Tissues - Delta Collegewebsites.delta.edu/mgrobert/PDFs/Tissues.pdfCONNECTIVE TISSUES Communal Features Cells (name ends in “cyte” if adult-like or in “blast” if reproductive)

TISSUESThe Body’s

Building Blocks

Mark RobertsonProfessor of Biology

Delta College

LEVELS OF COMPLEXITY

Atoms

Molecules

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

FOUR MAJOR TISSUE SUBGROUPS

EpithelialConnectiveMuscularNervous

EPITHELIAL TISSUE CLASSIFICATIONS

DepthSimple (single layer of cells)Stratified (multiple layers of cells)

Cell ShapeSquamous (for diffusion, osmosis, filtration)Cuboidal (combination of some product production and still has some diffusion)Columnar (for lots of product production, product storage, and maximum protection)

EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE EPITHELIA

Simple Squamous (very thin cells)

Simple Cuboidal (boxy looking cells)

Simple Columnar (tallest cells, may have cilia and/or goblet cells for mucus)

EXAMPLES OF STRATIFIED EPITHELIA

Stratified SquamousNonkeratinized – “not killed”; moist linings (Robertson’s One-Finger Rule for locations)

Keratinized – “killed”; dry outer skin dies as keratin is formed, only in epidermis


Pseudostratified Columnar

Ciliated with goblet cells (respiratory tract)Nonciliated with goblet cells (digestive tract)


Transitionalno goblet cells or ciliaallows stretch in urinary bladder lininggoes from cuboidal (empty) to squamous shape (full)

CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Communal FeaturesCells (name ends in “cyte” if adult-like or in “blast” if reproductive)Matrix (water plus dissolved protein) Protein Fibers (always has reticular; may also have elastin and/or collagen)

Fetal PrecursorCalled “mesenchyme”Forms all of the skeletal system (muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments, etc.)

PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE SUBGROUPS

Areolar (a loose fibrous type) - all 3 fibers present

Adipose (a loose fibrous type) - reticular left from mesenchyme

Dense (White) Fibrous - collagen/reticular packs the tissue for raw strength

CONNECTIVE TISSUE SUBGROUPS

Cartilage (with chondrocytes, matrix, and fluid-filled lacunae for the cells)

Hyaline (above items; fetal skeleton and ribs)

Elastic (add elastin; pinnae and epiglottis)

Fibrocartilage (add collagen; pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci)


OsseousLamellae (hardened rings of calcium)

Haversian Canals (blood vessels/nerves)

Canaliculi (little canals)

Osteocytes (bone cells)

Lacunae (little caves)


Vascular

Erythrocytes for oxygen movement

Leukocytes for immune system; defense of the body

Thrombocytes for blood clotting cascade

MUSCULAR TISSUES

Skeletal (muscles like biceps, triceps, quadriceps that move the skeleton; striated & voluntary; straight myofibrils; bullet-shaped nuclei)

Cardiac (myocardium of heart and moves blood in the body; striated & involuntary; branching myofibrils; round/oval nuclei)

Smooth (walls of internal organs like the uterus, esophagus, bladder, intestines, and bladder; nonstriated & involuntary)

NERVOUS TISSUE

Neurons (with long processes)

dendrites (receptor end)cell body (with nucleus)axons (transmission end)nonmitotic

Neuroglia (“nerve glue”)

has no processesinsulate, protect, feed, and repair damage to neuronsmitotic (can form tumors)

Documents

Tissues - Delta Collegewebsites.delta.edu/mgrobert/PDFs/Tissues.pdfCONNECTIVE TISSUES Communal Features Cells (name ends in “cyte” if adult-like or in “blast” if reproductive)