Tissue Level Tissue Level Of OrganizationOf Organization

IntroductionIntroduction Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue Connective TissueConnective Tissue Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

Cells, Tissues, & Organ Systems

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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• IntroductionIntroduction:: Identify the four major tissue types of the Identify the four major tissue types of the

body & their rolesbody & their roles

• EpithelialEpithelial TissueTissue:: Discuss the types & functions of epithelial Discuss the types & functions of epithelial

cellscells Describe the relationship between form & Describe the relationship between form &

function for each epithelial typefunction for each epithelial type

• ConnectiveConnective TissuesTissues:: Compare the structures & functions of the Compare the structures & functions of the

various types of connective tissuesvarious types of connective tissues

Tissue Types & FunctionsTissue Types & Functions

• Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue Covers exposed surfacesCovers exposed surfaces Lines internal passages & chambersLines internal passages & chambers Forms glandsForms glands

• Connective TissueConnective Tissue Fills internal spaces Fills internal spaces Provides structural support for other Provides structural support for other

tissuestissues Transports materials w/in the bodyTransports materials w/in the body Stores energy reservesStores energy reserves

Tissue Types & FunctionsTissue Types & Functions

• Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue Contracts to perform specific movementsContracts to perform specific movements Generates heat to warm the bodyGenerates heat to warm the body

• Nervous TissueNervous Tissue Carries information from one part of the Carries information from one part of the

body to another in the form of electrical body to another in the form of electrical impulsesimpulses

Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue

• CharacteristicsCharacteristics• FunctionsFunctions• SpecializationsSpecializations• Epithelial IntegrityEpithelial Integrity

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

• CellularityCellularity cell junctionscell junctions

• PolarityPolarity apical surfaceapical surface basal surfacebasal surface

• AttachmentAttachment basal membranebasal membrane

• AvascularityAvascularity No blood vesselsNo blood vessels

• RegenerationRegeneration stem cell mitosisstem cell mitosis

FunctionsFunctions

• Provide physical Provide physical protectionprotection Protect exposed & internal surfaces from Protect exposed & internal surfaces from

abrasion, dehydration, & destruction by abrasion, dehydration, & destruction by chemical or biological agentschemical or biological agents

• Control of Control of permeabilitypermeability Substances enter & leave body across an Substances enter & leave body across an

epitheliumepithelium May be regulated by hormonesMay be regulated by hormones

FunctionsFunctions

• Provide Provide sensationsensation Extensive innervation by sensory nervesExtensive innervation by sensory nerves

Detect: touch, temperature changeDetect: touch, temperature change NeuroepitheliaNeuroepithelia provide: smell, taste, sight, provide: smell, taste, sight,

equilibrium, & hearingequilibrium, & hearing

• Produce Produce specializedspecialized secretionssecretions Gland cellsGland cells

Endocrine glands –Endocrine glands – secretions discharged into secretions discharged into interstitial fluid or blood interstitial fluid or blood (hormones)(hormones)

Exocrine glands –Exocrine glands – secretions discharged onto secretions discharged onto surface of skin or other internal surface surface of skin or other internal surface (sweat glands; digestive glands)(sweat glands; digestive glands)

SpecializationsSpecializations

• Production of Production of secretionssecretions– Glandular epitheliaGlandular epithelia

• MovementMovement of fluids over the epithelial of fluids over the epithelial surfacesurface– Ciliated epitheliaCiliated epithelia

• TransportTransport of substances through the of substances through the epitheliumepithelium– MicrovilliMicrovilli – increase surface area for – increase surface area for

absorption absorption

Maintenance of Epithelial Maintenance of Epithelial IntegrityIntegrity

• Intercellular connectionsIntercellular connections Tight junctions Tight junctions – – belt-like connectionsbelt-like connections

Partial fusion of lipid bilayer of adjacent cellsPartial fusion of lipid bilayer of adjacent cells

DesmosomesDesmosomes – bands & rivets– bands & rivets Cytoskeletal elements link through cell membraneCytoskeletal elements link through cell membrane

• Belt desmosomes – Belt desmosomes – band that encircles cellband that encircles cell• Button desmosome –Button desmosome – fibrous discsfibrous discs

Gap junctions Gap junctions – – channelschannelsInterlocking membrane channel proteinsInterlocking membrane channel proteins

Cell AttachmentsCell Attachments

Maintenance of Epithelial Maintenance of Epithelial IntegrityIntegrity

• Basement membraneBasement membrane Basal laminaBasal lamina – secreted by epithelial – secreted by epithelial

cells cells (closest to epithelial cells)(closest to epithelial cells)Fine network of protein filaments & Fine network of protein filaments &

glycoproteinsglycoproteinsProvides protective barrierProvides protective barrier

Reticular laminaReticular lamina – secreted by – secreted by underlying connective tissue cellsunderlying connective tissue cellsCourse bundles of protein fibersCourse bundles of protein fibersProvides strengthProvides strength

Maintenance of Epithelial Maintenance of Epithelial IntegrityIntegrity

• Maintenance & repairMaintenance & repair Epithelial cells exposed to Epithelial cells exposed to mechanical mechanical

abrasionabrasion, , toxic chemicalstoxic chemicals, , disruptive enzymesdisruptive enzymes, , pathogenic bacteriapathogenic bacteria

GerminativeGerminative cellscellsA.k.a., stem cellsA.k.a., stem cellsLocated in deepest layers of an epitheliumLocated in deepest layers of an epitheliumUndergo active mitosis throughout life to Undergo active mitosis throughout life to

replace damaged or dead cells in the replace damaged or dead cells in the epitheliumepithelium

Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Terminology: Terminology: LayersLayers

• SimpleSimple 1 layer1 layer of cells of cells all in contact w/ basement membraneall in contact w/ basement membrane

• StratifiedStratified 2 or > layers2 or > layers of cells of cells bottom layer in contact w/ basement bottom layer in contact w/ basement

membranemembrane• PseudostratifiedPseudostratified

1 layer1 layer of cells of cells arrangement of nuclei gives arrangement of nuclei gives appearance of appearance of

several layersseveral layers all in contact w/ basement membraneall in contact w/ basement membrane

Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Terminology: Terminology: Cell ShapesCell Shapes

• SquamousSquamous cellscells thin; thin; flattenedflattened; irregular; irregular appear appear spindle-likespindle-like in sectional view; in sectional view;

appear like “fried eggs” in surface viewappear like “fried eggs” in surface view• CuboidalCuboidal cellscells

hexagonalhexagonal; box-like; box-like appear appear squaresquare in sectional view in sectional view

• ColumnarColumnar cellscells hexagonalhexagonal; tall & slender; tall & slender appear appear rectangularrectangular in sectional view in sectional view

Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue ClassificationClassification

• Classification of Epithelia:Classification of Epithelia: Squamous epitheliaSquamous epithelia

SimpleSimpleStratifiedStratified

Cuboidal epitheliaCuboidal epitheliaSimpleSimpleStratifiedStratifiedTransitionalTransitional (type of stratified) (type of stratified)

Columnar epitheliaColumnar epitheliaSimpleSimpleStratifiedStratifiedPseudostratifiedPseudostratified

General EpitheliaGeneral Epithelia

basementbasement membranemembrane

cell layercell layer

underlying underlying

connective tissueconnective tissue

Simple Squamous Simple Squamous Epithelium Epithelium • LocationsLocations

mesothelial linings of body cavitiesmesothelial linings of body cavities endothelial lining of heart & blood vesselsendothelial lining of heart & blood vessels kidney tubules (loop of Henle)kidney tubules (loop of Henle) inner lining of corneainner lining of cornea alveoli of lungsalveoli of lungs

• FunctionsFunctions protectionprotection reduce frictionreduce friction control control vessel permeabilityvessel permeability absorptionabsorption & & secretionsecretion

Stratified Squamous Stratified Squamous Epithelium Epithelium

• LocationsLocations surface of skinsurface of skin lining of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, lining of mouth, pharynx, esophagus,

rectum, anusrectum, anus lining of vaginalining of vagina

• FunctionsFunctions physical physical protectionprotection against abrasion against abrasion protectionprotection from from pathogenpathogen & & chemical chemical

attackattack

Simple Cuboidal Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Epithelium

• LocationsLocations exocrine glandsexocrine glands ductsducts kidney tubuleskidney tubules thyroid (endocrine) glandthyroid (endocrine) gland

• FunctionsFunctions limited limited protectionprotection secretionsecretion &/or &/or absorptionabsorption

Basement Basement MembraneMembrane

LumenLumenNuclei of Nuclei of Cells in 1 Cells in 1

LayerLayer

Stratified Cuboidal Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Epithelium

• LocationsLocations lining of some ducts (rare)lining of some ducts (rare)

• FunctionsFunctions protectionprotection secretionsecretion absorptionabsorption

LumenLumen

Basement Basement MembraneMembrane

Connective Connective TissueTissue

Nuclei of Nuclei of Cells in 2 Cells in 2

LayersLayers

Transitional Transitional Epithelium Epithelium

• LocationsLocations urinary bladderurinary bladder renal pelvisrenal pelvis uretersureters

• FunctionsFunctions protectionprotection permit permit expansionexpansion & & recoilrecoil after stretching after stretching

relaxedrelaxed

stretchedstretched

Connective Connective TissueTissue

Basement Basement MembraneMembrane

Simple Columnar Simple Columnar EpitheliumEpithelium

• LocationsLocations lining of stomach, intestine, & gall bladderlining of stomach, intestine, & gall bladder lining of uterine tubeslining of uterine tubes collecting ducts of kidneycollecting ducts of kidney

• FunctionsFunctions protectionprotection secretionsecretion & & absorptionabsorption surface movementsurface movement

Stratified Columnar Stratified Columnar EpitheliumEpithelium

• LocationsLocations small areas of pharynxsmall areas of pharynx epiglottisepiglottis salivary gland ducts & anussalivary gland ducts & anus mammary glandsmammary glands urethraurethra

• FunctionFunction protectionprotection

Superficial Superficial Columnar CellsColumnar Cells

Deeper Columnar Deeper Columnar CellsCells

Pseudostratified Columnar Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Epithelium

• LocationsLocations lining of nasal cavitylining of nasal cavity lining of bronchilining of bronchi

• FunctionsFunctions protectionprotection secretionsecretion surface movementsurface movement

Glandular Glandular Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue

• Glandular EpitheliaGlandular Epithelia:: Endocrine glands – Endocrine glands – no ductsno ducts ExocrineExocrine glands – glands – w/ ductsw/ ducts

Modes of secretionModes of secretionTypes of secretionsTypes of secretions

Gland structureGland structureUnicellular – Unicellular – goblet cellgoblet cell only onlyMulticellular – all other glandsMulticellular – all other glands

• SimpleSimple• CompoundCompound

Modes of SecretionModes of Secretion

• Merocrine secretionMerocrine secretion secretory vesicles released from intact cell secretory vesicles released from intact cell

by by exocytosisexocytosis; ; whole cell left intactwhole cell left intact

• Apocrine secretionApocrine secretion apical portion of cytoplasm packed w/ apical portion of cytoplasm packed w/

secretory vesicles is shed; secretory vesicles is shed; part of cell part of cell destroyeddestroyed

• Holocrine secretionHolocrine secretion entire cell packed w/ secretory vesicles entire cell packed w/ secretory vesicles

disintegrates; disintegrates; whole cell destroyedwhole cell destroyed

Types of SecretionsTypes of Secretions

• Mucus glandsMucus glands mucinmucin – glycoprotein: becomes – glycoprotein: becomes

slippery lubricantslippery lubricant• Serous glands Serous glands

watery solutionwatery solution w/ enzymes w/ enzymes• Mixed mucus & serousMixed mucus & serous

more than 1 type of gland cell; more than 1 type of gland cell; secretes both secretes both mucusmucus & & waterywatery solutionsolution

Exocrine Gland StructureExocrine Gland Structure

• Shape of secretory portion of glandShape of secretory portion of gland tubulartubular – tube-like arrangement – tube-like arrangement alveolaralveolar (acinar) – pocket-like arrangement (acinar) – pocket-like arrangement tubuloalveolartubuloalveolar – combination of above – combination of above

• Branching pattern of ducts Branching pattern of ducts simplesimple – undivided duct leading to gland – undivided duct leading to gland

cellscells compoundcompound – ducts divide leading to gland – ducts divide leading to gland

cellscells

Exocrine Gland StructureExocrine Gland Structure

• Relationship btw/ ducts & glandular Relationship btw/ ducts & glandular areasareas branchedbranched – several secretory areas share a – several secretory areas share a

common ductcommon duct Always refers to glandular areas not to ductAlways refers to glandular areas not to duct

Connective TissuesConnective Tissues

• Basic Structure Basic Structure • FunctionsFunctions• Classification Categories:Classification Categories:

connective tissue properconnective tissue proper fluid connective tissuesfluid connective tissues supporting connective tissuessupporting connective tissues

BasicBasicTissue ComponentsTissue Components• SpecializedSpecialized cell typescell types

– widely separatedwidely separated• Extracellular Extracellular protein fibersprotein fibers• Ground substanceGround substance (extracellular fluid) (extracellular fluid)

ViscosityViscositySyrupySyrupy in most connective tissues in most connective tissues

• proteoglycansproteoglycans• glycoproteinsglycoproteins

WateryWatery in fluid connective tissues in fluid connective tissues

NoteNote:: extracellular fibers & ground substanceextracellular fibers & ground substance constitute the constitute the extracellular matrixextracellular matrix

Extracellular MatrixExtracellular Matrix

fluid groundfluid ground substancesubstance

protein fibersprotein fibers

FunctionsFunctions

• Structural frameworkStructural framework• TransportTransport of fluids & dissolved materials of fluids & dissolved materials• Protection/insulationProtection/insulation of delicate organs of delicate organs• SupportSupport & interconnection of other & interconnection of other

tissue typestissue types• StorageStorage of energy reserves of energy reserves• DefenseDefense against microorganisms against microorganisms

NoteNote examples of common connective examples of common connective tissuestissues

Examples of Common Examples of Common Connective TissuesConnective Tissues

• AdiposeAdipose (fat)(fat) tissuetissue – – protectionprotection; ; insulationinsulation, & , & energy storageenergy storage

• TendonsTendons && ligamentsligaments – –

supportsupport & & anatomicalanatomical interconnectioninterconnection

• FasciaFascia – – frameworkframework & anatomical & anatomical interconnectioninterconnection

NoteNote functions functions

Examples of Common Examples of Common Connective TissuesConnective Tissues

• Blood Blood && lymph lymph – – transporttransport (physiological interconnection) & (physiological interconnection) & defensedefense

• CartilageCartilage && bonebone – – supportsupport, , anatomical anatomical interconnectioninterconnection & & protectionprotection

Connective Tissue Connective Tissue CategoriesCategories

• Connective tissue properConnective tissue proper Loose connective tissueLoose connective tissue Dense connective tissueDense connective tissue

• Fluid connective tissuesFluid connective tissues BloodBlood LymphLymph

• Supporting connective tissueSupporting connective tissue CartilageCartilage BoneBone

Connective Tissue Proper: Connective Tissue Proper: ClassificationClassification

• Connective Tissue ProperConnective Tissue Propercell populationscell populationsfibers typesfibers typesground substanceground substance

Connective Tissue Proper: Connective Tissue Proper: Cell TypesCell Types

• FibroblastsFibroblasts – make fibers– make fibers

• MacrophagesMacrophages – engulf pathogens & dead – engulf pathogens & dead cellscells

• AdipocytesAdipocytes – store lipid triglycerides– store lipid triglycerides

• Mesenchymal cellsMesenchymal cells – stem cells: – stem cells: differentiate into different cell types when differentiate into different cell types when neededneeded

Connective Tissue Proper: Connective Tissue Proper: Cell TypesCell Types

• MelanocytesMelanocytes – pigment cells– pigment cells

• Mast cellsMast cells – wound-healing response– wound-healing response

• LymphocytesLymphocytes – killer cells & antibodies– killer cells & antibodies

• MicrophagesMicrophages ((eosinophils & neutrophils eosinophils & neutrophils

from plasmafrom plasma)) – engulf pathogens; produce – engulf pathogens; produce chemicals important in responses to woundschemicals important in responses to wounds

Connective Tissue Proper: Connective Tissue Proper: Fiber TypesFiber Types

• Collagen fibersCollagen fibers protein: protein: collagencollagen longlong;; thick thick;; straight straight;; ununbranchedbranched skinskin; ; bonebone; ; tendonstendons & & ligamentsligaments most common fiber in bodymost common fiber in body

• Reticular fibersReticular fibers collagen-likecollagen-like protein protein short; thinshort; thin; ; branchedbranched stabilize organsstabilize organs

Connective Tissue Proper: Connective Tissue Proper: Fiber TypesFiber Types

• Elastic fibersElastic fibers protein: protein: elastinelastin long; thin; wavylong; thin; wavy; ; branchedbranched elastic ligaments of vertebraeelastic ligaments of vertebrae

Connective Tissue Proper:Connective Tissue Proper:Ground SubstanceGround Substance

• CharacteristicsCharacteristics ClearClear ColorlessColorless ViscousViscous

SyrupySyrupy in most connective tissues in most connective tissues• proteoglycansproteoglycans• glycoproteins glycoproteins

Connective Tissue Proper: Connective Tissue Proper: CharacteristicsCharacteristics

• Loose Connective TissuesLoose Connective Tissues Areolar tissueAreolar tissue Specialized loose connective Specialized loose connective

tissuestissuesAdiposeAdipose tissue tissueReticularReticular tissue tissue

• LocationsLocations Wide-spread “packing material” of the Wide-spread “packing material” of the

bodybody Fills spaces btw/ organsFills spaces btw/ organs Supports epitheliaSupports epithelia Surrounds blood vessels & nervesSurrounds blood vessels & nerves

• FunctionsFunctions Provides cushioningProvides cushioning Provides routes for diffusion of nutrients Provides routes for diffusion of nutrients

btw/ other tissuesbtw/ other tissues Specialized varieties: adipose tiss. & reticular tiss.Specialized varieties: adipose tiss. & reticular tiss.

Loose Connective Tissue: Loose Connective Tissue: AreolarAreolar

Loose Connective Tissue: Loose Connective Tissue: Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue

• LocationsLocations Under skinUnder skin Breasts, buttocks, groinBreasts, buttocks, groin Eye socketsEye sockets Surrounds kidneys & heartSurrounds kidneys & heart Fat “apron” covers abdominal cavityFat “apron” covers abdominal cavity

• FunctionsFunctions Body contouring associated w/ sexual Body contouring associated w/ sexual

attractionattraction Padding against mechanical shockPadding against mechanical shock Insulation – preventing heat lossInsulation – preventing heat loss Packing around delicate structuresPacking around delicate structures

Loose Connective Tissue: Loose Connective Tissue: Reticular TissueReticular Tissue

• LocationsLocations Spleen, liverSpleen, liver Lymph nodes, bone marrowLymph nodes, bone marrow

• FunctionsFunctions Structural Structural framework of body organsframework of body organs

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Connective Tissue Proper: Connective Tissue Proper: CharacteristicsCharacteristics

• Dense Connective TissuesDense Connective TissuesRegular denseRegular dense connective connective tissuetissueElastic tissueElastic tissue

Irregular denseIrregular dense connective connective tissuetissue

Dense Connective Tissue: Dense Connective Tissue: RegularRegular

• LocationsLocations tendonstendons - betw/ skeletal muscles & - betw/ skeletal muscles &

skeletonskeleton ligamentsligaments – betw/ bones – betw/ bones covering skeletal muscles (deep fascia)covering skeletal muscles (deep fascia)

• FunctionsFunctions provide firm provide firm attachmentattachment conducts conducts pull of musclespull of muscles reduce friction betw/ musclesreduce friction betw/ muscles stabilizes position of bonesstabilizes position of bones

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Dense Regular Connective Dense Regular Connective Tissue: Tissue: ElasticElastic

• LocationsLocations vertebral ligamentsvertebral ligaments under transitional epitheliumunder transitional epithelium walls of blood vesselswalls of blood vessels walls of respiratory passageswalls of respiratory passages

• FunctionsFunctions stabilizes position of vertebraestabilizes position of vertebrae allows cycles of expansion & contractionallows cycles of expansion & contraction

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Dense Connective Tissue: Dense Connective Tissue: IrregularIrregular

• LocationsLocations capsules of visceral organscapsules of visceral organs periostea & perichondria (periostea & perichondria (membranes membranes

around bones & cartilagearound bones & cartilage)) nerve & muscle sheathsnerve & muscle sheaths dermisdermis

• FunctionsFunctions provide strength toprovide strength to resist multidirectional resist multidirectional

forcesforces prevents over-expansion of organs (e.g., prevents over-expansion of organs (e.g.,

urinary bladder)urinary bladder)

collagen collagen fiber fiber

bundlesbundles

FluidFluidConnective TissueConnective Tissue

• BloodBlood formed elementsformed elements plasma proteinsplasma proteins plasmaplasma

• LymphLymph white blood cellswhite blood cells lymphlymph interstitial fluidinterstitial fluid

Fluid Fluid Connective Tissue Connective Tissue

• BloodBlood Cell TypesCell Types: formed elements: formed elements

red blood cellsred blood cells (RBCs) (RBCs)white blood cellswhite blood cells (WBCs) (WBCs)plateletsplatelets (cell fragments) (cell fragments)

Extracellular ProteinsExtracellular Proteins – – plasma plasma proteins proteins

Ground SubstanceGround Substance – – plasmaplasma

Blood: Blood: Formed ElementsFormed Elements

Transport Transport OO22 & CO & CO22

Defense against disease Blood Blood clottingclotting

Fluid Fluid Connective TissueConnective Tissue

• LymphLymph Cell TypesCell Types::

lymphocyteslymphocytes – WBCs (99%) – WBCs (99%)macrophagesmacrophagesmicrophagesmicrophages

Ground SubstanceGround Substance::interstitial fluidinterstitial fluidlymphlymph

SupportingSupportingConnective TissueConnective Tissue

• Types of CartilageTypes of Cartilage hyaline cartilagehyaline cartilage elastic cartilageelastic cartilage fibrocartilagefibrocartilage

• BoneBone osseus tissueosseus tissue

SupportingSupportingConnective Tissue Connective Tissue

• CartilageCartilage Cell TypesCell Types – – chondrocyteschondrocytes MatrixMatrix – – collagencollagen & & elastinelastin fibers fibers

embedded in embedded in chondroitinchondroitin sulfates sulfates

• BoneBone Cell TypesCell Types – – osteocytesosteocytes MatrixMatrix – – collagencollagen fibers embedded in fibers embedded in

calcium saltscalcium salts

• LocationsLocations btw/ tips of ribs & sternumbtw/ tips of ribs & sternum covering bone surfaces of synovial jointscovering bone surfaces of synovial joints supporting larynx, trachea, & bronchisupporting larynx, trachea, & bronchi nasal septumnasal septum

• FunctionsFunctions stiff – flexible supportstiff – flexible support reduces frictionreduces friction

Hyaline Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage

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• LocationsLocations tip of nosetip of nose pinna of external earpinna of external ear epiglottisepiglottis

• FunctionsFunctions supportsupport tolerates distortion w/out damagetolerates distortion w/out damage

Elastic Cartilage Elastic Cartilage

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elastic elastic fibersfibers

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• LocationsLocations pads w/in knee jointpads w/in knee joint btw/ pubic bones of pelvisbtw/ pubic bones of pelvis intervertebral discsintervertebral discs

• FunctionsFunctions resists compressionresists compression prevents bone-to-bone contactprevents bone-to-bone contact limits relative movementlimits relative movement

Fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage

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Bone Bone

• LocationsLocations organs of the skeletal systemorgans of the skeletal system

• FunctionsFunctions support of the bodysupport of the body protection of other organsprotection of other organs movementmovement mineral storagemineral storage blood formationblood formation

central canal of osteoncentral canal of osteoncanaliculicanaliculi

matrixmatrix

osteocyte in lacunaosteocyte in lacuna

Differences btw Cartilage Differences btw Cartilage & Bone & Bone

CartilageCartilageVol of ground subst Vol of ground subst – – greatergreaterGround subst Ground subst – – firm gelfirm gelAvascularAvascular – – no blood no blood vessels w/in tissuevessels w/in tissue

BoneBoneVol of ground subst Vol of ground subst – – very littlevery littleGround subst Ground subst – – mineralizedmineralizedVascular ized – Vascular ized – blood blood vessels w/in tissuevessels w/in tissue

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• MembranesMembranes:: Explain how epithelial membranes & Explain how epithelial membranes &

connective tissues combine to form four connective tissues combine to form four different types of membranesdifferent types of membranes

Specify the functions of the various types of Specify the functions of the various types of membranes in the bodymembranes in the body

• ConnectiveConnective TissueTissue FrameworkFramework:: Describe how connective tissue establishes Describe how connective tissue establishes

the framework of the bodythe framework of the body

MembranesMembranes

• FunctionsFunctions• Classification:Classification:

MucousMucous membranes membranes SerousSerous membranes membranes CutaneousCutaneous membrane membrane SynovialSynovial membranes membranes

MembraneMembraneStructure & FunctionsStructure & Functions

• General StructureGeneral Structure: : derived from – derived from –

epitheliaepithelia loose connective tissueloose connective tissue

• General FunctionsGeneral Functions:: cover & cover & protectprotect organ surfaces & body organ surfaces & body

cavitiescavities reducereduce frictionfriction due to organ & body due to organ & body

movementsmovements absorption & secretionabsorption & secretion

Mucus MembranesMucus Membranes

StructureStructure – – simple epitheliumsimple epithelium underlain underlain by loose c.t. (by loose c.t. (lamina proprialamina propria))

CharacteristicsCharacteristics – thin to thick; moist; – thin to thick; moist; often ciliated or w/ microvillioften ciliated or w/ microvilli

LocusLocus – line digestive, respiratory, – line digestive, respiratory, urinary, & reproductive tractsurinary, & reproductive tracts

FunctionsFunctions – – protection from protection from microorganismsmicroorganisms, etc; , etc; absorption/secretionabsorption/secretion; ; surface transportsurface transport

Serous MembranesSerous Membranes

StructureStructure – – simple squamous simple squamous mesotheliummesothelium supported by supported by loose c.t.loose c.t.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics – thin; moist; permeable – thin; moist; permeable to fluidsto fluids

LocusLocus – line ventral body cavity – line ventral body cavity (peritoneum) & pleural & pericardial (peritoneum) & pleural & pericardial cavities cavities

FunctionFunction – – minimize frictionminimize friction btw/ internal btw/ internal organsorgans

Cutaneous MembraneCutaneous Membrane

StructureStructure – – stratified squamous stratified squamous epitheliumepithelium underlain by underlain by loose c.t.loose c.t. & & supported by supported by dense c.t.dense c.t.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics – thick, waterproof, dry – thick, waterproof, dry LocusLocus – outer surface of the skin – outer surface of the skin FunctionsFunctions – – protectionprotection; ; secretion of secretion of

wastewaste; ; temperature regulationtemperature regulation, etc , etc

Synovial MembranesSynovial Membranes

StructureStructure – incomplete – incomplete simple squamoussimple squamous or or cuboidalcuboidal layer supported by layer supported by loose c.t.loose c.t.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics – medium thick; highly – medium thick; highly fibrous; synovial fluidfibrous; synovial fluid

LocusLocus – joint cavities of freely moveable – joint cavities of freely moveable jointsjoints

FunctionsFunctions – – minimize frictionminimize friction; ; prevent prevent direct bone-bone contactdirect bone-bone contact

Membrane StructureMembrane Structure

Connective Tissue Connective Tissue FrameworkFramework

• FunctionsFunctions• Classification:Classification:

superficialsuperficial fascia fascia deepdeep fascia fascia subseroussubserous fascia fascia

FasciaFasciaStructure & FunctionsStructure & Functions

• General StructureGeneral Structure:: membranesmembranes

• General FunctionsGeneral Functions:: provide provide strengthstrength & & stabilitystability maintain relative maintain relative positionspositions of internal of internal

organsorgans provide provide routeroute for distribution of blood for distribution of blood

vessels, lymphatics, & nervesvessels, lymphatics, & nerves

Superficial FasciaSuperficial Fascia

HypodermisHypodermis or or subcutaneous layersubcutaneous layer LocusLocus – betw/ skin & underlying organs – betw/ skin & underlying organs StructureStructure – – loose connective tissueloose connective tissue FunctionsFunctions – – insulationinsulation & & paddingpadding; ; allows allows

skin to move independently of skin to move independently of underlying organsunderlying organs

Deep FasciaDeep Fascia

LocusLocus – surrounds internal organs (liver, – surrounds internal organs (liver, kidneys, etc), bones (including kidneys, etc), bones (including ligaments), muscles (including tendons)ligaments), muscles (including tendons)

StructureStructure – – dense connective tissuedense connective tissue FunctionsFunctions – – binding structural elements binding structural elements

togethertogether (i.e., muscles to bones, bones (i.e., muscles to bones, bones to each other)to each other)

Subserous FasciaSubserous Fascia

LocusLocus – betw/ deep fascia & serous – betw/ deep fascia & serous membranes of the body cavitiesmembranes of the body cavities

StructureStructure – – loose connective tissueloose connective tissue FunctionsFunctions – – prevents distortionprevents distortion of body of body

cavity by movements of skeletal cavity by movements of skeletal muscles or internal organsmuscles or internal organs

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• MuscleMuscle TissueTissue:: Describe the three types of muscle Describe the three types of muscle

tissue & the special structural features tissue & the special structural features of each typeof each type

Discuss the functions of the three Discuss the functions of the three types of muscle tissuetypes of muscle tissue

• NeuralNeural TissueTissue:: Discuss the basic structure & role of Discuss the basic structure & role of

neural tissueneural tissue

Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue

• FunctionsFunctions• Classification:Classification:

skeletalskeletal muscle tissue muscle tissue cardiaccardiac muscle tissue muscle tissue smoothsmooth muscle tissue muscle tissue

Skeletal MuscleSkeletal MuscleStructure & FunctionsStructure & Functions

• CellularCellular StructureStructure:: multinucleatemultinucleate cells cells long, thinlong, thin “fibers” “fibers” striatedstriated – due to overlapping arrangement – due to overlapping arrangement

of contractile, microfilament proteinsof contractile, microfilament proteins

• FunctionsFunctions:: gross movementgross movement of the body of the body voluntaryvoluntary control control

Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscle Cell StructureCell Structure

Cardiac MuscleCardiac MuscleStructure & FunctionsStructure & Functions

• CellularCellular StructureStructure:: single nucleatesingle nucleate cells cells branchedbranched w/ intercalated discs joining w/ intercalated discs joining

cellscells striatedstriated – overlap arrangement of – overlap arrangement of

contractile, microfilament proteinscontractile, microfilament proteins• FunctionsFunctions::

pumping bloodpumping blood through the through the cardiovascular systemcardiovascular system

involuntaryinvoluntary control control

Cardiac Muscle Cardiac Muscle TissueTissue

Smooth MuscleSmooth MuscleStructure & FunctionsStructure & Functions

• CellularCellular StructureStructure:: single nucleatesingle nucleate cells cells spindlespindle-shaped-shaped unstriatedunstriated – due to more random – due to more random

arrangement of contractile proteinsarrangement of contractile proteins

• FunctionsFunctions:: regulationregulation of blood flow through vessels; of blood flow through vessels;

movement of food through digestive system; movement of food through digestive system; regulation of respiratory passage diameter, regulation of respiratory passage diameter, etcetc

involuntaryinvoluntary control control

Smooth Muscle Smooth Muscle CellsCells

Neural TissueNeural Tissue

• FunctionsFunctions• Classification:Classification:

neuronsneurons neuroglianeuroglia

NeuronsNeurons

• CellularCellular StructureStructure:: variablevariable typical: tree like dendrites; soma w/ nucleus typical: tree like dendrites; soma w/ nucleus

& most organelles; long, thin axon (nerve & most organelles; long, thin axon (nerve fiber)fiber)

• FunctionsFunctions:: conscious & unconscious conscious & unconscious communicationcommunication by by

propagation of electrical impulsespropagation of electrical impulses

Neuron StructureNeuron Structure

somasoma

dendritesdendrites

axonaxon

Impulse TransmissionImpulse Transmission::

dendrites dendrites soma soma axon axon

NeurogliaNeuroglia

• CellularCellular StructureStructure:: several types of neuroglia cells:several types of neuroglia cells:

4 major types in CNS; 2 major types in PNS4 major types in CNS; 2 major types in PNS

• FunctionsFunctions: : supportsupport maintain maintain physical structurephysical structure of nervous tissue of nervous tissue repairrepair tissue framework after injury tissue framework after injury perform perform phagocytosisphagocytosis of dead cells & of dead cells &

microorganismsmicroorganisms provide provide nutritionnutrition to neurons to neurons

Neuron Neuron & Neuroglial Cells& Neuroglial Cells

neuronneuron

neuroglial neuroglial cellscells