TissuesTissues

Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Tissue that always faces a free surface Tissue that always faces a free surface Examples: Skin; lining of mouthExamples: Skin; lining of mouth

Cells are layered on top of one anotherCells are layered on top of one another

Part of cells opposite the free surface attaches to a basement Part of cells opposite the free surface attaches to a basement membranemembrane

Basement membrane Basement membrane membrane packed with proteins and membrane packed with proteins and carbohydratescarbohydrates

Basement MembraneBasement Membrane

Types of Epithelial TissueTypes of Epithelial Tissue

Simple Simple single layer of cells single layer of cells

Used for absorption, diffusion, and excretionUsed for absorption, diffusion, and excretion

Stratified Stratified 2 or more cell layers 2 or more cell layers

Used for protectionUsed for protection

PseudostratifiedPseudostratified single, staggered layer of cells single, staggered layer of cells

Usually ciliated; cilia sweep mucus across cell surfaceUsually ciliated; cilia sweep mucus across cell surface

Shapes of Epithelial CellsShapes of Epithelial Cells

Squamous epithelial --> Flattened cellsSquamous epithelial --> Flattened cells

Cuboidal epithelial Cuboidal epithelial Cube shaped cells Cube shaped cells

Columnar epithelial Columnar epithelial Column shaped Column shaped

Putting it All TogetherPutting it All Together

Simple Squamous cells Simple Squamous cells lining of blood vessels; lungs lining of blood vessels; lungs

Simple Cuboidal CellsSimple Cuboidal Cells ducts and glands ducts and glands

Simple Columnar Cells Simple Columnar Cells stomach and intestines stomach and intestines

Stratified Squamous Cells Stratified Squamous Cells skin skin

Stratified Cuboidal Cells Stratified Cuboidal Cells ducts of sweat glands ducts of sweat glands

Stratified Columnar Cells Stratified Columnar Cells ducts of salivary glands ducts of salivary glands

Pseudostratified Columnar Cells Pseudostratified Columnar Cells throat, nasal passages throat, nasal passages

Epithelial Tissue TypesEpithelial Tissue Types

The following pix are NOT in your Notes!The following pix are NOT in your Notes!

I just want you to SEE what these tissues types look likeI just want you to SEE what these tissues types look like

I also want you to see SOME of their functions & locationsI also want you to see SOME of their functions & locations

Location: outer Location: outer layers of skinlayers of skin

Function: to Function: to protectprotect

Description: Description: single layer of single layer of columnar cells columnar cells with ciliawith cilia

Location: lines Location: lines uterus, central uterus, central canal of spinal canal of spinal cord, and some cord, and some upper respiratory upper respiratory tracttractFunction: moves Function: moves

particles and fluids particles and fluids alongalong

Description: two or more layers Description: two or more layers of cubed shape cellsof cubed shape cells

Location: Location: sweat sweat glandsglands

Function: to protectFunction: to protect

Description: Description: several layers of several layers of polyhedral cells polyhedral cells

Location: excretory ducts in Location: excretory ducts in some glandssome glands

Function: Function: secretion and secretion and protectionprotection

GlandsGlands

Glands Glands cells that secrete substances; made from epithelial cells cells that secrete substances; made from epithelial cells

Exocrine Glands Exocrine Glands secrete substances to the free surface of epithelial secrete substances to the free surface of epithelial cells through ductscells through ducts

Example: Goblet Cells Example: Goblet Cells secrete mucus into trachea secrete mucus into trachea

Saliva, earwax, and oilSaliva, earwax, and oil

Endocrine Glands Endocrine Glands secrete substances directly into fluid secrete substances directly into fluid

Example: Hormones are released directly into bloodstreamExample: Hormones are released directly into bloodstream

Thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glandThyroid, adrenal, and pituitary gland

GlandsGlands

Endocrine gland Exocrine gland

MembranesMembranes

Membranes Membranes sheet-like coverings over organs sheet-like coverings over organs

Mucous Membranes Mucous Membranes line the cavity of digestive, respiratory systems; line the cavity of digestive, respiratory systems; have ducts that release mucoushave ducts that release mucous

Serous Membranes Serous Membranes enclose organs enclose organs

Cell to Cell Contact & Cell to Cell Contact & Connective TissueConnective Tissue

How do cells stick together?How do cells stick together?

Tight Junctions Tight Junctions rows of proteins that seal cells together rows of proteins that seal cells together

Prevents molecules from getting stuck in between cellsPrevents molecules from getting stuck in between cells

Important in epithelial cells of the intestinesImportant in epithelial cells of the intestines

Adhering Junctions Adhering Junctions Mass of proteins (called desmosomes) that spot Mass of proteins (called desmosomes) that spot weld the cell together at a very specific pointweld the cell together at a very specific point

Important in areas where stretching occursImportant in areas where stretching occurs

Found in skin cells, lining of stomachFound in skin cells, lining of stomach

Gap Junctions Gap Junctions protein channels that connect cells protein channels that connect cells

Promotes cell-to-cell communication; allows ions to move through cellsPromotes cell-to-cell communication; allows ions to move through cells

Found in heart & and other organsFound in heart & and other organs

Connective TissuesConnective Tissues

Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Most abundant tissue in the body Most abundant tissue in the body

Small numbers of cells embedded with connective fibers such as Small numbers of cells embedded with connective fibers such as collagen and elastincollagen and elastin

Collagen Collagen structural protein fibers give mass and volume to structures structural protein fibers give mass and volume to structures

Fibroblasts Fibroblasts secrete jelly-like substance; gives structure to organs secrete jelly-like substance; gives structure to organs

ElastinElastin stretchable fibers that allow for elasticity stretchable fibers that allow for elasticity

All connective tissue has the same ingredients, All connective tissue has the same ingredients, just in different proportionsjust in different proportions

Loose Connective TissueLoose Connective Tissue

Many Cells; few fibersMany Cells; few fibers

Collagen & Elastin Fibers are loosely arrangedCollagen & Elastin Fibers are loosely arranged

Macrophages & Fibroblasts are the most common cellsMacrophages & Fibroblasts are the most common cells

Surrounds blood vessels and nervesSurrounds blood vessels and nerves

Dense Irregular Dense Irregular Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Lots of collagen fibers and fibroblastsLots of collagen fibers and fibroblasts

Deep regions of the skinDeep regions of the skin

Dense Regular Dense Regular Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Collagen fibers run parallel to each otherCollagen fibers run parallel to each other

Creates strong attachments between muscles and bonesCreates strong attachments between muscles and bones

Found in ligaments and tendonsFound in ligaments and tendons

Cartilage & BoneCartilage & BoneCartilage Cartilage type of connective tissue that cushions and maintains shape type of connective tissue that cushions and maintains shape of body partsof body parts

Structure of Cartilage Structure of Cartilage Stretchable fibers similar in texture to rubber. Stretchable fibers similar in texture to rubber. Newly divided cells are called chondroblasts; mature into chondrocytesNewly divided cells are called chondroblasts; mature into chondrocytes

Very few blood vessels innervate cartilage; difficult to healVery few blood vessels innervate cartilage; difficult to heal

CartilageCartilage BoneBone

Types of CartilageTypes of Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Consists of collagen fibers. Found where bone Consists of collagen fibers. Found where bone meets bone or at joints in the bodymeets bone or at joints in the body

Reduces friction between moving bonesReduces friction between moving bones

Found on either side of femur; end of nose, in between ribsFound on either side of femur; end of nose, in between ribs

Chondrocytes Chondrocytes

Types of CartilageTypes of Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Consists of elastic fibers made from protein; also Consists of elastic fibers made from protein; also some collagensome collagen

Found in parts of the body where stretchability is importantFound in parts of the body where stretchability is important

Found in outer edge of ear, surrounding esophagus, epiglottisFound in outer edge of ear, surrounding esophagus, epiglottis

Types of CartilageTypes of Cartilage

Fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage Rigid and Resilient; can withstand large amounts of Rigid and Resilient; can withstand large amounts of pressurepressure

Densely packed with collagen fibersDensely packed with collagen fibers

Found in kneecaps, in between vertebraeFound in kneecaps, in between vertebrae

Collagen Fiber Collagen Fiber

BoneBone

•Weight bearing tissue of bodyWeight bearing tissue of body

•Bones are joined with muscles to bring about movementBones are joined with muscles to bring about movement

•Bones store calcium & produce some kinds of blood cellsBones store calcium & produce some kinds of blood cells

•Bones made from densely packed collagen fibers and calcium saltsBones made from densely packed collagen fibers and calcium salts

•Inside fibers are lacunae, cavities that contain the living bone cells, Inside fibers are lacunae, cavities that contain the living bone cells, osteocytesosteocytes

•Bone is innervated by more blood vessels than cartilageBone is innervated by more blood vessels than cartilage

Types of BoneTypes of Bone

Compact BoneCompact Bone

Found on the outside of larger bones, embedded with lots of blood Found on the outside of larger bones, embedded with lots of blood vessels and nervesvessels and nerves

Types of BoneTypes of Bone

Spongy Bone Spongy Bone

Found at the ends of bones, loosely packed collagen and calciumFound at the ends of bones, loosely packed collagen and calcium

Muscles & NervesMuscles & Nerves

MusclesMuscles tissues that contract and relax to move body parts tissues that contract and relax to move body parts

Fibers are arranged in parallel for increased resiliencyFibers are arranged in parallel for increased resiliency

Types of MuscleTypes of Muscle

Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle Muscle attached to bones Muscle attached to bones

Individual cells are called muscle fibersIndividual cells are called muscle fibers

Each cell has multiple nuclei, caused from the fusion of juvenile muscle Each cell has multiple nuclei, caused from the fusion of juvenile muscle cellscells

Proteins are embedded in the muscle fibers (called Actin & Myosin)Proteins are embedded in the muscle fibers (called Actin & Myosin)

Actin & Myosin form bands in skeletal muscle that make it striatedActin & Myosin form bands in skeletal muscle that make it striated

Fibers are bundled together in fasicles & wrapped in connective tissueFibers are bundled together in fasicles & wrapped in connective tissue

Types of MuscleTypes of Muscle

Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle muscle of stomach, blood vessels, & internal organs muscle of stomach, blood vessels, & internal organs

Fewer Actin & Myosin fibers, no banding; unstriatedFewer Actin & Myosin fibers, no banding; unstriated

Maintains constant tension, smaller contractionsMaintains constant tension, smaller contractions

Often called involuntary muscleOften called involuntary muscle

Types of MuscleTypes of Muscle

Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle

Striated like skeletal muscleStriated like skeletal muscle

Involuntary like smooth muscleInvoluntary like smooth muscle

Muscle fibers are tightly packed together by specialized fibers called Muscle fibers are tightly packed together by specialized fibers called intercalated discsintercalated discs

Nerve TissueNerve Tissue

Nerve Tissue Nerve Tissue exercises control over body’s activities exercises control over body’s activities

Individual cells called neuronsIndividual cells called neurons

Structure of NeuronsStructure of Neurons

Main Structure is cell bodyMain Structure is cell body

Dendrites Dendrites branched “arms” that pick up incoming chemical branched “arms” that pick up incoming chemical informationinformation

Axons Axons “arms” that send out chemical information “arms” that send out chemical information

Nerve Nerve cluster of neurons cluster of neurons

Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

Sensory Neurons Sensory Neurons Used to detect chemical changes Used to detect chemical changes

Examples Examples Olfactory neurons Olfactory neuronsRetinal Neurons in the eyeRetinal Neurons in the eye

Epithelial Neurons embedded in the skinEpithelial Neurons embedded in the skin

Blood & Adipose TissueBlood & Adipose Tissue

Blood specialized tissue that carries proteins, ions, oxygen, fibrin (clots tissue)Blood cells are made in bone marrow (center of bone)

3 Parts of BloodPlasma fluid portion of bloodPlatelets white blood cells

Red Blood Cells Carry Oxygen to muscles; adult cells are non-nucleated

White Blood Cells function in immunity, cell defense

Platelets fragments of cells (called mekaryocytes) that aid in blood clotting

Blood carries nutrients and proteins to cells and carries waste away from cells

White Blood Cells & Red White Blood Cells & Red Blood CellsBlood Cells

Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue

Large clustered cells used for fat storageLarge clustered cells used for fat storage

Excess carbohydrates and proteins are converted to fatExcess carbohydrates and proteins are converted to fat

Adipose tissue is connected with lots of blood vesselsAdipose tissue is connected with lots of blood vessels

Where does adipose tissue collect?Where does adipose tissue collect?

Hips, abdomen, thighs, under skin, around kidneys Hips, abdomen, thighs, under skin, around kidneys