UNIT 1

Present Tenses

“You shouldn't chase after the past or place expectations on the future. What is past is left behind. The future is as yet unreached. Whatever quality is present you clearly see right there, right there. ”  

Buddha

I. Choose the most appropriate answer:

1. I am ready…the premises … 5 o’clock.a. to leave; until b. for leaving; byc. to leave; by d. for leaving; until

2. I will telephone everybody as soon as I… the office.a. will reach b. will have reachedc. be reaching d. reach

3. I won’t give you a full reply until I… the report.a. read b. don’t readb. will read d. won’t read

4. She … …. now.a. is looking beautifully b. looks beautifulc. looks beautifully d. is looking beautiful

5. The player… the ball but unfortunately he … .a. is kicking; doesn’t score b. kicks; doesn’t scorec. is kicking; isn’t scoring d. kicks; isn’t scoring

6. She … the building in a hurry, … a few words with the officer and … as hurriedly as she entered.a. enters; is having; is leaving b. is entering; has; is leavingc. enters; has; leaves d. is entering; is having; is leaving

7. They usually … hiking at summer time, but this year they … to the North Pole.

a. go; are heading b. go; headc. are going; head d. are going; are heading

8. More and more people … their holidays abroad every year.a. are spending b. spendb. have spent c. spent

9. The beefsteak … … . He is a really gifted chef.a. is tasting deliciously b. tastes deliciouslyc. is tasting delicious d. tastes delicious

10. I… he … rather radical: there is always a second choice to rely on.a. am thinking; is being b. think; isc. think; is being d. am thinking; is

II. Choose the most appropriate verb from:

1. Bill normally has/ is having breakfast at eight a.m but today his wife leaves/ is leaving earlier than usual so he eat/ is eating at 7.

2. What happens/ is happening over here? I am trying/ try to listen to the news and you make/ are making so much noise that I can’t hear a thing.

3. They forever apologize/ are forever apologizing and this drives/ is driving everyone mad.

4. The doctor is feeling/ feels my grandfather’s pulse so see if there is/ is being something wrong with him at the moment.

5. I don’t really know/ am not really knowing why everybody looks/ is looking down on Kate nowadays; she is such a nice girl after all.

6. The final outcome is depending/ depends on your findings so try to pay more attention to what you do/are doing.

7. “The Lord of the Rings” lasts/ is lasting for almost 4 hours that’s why she won’t answer the phone: she is / is being at the cinema and watches/ is watching it.

8. It’s funny that you mention/ are mentioning going to the seaside for the weekend. This is exactly what I think/ am thinking about.

9. They find/ are finding it difficult to tell Ann the real reason behind their action because they know she passes/ is passing through a tough period these days.

10. I hope/ am hoping she knows what she does/ is doing because I have heard that she is an experienced interpreter.

III. Each of these sentences contains a mistake. Identify and correct it:

1. They are exchanging e-mails on a regular basis.2. The carrots are tasting a bit funny.3. When I will be back, I’ll tell you the solution to the puzzle.4. It’s only now that she is recognizing everybody in the room.5. Do you study anything in particular at this very moment?6. Nobody know that Mike is in charge of the new Computing Department.7. What does “liability” stands for?8. She is thinking Paul must have been right about forbidding them to enter that room.9. He has the time of his life this week when he is visiting Paris.10. I meet Helen in an hour. IV. Fill in the missing spaces with the correct form of the verb in brackets:

1. The secretary is on a two-week leave so I (to write)…. the reports during this interval.2. The number of road accidents (to increase)… more and more every year.3. According to his own statement, he (to own)….two apartments and a villa at the moment.4. What you (to do)… at the weekend? I (to plan)… to go fishing so maybe you could join me?5. She (to meet)…. the girls on Mondays so I don’t think she’ll make it to the charity ball next week.6. They continually (to skip)… school and I don’t think the principal is willing to put up with this behaviour any longer.

7. He (to enjoy)… this comedy so you’d better let him relax for a while and then ask him to help you.8. She (to smell)… some perfumes because she wants to buy one as a present for her husband on their anniversary.9. Helen (to be)… bossy again and I think it is high time someone told her she is not in charge here.10. They (to come)… to spend the weekend at our hotel so please put all your worries behind and let’s try to have some fun.

V. The words in these sentences have been jumbled. Put them in the correct order to get the sentence right:

1. on my just partner with I fine get2. handing he his thinking in notice is about3. forward is to new the looking he to members team on bringing4. makes small knowing times him at feel not so French

5. the sometimes the move at people in she about evening watches street6. about popularity boasting as continually he as is his director a 7. loathe of fresh I staring the sometimes idea8. with company of works from life a large all in employees walks he9. in walking opposite my is charge the house sister the our of dog in park10.project me feel how hand my you a giving do at about

VI. Rephrase the following sentences beginning as shown so that the meaning stays the same:

1. What is inside the parcel you received from the post?What…2. Tom is notorious for speaking nonsense when he should be serious.Tom is…3. People spend a lot of money on cars.More and more money…4. We sometimes receive his visit.He…5. While my business partner is away, I have to see to all his projects.While my business partner…6. I think the room faces west.The room…7. I am meeting my new customers tomorrow to clinch this deal.

I am having an…8. She can’t wait to meet her former classmates.She is looking…9. He has the habit of getting up early so he can go jogging.He is…10. It seems that he is having a lot of fun at this party.It seems that he…

VII. Rephrase the following sentences using the word given so that the meaning stays the same:

1. I don’t like his showing off in front of everybody. CONTINUALLY2. He is in my thoughts all the time. AM3. She has the habit to read before going to bed. ACCUSTOMED4. There is a strange smell in this cabinet. SMELLS5. She is going to her councilor tomorrow. BOUND6. I get to see my grandparents every so often. FROM7. We meet each other from time to time. NOW8. He goes to the gym regularly. A 9. What is he implying? AT10.Would you like to go the movies tonight? LIKE

VIII. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:

After a hectic day of the office, Michael likes to go with his colleagues to have a drink or two at a nearby pub. As it’s 7 almost pm, he (1)….. (to send) a final email, (2)….. (to turn off) his PC and (3)….. (to prepare) to leave. As usual, his colleagues (4)….. (to wait) for him in the lobby as he never (5)….. (to hurry up). ‘You always (6)….. (to slow us down)’, they tell him but he takes no notice. This evening they (7)…… (to meet) their manager who (8)….. (to want) to make an announcement. Everybody is now (9)….. (to wonder) what’s the big secret and why he hasn’t said anything at the office all day. When they (10)….. (to enter) the pub, they see Bill, the manager, waiting for them. ‘Hey everyone’, he says after they have sat down and ordered some drinks. ‘I just want to tell you that I (11)….. (to move) house next week because me wife has been offered a new job that isn’t worth declining. So we (12)….. (to relocating) to Budapest. I have to thank you for being such a great team at work and for being such good friends. Just (13)….. (to keep up) the good work. Now, after a talk with our CO, I (14)….. (to appoint) Michael to take over from me. I (15)….. (to know) this

(16)….. (to come) as a surprise to you, Michael, but (17)….. (not to worry), I (18)….. (to be) sure that you’ll live up to our expectations. Oh, and one more thing: you (19)….. (to start) tomorrow because I have to take a leave: my wife (20)….. (to need) me to help her packing.

Word Formation - Negative Prefixes

I. Use negative prefixes to find the opposite of the following words:

responsible satisfactionpatient convenienthear efficiencyreliable maturenormal comfortableperfect faircontended necessaryreligious punctualhonest correctwell expected

II. Find three derivates for each negative prefix listed below:

Ab-:….Dis-: …..Il-:….Im-:….In-:….Ir-:…..Mis-:….Un-:….

Prepositions:

I. Fill in the correct preposition:

There can be few better places (0) to be a student than in Central London. The opportunities and adventures that can be had in Europe's largest city are only limited (1)… your imagination! From the bars and nightclubs of Soho (2)… the markets of Covent Garden, Camden and Notting Hill, and shops of Oxford Street. There are also countless museums which are either free or

have student discounts and house some (3)… the best collections of art, science and history (4)… the country. Here you will find details of Private rented accommodation offered by private landlords/letting agents (5)… London including student houses, student flats/apartments, bed-sits, larger housing.Paragon is a purpose-built student residence (6)… Brentford, west London, that opened (7)… September 2006. It is owned and run by the Touareg Trust. It is 5 minutes walk (8)… Brentford station (9)… its 30-minute link (10)… central London or a 20 minute walk from Boston Manor tube station (11)… the Piccadilly line (12)… excellent connections to Heathrow and central London. Local buses regularly run the short distance to Ealing. Many residents attend Thames Valley University which provides a free shuttle bus (13)… Paragon to its campuses in Ealing and Slough. Also located (14)… Paragon is the brand new landmark Health Sciences Faculty (15)… TVU.

II. Rephrase the following sentences using the word given so that the meaning stays the same:

1. The accommodation at the Riviera hotel is suitable for all tastes.CATERS2. Going to this resort would do you good.BENEFIT3. The District Attorney finally pressed charges of manslaughter against the suspect.CHARGED4. Physics has always been his strength.GOOD5. Mr. Thompson is the one who runs the Debtor-Creditor Department.CHARGE6. She was so focused on whatever she was doing that she totally forgot to wake me up.ENGROSSED7. He failed to explain why he was holding a knife in his hands.ACCOUNT8. She could solve puzzles in the blink on an eye.GOOD9. He decided to become a vet because he had always enjoyed the company of animals.GOOD10. Their worries derive from a past trauma.

STEM

III. Choose the most appropriate preposition:

1. I went to that training totally by/ of mistake.2. He didn’t not say a thing for fear about/of losing his job.3. He goes to painting exhibitions as/on a regular basis.4. I think he said it on/ by purpose although he sustains it was a joke.5. With/in regard to this topic, I can’t do anything but forbid its broadcasting.6. He has submitted a motion in response of/ to my claims.7. He looks totally out of/ without practice because he’s made all possible mistakes.8. It is against/ under the law to affiliate to organizations that proclaim racism.9. He didn’t know what to do; at/ in the end he decided to take a walk to help him refresh his memory.10. At/ in the end of the reference book there is a list of materials available on the Internet.

Phrasal verbs

I. Match the following phrasal verbs with their correct meanings:

1. to make out2. to make for3. to make up4. to make up for5. to make off with6. to do away with7. to do up8. to do in9. to do away with10.to do with

A. to cleanB. to disappearC. to abolishD. to compensateE. to realizeF. to needG. to killH. to reconciliateI. to manage withoutJ. to head

II. Choose the correct phrasal verb from the table above that best completes the missing spaces:

I think that capital punishment should be ….. in all civilized countries.They always ….. even after the strongest argument.I could ….. some affection after such a long separation.The mugger managed to ….. with the woman’s jewelries after threatening to harm her if she ran after him.They ….. to Paris at the time being so they should be there in an hour.The sniper succeeded in ….. his target.She simply does not comprehend how some people can ….. love.He will try to …. the damage he caused by adopting such an attitude towards us.We ….. our room every weekend otherwise the landlady will get mad.I can’t really ….. what’s written there because I don’t see well at a distance.

Vocabulary - Idioms

I. Match the following idioms with their correct meanings:

1. To put someone’s back up2. To make all the difference3. To grin and bear it4. To feel off colour5. To go from strength to strength6. To be in dire straits7. To let someone off the hook8. To pull all the stops9. To rack one’s brains10.To get to grips with something

A. To make an effort to understandB. To think very hardC. To feel unwellD. To acceptE. To be in difficultyF. To have a good effectG. To make an effortH. To annoy someoneI. To free someone from allresponsibilityJ. To improve

II. Choose the most appropriate answer:

1. When making his final option, he tried to think of the lesser of the two …. a. harms b. evilsc. difficulties c. burdens

2. It seems that the cards are all … against him and he is not likely to be elected mayor.a. brought b. struck

c. stacked d. run

3. They’ve been sitting here for two hours trying to get to the … of the problem but no one has managed to come up with the right solution.a. end b. bottomc. borderline d. limit

4. His rude behavior is intolerable and it drove most of us up the …. .a. wall b. brickc. floor d. door

5. This time she really put her … on this matter. I don’t think her direct manner of speaking will be in her favour.a. nail b. footc. finger d. brains

6. This operation is hanging by a … so we should do our best to improve things from now on.a. thread b. limbc. needle d. core

7. We went to that fancy restaurant that Tom recommended, but I have to tell you that it is not all … up to be.a. cracked b. meantc. made d. brought

8. I think she is feeling a bit… the weather today so please try not to worry her uselessly.a. off b. out ofc. below d. under

9. Swimming in the sea has always … her a rough time.a. made b. renderedc. given d. did

10. It can be easily seen that he doesn’t have the … idea about the topic he addresses.a. strongest b. biggestc. foggiest d. easiest

Gap fill

I. Fill in the gaps with one suitable word:

The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe (0) that spanned the period from the end of the 14th century (1)… about 1600, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe. The term renaissance is in essence a modern one that came (2)… currency in the nineteenth century, in the work of historians such as Jacob Burckhardt. (3)…the origins of a movement that was confined largely (4)…the literate culture of intellectual endeavor and patronage can be traced to the earlier part of the 14th century, many aspects of Italian culture and society remained largely Medieval; the Renaissance did not come into full swing (5)… the end of the century. The word renaissance means “rebirth”, and the era is best known for the renewed (6)… in the culture of classical antiquity after the period that Renaissance humanists labelled the Dark Ages.

The Italian Renaissance began in Tuscany, centered in the cities of Florence and Siena. It later had a significant impact in Venice, (7)… the remains of ancient Greek culture were brought(8)…, feeding the humanist scholars with new texts. The Renaissance later had a significant effect on Rome, which was ornamented with some structures in the new all'antico mode, then was largely rebuilt by sixteenth-century popes. The Italian Renaissance peaked in the late 15th century as foreign invasions plunged the region into turmoil.(9)…, the ideas and ideals of the Renaissance spread into the rest of Europe, setting (10)… the Northern Renaissance centered in Fontainebleau and Antwerp, and the English Renaissance.

The Italian Renaissance is best known for (11)… cultural achievements. They include works of literature by such figures as Petrarch, Castiglione, and Machiavelli ,works of art by artists such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, and great works of architecture, such (12)… The Duomo in Florence and St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. At the same(13)…, present-day historians also see the era (14)… one of economic regression and of little progress in science, which (15)… its great leaps forward among Protestant culture in the seventeenth century.

UNIT 2

Ways of Expressing Future

‘We are made wise not by the recollection of our past, but by the responsibility of our future.’

George Bernard Show

I. Choose the most appropriate answer:

1. Stop shouting at her like that. She….. start crying because you know how sensitive she is.a. is going to start b. will startc. will be starting d. is starting

2. They ….. painted the hall by the time he ….. to give them a helping hand.a. will paint; decides b. will have painted; decidedc. are painting; will have decided d. paint; will have decided

3. Don’t say anything inappropriate because by 4 pm he ….. for 8 hours without taking a break and he is not in the mood for joking.a. will be working b. is workingc. will have worked d. will have been working

4. He ….. the golfing club earlier to day because he ….. his partner to the station.a. is leaving; accompanies b, leaves; is accompanyingb. leaves; accompanies d. is leaving; is accompanying

5. The gates ….. to the public at 7 pm and the concert ….. at 8 pm tomorrow.a. are opening; is stating b. open; startsc. are opening; will start d. will open; starts 6. She doesn’t yet know when she….her new associate, but when she ….. , she ….. definitely the benefits of the merger.a. meets, does, will present b. is meeting, does, will presentc. will meet, does, will present d. meet, will, is presenting

7. The plane ….. take off in an hour so after he …. at the airport, we….. time to drink a coffee.a. is due to; arrives; will have b. takes off; will have arrived; havec. will be taking off; will arrive; have d. will take, will arrive, will have

8. Hillary is very excited because her elder sister ….. to spend the weekend with her.a. comes b. will be comingc. is coming d. is due to come

9. He ….. an important dinner meeting at 8 pm tomorrow so you’d better not disturb him at that time.a. is having b. will havec. has d. will be having

10. While they ….. to Rome, I…… all their appointments.a. are flying; will be canceling b. fly; will cancelc. will be flying; am canceling d. fly; am canceling

II. Choose the most appropriate verb from:

1.David will be studying/ will study for his dissertation at this time tomorrow so I am going out/ go out because I don’t want to disturb him.

2. By next week they will be/ will have been married for 5 years and they will throw/ are throwing a party to celebrate this.

3. I don’t want him to call me until I have/ will have all the details of the project.

4. The baby is due/ is on the point of coming in May so they have plenty of time to buy furniture and baby clothes.

5. It’s a bit cold in thin amphitheatre. You are going to catch/ are catching a cold if you stay here for too long.

6. The manager arrives/ is arriving at the office at 7 am. He has/ is having a meeting at 8 and then he goes/ is going to meet his chief executive at 9 to brief him on the weekly issues.

7. Stop shouting like that! You are going to annoy/ will annoy everybody in the room.

8. After he will have finished/ has finished working on his dissertation, he will have plenty of time to hang out with his friends.

9. The parcel is arriving/ will arrive tomorrow. My mother has already sent it by post.

10. He will resign/ is on the verge of resigning because he cannot put up with those long working hours.

III. Each of these sentences contains a mistake. Identify and correct it:

1.I will leave home tomorrow earlier because I have an interview at 8 am.2. He’ll tell you whether you are eligible for the post once he will read your resume.3. The train will be arriving at 6 pm so we’d better hurry to reach the station in time.4. In two weeks’ time I’ll complete this vocational course I’m currently taking.5. She is going to find herself accommodation by the time she starts college.6. The contract is due to be signed by both parties without any further delay.7. This restaurant is rather awful. I’ll go to eat somewhere else.8. My neighbour is having her house redecorated so I’ll help her.9. Don’t jump to the wrong conclusions until you don’t get to hear all the story! 10. My tutor has an important phone call to make so he is due to leave the room.

IV. Fill in the missing spaces with the correct form of the verb in brackets:

1.By this time next week Bill (to take) French tuition for over a year so he’s bound to know something.2. Helen’s flight (to come) at 6 pm so this leaves us plenty time to get to the airport.3. She does not know how to cook. She (to burn) the food.

4. The gates (to open) at 7 pm and the concert (to start) at 9 pm tomorrow evening.5. I’ll decide whether to believe him or not once I (to hear) his side of the story.6. Thomas (to have) a dentist appointment next Friday and he is terrified at the thought.7. I know the car is awfully dirty. I (to wash) it first thing tomorrow morning.8. Don’t call Robert at home. He (to sleep) now.9. They (to meet) Paul at his apartment tonight. Would you like them to break him the good news?10. Have you decided yet? Where we (to spend) our holiday this year?

V. The words in these sentences have been jumbled. Put them in the correct order to get the sentence right:1.Sunday almost by two they on next been weeks holiday will for have2. take test week he to driving his going is3. any until have don’t everything make you assumptions heard4. premises you you not told to are the to are until leave5. for leaving is tonight Rome what he time?6. anything he 7pm won’t until arranged have7. again he suppose fail I test will the8. got meet the by it have time already dark we will9. work home I cooking from be he will gets when10. to forecast evening and cats according will it dogs this rain the weather VI. Match the left column with its corresponding ending on the right:

1. Don’t go to Mr. Thompson’s office2. By the time we get out3. Please don’t make such a fuss4. He does not know how to repair things5. I am so happy Paul is going sailing with us6. I’ll be in a better mood7. I don’t think I’ll learn anything new8. Don’t call him at home9. It’s getting a bit late10.I’m having lunch earlier today

A. until you’ve listened to all I have to say on the matter

B. while I am taking this computing courseC. because I’m meeting my sister at 2D. He will be conducting an interview now.E. He is going to hurt himselfF. once I’ve got some sleepG. He will be trying to rest for a while nowH. I’ll have been too tired to enjoy the eveningI. I am going to leave home nowJ. I am going to teach him everything I know about boats.

VII. Ask questions that have as an answer the underlined words in each sentence:

1.My friends are spending this weekend with us and I am going to show them round the city.2. I wonder what he will be doing this time next week.3. She will never be able to do something on her own because she is too dependent on her parents.4. I am going to spend a few more days in this mountain resort.5. He lives in such luxury that he will have spent all his money by the time he reaches 30.6. I am going to ask the bank for a loan to buy a new car.7. They will probably go on vacation some time next month.8. I am coming with Paul next week to see if the building plans have been approved.9. My flight is due to take off at 6 pm tomorrow.10. He is about to leave the office so you’d better hurry to talk to him before he goes home.

VIII. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:

Jach is talking on the phone with his friend Howard who is spending his holiday at the seaside.Jack: “How are things there Howard? Are you having a good time?”Howard: “Excellent. I’ve been here for only two days and it’s been lovely so far. Yesterday I went sailing and tomorrow I (1)…(to go) scuba diving. Can’t wait for it.”Jack: “ This sounds good. How long you (2)… (to stay) there?”

Howard: “I cound stay here forever, but I (3) … (to have) to be at the office next Friday because I (4) …(to have) an important meeting with our business associates. What about you? Are you planning to stay at the office? Why not come here for a couple of days?”Jack: “I’d love to but my car is being serviced and it’s too late to make any other travel arrangements.”Howard: “But Bill (5) … (to come) here next week and I am sure he (6) … to take) you. You could drive in turns. It’s not that far. I think it (7) … (to take) you like 6 hours to get here.Jack: “That’s a good idea. I (8)… (to call) Bill then.Howard: “Don’t call him now. He (9) … (to interview) people for the new junior accountant position in the morning. You’d better phone him in the evening when he (10) … (to be) less busy.Jack: “Ok then. What about the weather there?”Howard: “According to the forecast, it’s likely to rain for two days, but don’t worry, by the time you (11) …(to get) here, the weather (12) … (to improve)?Jack: “And the accommodation. Where I (13) …(to stay)?Howard: “I have already booked a room for Bill and since you’re surely coming I (14) … (to book) another for you at the same hotel I’m staying.Jack: “Thanks a lot, Howard. I’m sure we (15) … (to have) fun while we (16)… (to stay) there.Howard: “By the way, how is your sister?”Jack: “Jane (17) …(to return) from abroad tomorrow morning. I (18)…(to take) a taxi to collect her from the airport.Howard: “I can’t wait to see her again when I (19) …(to return). I (20) …(not to see) her for two years, come the end of the month. I’m sure we have a lot of things to catch up with. Anyway, I’ll wait for you here. See you.”Jack: “Talk to you soon. Bye Howard.”

Word Formation - Prefixes

I.Find at least three more derivates for each prefix listed below:

a-: aside; …anti-: antivirus; …be-: bewitch;…co- (com-; col-; con-): co driver;…de-: despair; …dis-: disadvantage; …

en- (em-): enlighten; …ex-: exclude; …fore-: foregone; …inter-: interstate; …mal-: maltreat…over-: overburden…pre-: prelude…pro-: prologue…re-: rebuilt…sub-: subsoil…syn-: synchronise…under-: underdeveloped…with-: withdraw…

II. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the word in capitals:

1.Someone must have tampered with this door. It’s completely … now. LOCK2. She was at a loss, unable to … his theories. STAND3. The construction workers felt complete … with the working conditions and decided to go on strike. SATISFY4. The statiscs is based on current market … and customer research. COME5. The activity triggers group … ACT6. The battery for this camera is … so you can use it as many times as you need. CHARGE7. The traffic has become so heavy in out city that it’s preferrable to take the … to reach your destination. GROUND8. Our … fought for justice and freedom. RUN9. She must have been … since she failed to arrive there on time. GUIDE10. … is a serious problem that especially occurs in underdeveloped countries. EMPLOY

Prepositions:

I. Fill in the correct preposition:

Lying (1)… the heart of Europe, Austria occupies an area of 83,854 square kilometres and is home (2)… over 8 million people. The Alps make (3)… the southern and western parts of the country and peak at the Grossglockner summit.

The powerful Habsburg family ruled Austria (4)… 1278 right up until World War I. (5) …this dynasty Austria became one of the most dominant political forces (6) ... central Europe. The country attracted countless European composers in the 18th and 19th centuries. Beethoven, Brahms, Hayden, Mozart, Schubert and the Strausses all came (7) … Austria (8)… some stage in their careers. Today, this rich musical heritage lives (9) … in the form of the Vienna Philharmonic, the unrivalled Vienna Boys’ Choir, the Musikverein and the Konzerthaus.The most dramatic Alpine scenery is found west (10) … Graz and Linz in the Tirol. The capital (11) … this breathtaking region is Innsbruck and it makes a great base (12) … exploration.Winter sports like skiing and snowboarding, the plentiful hiking trails and the opportunity (13) … romantic cruising on the Danube make Austria a year-round holiday paradise. The cities of Salzburg and Vienna are also well worth a visit. Vienna, Austria’s capital city, bears the legacy (14) … the 600-year Hapsburg dynasty. Bursting (15) … architectural gems, it boasts an unparalleled musical ancestry.

II. Rephrase the following sentences using the word given so that the meaning stays the same:

1.I can’t wait to go on that cruise on the Danube. EAGER2. His line manager didn’t agree with the new project. OF3. Try to put up with him a little longer; I’m sure he will agree with you in the end. BEAR4. I have always appreciated his loyalty to the firm. APPRECIATIVE5. She has always been horrified at insects. I don’t think there any cure for this. AVERSION6. These high pointed archtraves are a feature of the early Gothic style. CHARACTERISTIC7. He paid us many compliments on our achievement. CONGRATULATED8. All soldiers must stand to the orders of their superiors. WITH9. The fact that he failed the test again disappointed everybody. IN10.He was so busy with solving that task that he could hardly hear what we were telling him. ENGAGED

III. Choose the most appropriate preposition:

1.He wil put his career in/ at risk if he decides to follow her advice.

2. She decided to sing another song in/at our request.3. I’m calling you on/in behalf of my client who wants to sell the shares he owns in your company.4. He was totally in/on the dark, unable to continue his speech.5. The flight was delayed in/on account of the heavy fog.6. Stop talking so loundly! There’s a test on/ in progress!7. He didn’t have his card so he paid in/ by cash for the furniture.8. The defendant was released by/ on bail and his trial starts next month.9.By/ In virtue of her final confession, I think she is totally innocent.10.Stop worrying so much! I’m sure she’ll be here on/ in no time.

Phrasal verbs

I. Match the following phrasal verbs with their correct meanings:

1. to look in2. to look ahead3. to look over4. to look through5. to look down on6. to look up to7. to look out8. to look up9. to look away10.to look forward to

A. to examine in great detailB. to find something in a reference bookC. to show respectD. to throw a glance atE. to be carefulF. to pay a short visitG. can’t wat toH. to think about the futureI. to watch in another directionJ. to despise

II. Choose the correct phrasal verb from the table above that best completes the missing spaces:

1.You should stop freting over small problems and start …: there are so many new opportunities in the future.2. We are all … meeting our high school colleagues at this reunion. It’s been years since we spoke to each other.3. I was in the neighbourhood and I decided to … to see you for a bit.4. The solicitor was tired because he spent all his night … the case brief.5. Once you’re less busy, please … my report. There’s no need to fully read it.6. He was too embarrased to say anything so he remained silent and …, not having the courage to look her in the eye.

7. They have always resented the fact that he is so arrogant and he has always … the other employees.8. There’s a car coming! ….!9. Remember to … any new word if you want to learn German more quickly!10. She has always … her literature teacher whom she considers a genius.

Vocabulary - Idioms

I. Match the following idioms with their correct meanings:

1. to let someone off the hook2. to go round in circles3. to make the most of something4. to hang in the balance5. by hook or by crook 6. to feel duty bound7. against all the odds8. it’s a foregone conclusion9. to tighten one’s belt10. to go beyond a joke

A. not to know what will happen in the futureB. despite a lot of problemsC. to use whatever methods are necessaryD. the result is obviousE. to leave someone free from all responsibilityF. to be extremely seriousG. to feel it is really necessaryH.to make no progressI. to spend less than beforeJ. to take full advantge of something

II. Choose the most appropriate answer:

1.The President seems to have lost … of why he was elected because he broke down all promises he had made.A. contact B. sight C. time D. control2. He’s having second … about going to work abroad for a year.A. options B. choices C. impressions D. thoughts

3. To be on the … side, he asked his secretary to check his daily appointments again.A. other B. good C. safe D. sound

4. The manager decided to let her off the … this time as long as she promised to be more careful from then on.

A. rule B. situation C. promise D. hook

5. The officers that investigated the fraud case should be called to … for their gross negligence.A. account B. testify C. report D. resign

6. To add insult to …he neither explained nor apologised for the inconvenience he had caused.A. indiscretion B. injury C.incompetence D. infamy

7. The instructions for this machinery are a complete dead…; I could not understand how to use despite reading them.A. loss B. point C. purpose D. buttom

8. The media have blown the conflict betwee the Union and the management out of all … .A. principle B. proportion C.qualification D. manner

9. He gave it his … but still he didn’t manage to win the race.A. whole B. chance C. all D. best

10.If need …, he’ll get a secong job to pay for the mortgage.A. be B. is C. comes D. gets

Gap fill

I. Fill in the gaps with one suitable word:

Scenario writer Kazushige Nojima stresses the dynamic of players' relationships (0) with the main character in Final Fantasy games; thus, he puts significant thought (1)… how that relationship will develop. With Final Fantasy VII, protagonist Cloud Strife's reserved nature led Nojima to include scenarios in (2)… the player can select Cloud's responses to certain situations and dialogue. With Final Fantasy VIII, Nojima wanted to give players actual insight into what the protagonist is thinking, (3)…while other characters remain uninformed.

Character designer Tetsuya Nomura, while exchanging e-mails with director Yoshinori Kitase during the period (4)… the development of Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy VIII, suggested that the game (5)… have a "school days" feel. Because Nojima already had a story in mind in which the main characters were the same age, the idea worked. (6)…, they created the concept of military academies, called "Gardens", in which students would train to become "SeeD" mercenaries. Nojima also planned for the two playable parties featured in the game to highly contrast with (7)… another. On (8)… one hand, Laguna's group consists (9)… characters in their late twenties and have a (10)… of combat experience. They are also close friends who (11)… fought together for a long time and trust one another. On the other hand, Squall's party is young and inexperienced, and Squall himself does not initially understand the value of friendship.

As a result of Kitase's desire to give the game a foreign atmosphere), the objective with the character designs was to create largely European appearances. The first character Nomura designed specifically for (12)… in Final Fantasy VIII was Squall, initially giving him longer hair and a more feminine appearance. (13)… , Yoshinori Kitase did not feel that this design worked and asked Nomura to shorten his hair and make him look more masculine, which led (14)… the design seen in-game. When designing Cloud Strife, Nomura gave him distinctly spiky, bright blonde hair to emphasize his role (15)… that game's protagonist.

Unit 3

Past Tenses

“We are made wise not by the recollection of our past, but by the responsibility for our future”. George Bernard Shaw