Tindall Ch 19

8/3/2019 Tindall Ch 19

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Tindall/Shi Ch. 19Tindall/Shi Ch. 19New FrontiersNew Frontiers

Copyright: W.C. Nicholson, Ph.D.Copyright: W.C. Nicholson, Ph.D.

Kennesaw State UniversityKennesaw State University


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Impact of the CivilImpact of the Civil

War/ReconstructionWar/Reconstruction Major issues of the late 19Major issues of the late 19thth centurycentury

Racial reconciliationRacial reconciliation Freedmens BureauFreedmens Bureau

Black codesBlack codes Social practicesSocial practices

Political discriminationPolitical discrimination

Economic growthEconomic growth Business expansionBusiness expansion

Territorial growthTerritorial growth Currency reformCurrency reform

TariffsTariffs

Interstate commerceInterstate commerce


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Impact of the CivilImpact of the Civil

War/Reconstruction (cont)War/Reconstruction (cont) Constitutional unity/legal reformConstitutional unity/legal reform

Preservation of the unionPreservation of the union

Limitation of states rightsLimitation of states rights

Social reformSocial reform

Womens suffrageWomens suffrage

TemperanceTemperance

EducationEducation ImmigrationImmigration

Native American policyNative American policy


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The PostThe Post--War SouthWar South

Impact of Civil WarImpact of Civil War

End of slavery/new economic systemEnd of slavery/new economic system

Physical devastation/human tollPhysical devastation/human toll Land reformLand reform

Voluntary segregationVoluntary segregation

Black codesBlack codes Racial conflictRacial conflict


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The New SouthThe New South

Henry GradyHenry Grady

Prophet of the New SouthProphet of the New South

His vision:His vision: DemocracyDemocracy

Small farmsSmall farms

Diversified industriesDiversified industries Better educationBetter education

Bustling citiesBustling cities


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The New South (cont)The New South (cont)

Expected results:Expected results:

Material wealthMaterial wealth

Sectional peaceSectional peace Racial harmonyRacial harmony

Economic growthEconomic growth

Atlanta, 1906


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Implementing Gradys visionImplementing Gradys vision

Economic growth/business expansionEconomic growth/business expansion Textiles (NC/VA), tobacco (NC), coal (AL),Textiles (NC/VA), tobacco (NC), coal (AL),

lumber (GA)lumber (GA)

Agricultural diversification/stagnationAgricultural diversification/stagnation cotton, sugar cane, vegetablescotton, sugar cane, vegetables

sharecropping/tenancy/crop lien systemsharecropping/tenancy/crop lien system Problems: lower crop prices, rural stagnation,Problems: lower crop prices, rural stagnation,

perennial debt, illiteracyperennial debt, illiteracy


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Political ChangePolitical Change -- The Bourbon RedeemersThe Bourbon Redeemers

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Democratic white leaders of the New SouthDemocratic white leaders of the New South entrepreneursentrepreneurs

alliance with northern capital/conservativesalliance with northern capital/conservatives

diverse group ideologicallydiverse group ideologically

Tom Watson ofGeorgia


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Achievements:Achievements:

cut government spendingcut government spending

reduced public debtreduced public debt established boards of agriculture/public healthestablished boards of agriculture/public health

established public collegesestablished public colleges

allowed black voice in governmentallowed black voice in government


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Disenfranchising Blacks:Disenfranchising Blacks:

new attitudesnew attitudes

racism/violenceracis

m/violence

lynchinglynching

Mississippi Plan (1890)Mississippi Plan (1890)

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Jim Crow lawsJim Crow laws Homer Plessy


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Black ResponseBlack Response::

left Southleft South

wore mask of deference/discretionwore mask of deference/discretion constructed separate cultureconstructed separate culture

displayed entrepreneurship/pridedisplayed entrepreneurship/pride

established black womens clubestablished black womens club


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The WashingtonThe Washington--DuBois DebateDuBois Debate

B. T. Washingtons Atlanta Compromise SpeechB. T. Washingtons Atlanta Compromise Speech -- 18951895(Nystrom, pp. 144(Nystrom, pp. 144--46)46) cast down your bucketscast down your buckets

work from bottom upwork from bottom up

accommodate white power structureaccommodate white power structure vocational trainingvocational training

established Tuskegee Instituteestablished Tuskegee Institute

W.E.B. DuBois, Of Mr. B. T. Washington (Nystrom, pp.W.E.B. DuBois, Of Mr. B. T. Washington (Nystrom, pp.149149--51)51) ceaseless agitationceaseless agitation

complete equalitycomplete equality

access to higher educationaccess to higher education

criticized Washingtons approachcriticized Washingtons approach


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The New WestThe New West

General Characteristics:General Characteristics:

a mythic regiona mythic region

diversity (geographical, hum

an/ethnic,diversity (geographical, hum

an/ethnic,occupational)occupational)

visions of freedom & opportunityvisions of freedom & opportunity

realities of greed & exploitationrealities of greed & exploitation


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The New West (cont)The New West (cont)

Settlement & MigrationSettlement & Migration

heaviest after 1850heaviest after 1850

m

ostlym

enm

ostlym

en many immigrant groupsmany immigrant groups

sizable Africansizable African--American populationAmerican population

role of womenrole of women

more democraticmore democratic

more independentmore independent

hugely outnumberedhugely outnumbered


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Occupations:Occupations:

MinersMiners

1840s1840s--90s90s

1849 Gold Rush1849 Gold Rush

Get in, get rich,Get in, get rich,

get outget out

Ghost townsGhost towns


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CowboysCowboys

1860s1860s--80s80s

40,00040,000

VacqueroVacquero

Cattle drivesCattle drives

Hard lifeHard life

Impact of refrigeration/barbed wireImpact of refrigeration/barbed wire

End of open rangeEnd of open range


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FarmersFarmers

18701870--90s90s

Many problemsMany problems: weather, insects, poor soil, lack: weather, insects, poor soil, lack

of water/trees, high interest rates, low crop prices,of water/trees, high interest rates, low crop prices,isolationisolation

Led to populistLed to populist

movement of 1890smovement of 1890s


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Indian Wars/PolicyIndian Wars/Policy

Constant wars on the frontierConstant wars on the frontier

Govt response: push Native AmericansGovt response: push Native Americansinto reservationsinto reservations

Brutality/deception of EuroBrutality/deception of Euro--AmericansAmericans

Indian retaliationIndian retaliation

Pres. Hayes acceptance of responsibilityPres. Hayes acceptance of responsibility

1887 Dawes Severalty Act1887 Dawes Severalty Act

Assimilation movtAssimilation movt


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ReformersReformers

Helen Hunt Jackson (1830Helen Hunt Jackson (1830--1885)1885)

A Century of DishonorA Century of Dishonor (1881)(1881)

RamonaRamona (1884)(1884)Appointed Commissioner ofIndian AffairsAppointed Commissioner ofIndian Affairs

(1882)(1882)


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End of the FrontierEnd of the Frontier

Great Oklahoma Land Rush (1889)Great Oklahoma Land Rush (1889)

5 million acres5 million acres

50,000 people participated; Boomers &50,000 people participated; Boomers &SoonersSooners

Bugle sounded at noon & the rush was onBugle sounded at noon & the rush was on

Had to literally stake your claimHad to literally stake your claim

tent towns arose overnighttent towns arose overnight Guthrie, OK emerged within 100 days withGuthrie, OK emerged within 100 days with

10,000 people10,000 people


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Frederick Jackson Turners thesisFrederick Jackson Turners thesisThe Significance of the Frontier inThe Significance of the Frontier inAmerican History (1893)American History (1893)

End of the open range by 1890End of the open range by 1890 History of America one of westwardHistory of America one of westwardmovement; has shaped Americanmovement; has shaped Americanpersonalitypersonality


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Positive traitsPositive traits More democraticMore democratic More individualisticMore individualistic More practical/pragmaticMore practical/pragmatic More mechanicallyMore mechanically--mindedminded More openMore open

Negative traitsNegative traits More restlessMore restless

More violentMore violent Less educatedLess educated More intolerantMore intolerant


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Loewens Red Eyes (Ch. 4)Loewens Red Eyes (Ch. 4)

Documents

Tindall Ch 19