chil# %n#er - 0ear$ o* age grat%ito%$l0 to an0 per$on *ollo)ingan0 o* the calling$ en%,erate# inparagraph 2> or to an0 hait%al /agrant oreggar> the o7en#er eing an a$cen#ant>g%ar#ian> teacher or per$on entr%$te# inan0 capacit0 )ith the care o* $%ch chil#6an#

4. In#%cing an0 chil# %n#er - 0ear$ o* age to aan#on the ho,e o* it$a$cen#ant$> g%ar#ian$> c%rator$ orteacher$ to *ollo) an0 per$on engage# inan0 o* the calling$ ,entione# in paragraph2 or to acco,pan0 an0 hait%al /agrant oreggar> the o7en#er eing an0 per$on.

E5!l$itti$n $' -in$r#9!r. :

Ind%cin" -in$r t$,nd$n (i# ($-e

%rpo$e o* in#%cing,inor i$ to aan#onho,e i$ to *ollo) an0per$on engage# in an0 o*

the calling$ o* eing anacroat> g0,na$t> etc.

No $%ch p%rpo$e

Minor %n#er - 0ear$ o*age

Minor %n#er 2- 0ear$ o*age

I* the #eli/er0 o* the chil# to

an0 per$on *ollo)ing an0 o* the calling$en%,erate#> i$ ,a#e in con$i#eration o*an0 price> co,pen$ation or pro,i$e> thepenalt0 i$ higher.

The o7en#er $hall e #epri/e#

o* parental a%thorit0 or g%ar#ian$hip. Eploitation o* ,inor$ re*er$ to

act$ en#angering the li*e or $a*et0 o* the,inor.

R.A. 763

S!ecil Pr$tecti$n $' C(ildren "in#t C(ildA,%#e1 E5!l$itti$n nd Di#cri-inti$n Act

A. C;ILD PROSTITUTION

?

Chil#ren> )hether ,ale or *e,ale> )ho *or ,one0>pro9t> or an0 other con$i#eration or #%e to thecoercion or in%ence o* an0 a#%lt> $0n#icateor gro%p> in#%lge in $e%al interco%r$e orla$ci/io%$ con#%ct> are #ee,e# to e chil#reneploite# in pro$tit%tion an# other $e%ala%$e.

'cilitteorind%cechil# pro$tit%tion> )hich incl%#e> %t are notli,ite# to> the *ollo)ing

a. Acting a$ a proc%rer o* a chil# pro$tit%te6. In#%cing a per$on to e a client o* a chil#

pro$tit%te 0 ,ean$ o* )ritten or orala#/erti$e,ent$ or other $i,ilar ,ean$6

c. Ta;ing a#/antage o* in%ence orrelation$hip to proc%re a chil# a$ pro$tit%te6

#. Threatening or %$ing /iolence to)ar#$ achil# to engage hi, a$ a pro$tit%te6 or

e. Gi/ing ,onetar0 con$i#eration> goo#$ orother pec%niar0 ene9t to a chil# )ith intentto engage $%ch chil# in pro$tit%tion.

2. Tho$e )ho c$--it t(e ct $' #e5%linterc$%r#e $r l#ci&i$%# c$nd%ct )ith a chil#eploite# in pro$tit%tion or $%ect to other $e%ala%$e6

- I* the /icti, i$ %n#er -2> the perpetrator$$hall e pro$ec%te# *or rape an# orla$ci/io%$ con#%ct %n#er the RC a$ theca$e ,a0 e

- o)e/er> the penalt0 *or la$ci/io%$ con#%ct)hen the /icti, i$ %n#er t)el/e :-2< 0ear$o* age $hall e higher :recl%$ion te,poral init$ ,e#i%, perio# ,a$$age clinic> health cl% an# other $i,ilare$tali$h,ent$.

B. C;ILD TRAICKING

%t not li,ite#

to> the act o* ,%*in" nd #ellin" o* a chil# *or,one0> or *or an0 other con$i#eration> or arter.

ho$pital$>clinic$> n%r$erie$> #a0Hcare center$> or other chil#H#%ring in$tit%tion$ 0($ cn ,e $)ered *or thep%rpo$e o* chil# trac;ing.

C. OBSCENE PUBLICATIONS AND INDECENTS;O %$e> per$%a#e>in#%ce or coerce a chil# to per*or, in o$ceneehiition$ an# in#ecent $ho)$> )hether li/e or in/i#eo> or ,o#el in o$cene p%lication$ orpornographic ,aterial$ or to #ell or #i$tri%te the$ai# ,aterial$.

D. OT;ER PERSONS PUNIS;ABLE UNDER T;EACT

-. An0 per$on )ho $hall co,,it n* $t(er ct# $'c(ild ,%#e1 cr%elt* $r e5!l$itti$n or to ere$pon$ile *or other con#ition$ pre%#icial to thechil#J$ #e/elop,ent incl%#ing tho$e co/ere# 0Article 4' o* D +1 :cri,inal liailit0 o* parent$ #%e

to aan#on,ent> neglect etc. %t not co/ere# 0the RC6

2. An0 per$on )ho $hall ;eep or ha/e in hi$c$-!n*a ,inor> t)el/e :-2< 0ear$ or %n#er or )hoi$ ten :-+< 0ear$ or ,ore hi$ %nior in an0 p%lic orpri/ate place> hotel> ,otel> eer oint> #i$cothe%e>caaret> pen$ion ho%$e> $a%na or ,a$$age parlor>each an#Kor other to%ri$t re$ort or $i,ilar place$(NLESS $Khe i$ relate# to the ,inor )ithin the *o%rth#egree o* con$ang%init0 or anit0 or an0 on#recogni@e# 0 la)> local c%$to, an# tra#ition or act$in the per*or,ance o* a $ocial> ,oral or legal #%t0.

1. An0 per$on )ho $hall ind%ce1 deli&er $r $)era,inor to an0 one prohiite# 0 thi$ Act to ;eep or

ha/e in hi$ co,pan0 a ,inor a$ pro/i#e# in theprece#ing paragraph6

3. An0 per$on> o)ner> ,anager or one entr%$te# )iththe operation o* an0 p%lic or pri/ate place o*acco,,o#ation> )hether *or occ%panc0> *oo#> #rin;or other)i$e> incl%#ing re$i#ential place$> )holl$0# n* !er#$n t$ te l$n")ith hi, to $%chplace or place$ an0 ,inor herein #e$crie#6

4. An0 per$on )ho $hall %#e1 c$erce1 '$rce $rinti-idte #treet c(ildor an0 other chil# to6

- Beg or %$e egging a$ a ,ean$ o* li/ing6- Act a$ con#%it or ,i##le,en in #r%g

trac;ing or p%$hing6- Con#%ct an0 illegal acti/itie$

E. the ocer or e,plo0ee thereo* )ho i$re$pon$ile *or the /iolation o* thi$ Act $hall $%7er



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the penalt0 i,po$e# in it$ ,ai,%, perio#6

1. The penalt0 pro/i#e# herein $hall e i,po$e# in it$,ai,%, perio# )hen the perpetrator i$ ana$cen#ant> parent g%ar#ian> $tepparent or collateralrelati/e )ithin the $econ# #egree o* con$ang%init0 oranit0> or a ,anager or o)ner o* an e$tali$h,ent)hich ha$ no licen$e to operate or it$ licen$e ha$

epire# or ha$ een re/o;e#6

3. Fhen the o7en#er i$ a *oreigner> he $hall e#eporte# i,,e#iatel0 a*ter $er/ice o* $entence an#*ore/er arre# *ro, entr0 to the co%ntr06

4. The penalt0 pro/i#e# *or in thi$ Act $hall ei,po$e# in it$ ,ai,%, perio# i* the o7en#er i$ ap%lic ocer or e,plo0ee> together )ith the penalt0o* #i$%ali9cation or $%$pen$ion #epen#ing on thepenalt0 i,po$e#6

. A 9ne to e #eter,ine# 0 the co%rt $hall ei,po$e# an# a#,ini$tere# a$ a ca$h *%n# 0 theDepart,ent o* Social Fel*are an# De/elop,ent an##i$%r$e# *or the rehailitation o* each chil# /icti,>

or an0 i,,e#iate ,e,er o* hi$ *a,il0 i* the latter i$the perpetrator o* the o7en$e.

People v. Delantar %200,'

Appellants violation of $ec. >, Art. /// of 0.A. ;o. %5*& is asclear as day. The provision penaliCes anyone who engagesin or promotes, facilitates or induces child prostitutioneither by# (1) acting as a procurer of a child prostitute;or (2) inducing a person to be a client of a child

prostitute by means of written or oral advertisementsor other similar means; or (3) by taking advantage ofinfluence or relationship to procure a child as a

prostitute; or (4) threatening or using violence towards

a child to engage him as a prostitute; or (5) givingmonetary consideration goods or other pecuniarybenefits to the child with the intent to engage suchchild in prostitution!

The purpose of the law is to provide special protection tochildren from all forms of abuse, neglect, cruelty,e8ploitation and discrimination, and other conditionsprejudicial to their development. A child e8ploited inprostitution may seem to Gconsent to what is being doneto her or him and may appear not to complain. However,we have held that a child who is Ga person below eighteenyears of age or those unable to fully take care ofthemselves or protect themselves from abuse, neglect,cruelty, e8ploitation or discrimination because of their ageor mental disability or condition is incapable of giving

rational consent to any lascivious act or se8ual intercourse./n fact, the absence of free consent is conclusivelypresumed when the woman is below the age of twelve

1avarrete v. People %200,'

The elements of se8ual abuse under $ection > 1b2 of 0A%5*& that must be proven in addition to theelements of acts of lasciviousness are as follows#

*. The accused commits the act of se8ual intercourse orlascivious conduct.

4. The said act is performed with a child e8ploited inprostitution or subjected to other se8ual abuse.

. The child, whether male or female, is below *= years ofage.

G"ascivious conduct is defined under $ection 4 1h2 of the

rules and regulations of 0A %5*& as#

LTMhe intentional touching, either directly orthrough clothing, of the genitalia, anus,groin, breast, inner thigh, or buttocks, orthe introduction of any object into thegenitalia, anus or mouth, of any person,whether of the same or opposite se8, withan intent to abuse, humiliate, harass,degrade, or arouse or gratify the se8ualdesire of any person, bestiality,masturbation, lascivious e8hibition of thegenitals or pubic area of a person.

Article 27/. Additi$nl !enltie# '$r $t(er

$)en#e#

The i,po$ition o* the penaltie$

pre$crie# in the prece#ing article$ $hallnot pre/ent the i,po$ition %pon the $a,eper$on o* the penalt0 pro/i#e# *or an0other *elonie$ #e9ne# an# p%ni$he# 0 theRC.

Article 2. %li@ed tre#!## t$d0ellin"

E le,ent$

-. O7en#er i$ a pri/ate per$on62. e enter$ the #)elling o* another61. S%ch entrance i$ again$t the latter5$ )ill.

Ca$e$ to )hich the pro/i$ion$ o* thi$ article i$not applicale

-. Fhen the p%rpo$e o* the entrance i$ topre/ent $erio%$ har, to hi,$el*> theocc%pant or thir# per$on$6

2. Fhen the p%rpo$e o* the o7en#er inentering i$ to ren#er $o,e $er/ice toh%,anit0 or %$tice6

1. An0one )ho $hall enter ca*e$> ta/ern$>

inn$ an# other p%lic ho%$e$ )hile the0 areopen.

Mar)alado v. People" 44# SCR$ 595 %2004'

?A(T$# The petitioner, 9arCalado, argues that the(ourt of Appeals committed a reversible error in sustainingthe lower court, since in the proceedings below, there wasa grave misapprehension of facts by both the 9eT( and 0T(in finding that he committed trespass to dwelling despitethe glaring proof that his entry was justifiable underparagraph +, Article ** of the 0evised 7enal (odeK to

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prevent an imminent danger to property. He stresses thatwhile he did enter the unit, he did so with the aid ofbarangay officers and for the sole purpose of turning offthe faucet that was causing the flooding of the unit.

H!"# /n the prosecution for trespass, thematerial fact or circumstance to be considered is theoccurrence of the trespass. The gravamen of the crime is

violation of possession or the fact of having caused injuryto the right of the possession.

As certified by )arangay !upon $ecretary 0agaya,the unit rented by Albano was forcibly opened by theowner 19arCalado2 because of the strong water pressurecoming out of the faucet. . . . As Albano herself admitted,she and her children already left the unit when theelectricity supply was cut off in the month of $eptember.Hence, nobody was left to attend to the unit, e8ceptduring some nights when Albano6s maid slept in the unit.(learly, 9arCalado, acted for the justified purpose ofavoiding further flooding and damage to his mother6sproperty caused by the open faucet. ;o criminal intentcould be clearly imputed to petitioner for the remedialaction he had taken. There was an e8igency that had to beaddressed to avoid damage to the leased unit. There isnothing culpable concerning 9arCalados, judgment call toenter the unit and turn off the faucet instead of closing theinlet valve as suggested by the B$E.

%rpo$e o* the la) to protect an#

pre$er/e the pri/ac0 o* one5$ #)elling I* the o7en#er i$ a p%lic ocer or

e,plo0ee> the entrance into the #)ellingagain$t the )ill o* the occ%pant i$ /iolationo* #o,icile.

D)elling place #e/ote# *or re$t an#co,*ort> a$ #i$ting%i$he# *ro, place$#e/ote# to %$ine$$> oce etc.

D)elling incl%#e$ a roo, )hen occ%pie# 0

another per$on :ea,ple roo, at aoar#ing ho%$e not ,ere lac; o* con$ent. There,%$t e oppo$ition on the part o* theo)ner o* the ho%$e to the entr0 o* theacc%$e#.

o)e/er> pre$%,e# or i,plie# prohiition

i$ $%cient :e.g. entrance #%ring the late

ho%r o* the night< rohiition ,%$t e ei$tent prior to or at

the ti,e o* entrance. 8(ALI=IED TRESASS I* the o7en$e i$

co,,itte# 0 ,ean$ o* /iolence orinti,i#ation> the penalt0 i$ higher.

?iolence ,a0 e again$t per$on$ or

propert0> %t there are conicting /ie)$ a$to thi$ $tate,ent.

The /iolence or inti,i#ation ,a0 ta;e place

i,,e#iatel0 a*ter the entrance. roo* o* epre$$ prohiition to enter i$ not

nece$$ar0 )hen /iolence or inti,i#ation i$e,plo0e# 0 the o7en#er.

I* there i$ no o/ert act o* the cri,e

inten#e# to e co,,itte#> the cri,e i$onl0 tre$pa$$ to #)elling.

Article 23. Ot(er '$r-# $' tre#!##

Ele,ent$

-. O7en#er enter$ the clo$e# pre,i$e$ orthe *ence# e$tate o* another6

2. The entrance i$ ,a#e )hile either o* the, i$ %ninhaite#6

1. The prohiition to enter i$ ,ani*e$t63. The tre$pa$$er ha$ not $ec%re# the

per,i$$ion o* the o)ner or the careta;erthereo*.

re,i$e$ $igni9e$ a #i$tinct

an# #e9nite localit0. Thi$ ,a0 incl%#e aroo,> $hop> %il#ing or #e9nite area.

Tre#!## t$ d0ellin" Ot(er '$r-# $' tre#!##

The o7en#er i$ a pri/ateper$on

The o7en#er i$ an0per$on

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The o7en#er enter$ a#)elling ho%$e

The o7en#er enter$ aclo$e# pre,i$e$ or a*ence# e$tate

The place entere# i$inhaite#

The place entere# i$%ninhaite#

The act con$tit%ting thecri,e i$ entering again$tthe )ill o* the o)ner

The act con$tit%ting thecri,e i$ entering )itho%t$ec%ring the per,i$$ion

o* the o)ner or careta;errohiition to enter i$epre$$ or i,plie#

rohiition to enter ,%$te ,ani*e$t

Article 22. Gr&e t(ret#

Act$ p%ni$hale

-. Threatening another )ith the iniction%pon hi$ per$on> honor or propert0 or thato* thi$ *a,il0 o* an0 )rong a,o%nting to acri,e an# #e,an#ing ,one0 or i,po$ingan0 other con#ition> e/en tho%gh not%nla)*%l> an# the o7en#er attaine# hi$

p%rpo$e6

Ele,ent$

a. The o7en#erthreaten$ another per$on )ith theiniction %pon the latter5$ per$on>honor or propert0> or %pon that o* thelatter5$ *a,il0> o* an0 )rong6

. S%ch )rong a,o%nt$to a cri,e6

c. There i$ a #e,an#*or ,one0 or that an0 other con#itioni$ i,po$e#> e/en tho%gh not %nla)*%l6

#. The o7en#er attain$hi$ p%rpo$e.

2. Ma;ing $%ch threat )itho%t theo7en#er attaining hi$ p%rpo$e6

1. Threatening another )ith the iniction%pon hi$ per$on> honor or propert0 or thato* hi$ *a,il0 o* an0 )rong a,o%nting to acri,e> t(e t(ret n$t ,ein" #%,Fect t$ c$nditi$n.

The e$$ence o* the cri,e o*

threat$ i$ inti,i#ation6 i.e. the pro,i$e o*$o,e *%t%re har, or in%r0.

Not nece$$ar0 that the )rong

threatene# to e inicte# ,%$t a,o%nt toan0 o* the cri,e$ again$t per$on$> honor orpropert0. La) re%ire$ that the )rong,%$t e (ON the per$on> honor orpropert0.

A$ the cri,e con$i$t$ in

threatening another )ith $o,e *%t%rehar,> it i$ not nece$$ar0 that the o7en#e#part0 )a$ pre$ent at the ti,e the threat$)ere ,a#e. It i$ $%cient that the threat$>

ca,e to the ;no)le#ge o* the o7en#e#part0.

The cri,e o* gra/e threat$ i$

con$%,,ate# a$ $oon a$ the threat$ co,eto the ;no)le#ge o* the per$on threatene#.

Threat$ ,a#e in connection

)ith the co,,i$$ion o* other cri,e$ are

a$ore# 0 the latter. The o7en#er in gra/e threat$

#oe$ not #e,an# the #eli/er0 on the $poto* the ,one0 or other per$onal propert0#e,an#e# 0 hi,. Fhen threat$ are ,a#ean# ,one0 i$ ta;en on the $pot> the cri,e,a0 e roer0 )ith inti,i#ation.

The penaltie$ *or the 9r$t t)o

t0pe$ o* gra/e threat$ #epen# %pon thepenaltie$ *or the cri,e$ threatene# to eco,,itte#. One #egree lo)er i* thep%rpo$e i$ attaine#> an# t)o #egree$ lo)eri* the p%rpo$e i$ not attaine#.

I* the threat i$ not $%ect to a

con#ition> the penalt0 i$ 9e# at arre$to,a0or an# a 9ne not ecee#ing 4++ pe$o$. In the 9r$t t)o t0pe$> i* the

threat i$ ,a#e in )riting or thoro%gh a,i##le,an> the penalt0 i$ to e i,po$e# init$ ,ai,%, perio#.

The thir# t0pe o* gra/e threat$

,%$t e $erio%$ an# #elierate6 theo7en#er ,%$t per$i$t in the i#ea in/ol/e#in hi$ threat$. The threat $ho%l# not e,a#e in the heat o* anger> eca%$e $%ch i$p%ni$he# %n#er Article 2&4.

I* the con#ition i$ not pro/e#> it

i$ gra/e threat$ o* the thir# t0pe.

People vs. Tim+ol

The accused made several advances towards the offendedparty. He threatened to kill the womans husband if shedid not accede to his advances. He was convicted of actsof lasciviousness and grave threats.

H!"# The accused should not be convicted of gravethreats because such threats formed part of theintimidation that he employed to succeed in his lewddesigns.

Re/es vs. People

A disgruntled employee staged a demonstration in front ofthe house of the guy who dismissed him from work.7hrases of this nature were spoken out loud# Agustin,

putang ina mo. Agustin, mawawala ka. Agustin, lumabaska, papatayin kita!

H!"# All the elements of the crime of grave threats asdefined in Article 4=4 paragraph 4 are present# 1*2 theoffender threatened another person with the inflictionupon his person of a wrongD 142 the wrong amounted to acrime and 12 the threat was not subject to a condition.

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Article 24. Li"(t t(ret#

Ele,ent$

-. O7en#er ,a;e$ a threat to co,,ita )rong6

2. The )rong #oe$ not con$tit%te acri,e6

1. There i$ a #e,an# *or ,one0 orthat other con#ition i$ i,po$e#> e/entho%gh not %nla)*%l6

3. O7en#er ha$ attaine# hi$ p%rpo$eor> that he ha$ not attaine# hi$ p%rpo$e.

Light threat$ are co,,itte# in

the $a,e ,anner a$ gra/e threat$> eceptthat the act threatene# to e co,,itte#$ho%l# not e a cri,e.

Blac;,ailing ,a0 e p%ni$he#

%n#er thi$ article.

Article 2. B$nd '$r "$$d ,e(&i$r

In )hat ca$e$ ,a0 a per$on e re%ire# to gi/eail not to ,ole$t another

-. Fhen he threaten$ another %n#erArticle 2&2.

2. Fhen he threaten$ another %n#erArticle 2&1.

B$nd '$r "$$d,e(&i$r

B$nd t$ ee! t(e!ece

Applicale onl0 to gra/ethreat$ an# light threat$

Not ,a#e applicale toan0 partic%lar ca$e

I* o7en#er *ail$ to gi/eail> he $hall e$entence# to #e$tierro

I* the o7en#er *ail$ togi/e on#> he $hall e#etaine# *or a perio# notecee#ing ,onth$ :i*pro$ec%te# *or gra/eKle$$gra/e *elon0< or notecee#ing 1+ #a0$ :light*elon0 or othercon#ition i,po$e#

There i$ #e,an# *or,one0> or othercon#ition i,po$e#

Article 26. Gr&e c$erci$n#

Act$ p%ni$hale

-. re/enting another> 0 ,ean$ o* /iolence> threat$ or inti,i#ation> *ro,#oing $o,ething not prohiite# 0 la)6

2. Co,pelling another> 0 ,ean$ o* /iolence> threat$ or inti,i#ation> to #o$o,ething again$t hi$ )ill> )hether it e

right or )rong.

Ele,ent$

-. A per$on pre/ente# another *ro, #oing$o,ething not prohiite# 0 la)> or that heco,pelle# hi, to #o $o,ething again$t hi$)ill6 e it right or )rong6

2. The pre/ention or co,p%l$ion ee7ecte# 0 /iolence> threat$ orinti,i#ation6 an#

1. The per$on that re$traine# the )ill an#liert0 o* another ha# not the a%thorit0 o*la) or the right to #o $o> or in other )or#$>

that the re$traint $hall not e ,a#e %n#era%thorit0 o* la) or in the eerci$e o* an0la)*%l right.

The p%rpo$e o* the la) in

penali@ing coercion an# %n%$t /eation i$to en*orce the principle that no per$on ,a0ta;e the la) into hi$ han#$> an# that o%rgo/ern,ent i$ one o* la)> not o* ,en.

In gra/e coercion> the act o*

pre/enting 0 *orce ,%$t e ,a#e at the



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ti,e the o7en#e# part0 )a$ #oing or ao%tto #o the act to e pre/ente#. I* the act)a$ alrea#0 #one )hen /iolence i$ eerte#>the cri,e i$ %n%$t /eation.

In$tance$ )hen the act o*

pre/enting another i$ cla$$i9e# a$ anothercri,e

o A p%lic ocerpre/enting 0 ,ean$ o* /iolence orthreat$ the cere,onie$ or,ani*e$tation$ o* an0 religion i$ g%ilt0o* interr%ption o* religio%$ )or$hip :Art.-12 0

*orce> pre/ent$ the ,eeting o* alegi$lati/e o#0 :Art. -31 epre$$ing hi$opinion$> or ca$ting hi$ /ote :Art. -34 e/en i* he ha$ noright to that po$$e$$ion> cannot eco,pelle# 0 ,ean$ o* /iolence to gi/e %pthe po$$e$$ion> e/en 0 the o)ner hi,$el*.Thi$ )ill a,o%nt to gra/e coercion.

Note ho)e/er that an o)ner

an# act%al po$$e$$or a propert0 ha$ a rightto %$e $%ch *orce )a$ ,a0 e rea$onal0nece$$ar0 to pre/ent another *ro,#i$po$$e$$ing hi, o* hi$ propert0.

In$tance$ )hen the act o*co,pelling i$ another o7en$eo A p%lic ocer not

a%thori@e# 0 la) )ho co,pel$ aper$on to change hi$ re$i#ence :Art.-2! not

,erel0 a$ SEC(RITY *or the #et. Ta;ing po$$e$$ion o* the thing

elonging to the #etor> thro%gh #eceitan# ,i$repre$entation> *or the p%rpo$e o*appl0ing the $a,e to the pa0,ent o* the#et> i$ %n%$t /eation %n#er the $econ#paragraph o* thi$ article.

Act%al ph0$ical /iolence not

nece$$ar0> gra/e inti,i#ation i$ $%cient.

UnF%#t &e5ti$n 9$t(er li"(t c$erci$n1#ec$nd !r"r!(:

Incl%#e$ an0 h%,an con#%ct

)hich> altho%gh not pro#%cti/e o* $o,eph0$ical or ,aterial har,> )o%l#> ho)e/er>%n%$tl0 anno0 or /e an innocent per$on.The act ,%$t ca%$e anno0ance> irritation>/eation> tor,ent> #i$tre$$ or #i$t%rance.

There i$ no /iolence or

inti,i#ation in %n%$t /eation. Ea,ple$ ;i$$ing a girl

:#e$pite her oection$> o* co%r$e< Fhen the 9r$t an# thir#

ele,ent$ o* gra/e coercion are pre$ent>%t the $econ# ele,ent :/iolence> threat$or inti,i#ation< i$ a$ent> the cri,e i$%n%$t /eation.

People vs. Re/es %#9&4'

"uring a pabasa, the appellants started to construct abarbed wire fence in front of the chapel. The noisedisrupted the ceremonies and some of the participantseven fled, fearing trouble. The appellants were convictedof Bffending 0eligious ?eelings under Art. *.

H!"# The construction of a fence even though irritatingand ve8atious under the circumstances to those present is

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not such an act as can be designated as Gnotoriouslyoffensive to the feelings of the faithful. The appellantsact was innocent and was simply to protect privateproperty rights. The circumstances under which the fencewas constructed O late at night, ve8ing and annoying thosewho had gathered O indicate that the crime committed wasonly unjust ve8ation.

People vs. $nonuevo %#9&,'

Teodulo Anonuevo embraced and kissed 0osita Tabia andheld her breasts while in church. He was convicted ofabuse against chastity.

H!"# /t is error to ascribe the conduct of appellant tolustful designs or purposes in the absence of clear proof asto his motive. The religious atmosphere and the presenceof many people belie the fact that he acted with lewddesigns. He either performed a bravado 1in defiance ofalleged threats of 0ositas boyfriend2 or wished merely toforce 0osita to accept him as a lover. He is only guilty ofunjust ve8ation.

n! C3iu 6wan v. C$" &45 SCR$ 5*( %2000'

Bng (hiu wan admitted having ordered thecutting of the electric, water and telephone lines ofcomplainant6s business establishment because these linescrossed his property line. He failed, however, to showevidence that he had the necessary permits orauthoriCation to relocate the lines. Also, he timed theinterruption of electric, water and telephone servicesduring peak hours of the operation of business of thecomplainant. Thus, petitioner6s act unjustly annoyed orve8ed the complainant. (onse-uently, petitioner Bng (hiuwan is liable for unjust ve8ation.

aleros v. People %200,'

The court wishes to stress that malice, compulsion orrestraint need not be alleged in an /nformation for unjustve8ation. :njust ve8ation e8ists even without the elementof restraint or compulsion for the reason that the term isbroad enough to include an/ 3uman conduct w3ic3"alt3ou!3 not productive o some p3/sical or material3arm" would unustl/ anno/ or irritate an innocentperson.

Article 2. Ot(er #i-ilr c$erci$n#9c$-!%l#$r* !%rc(#e $' -erc(ndi#end !*-ent $' 0"e# ,* -en# $'t$en#:

Act$ p%ni$hale

-. =orcing or co,pelling> #irectl0 orin#irectl0> or ;no)ingl0 per,itting the*orcing or co,pelling o* the laorer ore,plo0ee o* the o7en#er to p%rcha$e,erchan#i$e o* co,,o#itie$ o* an0 ;in#*ro, hi,6

Ele,ent$

a. O7en#er i$ an0 per$on> agentor ocer o* an0 a$$ociation orcorporation6

. e or $%ch 9r, or corporationha$ e,plo0e# laorer$ or e,plo0ee$6

c. e *orce$ or co,pel$> #irectl0

or in#irectl0> or ;no)ingl0 per,it$ toe *orce# or co,pelle#> an0 o* hi$ or it$laorer$ or e,plo0ee$ to p%rcha$e,erchan#i$e or co,,o#itie$ o* an0;in# *ro, hi, or *ro, $ai# 9r, orcorporation.

2. a0ing the )age$ #%e hi$ laorer ore,plo0ee 0 ,ean$ o* to;en$ or oectother than the legal ten#er c%rrenc0 o* thehilippine$> %nle$$ epre$$l0 re%e$te# 0$%ch laorer or e,plo0ee.

Ele,ent$

a. O7en#er pa0$ the )age$ #%e alaorer or e,plo0ee e,plo0e# 0 hi,0 ,ean$ o* to;en$ or oect6

. Tho$e to;en$ or oect$ areother than the legal ten#er c%rrenc0 o*the hilippine$6

c. S%ch e,plo0ee or laorer #oe$not epre$$l0 re%e$t that he e pai#0 ,ean$ o* to;en$ or oect$.

A$ a general r%le>

laorer$ an# e,plo0ee$ ha/e the right torecei/e %$t )age$ in legal ten#er.

In#%cing an

e,plo0ee to gi/e %p part o* hi$ )age$ 0*orce> $tealth> inti,i#ation> threat or 0 an0other ,ean$ i$ not p%ni$he# %n#er theRC> %t %n#er Article -- o* the LaorCo#e.

Article 2/. $r-ti$n1 -intennce1 nd!r$(i,iti$n $' c$-,inti$n $' c!itl $rl,$r t(r$%"( &i$lence $r t(ret#

Ele,ent$

-. O7en#er e,plo0$ /iolence or threat$>in $%ch a #egree a$ to co,pel or *orce the

laorer$ or e,plo0er$ in the *ree an# legaleerci$e o* their in#%$tr0 or )or;6

2. The p%rpo$e i$ to organi@e> ,aintain orpre/ent coalition$ o* capital or laor> $tri;eo* laorer$ or loc;o%t o* e,plo0er$.

The act $ho%l# not e a ,ore

$erio%$ o7en$e %n#er the RC. =orea,ple> i* #eath or other $erio%$ ph0$icalin%rie$ are ca%$e#> the act $ho%l# e

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p%ni$he# a$ $%ch an# not %n#er thi$Article.

eace*%l pic;eting i$ not

prohiite#> it i$ a /ali# eerci$e o* *ree#o,o* $peech.

E,plo0ing /iolence or ,a;ing

threat 0 pic;eter$ ,a0 ,a;e the, liale

*or coercion. re/enting e,plo0ee$ *ro,

oining an0 regi$tere# laor organi@ation i$p%ni$he# %n#er the Laor Co#e> not %n#erthe RC.

Article 2/. Di#c$&erin" #ecret# t(r$%"(#eiH%re $' c$rre#!$ndence

Ele,ent$

-. O7en#er i$ a pri/ate in#i/i#%al or e/ena p%lic ocer not in the eerci$e o* hi$ocial *%nction6

2. e $ei@e$ the paper$ or letter$ o* another6

1. The p%rpo$e i$ to #i$co/er the $ecret$o* $%ch another per$on6

3. O7en#er i$ in*or,e# o* the content$ o*the paper$ or letter$ $ei@e#.

To $ei@e ,ean$ to place in the

control o* $o,eone a thing or to gi/e hi,the po$$e$$ion thereo*. It i$ not nece$$ar0that there e *orce or /iolence.

re%#ice i$ not an ele,ent o*

the o7en$e. Fhen the o7en#er re/eal$ the

content$ o* $%ch paper or letter$ o* anotherto a thir# per$on> the penalt0 i$ higher.Th%$> re/ealing the $ecret i$ not anele,ent o* the o7en$e> it onl0 %ali9e$ theo7en$e.

Thi$ article i$ not applicale to

o parent$> g%ar#ian$ orper$on$ entr%$te# )ith the c%$to#0 o*,inor$ )ith re$pect to paper$ or letter$o* the chil#ren or ,inor$ place# %n#ertheir care or c%$to#06

o $po%$e$ )ith re$pect

to the paper$ or letter$ o* either o*the,.

(nla)*%l opening o* ,ail,atter 0 an ocer or e,plo0ee o* theB%rea% o* o$t$ i$ p%ni$he# %n#er theA#,ini$trati/e Co#e.

Di#c$&erin" #ecret#9Art. 2/:

Re&elin" #ecret#9Art. 24:

O7en#er i$ a pri/atein#i/i#%al> or p%licocer not in eerci$e o*ocial *%nction

O7en#er i$ a p%licocer

The o7en#er SEIES thepaper$ or letter$

The o7en#er COMES TO"NOF o* the $ecret$ o*the pri/ate in#i/i#%al 0rea$on o* hi$ oce. Notnece$$ar0 that the$ecret$ are containe# inpaper$Kletter$

The p%rpo$e o* the

o7en#er i$ to #i$co/erthe $ecret$ o* another>re/elation to another i$not an ele,ent o* thecri,e

The o7en#er re/eal$

$%ch $ecret$ )itho%t%$ti9ale rea$on.

Article 2/3. Re&elin" #ecret# 0it( ,%#e$' $ce

Ele,ent$

-. O7en#er i$ a ,anager> e,plo0eeor $er/ant6

2. e learn$ the $ecret$ o* hi$

principal or ,a$ter in $%ch capacit061. e re/eal$ $%ch $ecret$.

Secret$ ,%$t e learne# 0

rea$on o* their e,plo0,ent. The $ecret$ ,%$t e re/eale#

0 the o7en#er. re%#iceK#a,age i$ not

nece$$ar0 %n#er thi$ Article.

Article 2/2. Re&elin" $' ind%#tril#ecret#

Ele,ent$

-. O7en#er i$ a per$on in charge>e,plo0ee or )or;,an o* a ,an%*act%ringor in#%$trial e$tali$h,ent6

2. The ,an%*act%ring or in#%$triale$tali$h,ent ha$ a $ecret o* the in#%$tr0)hich the o7en#er ha$ learne#6

1. O7en#er re/eal$ $%ch $ecret$63. re%#ice i$ ca%$e# to the o)ner.

Secret$ ,%$t relate to

,an%*act%ring proce$$e$. The act con$tit%ting the cri,e

i$ re/ealing the $ecret o* the in#%$tr0 o*e,plo0er.

The re/elation o* the $ecret,ight e ,a#e a*ter the e,plo0ee or)or;,an ha# cea$e# to e connecte# )iththe e$tali$h,ent.

re%#ice i$ an ele,ent o* the

o7en$e.

C2005 Criminal Law 2 Reviewer

Documents

Title 9 - Liberty and Security 2007