TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS · Page 3 TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS §9 taking effect of a reapportionment under a sub-sequent statute or section 2a of this title, to the number of Representatives

TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS

Chap. Sec.

1. Election of Senators and Rep-resentatives ....................................... 1

2. Organization of Congress ................. 213. Compensation and Allowances of

Members ............................................. 314. Officers and Employees of Senate

and House of Representatives ..... 605. Library of Congress ............................ 1316. Congressional and Committee Pro-

cedure; Investigations .................... 1907. Contested Elections [Repealed] ...... 2018. Federal Corrupt Practices [Re-

pealed] ................................................ 2418A. Regulation of Lobbying [Repealed] 2619. Office of Legislative Counsel ........... 2719A. Office of Law Revision Counsel ...... 2859B. Legislative Classification Office

[Repealed] .......................................... 2869C. Office of Parliamentarian of House

of Representatives ........................... 2879D. Office of Senate Legal Counsel ........ 28810. Classification of Employees of

House of Representatives .............. 29110A. Payroll Administration in House of

Representatives ............................... 33111. Citizens’ Commission on Public

Service and Compensation ........... 35112. Contested Elections ............................ 38113. Joint Committee on Congressional

Operations [Repealed] ................... 41114. Federal Election Campaigns ............ 43115. Office of Technology Assessment .... 47116. Congressional Mailing Standards ... 50117. Congressional Budget Office ............ 60117A. Congressional Budget and Fiscal

Operations ......................................... 62117B. Impoundment Control ....................... 68118. Legislative Personnel Financial

Disclosure Requirements [Trans-ferred] ................................................. 701

19. Congressional Award Program ....... 80119A. John Heinz Competitive Excellence

Award ................................................. 83120. Emergency Powers To Eliminate

Budget Deficits ................................. 90021. Civic Achievement Award Program

in Honor of Office of Speaker of House of Representatives [Re-pealed] ................................................ 1001

22. John C. Stennis Center for Public Service Training and Develop-ment .................................................... 1101

22A. Open World Leadership Center ....... 115122B. Hunger Fellowship Program ............ 116123. Government Employee Rights

[Transferred or Repealed] ............ 120124. Congressional Accountability .......... 1301

Chap. Sec.

25. Unfunded Mandates Reform ............ 150126. Disclosure of Lobbying Activities ... 160127. Sound Recording Preservation by

the Library of Congress ................. 170128. Architect of the Capitol ..................... 180129. Capitol Police ....................................... 190130. Operation and Maintenance of

Capitol Complex .............................. 2001

CHAPTER 1—ELECTION OF SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES

Sec.

1. Time for election of Senators. 1a. Election to be certified by governor. 1b. Countersignature of certificate of election. 2. Omitted. 2a. Reapportionment of Representatives; time

and manner; existing decennial census fig-ures as basis; statement by President; duty of clerk.

2b. Number of Representatives from each State in 78th and subsequent Congresses.

2c. Number of Congressional Districts; number of Representatives from each District.

3, 4. Omitted. 5. Nominations for Representatives at large. 6. Reduction of representation. 7. Time of election. 8. Vacancies. 9. Voting for Representatives.

§ 1. Time for election of Senators

At the regular election held in any State next preceding the expiration of the term for which any Senator was elected to represent such State in Congress, at which election a Representative to Congress is regularly by law to be chosen, a United States Senator from said State shall be elected by the people thereof for the term com-mencing on the 3d day of January next there-after.

(June 4, 1914, ch. 103, § 1, 38 Stat. 384; June 5, 1934, ch. 390, § 3, 48 Stat. 879.)

AMENDMENTS

1934—Act June 5, 1934, substituted ‘‘3d day of Janu-ary’’ for ‘‘fourth day of March’’.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

The first section of Amendment XX to the Constitu-tion provides in part: ‘‘* * * the terms of Senators and Representatives [shall end] at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.’’

Time for election of Senators, see Const. Art. I, § 4, cl. 1.

Vacancies in the Senate, see Const. Amend. XVII.

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TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS§ 1a

§ 1a. Election to be certified by governor

It shall be the duty of the executive of the State from which any Senator has been chosen to certify his election, under the seal of the State, to the President of the Senate of the United States.

(R.S. § 18.)

CODIFICATION

R.S. § 18 derived from act July 25, 1866, ch. 245, § 3, 14 Stat. 244.

§ 1b. Countersignature of certificate of election

The certificate mentioned in section 1a of this title shall be countersigned by the secretary of state of the State.

(R.S. § 19.)

CODIFICATION

R.S. § 19 derived from act July 25, 1866, ch. 245, § 3, 14 Stat. 244.

§ 2. Omitted

CODIFICATION

Section, act Aug. 8, 1911, ch. 5, §§ 1, 2, 37 Stat. 13, 14, fixed composition of House of Representatives at 435 Members, to be apportioned to the States therein enu-merated. For provisions dealing with reapportionment of Representatives and manner of election, etc., see sections 2a and 2b of this title.

§ 2a. Reapportionment of Representatives; time and manner; existing decennial census fig-ures as basis; statement by President; duty of clerk

(a) On the first day, or within one week there-after, of the first regular session of the Eighty-second Congress and of each fifth Congress thereafter, the President shall transmit to the Congress a statement showing the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed, as ascertained under the seventeenth and each subsequent decennial census of the popu-lation, and the number of Representatives to which each State would be entitled under an ap-portionment of the then existing number of Rep-resentatives by the method known as the meth-od of equal proportions, no State to receive less than one Member.

(b) Each State shall be entitled, in the Eighty-third Congress and in each Congress thereafter until the taking effect of a reapportionment under this section or subsequent statute, to the number of Representatives shown in the state-ment required by subsection (a) of this section, no State to receive less than one Member. It shall be the duty of the Clerk of the House of Representatives, within fifteen calendar days after the receipt of such statement, to send to the executive of each State a certificate of the number of Representatives to which such State is entitled under this section. In case of a va-cancy in the office of Clerk, or of his absence or inability to discharge this duty, then such duty shall devolve upon the Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives.

(c) Until a State is redistricted in the manner provided by the law thereof after any apportion-ment, the Representatives to which such State

is entitled under such apportionment shall be elected in the following manner: (1) If there is no change in the number of Representatives, they shall be elected from the districts then pre-scribed by the law of such State, and if any of them are elected from the State at large they shall continue to be so elected; (2) if there is an increase in the number of Representatives, such additional Representative or Representatives shall be elected from the State at large and the other Representatives from the districts then prescribed by the law of such State; (3) if there is a decrease in the number of Representatives but the number of districts in such State is equal to such decreased number of Representa-tives, they shall be elected from the districts then prescribed by the law of such State; (4) if there is a decrease in the number of Representa-tives but the number of districts in such State is less than such number of Representatives, the number of Representatives by which such num-ber of districts is exceeded shall be elected from the State at large and the other Representatives from the districts then prescribed by the law of such State; or (5) if there is a decrease in the number of Representatives and the number of districts in such State exceeds such decreased number of Representatives, they shall be elected from the State at large.

(June 18, 1929, ch. 28, § 22, 46 Stat. 26; Apr. 25, 1940, ch. 152, 54 Stat. 162; Nov. 15, 1941, ch. 470, § 1, 55 Stat. 761; Pub. L. 104–186, title II, § 201, Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1724.)

AMENDMENTS

1996—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–186 struck out at end ‘‘; and in case of vacancies in the offices of both the Clerk and the Sergeant at Arms, or the absence or in-ability of both to act, such duty shall devolve upon the Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives’’.

1941—Act Nov. 15, 1941, provided for reapportionment based on seventeenth and subsequent decennial cen-suses.

1940—Act Apr. 25, 1940, provided for reapportionment based on sixteenth decennial census.

TERMINATION OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions of law requiring submittal to Congress of any annual, semiannual, or other regular periodic report listed in House Document No. 103–7 (in which the report required by subsec. (a) of this section is listed on page 17), see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance.


Apportionment of Representatives among the several States, see Const. Art. I, § 2, cl. 3, and Amend. XIV, § 2.

TEMPORARY INCREASE IN MEMBERSHIP

Representation of States of Alaska and Hawaii in House of Representatives as not affecting basis of ap-portionment established by this section, see section 9 of Pub. L. 85–508, July 7, 1958, 72 Stat. 339, set out as a note preceding section 21 of Title 48, Territories and In-sular Possessions, and section 8 of Pub. L. 86–3, Mar. 18, 1959, 73 Stat. 4, set out as a note preceding section 491 of Title 48.

§ 2b. Number of Representatives from each State in 78th and subsequent Congresses

Each State shall be entitled, in the Seventy-eighth and in each Congress thereafter until the


TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS § 9

taking effect of a reapportionment under a sub-sequent statute or section 2a of this title, to the number of Representatives shown in the state-ment transmitted to the Congress on January 8, 1941, based upon the method known as the meth-od of equal proportions, no State to receive less than one Member.

(Nov. 15, 1941, ch. 470, § 2(a), 55 Stat. 762.)

CERTIFICATES TO EXECUTIVES OF STATES

Section 2(b) of act Nov. 15, 1941, required Clerk of House of Representatives, within 15 days of Nov. 15, 1941, to send a new certificate of entitlement of a State to Representatives, if such a certificate had been sent prior to Nov. 15, 1941, under provisions of section 2a of this title.

§ 2c. Number of Congressional Districts; number of Representatives from each District

In each State entitled in the Ninety-first Con-gress or in any subsequent Congress thereafter to more than one Representative under an ap-portionment made pursuant to the provisions of section 2a(a) of this title, there shall be estab-lished by law a number of districts equal to the number of Representatives to which such State is so entitled, and Representatives shall be elected only from districts so established, no district to elect more than one Representative (except that a State which is entitled to more than one Representative and which has in all previous elections elected its Representatives at Large may elect its Representatives at Large to the Ninety-first Congress).

(Pub. L. 90–196, Dec. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 581.)

§§ 3, 4. Omitted

CODIFICATION

Section 3, act Aug. 8, 1911, ch. 5, § 3, 37 Stat. 14, which related to election by districts, expired by its own limi-tation on enactment of Reapportionment Act of June 18, 1929, ch. 28, § 22, 46 Stat. 21 (section 2a of this title). It was not restated in act June 18, 1929, providing for reapportionment under Fifteenth Census, and hence it was not applicable thereto. See Wood v. Brown, 1932 (53 S. Ct. 1, 287 U.S. 1, 77 L. Ed. 131).

Section 4, act Aug. 8, 1911, ch. 5, § 4, 37 Stat. 14, which related to additional Representatives at large, expired by its own limitation on enactment of Reapportion-ment Act of June 18, 1929, ch. 28, § 22, 46 Stat. 21 (section 2a of this title). It was not restated in act June 18, 1929, providing for reapportionment under Fifteenth Census, and hence it was not applicable thereto. See Wood v. Brown, 1932 (53 S. Ct. 1, 287 U.S. 1, 77 L. Ed. 131).

§ 5. Nominations for Representatives at large

Candidates for Representative or Representa-tives to be elected at large in any State shall be nominated in the same manner as candidates for governor, unless otherwise provided by the laws of such State.

(Aug. 8, 1911, ch. 5, § 5, 37 Stat. 14.)

§ 6. Reduction of representation

Should any State deny or abridge the right of any of the male inhabitants thereof, being twen-ty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, to vote at any election named in the amendment to the Constitution, article 14, sec-tion 2, except for participation in the rebellion

or other crime, the number of Representatives apportioned to such State shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall have to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

(R.S. § 22.)

CODIFICATION

R.S. § 22 derived from act Feb. 2, 1872, ch. 11, § 6, 17 Stat. 29.

§ 7. Time of election

The Tuesday next after the 1st Monday in No-vember, in every even numbered year, is estab-lished as the day for the election, in each of the States and Territories of the United States, of Representatives and Delegates to the Congress commencing on the 3d day of January next thereafter.

(R.S. § 25; Mar. 3, 1875, ch. 130, § 6, 18 Stat. 400; June 5, 1934, ch. 390, § 2, 48 Stat. 879.)

CODIFICATION


The second sentence of this section, which was based on section 6 of the act Mar. 3, 1875 and made this sec-tion inapplicable to any State that had not yet changed its day of election and whose constitution required an amendment to change the day of election of its State officers, was omitted.

AMENDMENTS

1934—Act June 5, 1934, substituted ‘‘3d day of Janu-ary’’ for ‘‘fourth day of March’’.


The first section of Amendment XX to the Constitu-tion provides: ‘‘The terms of Senators and Representa-tives [shall end] at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.’’

Time for election of Representatives, see Const. Art. I, § 4, cl. 1.

§ 8. Vacancies

The time for holding elections in any State, District, or Territory for a Representative or Delegate to fill a vacancy, whether such va-cancy is caused by a failure to elect at the time prescribed by law, or by the death, resignation, or incapacity of a person elected, may be pre-scribed by the laws of the several States and Territories respectively.

(R.S. § 26.)

CODIFICATION



Vacancies in the House of Representatives, see Const. Art. I, § 2, cl. 4.

§ 9. Voting for Representatives

All votes for Representatives in Congress must be by written or printed ballot, or voting ma-chine the use of which has been duly authorized by the State law; and all votes received or re-corded contrary to this section shall be of no ef-fect.


TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS§ 9

(R.S. § 27; Feb. 14, 1899, ch. 154, 30 Stat. 836.)

CODIFICATION

R.S. § 27 derived from acts Feb. 28, 1871, ch. 99, § 19, 16 Stat. 440, and May 30, 1872, ch. 239, 17 Stat. 192.

CHAPTER 2—ORGANIZATION OF CONGRESS

Sec.

21. Oath of Senators. 22. Oath of President of Senate. 23. Presiding officer of Senate may administer

oaths. 24. Secretary of Senate or assistant secretary

may administer oaths. 25. Oath of Speaker, Members, and Delegates. 25a. Delegate to House of Representatives from

District of Columbia. 25b. Repealed. 26. Roll of Representatives-elect. 27. Change of place of meeting. 28. Parliamentary precedents of House of Rep-

resentatives. (a) Periodic compilation; other useful

materials; index digest; date of completion.

(b) Form, number, and distribution of compilation.

(c) Appointment and compensation of personnel; utilization of services of personnel of Federal agencies.

28a. Compilation of the Precedents of House of Representatives; date of completion; bi-ennial update; printing and availability of copies.

28b. Printing and binding as public document of Precedents of House of Representatives; number of sets authorized.

28c. Distribution of Precedents by Public Printer. (a) Delivery to Members of Ninety-fifth

Congress; marking of volumes. (b) Members of Congress following Nine-

ty-fifth Congress not already having sets of Precedents; necessity of written request to Superintendent of Documents for set.

(c) Additional distribution of sets. 28d. Distribution of Precedents by Public Printer

for official use; particular distribution; marking and ownership of sets.

28e. Distribution of Precedents by Joint Commit-tee on Printing of surplus sets; additional printing, etc., of sets under authority of Joint Committee.

29. Condensed and simplified versions of House precedents; other useful materials in sum-mary form; form and distribution to Mem-bers of Congress, Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico, and others; appointment and compensation of personnel; utilization of services of personnel of Federal agencies.

29a. Early organization of House of Representa-tives.

(a) Caucus or conference for incumbent Members reelected to and Members-elect of ensuing Congress; time and procedure for calling.

(b) Payment and reimbursement for trav-el and per diem expenses for Mem-bers attending caucus or con-ference; exceptions; regulations governing payments and reimburse-ments; reimbursement vouchers.

(c) Availability of applicable accounts of House.

(d) Orientation programs for new Mem-bers.

29b, 29c. Omitted. 29d. Committee on Standards of Official Conduct

of House of Representatives.

Sec.

(a) Omitted. (b) Committee composition. (c) Investigative subcommittees. (d) Adjudicatory subcommittees. (e) to (h) Omitted. (i) Advice and education. (j) Effective date.

30. Term of service of Members of Congress as trustees or directors of corporations or in-stitutions appropriated for.

30a. Jury duty exemption of elected officials of legislative branch.

CHANGE OF NAME AND TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS OF COMMITTEES AND OFFICERS OF HOUSE OF REPRESENT-ATIVES

Pub. L. 104–14, June 3, 1995, 109 Stat. 186, provided that:

‘‘SECTION 1. REFERENCES IN LAW TO COMMIT-TEES OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

‘‘(a) REFERENCES TO COMMITTEES WITH NEW NAMES.—Except as provided in subsection (c), any reference in any provision of law enacted before January 4, 1995, to—

‘‘(1) the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives shall be treated as referring to the Committee on National Security of the House of Rep-resentatives;

‘‘(2) the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs of the House of Representatives shall be treat-ed as referring to the Committee on Banking and Fi-nancial Services of the House of Representatives;

‘‘(3) the Committee on Education and Labor of the House of Representatives shall be treated as referring to the Committee on Economic and Educational Op-portunities of the House of Representatives;

‘‘(4) the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives shall be treated as referring to the Committee on Commerce of the House of Rep-resentatives;

‘‘(5) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives shall be treated as referring to the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives;

‘‘(6) the Committee on Government Operations of the House of Representatives shall be treated as re-ferring to the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight of the House of Representatives;

‘‘(7) the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives shall be treated as referring to the Committee on House Oversight of the House of Representatives;

‘‘(8) the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives shall be treated as referring to the Committee on Resources of the House of Rep-resentatives;

‘‘(9) the Committee on Public Works and Transpor-tation of the House of Representatives shall be treat-ed as referring to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives; and

‘‘(10) the Committee on Science, Space, and Tech-nology of the House of Representatives shall be treat-ed as referring to the Committee on Science of the House of Representatives. ‘‘(b) REFERENCES TO ABOLISHED COMMITTEES.—Any

reference in any provision of law enacted before Janu-ary 4, 1995, to—

‘‘(1) the Committee on District of Columbia of the House of Representatives shall be treated as referring to the Committee on Government Reform and Over-sight of the House of Representatives;

‘‘(2) the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service of the House of Representatives shall be treated as re-ferring to the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight of the House of Representatives, except that a reference with respect to the House Commis-sion on Congressional Mailings [probably should be



‘‘Mailing’’] Standards (the ‘Franking Commission’) shall be treated as referring to the Committee on House Oversight of the House of Representatives; and

‘‘(3) the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish-eries of the House of Representatives shall be treated as referring to—

‘‘(A) the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives, in the case of a provision of law relating to inspection of seafood or seafood prod-ucts;

‘‘(B) the Committee on National Security of the House of Representatives, in the case of a provision of law relating to interoceanic canals, the Mer-chant Marine Academy and State Maritime Acad-emies, or national security aspects of merchant ma-rine;

‘‘(C) the Committee on Resources of the House of Representatives, in the case of a provision of law relating to fisheries, wildlife, international fishing agreements, marine affairs (including coastal zone management) except for measures relating to oil and other pollution of navigable waters, or ocean-ography;

‘‘(D) the Committee on Science of the House of Representatives, in the case of a provision of law relating to marine research; and

‘‘(E) the Committee on Transportation and Infra-structure of the House of Representatives, in the case of a provision of law relating to a matter other than a matter described in any of subparagraphs (A) through (D).

‘‘(c) REFERENCES TO COMMITTEES WITH JURISDICTION CHANGES.—Any reference in any provision of law en-acted before January 4, 1995, to—

‘‘(1) the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives shall be treated as referring to—

‘‘(A) the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives, in the case of a provision of law relating to inspection of seafood or seafood prod-ucts;

‘‘(B) the Committee on Banking and Financial Services of the House of Representatives, in the case of a provision of law relating to bank capital markets activities generally or to depository insti-tution securities activities generally; and

‘‘(C) the Committee on Transportation and Infra-structure of the House of Representatives, in the case of a provision of law relating to railroads, rail-way labor, or railroad retirement and unemploy-ment (except revenue measures related thereto); and ‘‘(2) the Committee on Government Operations of

the House of Representatives shall be treated as re-ferring to the Committee on the Budget of the House of Representatives in the case of a provision of law relating to the establishment, extension, and enforce-ment of special controls over the Federal budget.

‘‘SEC. 2. REFERENCES IN LAW TO OFFICERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

‘‘Any reference in any provision of law enacted before January 4, 1995, to a function, duty, or authority—

‘‘(1) of the Clerk of the House of Representatives shall be treated as referring, with respect to that function, duty, or authority, to the officer of the House of Representatives exercising that function, duty, or authority, as determined by the Committee on House Oversight of the House of Representatives;

‘‘(2) of the Doorkeeper of the House of Representa-tives shall be treated as referring, with respect to that function, duty, or authority, to the officer of the House of Representatives exercising that function, duty, or authority, as determined by the Committee on House Oversight of the House of Representatives;

‘‘(3) of the Postmaster of the House of Representa-tives shall be treated as referring, with respect to that function, duty, or authority, to the officer of the House of Representatives exercising that function, duty, or authority, as determined by the Committee

on House Oversight of the House of Representatives; and

‘‘(4) of the Director of Non-legislative and Financial Services of the House of Representatives shall be treated as referring, with respect to that function, duty, or authority, to the officer of the House of Rep-resentatives exercising that function, duty, or au-thority, as determined by the Committee on House Oversight of the House of Representatives.’’

§ 21. Oath of Senators

The oath of office shall be administered by the President of the Senate to each Senator who shall be elected, previous to his taking his seat.

(R.S. § 28.)

CODIFICATION

R.S. § 28 derived from act June 1, 1789, ch. 1, § 2, 1 Stat. 23.

§ 22. Oath of President of Senate

When a President of the Senate has not taken the oath of office, it shall be administered to him by any Member of the Senate.

(R.S. § 29.)

CODIFICATION


§ 23. Presiding officer of Senate may administer oaths

The presiding officer, for the time being, of the Senate of the United States, shall have power to administer all oaths and affirmations that are or may be required by the Constitution, or by law, to be taken by any Senator, officer of the Senate, witness, or other person, in respect to any matter within the jurisdiction of the Senate.

(Apr. 18, 1876, ch. 66, § 1, 19 Stat. 34.)

§ 24. Secretary of Senate or assistant secretary may administer oaths

The Secretary of the Senate, and the assistant secretary thereof, shall, respectively, have power to administer any oath or affirmation re-quired by law, or by the rules or orders of the Senate, to be taken by any officer of the Senate, and to any witness produced before it.

(Apr. 18, 1876, ch. 66, § 2, 19 Stat. 34; Pub. L. 92–51, July 9, 1971, 85 Stat. 125.)

CHANGE OF NAME

Assistant secretary of the Senate deemed successor in references to chief clerk of the Senate in all laws, rules, resolutions, and orders, effective July 1, 1971, under provisions of Pub. L. 92–51, July 9, 1971, 85 Stat. 125.

§ 25. Oath of Speaker, Members, and Delegates

At the first session of Congress after every general election of Representatives, the oath of office shall be administered by any Member of the House of Representatives to the Speaker; and by the Speaker to all the Members and Dele-gates present, and to the Clerk, previous to en-tering on any other business; and to the Mem-bers and Delegates who afterward appear, pre-vious to their taking their seats.



The Clerk of the House of Representatives of the Eightieth and each succeeding Congress shall cause the oath of office to be printed, fur-nishing two copies to each Member and Delegate who has taken the oath of office in accordance with law, which shall be subscribed in person by the Member or Delegate, who shall thereupon deliver them to the Clerk, one to be filed in the records of the House of Representatives, and the other to be recorded in the Journal of the House and in the Congressional Record; and such signed copies, or certified copies thereof, or of either of such records thereof, shall be admissi-ble in evidence in any court of the United States, and shall be held conclusive proof of the fact that the signer duly took the oath of office in accordance with law.

(R.S. § 30; Feb. 18, 1948, ch. 53, 62 Stat. 20.)

CODIFICATION


The last paragraph of this section, which permitted Members and Delegates of the House of Representatives of the Eightieth Congress to subscribe and deliver two signed copies of the printed oath of office at any time before the expiration of the Eightieth Congress, was omitted.

AMENDMENTS

1948—Act Feb. 18, 1948, added last two paragraphs to provide a way by which any Member of House of Rep-resentatives can establish by record evidence the fact that the Member took the oath of office and so became a Member.

§ 25a. Delegate to House of Representatives from District of Columbia

(a) The people of the District of Columbia shall be represented in the House of Representa-tives by a Delegate, to be known as the ‘‘Dele-gate to the House of Representatives from the District of Columbia’’, who shall be elected by the voters of the District of Columbia in accord-ance with the District of Columbia Election Act. The Delegate shall have a seat in the House of Representatives, with the right of debate, but not of voting, shall have all the privileges grant-ed a Representative by section 6 of Article I of the Constitution, and shall be subject to the same restrictions and regulations as are im-posed by law or rules on Representatives. The Delegate shall be elected to serve during each Congress.

(b) No individual may hold the office of Dele-gate to the House of Representatives from the District of Columbia unless on the date of his election—

(1) he is a qualified elector (as that term is defined in section 2(2) of the District of Colum-bia Election Act) of the District of Columbia;

(2) he is at least twenty-five years of age; (3) he holds no other paid public office; and (4) he has resided in the District of Columbia

continuously since the beginning of the three-year period ending on such date.

He shall forfeit his office upon failure to main-tain the qualifications required by this sub-section.

(Pub. L. 91–405, title II, § 202, Sept. 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 848.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The District of Columbia Election Act, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b)(1), is act Aug. 12, 1955, ch. 862, 69 Stat. 699, as amended, which is not classified to the Code.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section 206(b) of title II of Pub. L. 91–405 provided that: ‘‘This title and the amendments made by this title [enacting this section and section 25b of this title and amending section 2106 of Title 5, Government Orga-nization and Employees, sections 4342, 6954, and 9342 of Title 10, Armed Forces, sections 201, 203, 204, 591, 594, and 595 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and section 1973i of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] shall take effect on the date of its enactment [Sept. 22, 1970].’’

§ 25b. Repealed. Pub. L. 104–186, title II, § 202(1), Aug. 20, 1996. 110 Stat. 1724

Section, Pub. L. 91–405, title II, § 204(a), Sept. 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 852, related to application of certain Federal laws to Delegate to House of Representatives from Dis-trict of Columbia.

§ 26. Roll of Representatives-elect

Before the first meeting of each Congress the Clerk of the next preceding House of Represent-atives shall make a roll of the Representatives-elect, and place thereon the names of those per-sons, and of such persons only, whose creden-tials show that they were regularly elected in accordance with the laws of their States respec-tively, or the laws of the United States. In case of a vacancy in the office of Clerk of the House of Representatives, or of the absence or inability of the Clerk to discharge the duties imposed on him by law or custom relative to the prepara-tion of the roll of Representatives or the organi-zation of the House, those duties shall devolve on the Sergeant at Arms of the next preceding House of Representatives.

(R.S. §§ 31–33; Pub. L. 104–186, title II, § 202(2), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1724.)

CODIFICATION

R.S. § 31 derived from acts Feb. 21, 1867, ch. 56, § 1, 14 Stat. 397 and Mar. 3, 1863, ch. 108, 12 Stat. 804.

R.S. §§ 32 and 33 derived from act Feb. 21, 1867, ch. 56, § 2, 14 Stat. 397.

R.S. § 31 constitutes first sentence; R.S. § 32 con-stitutes second sentence; and R.S. § 33 constituted the third sentence, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 104–186. See 1996 Amendment note below.

AMENDMENTS

1996—Pub. L. 104–186 struck out third sentence which read as follows: ‘‘In case of vacancies in the offices of both the Clerk and the Sergeant at Arms, or of the ab-sence or inability of both to act, the duties of the Clerk relative to the preparation of the roll of the House of Representatives or the organization of the House shall be performed by the Doorkeeper of the next preceding House of Representatives.’’ See Codification note above.

§ 27. Change of place of meeting

Whenever Congress is about to convene, and from the prevalence of contagious sickness, or the existence of other circumstances, it would, in the opinion of the President, be hazardous to the lives or health of the members to meet at the seat of Government, the President is author-


TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS § 28c

ized, by proclamation, to convene Congress at such other place as he may judge proper.

(R.S. § 34.)

CODIFICATION

R.S. § 34 derived from act Apr. 3, 1794, ch. 17, 1 Stat. 353.

§ 28. Parliamentary precedents of House of Rep-resentatives

(a) Periodic compilation; other useful materials; index digest; date of completion

The Parliamentarian of the House of Rep-resentatives, at the beginning of the fifth fiscal year following the completion and publication of the parliamentary precedents of the House au-thorized by the Legislative Branch Appropria-tion Act, 1966 (79 Stat. 270; Public Law 89–90), and at the beginning of each fifth fiscal year thereafter, shall commence the compilation and preparation for printing of the parliamentary precedents of the House of Representatives, to-gether with such other materials as may be use-ful in connection therewith, and an index digest of such precedents and other materials. Each such compilation and preparation for printing of the parliamentary precedents of the House shall be completed by the close of the fiscal year im-mediately following the fiscal year in which such work is commenced.

(b) Form, number, and distribution of compila-tion

As so compiled and prepared, such precedents and other materials and index digest shall be printed on pages of such size, and in such type and format, as the Parliamentarian may deter-mine and shall be printed in such numbers and for such distribution as may be provided by law enacted prior to printing.

(c) Appointment and compensation of personnel; utilization of services of personnel of Federal agencies

For the purpose of carrying out each such compilation and preparation, the Parliamen-tarian may—

(1) subject to the approval of the Speaker, appoint (as employees of the House of Rep-resentatives) clerical and other personnel and fix their respective rates of pay; and

(2) utilize the services of personnel of the Li-brary of Congress and the Government Print-ing Office.

(Pub. L. 91–510, title III, § 331, Oct. 26, 1970, 84 Stat. 1186.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The Legislative Branch Appropriation Act, 1966, re-ferred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 89–90, July 27, 1965, 79 Stat. 265. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective immediately prior to noon on Jan. 3, 1971, see section 601(1) of Pub. L. 91–510, set out as an Effective Date of 1970 Amendment note under section 72a of this title.

§ 28a. Compilation of the Precedents of House of Representatives; date of completion; biennial update; printing and availability of copies

The Speaker is authorized and directed to complete the Compilation of the Precedents of the House of Representatives by January 1, 1977, and prepare an updated compilation of such precedents every two years thereafter. Copies of the Compilation of Precedents shall be printed in sufficient quantity to be available to every Member and the standing committees of the House of Representatives.

(Pub. L. 93–554, title I, ch. III, Dec. 27, 1974, 88 Stat. 1777.)

CODIFICATION

Section is based on section 208 of House Resolution No. 988, Ninety-third Congress, Oct. 8, 1974, which was enacted into permanent law by Pub. L. 93–554.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Pub. L. 93–554 provided that the enactment of House Resolution No. 988, Ninety-third Congress, into perma-nent law is effective Jan. 2, 1975.

§ 28b. Printing and binding as public document of Precedents of House of Representatives; number of sets authorized

(a) There shall be printed and bound as a pub-lic document two thousand sets of the Prec-edents of the House of Representatives compiled and prepared by Lewis Deschler (hereinafter in sections 28b to 28e of this title referred to as the ‘‘Precedents’’) in accordance with the provisions of the Legislative Branch Appropriation Act, 1966 (Public Law 89–90; 79 Stat. 265).

(b) The number of sets authorized to be print-ed and bound by or pursuant to sections 28b to 28e of this title shall be in lieu of the usual num-ber of copies for binding and distribution re-quired by section 701 of title 44.

(Pub. L. 94–551, § 1, Oct. 18, 1976, 90 Stat. 2537.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The Legislative Branch Appropriation Act, 1966, re-ferred to in text, is Pub. L. 89–90, July 27, 1965, 79 Stat. 265. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

§ 28c. Distribution of Precedents by Public Printer

(a) Delivery to Members of Ninety-fifth Congress; marking of volumes

The Public Printer shall deliver one set of the Precedents to each Senator or Representative in, or Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, the Ninety-fifth Congress. The name of the Member to whom the set is delivered shall be legibly stamped on the front cover of each vol-ume of the set.

(b) Members of Congress following Ninety-fifth Congress not already having sets of Prece-dents; necessity of written request to Super-intendent of Documents for set

Each Senator or Representative in, or Dele-gate or Resident Commissioner to, each Con-gress following the Ninety-fifth Congress who has not theretofore received a set of the Prece-dents shall be entitled to receive one set of the


TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS§ 28d

1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma.

Precedents, upon transmitting a written request for such set to the Superintendent of Docu-ments.

(c) Additional distribution of sets

The Public Printer shall make the following distribution of sets of the Precedents:

(1) to the office of the Vice President, to the office of the speaker of the House of Rep-resentatives, and to the office of the President pro tempore of the Senate, each, five sets;

(2) to the office of the majority leader of the House of Representatives and to the office of the minority leader of the House of Represent-atives, each, three sets;

(3) to the Parliamentarian of the House of Representatives, sixty sets;

(4) to the Parliamentarian of the Senate, five sets;

(5) to the Clerk of the House of Representa-tives and to the Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives, each 1 two sets;

(6) to the Secretary of the Senate and to the Sergeant at Arms of the Senate, each, two sets;

(7) to the superintendent of the House docu-ment room, two sets;

(8) to the superintendent of the Senate docu-ment room, two sets;

(9) to the Library of Congress, for inter-national exchange and for official use in Wash-ington, District of Columbia, one hundred and fifty sets;

(10) to the National Archives, three sets; (11) to the government of the District of Co-

lumbia, twelve sets; (12) to the Smithsonian Institute, two sets; (13) to the library of each legislative branch

of each State, territory, and possession of the United States, one set; and

(14) to the Superintendent of Documents, eight hundred and sixteen sets for distribution to the depository library system.

(Pub. L. 94–551, § 2, Oct. 18, 1976, 90 Stat. 2537; Pub. L. 104–186, title II, § 202(3), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1724.)

AMENDMENTS

1996—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 104–186, § 202(3)(A), sub-stituted ‘‘Representatives, each’’ for ‘‘Representives, each’’.

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 104–186, § 202(3)(B), substituted ‘‘and to the Sergeant at Arms of the House of Rep-resentatives, each two sets’’ for ‘‘, to the Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives, and to the Door-keeper of the House of Representatives, each, two sets’’.

§ 28d. Distribution of Precedents by Public Print-er for official use; particular distribution; marking and ownership of sets

(a) The Public Printer shall make the follow-ing distribution of sets of the Precedents;

(1) to each standing or joint committee of the Congress which is in existence on October 18, 1976, or which is established after October 18, 1976, four sets;

(2) to the office of the Legislative Counsel of the House of Representatives, five sets;

(3) to the office of the Legislative Counsel of the Senate, five sets;

(4) to the library of the House of Representa-tives, four sets;

(5) to the library of the Senate, two sets; (6) to the library of the Supreme Court of

the United States, nine sets; (7) to the office of the Official Reporter of

Debates of the House of Representatives, three sets; and

(8) to the office of the Official Reporter of Debates of the Senate, three sets.

(b) Each set of Precedents distributed by the Public Printer under subsection (a) of this sec-tion shall be for official use. Each such set shall be legibly stamped on the front cover ‘‘Property of the United States Government.’’ Each such set, upon delivery, shall become and remain the property of the United States, and may not be removed from the building in which is located the designated library or office, as the case may be.

(Pub. L. 94–551, § 3, Oct. 18, 1976, 90 Stat. 2538.)

§ 28e. Distribution of Precedents by Joint Com-mittee on Printing of surplus sets; additional printing, etc., of sets under authority of Joint Committee

(a) Any set of the Precedents printed and bound pursuant to subsection (a) of section 28b of this title, not needed to carry out the dis-tributions required by sections 28b to 28e of this title, shall be distributed under the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing.

(b) The Joint Committee on Printing may from time to time authorize and direct that ad-ditional sets of the Precedents, be printed, bound, and distributed in such manner as the Joint Committee determines will best carry out the purposes of sections 28b to 28e of this title.

(Pub. L. 94–551, § 4, Oct. 18, 1976, 90 Stat. 2538.)

§ 29. Condensed and simplified versions of House precedents; other useful materials in sum-mary form; form and distribution to Mem-bers of Congress, Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico, and others; appointment and compensation of personnel; utilization of services of personnel of Federal agencies

The Parliamentarian of the House of Rep-resentatives shall prepare, compile, and main-tain on a current basis and in cumulative form, for each Congress commencing with the Ninety-third Congress a condensed and, insofar as prac-ticable, up-to-date version of all of the par-liamentary precedents of the House of Rep-resentatives which have current use and applica-tion in the House, together with informative text prepared by the Parliamentarian and other useful related material in summary form. The Parliamentarian shall have such matter printed for each Congress on pages of such size and in such type and format as he considers advisable to promote the usefulness of such matter to the Members of the House and shall provide a print-ed copy thereof to each Member in each Con-gress, including the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico, and may make such other dis-tribution of such printed copies as he considers


TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS § 29a

1 So in original. Probably should be capitalized.

advisable. In carrying out this section, the Par-liamentarian may appoint and fix the pay of personnel and utilize the services of personnel of the Library of Congress and the Government Printing Office.

(Pub. L. 91–510, title III, § 332, Oct. 26, 1970, 84 Stat. 1186.)

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective immediately prior to noon on Jan. 3, 1971, see section 601(1) of Pub. L. 91–510, set out as an Effective Date of 1970 Amendment note under section 72a of this title.

§ 29a. Early organization of House of Representa-tives

(a) Caucus or conference for incumbent Mem-bers reelected to and Members-elect of ensu-ing Congress; time and procedure for calling

(1) The majority leader or minority leader of the House of Representatives after consultation with the Speaker may at any time during any even-numbered year call a caucus or conference of all incumbent Members of his or her political party who have been reelected to the ensuing Congress and all other Members-elect of such party, for the purpose of taking all steps nec-essary to achieve the prompt organization of the Members and Members-elect of such party for the ensuing Congress.

(2) If the majority leader or minority leader calls an organizational caucus or conference under paragraph (1), he or she shall file with the Clerk of the House a written notice designating the date upon which the caucus or conference is to convene. As soon as possible after the elec-tion of Members to the ensuing Congress, the Clerk shall furnish each Member-elect of the party involved with appropriate written notifi-cation of the caucus or conference.

(3) If a vacancy occurs in the office of majority leader or minority leader during any even-num-bered year (and has not been filled), the chair-man of the caucus or conference of the party in-volved for the current Congress may call an or-ganizational caucus or conference under para-graph (1) by filing written notice thereof as pro-vided by paragraph (2).

(b) Payment and reimbursement for travel and per diem expenses for Members attending caucus or conference; exceptions; regulations governing payments and reimbursements; re-imbursement vouchers

(1)(A) Each Member-elect (other than an in-cumbent Member reelected to the ensuing Con-gress) who attends a caucus or conference called under subsection (a) of this section, and each in-cumbent Member reelected to the ensuing Con-gress who attends any such caucus or conference convening after the adjournment sine die of the Congress in the year involved, shall be paid for one round trip between his or her place of resi-dence in the district which he or she represents and Washington, District of Columbia, for the purpose of attending such caucus or conference. Payment shall be made through the issuance of a transportation request form to each such Member-elect or incumbent Member by the Fi-nance Office of the House before such caucus or conference.

(B) Each Member-elect (other than an incum-bent Member reelected to the ensuing Congress) who attends a caucus or conference called under subsection (a) of this section shall in addition be reimbursed on a per diem or other basis for ex-penses incurred in connection with his or her at-tendance at such caucus or conference.

(2) Payments and reimbursements to Mem-bers-elect under paragraph (1) shall be made as provided (with respect to Members) in the regu-lations prescribed by the Committee on House Oversight with respect to travel and other ex-penses of committees and Members. Reimburse-ments shall be paid on special voucher forms prescribed by the Committee on House Over-sight.

(c) Availability of applicable accounts of House

The applicable accounts of the House of Rep-resentatives are made available to carry out the purposes of this section.

(d) Orientation programs for new Members

With the approval of the majority leader (in the case of a Member or Member-elect of the majority party) or the minority leader (in the case of a Member or Member-elect of the minor-ity party), subsections (b) and (c) of this section shall apply with respect to the attendance of a Member or Member-elect at a program con-ducted by the Committee on House Administra-tion for the orientation of new members 1 in the same manner as such provisions apply to the at-tendance of the Member or Member-elect at the organizational caucus or conference.

(Pub. L. 93–554, title I, ch. III, Dec. 27, 1974, 88 Stat. 1777; Pub. L. 104–186, title II, § 202(4), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1725; Pub. L. 108–447, div. G, title I, § 107(a), (b)(1), (c)(1), Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3176.)

CODIFICATION

Section is based on section 202 of House Resolution No. 988, Ninety-third Congress, Oct. 8, 1974, which was enacted into permanent law by Pub. L. 93–554.

AMENDMENTS

2004—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 108–447, § 107(a), sub-stituted ‘‘conference of all’’ for ‘‘conference, to begin on or after the first day of December and conclude on or before the twentieth day of December in such year and to be attended by all’’.

Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 108–447, § 107(b)(1), sub-stituted a period for ‘‘for a period not to exceed the shorter of the following—

‘‘(i) the period beginning with the day before the designated date upon which such caucus or con-ference is to convene and ending with the day after the date of the final adjournment of such caucus or conference; or

‘‘(ii) fourteen days.’’Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–447, § 107(c)(1), added subsec.

(d). 1996—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 104–186, § 202(4)(A), sub-

stituted ‘‘House Oversight’’ for ‘‘House Administra-tion’’ in two places.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–186, § 202(4)(B), substituted ‘‘applicable accounts of the House of Representatives are’’ for ‘‘contingent fund of the House is’’.

CHANGE OF NAME

Committee on House Oversight of House of Rep-resentatives changed to Committee on House Adminis-


TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS§§ 29b, 29c

1 See References in Text note below.

tration of House of Representatives by House Resolu-tion No. 5, One Hundred Sixth Congress, Jan. 6, 1999.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2004 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 108–447, div. G, title I, § 107(d), Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3177, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 43b–2 of this title] shall apply with respect to the One Hundred Tenth Congress and each succeeding Congress.’’

EFFECTIVE DATE

Pub. L. 93–554 provided that the enactment of House Resolution No. 988, Ninety-third Congress, into perma-nent law is effective Jan. 2, 1975.

§§ 29b, 29c. Omitted

CODIFICATION

Section 29b, based on section 204 of House Resolution No. 988, Ninety-third Congress, Oct. 8, 1974, which was enacted into permanent law, effective Jan. 2, 1975, by Pub. L. 93–554, title I, ch. III, Dec. 27, 1974, 88 Stat. 1777, established a Commission on Information and Facili-ties in House of Representatives to be composed of nine members of the House appointed by Speaker, required Speaker to appoint an Advisory Council to assist Com-mission in carrying out its functions, required Commis-sion to conduct study of informational problems, facili-ties and space, and House legislative counsel require-ments, provided for the scope of study of informational problems, and required Commission to make an annual progress report to Speaker, to complete study of House legislative counsel requirements by Jan. 1, 1976, and to submit a final report by Jan. 2, 1977.

Section 29c, based on clause 10, rule I, of the Rules of the House of Representatives as in effect before July 17, 1984, relating to the Office for the Bicentennial for the House of Representatives, established by House Resolu-tion No. 621, Ninety-seventh Congress, Dec. 17, 1982, which was enacted into permanent law by Pub. L. 98–367, title I, § 102, July 17, 1984, 98 Stat. 479, estab-lished in House of Representatives an Office for the Bi-centennial of the House of Representatives to coordi-nate planning of commemoration of two-hundredth an-niversary of House of Representatives and to be staffed by a professional historian appointed by Speaker with-out regard to political affiliation and solely on basis of fitness to perform duties of the position and to serve at pleasure of Speaker, and provided that the Office cease to exist not later than Sept. 30, 1989, unless otherwise provided by law or resolution. Office of the Historian of the House of Representatives was established by clause 10, rule I, of the Rules of the House of Representatives, as added on Jan. 3, 1989 (H. Res. 5, 101st Congress).

§ 29d. Committee on Standards of Official Con-duct of House of Representatives

(a) Omitted

(b) Committee composition

The respective party caucus or conference of the House of Representatives shall each nomi-nate to the House of Representatives at the be-ginning of each Congress 7 members to serve on the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct.

(c) Investigative subcommittees

The Committee on Standards of Official Con-duct shall adopt rules providing—

(1) for the establishment of a 4 or 6-member investigative subcommittee (with equal rep-resentation from the majority and minority parties) whenever the committee votes to un-dertake any investigation;

(2) that the senior majority and minority members on an investigative subcommittee

shall serve as the chairman and ranking mi-nority member of the subcommittee; and

(3) that the chairman and ranking minority member of the full committee may only serve as non-voting, ex officio members on an inves-tigative subcommittee.

Clause 5(d) of rule XI 1 of the Rules of the House of Representatives shall not apply to any inves-tigative subcommittee.

(d) Adjudicatory subcommittees

The Committee on Standards of Official Con-duct shall adopt rules providing—

(1) that upon the completion of an investiga-tion, an investigative subcommittee shall re-port its findings and recommendations to the committee;

(2) that, if an investigative subcommittee by majority vote of its membership adopts a statement of alleged violation, the remaining members of the committee shall comprise an adjudicatory subcommittee to hold a discipli-nary hearing on the violation alleged in the statement;

(3) that any statement of alleged violation and any written response thereto shall be made public at the first meeting or hearing on the matter which is open to the public after the respondent has been given full opportunity to respond to the statement in accordance with committee rules, but, if no public hearing or meeting is held on the matter, the state-ment of alleged violation and any written re-sponse thereto shall be included in the com-mittee’s final report to the House of Rep-resentatives as required by clause 4(e)(1)(B) of rule X 1 of the Rules of the House of Represent-atives;

(4) that a quorum for an adjudicatory sub-committee for the purpose of taking testi-mony and conducting any business shall con-sist of a majority of the membership of the subcommittee plus one; and

(5) that an adjudicatory subcommittee shall determine, after receiving evidence, whether the counts in the statement have been proved and shall report its findings to the committee.

Clause 5(d) of rule XI 1 of the Rules of the House of Representatives shall not apply to any adju-dicatory subcommittee.

(e) to (h) Omitted

(i) Advice and education

(1) The Committee on Standards of Official Conduct shall establish within the committee an Office on Advice and Education (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the ‘‘Office’’) under the supervision of the chairman.

(2) The Office shall be headed by a director who shall be appointed by the chairman, in con-sultation with the ranking minority member, and shall be comprised of such staff as the chair-man determines is necessary to carry out the re-sponsibilities of the Office.

(3) The primary responsibilities of the Office shall include:

(A) Providing information and guidance to Members, officers and employees of the House


TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS § 30a

regarding any laws, rules, regulations, and other standards of conduct applicable to such individuals in their official capacities, and any interpretations and advisory opinions of the committee.

(B) Submitting to the chairman and ranking minority member of the committee any writ-ten request from any such Member, officer or employee for an interpretation of applicable laws, rules, regulations, or other standards of conduct, together with any recommendations thereon.

(C) Recommending to the committee for its consideration formal advisory opinions of gen-eral applicability.

(D) Developing and carrying out, subject to the approval of the chairman, periodic edu-cational briefings for Members, officers and employees of the House on those laws, rules, regulations, or other standards of conduct ap-plicable to them.

(4) No information provided to the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct by a Member, officer or employee of the House of Representa-tives when seeking advice regarding prospective conduct of such Member, officer or employee may be used as the basis for initiating an inves-tigation under clause 4(e)(1)(B) of rule X 1 of the Rules of the House of Representatives, if such Member, officer or employee acts in accordance with the written advice of the committee.

(j) Effective date

This section shall take effect immediately be-fore noon January 3, 1991, except that sub-sections (g), (h), and (i) shall take effect on Jan-uary 1, 1990.

(Pub. L. 101–194, title VIII, § 803, Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1774.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The Rules of the House of Representatives for the One Hundred Sixth Congress were adopted and amended generally by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Sixth Congress, Jan. 6, 1999. Provisions formerly ap-pearing in clause 5(d) of rule XI, referred to in subsecs. (c) and (d), are now contained in clause 6(d) of rule X. Provisions formerly appearing in clause 4(e)(1)(B) of rule X, referred to in subsecs. (d)(3) and (i)(4), are now contained in clause 3(a)(2) of rule XI.

CODIFICATION

Section is comprised of section 803 of Pub. L. 101–194. Subsecs. (a) and (e) to (h) of section 803 amended the Rules of the House of Representatives which are not classified to the Code.

ACCEPTANCE OF GIFTS; AMENDMENTS TO ADVISORY OPINIONS

Section 801(e) of Pub. L. 101–194 provided that: ‘‘The Committee on Standards of Official Conduct of the House of Representatives shall amend its advisory opinions relating to the acceptance of gifts (1) to pro-hibit lodging received as personal hospitality in excess of 30 days in any calendar year from any individual un-less a written waiver is granted by the committee and (2) to exempt gifts of food and beverages consumed not in connection with gifts of lodging from coverage under clause 4 of rule XLIII [now clause 4 of rule XXIII] of the Rules of the House of Representatives.’’

NONCAMPAIGN USE OF CAMPAIGN VEHICLES

Section 802(e) of Pub. L. 101–194 provided that: ‘‘The Committee on Standards of Official Conduct of the

House of Representatives shall issue an advisory opin-ion to provide for appropriate conditions for the inci-dental noncampaign use of vehicles owned or leased by a campaign committee of a Member of the House of Representatives.’’

RESTRICTIONS ON REIMBURSABLE TRAVEL EXPENSES

Section 805 of Pub. L. 101–194 provided that: ‘‘(a) RESTRICTIONS.—The Committee on Standards of

Official Conduct of the House of Representatives shall amend its advisory opinions relating to the acceptance of necessary travel expenses incurred on or after Janu-ary 1, 1990, in connection with speaking engagements and similar events to—

‘‘(1) prohibit the acceptance of such expenses for more than 4 consecutive days in the case of domestic travel and 7 consecutive days (excluding travel days) in the case of foreign travel; and

‘‘(2) permit the acceptance of travel expenses for the spouse or other family member in connection with any substantial participation event or fact-find-ing activity. ‘‘(b) EXEMPTION AUTHORITY.—The Committee on

Standards of Official Conduct of the House of Rep-resentatives is authorized to grant prior written ex-emptions from the limitations contained in subsection (a)(1) in exceptional circumstances.’’

§ 30. Term of service of Members of Congress as trustees or directors of corporations or insti-tutions appropriated for

In all cases where Members of Congress or Senators are appointed to represent Congress on any board of trustees or board of directors of any corporation or institution to which Con-gress makes any appropriation, the term of said Members or Senators, as such trustee or direc-tor, shall continue until the expiration of two months after the first meeting of the Congress chosen next after their appointment.

(Mar. 3, 1893, ch. 199, § 1, 27 Stat. 553.)

CODIFICATION

Section was formerly classified to section 722 of Title 31 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 31, Money and Finance, by Pub. L. 97–258, § 1, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 877.

§ 30a. Jury duty exemption of elected officials of legislative branch

(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of Federal, State or local law, no elected official of the legislative branch of the United States Gov-ernment shall be required to serve on a grand or petit jury, convened by any Federal, State or local court, whether such service is requested by judicial summons or by some other means of compulsion.

(b) ‘‘Elected official of the legislative branch’’ shall mean each Member of the United States House of Representatives, the Delegates from the District of Columbia, Guam, the American Virgin Islands, and American Samoa, and the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico, and each United States Senator.

(Pub. L. 101–520, title III, § 310, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2278.)

CODIFICATION

Section is from the Legislative Branch Appropria-tions Act, 1991.



CHAPTER 3—COMPENSATION AND ALLOWANCES OF MEMBERS

Sec.

31. Compensation of Members of Congress. 31–1. Repealed. 31–2. Gifts and travel.

(a) Gifts. (b) Limits on domestic and foreign travel

by Members and staff of Senate. 31a. Repealed. 31a–1. Expense allowance of Majority and Minority

Leaders of Senate; expense allowance of Majority and Minority Whips; methods of payment; taxability.

31a–2. Representation Allowance Account for Major-ity and Minority Leaders of Senate.

(a) Establishment; purpose. (b) Payments; allotment; reimbursement

for actual expenses; taxability. (c) Authorization of appropriations.

31a–2a. Transfer of funds from representation allow-ance of Majority and Minority Leaders of Senate to expense allowance; availability; definitions.

31a–2b. Transfer of funds from appropriations ac-count of Majority and Minority Leaders of Senate to appropriations account, Mis-cellaneous Items, within Senate contingent fund.

(a) Requests for transfers. (b) Authority to incur expenses. (c) Authority to advance sums.

31a–2c. Transfer of funds from appropriations ac-count of Majority and Minority Whips of Senate to appropriations account, Mis-cellaneous Items, within Senate contingent fund.

(a) Requests for transfers. (b) Authority to incur expenses. (c) Authority to advance sums.

31a–2d. Transfer of funds from appropriations ac-count of the Office of the Vice President and the Offices of the Secretaries for the Majority and Minority to the Senate con-tingent fund.

(a) Office of the Vice President. (b) Offices of the Secretaries for the Ma-

jority and Minority. (c) Effective date.

31a–3. Expense allowance for Chairmen of Majority and Minority Conference Committees of Senate; method of payment; taxability.

31a–4. Expense allowance for Chairmen of Majority and Minority Policy Committees of Senate; method of payment; taxability.

31b. Expense allowance of Speaker of House of Representatives.

31b–1. Former Speakers of House of Representa-tives; retention of office, furniture, etc., in Congressional district following expiration of term as Representative; exceptions.

31b–2. Allowance available to former Speaker for payment of office and other expenses for ad-ministration, etc., of matters pertaining to incumbency in office as Representative and Speaker.

31b–3. Repealed. 31b–4. Franked mail and printing privileges of

former Speaker. 31b–5. Staff assistance to former Speaker for admin-

istration, etc., of matters pertaining to in-cumbency in office as Representative and Speaker; compensation and status of staff.

31b–6. Repealed. 31b–7. Availability of entitlements of former Speak-

er for 5 years. 31c. Repealed. 32. Compensation of President pro tempore of

Senate.

32a. Compensation of Deputy President pro tem-pore of Senate.

32b. Expense allowance of President pro tempore of Senate; methods of payment; taxability.

33. Senators’ salaries. 34. Representatives’ and Delegates’ salaries pay-

able monthly. 35. Salaries payable monthly after taking oath. 35a. End-of-the-month salary payment schedule

inapplicable to Senators. 36. Salaries of Senators. 36a. Payment of sums due deceased Senators and

Senate personnel. 37. Salaries of Representatives, Delegates, and

Resident Commissioners elected for un-expired terms.

38. Repealed. 38a. Disposition of unpaid salary and other sums

on death of Representative or Resident Commissioner.

38b. Death gratuity payments as gifts. 39. Deductions for absence. 40. Deductions for withdrawal. 40a. Deductions for delinquent indebtedness. 41, 42. Repealed. 42a. Special delivery postage allowance for Presi-

dent of Senate. 42a–1 to 43b–1. Repealed or Omitted. 43b–2. Staff expenses for House Members attending

organizational caucus or conference. (a) In general. (b) Per diem expenses of staff person. (c) Orientation programs for new Mem-

bers. 43b–3. Payments and reimbursements for certain

House staff expenses. 43c. Repealed. 43d. Organizational expenses of Senator-elect.

(a) Appointment of employees by Sec-retary of Senate to assist; termi-nation of employment.

(b) Payment of salaries of appointed em-ployees; funding; maximum amount.

(c) Payment of transportation and per diem expenses of Senator-elect and appointed employees for one round trip from home State to Washing-ton, D.C. for business of impending Congress; funding; maximum amount.

(d) Payment of telegrams, telephone services, and stationery expenses.

44 to 46. Omitted. 46a. Stationery allowance for President of Senate. 46a–1. Senate revolving fund for stationery allow-

ances; availability of unexpended balances; withdrawals.

46a–2 to 46b. Omitted or Repealed. 46b–1. House revolving fund for stationery allow-

ances; disposition of moneys from station-ery sales; availability of unexpended bal-ances.

46b–2 to 46d. Repealed. 46d–1. Long-distance telephone calls for Vice Presi-

dent. 46d–2 to 46i. Repealed. 47. Mode of payment. 48. Certification of salary and mileage accounts. 49. Certificate of salary during recess. 50. Substitute to sign certificates for salary and

accounts. 51. Monuments to deceased Senators or House

Members. 52, 53. Repealed. 54. Annotated United States Code for Members of

House of Representatives to be paid for from Members’ Representational Allow-ance.

(a) In general.



(b) ‘‘Member of the House of Representa-tives’’ defined.

(c) Regulations. 55. United States Code Annotated or United

States Code Service; procurement for Sen-ators.

56. Repealed. 57. Adjustment of House of Representatives al-

lowances by Committee on House Over-sight.

(a) In general. (b) Provision specified. (c) ‘‘Member of the House of Representa-

tives’’ defined. 57a. Limitation on allowance authority of Com-

mittee on House Oversight. (a) In general. (b) Resolution requirement. (c) Provision specified.

57b. Representational allowance for Members of House of Representatives.

(a) In general. (b) Merger. (c) ‘‘Member of the House of Representa-

tives’’ defined. (d) Regulations. (e) Effective Date.

58. Mail, telegraph, telephone, stationery, office supplies, and home State office and travel expenses for Senators.

(a) Authorization for payment from Sen-ate contingent fund.

(b) Limits for authorized expenses; recal-culation formula.

(c), (d) Repealed. (e) Transportation, essential travel-re-

lated expenses, and per diem ex-penses; coverage; limitations; amounts.

(f) Omitted. (g) Closing of deceased Senator’s State

offices. (h) Individuals serving on panels or other

bodies recommending nominees for Federal judgeships, service acad-emies, United States Attorneys, or United States Marshals.

(i) Authorization of Secretary of Senate to pay reimbursable expenses.

(j) Advances from Senate contingent fund for travel expenses for official business trips; vouchers; settle-ment.

58a. Telecommunications services for Senators; payment of costs out of contingent fund.

58a–1. Payment for telecommunications equipment and services; definitions.

58a–2. Certification of telecommunications equip-ment and services as official.

(a) Regulations issued by Committee on Rules and Administration.

(b) Equipment and services provided on reimbursable basis.

(c) Establishment of reasonable charges. (d) Disposition of moneys received. (e) Committee authority to classify or

reclassify equipment and services. 58a–3. Report on telecommunications to Committee

on Rules and Administration. 58a–4. Metered charges on copiers; ‘‘Sergeant at

Arms’’ and ‘‘user’’ defined; certification of services and equipment as official; deposit of payments; availability for expenditure.

58b. Repealed. 58c. Senators’ Official Personnel and Office Ex-

pense Account. 58c–1. Repealed. 59. Home State office space for Senators; lease of

office space. (a) Procurement by Sergeant at Arms of

Senate in places designated by Sen-ator; places subject to use; lease of office space.

(b) Maximum amount of aggregate square feet for each Senator.

(c) Maximum annual rental rate; maxi-mum aggregate amount for acquisi-tion of furniture, equipment, and other office furnishings.

(d) Senators subject to maximum amount of aggregate square feet and maximum annual rental rate.

(e) Omitted. (f) Mobile office. (g) Effective date.

59–1. Additional home State office space for Sen-ators; declaration of disaster or emergency.

59a. Repealed. 59b. Purchase of office equipment or furnishings

by Senators. (a) Authorization; conditions. (b) Request by Senator and arrangement

for purchase by Sergeant at Arms of Senate; regulations governing pur-chase; price.

(c) Remittance of amounts received to General Services Administration; disposition.

59c. Transferred. 59d. Transportation of official records and papers

to House Members’ district. (a) Payment of reasonable expenses from

applicable accounts of House; rules and regulations.

(b) ‘‘Member of the House of Representa-tives’’ and ‘‘official records and pa-pers’’ defined.

59d–1. Transportation of official records and papers to a Senator’s State.

(a) Payment of reasonable transportation expenses.

(b) Sending and transportation. (c) Oversight. (d) Official records defined. (e) Effective date.

59e. Official mail of persons entitled to use con-gressional frank.

(a) Congressional committee regulations for expenditure of appropriations for official mail.

(b) Postmaster General functions. (c) Source of funds for expenses of offi-

cial mail. (d) Maintenance or use of unofficial of-

fice accounts or defrayal of official expenses from certain funds prohib-ited.

(e) Official Mail Allowance in House of Representatives.

(f) Mass mailing; submission of samples or description of proposed mail mat-ter; advisory opinion.

(g) ‘‘Member of the House of Representa-tives’’ and ‘‘person entitled to use the congressional frank’’ defined.

(h) Omitted. (i) Effective date.

59f. Mass mailings by Senate offices; quarterly statements; publication of summary tabula-tions.

59g. Mass mailing of information by Senators under frank; quarterly registration with Secretary of Senate.

59h. Mass mailing sent by House Members. (a) Notice that mailing is at taxpayer ex-

pense. (b) Publication of each Member’s total

expense and amount. (c) Regulations. (d) Definitions. (e) Applicability.

§ 31. Compensation of Members of Congress

(1) The annual rate of pay for—


TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS§ 31

(A) each Senator, Member of the House of Representatives, and Delegate to the House of Representatives, and the Resident Commis-sioner from Puerto Rico,

(B) the President pro tempore of the Senate, the majority leader and the minority leader of the Senate, and the majority leader and the minority leader of the House of Representa-tives, and

(C) the Speaker of the House of Representa-tives,

shall be the rate determined for such positions under chapter 11 of this title, as adjusted by paragraph (2) of this section.

(2)(A) Subject to subparagraph (B), effective at the beginning of the first applicable pay period commencing on or after the first day of the month in which an adjustment takes effect under section 5303 of title 5 in the rates of pay under the General Schedule, each annual rate referred to in paragraph (1) shall be adjusted by an amount, rounded to the nearest multiple of $100 (or if midway between multiples of $100, to the next higher multiple of $100), equal to the percentage of such annual rate which cor-responds to the most recent percentage change in the ECI (relative to the date described in the next sentence), as determined under section 704(a)(1) of the Ethics Reform Act of 1989. The appropriate date under this sentence is the first day of the fiscal year in which such adjustment in the rates of pay under the General Schedule takes effect.

(B) In no event shall the percentage adjust-ment taking effect under subparagraph (A) in any calendar year (before rounding), in any rate of pay, exceed the percentage adjustment taking effect in such calendar year under section 5303 of title 5 in the rates of pay under the General Schedule.

(Aug. 2, 1946, ch. 753, title VI, § 601(a), 60 Stat. 850; Jan. 19, 1949, ch. 2, § 1(d), 63 Stat. 4; Mar. 2, 1955, ch. 9, § 4(a), 69 Stat. 11; Pub. L. 88–426, title II, § 204, Aug. 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 415; Pub. L. 89–301, § 11(e), Oct. 29, 1965, 79 Stat. 1120; Pub. L. 91–67, § 2, Sept. 15, 1969, 83 Stat. 107; Pub. L. 94–82, title II, § 204(a), Aug. 9, 1975, 89 Stat. 421; Pub. L. 101–194, title VII, § 704(a)(2)(B), Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1769; Pub. L. 101–509, title V, § 529 [title I, § 101(b)(4)(D)], Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1427, 1439; Pub. L. 103–356, title I, § 101(1), Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3410.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The General Schedule, referred to in par. (2), is set out under section 5332 of Title 5, Government Organiza-tion and Employees.

Section 704(a)(1) of the Ethics Reform Act of 1989, re-ferred to in par. (2)(A), is section 704(a)(1) of Pub. L. 101–194, which is set out as a note under section 5318 of Title 5.

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 31, acts Feb. 26, 1907, ch. 1635, § 4, 34 Stat. 993; Mar. 4, 1925, ch. 549, § 4, 43 Stat. 1301; May 17, 1932, ch. 190, 47 Stat. 158, related to compensation of Members of Congress, prior to enactment of act Aug. 2, 1946.

AMENDMENTS

1994—Par. (2). Pub. L. 103–356 designated existing pro-visions as subpar. (A), substituted ‘‘Subject to subpara-

graph (B), effective’’ for ‘‘Effective’’, and added subpar. (B).

1990—Par. (2). Pub. L. 101–509 substituted ‘‘5303’’ for ‘‘5305’’.

1989—Par. (2). Pub. L. 101–194 substituted ‘‘the most recent percentage change in the ECI (relative to the date described in the next sentence), as determined under section 704(a)(1) of the Ethics Reform Act of 1989. The appropriate date under this sentence is the first day of the fiscal year in which such adjustment in the rates of pay under the General Schedule takes effect’’ for ‘‘the overall average percentage (as set forth in the report transmitted to the Congress under such section 5305) of the adjustment in the rates of pay under the General Schedule’’.

1975—Pub. L. 94–82 designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted provisions that rate of pay of the specified parties shall be determined under section 351 et seq. of this title, as adjusted by par. (2) for provi-sions setting rate of compensation at $42,500 for Sen-ators, Representatives, Delegates, and Resident Com-missioner, $62,500 for Speaker, and $49,500 for President pro tempore of Senate and Majority and Minority Lead-ers of House and Senate, and added par. (2).

1969—Pub. L. 91–67 increased compensation of Speak-er from $43,000 to $62,500 per annum and compensation of Majority and Minority Leaders of both Houses of Congress from $35,000 to $49,500 per annum, and fixed compensation of President pro tempore of Senate at $49,500 per annum.

1965—Pub. L. 89–301 inserted provisions setting rate of compensation of Majority and Minority Leaders of Sen-ate and House of Representatives at $35,000 per annum each.

1964—Pub. L. 88–426 increased compensation of Sen-ators, Representatives and Resident Commissioner from $22,500 to $30,000 per annum and that of Speaker from $35,000 to $43,000 per annum, and eliminated provi-sions which related to Delegates from the Territories.

1955—Act Mar. 2, 1955, increased salaries of Senators, Representatives, Delegates, and Resident Commis-sioner from $12,500 a year to $22,500 and compensation of Speaker from $30,000 to $35,000 a year.

1949—Act Jan. 19, 1949, increased Speaker’s salary from $20,000 per year to $30,000.


Section 101 of Pub. L. 103–356 provided that the amendment made by that section is effective Dec. 31, 1994.


Amendment by Pub. L. 101–509 effective on such date as the President shall determine, but not earlier than 90 days, and not later than 180 days, after Nov. 5, 1990, see section 529 [title III, § 305] of Pub. L. 101–509, set out as a note under section 5301 of Title 5, Government Or-ganization and Employees.


Amendment by Pub. L. 101–194 effective Jan. 1, 1991, see section 704(b) of Pub. L. 101–194, set out as a note under section 5318 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.


Amendment by Pub. L. 91–67 effective Mar. 1, 1969, see section 3 of Pub. L. 91–67, set out as a note under sec-tion 104 of Title 3, The President.


Amendment by Pub. L. 89–301 effective on first day of first pay period which begins on or after October 1, 1965, see section 17 of Pub. L. 89–301.


Amendment by Pub. L. 88–426 effective at noon, Jan. 3, 1965, see section 501(b) of Pub. L. 88–426.




Section 5 of act Mar. 2, 1955, provided that: ‘‘The pro-visions of this Act [amending this section, section 104 of Title 3, The President, section 7443 of Title 26, Inter-nal Revenue Code, sections 5, 44, 135, 173, 213, 252, and 508 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, sec-tion 101 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions, and section 654 of Title 50, War and National Defense, and repealing section 31a of this title] shall take effect Mar. 1, 1955.’’


Amendment by act Jan. 19, 1949, effective at noon, Jan. 20, 1949, see section 3 of act Jan. 19, 1949.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section 601(a) of act Aug. 2, 1946, provided that the salary rates provided by such section 601(a) are effec-tive Jan. 3, 1947.

SHORT TITLE OF 1996 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 104–186, § 1(a), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1718, pro-vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘House of Representatives Adminis-trative Reform Technical Corrections Act’.’’

SHORT TITLE OF 1964 AMENDMENT

Section 201 of title II of Pub. L. 88–426 provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting sections 61a, 61a–2, 61d, 61e, 60e–11, 84–2, 136a, 136b, and 273 of this title, sections 42a and 51a of former Title 31, Money and Finance, sections 162a, 166b, and 166b–1 of former Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works, and section 39a of former Title 44, Public Printing and Documents, amending this section and section 72a of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 60a–1 and 60f of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal Legisla-tive Salary Act of 1964’.’’

APPROPRIATION OF FUNDS FOR COMPENSATION OF MEM-BERS OF CONGRESS AND FOR ADMINISTRATIVE EX-PENSES AT LEVELS AUTHORIZED BY LAW AND REC-OMMENDED BY THE PRESIDENT FOR FEDERAL EMPLOY-EES

Pub. L. 97–51, § 130(c), Oct. 1, 1981, 95 Stat. 966, pro-vided that: ‘‘Effective beginning with fiscal year 1983, and continuing each year thereafter, such sums as hereafter may be necessary for ‘Compensation of Mem-bers’ (and administrative expenses related thereto), as authorized by law and at such level recommended by the President for Federal employees for that fiscal year are hereby appropriated from money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. Such sums when paid shall be in lieu of any sums accrued in prior years but not paid. For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘Mem-ber’ means each Member of the Senate and the House of Representatives, the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico, the Delegates from the District of Colum-bia, Guam, Virgin Islands, and American Samoa, and the Vice President.’’

SALARY INCREASES

2005—Ex. Ord. No. 13368, Dec. 30, 2004, 70 F.R. 1147, set out as a note under section 5332 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, provided for the adjust-ment of pay rates effective Jan. 1, 2005.

2004—Ex. Ord. No. 13332, Mar. 3, 2004, 69 F.R. 10891, which provided for the adjustment of pay rates effec-tive Jan. 1, 2004, was superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13368, Dec. 30, 2004, 70 F.R. 1147, set out as a note under sec-tion 5332 of Title 5.

Ex. Ord. No. 13322, Dec. 30, 2003, 69 F.R. 231, which pro-vided for the adjustment of pay rates effective Jan. 1, 2004, was superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13332, Mar. 3, 2004, 69 F.R. 10891, formerly set out as a note under section 5332 of Title 5.

2003—Ex. Ord. No. 13282, Dec. 31, 2002, 68 F.R. 1133, which provided for the adjustment of pay rates effec-