Time to Legalize Our 11 Million Undocumented Immigrants

7/30/2019 Time to Legalize Our 11 Million Undocumented Immigrants

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1 Center or American Progress | Time to Legal ize Our 11 Mill ion Undocumented Immigrants

Time to Legalize Our 11 Million

Undocumented ImmigrantsPutting Undocumented Immigrants on the Road to Citizenship

Will Help Congress Overcome a Host of Other Policy Roadblocks

Marshall Fitz November 14, 2012

Introduction

rue immigraion reorm ha deals pracically and responsibly wih he 11 million

people living in he Unied Saes wihou immigraion saus has proven elusive over

he pas decade.1 Parisan gridlock has repeaedly prevened Congress rom overhauling

he immigraion sysem. As a resul, he only consans in our naions immigraion pol-

icy during his period have been massive increases in border and inerior enorcemen

eors. Tese showed some resuls a he border bu no angible decline in he residen

unauhorized populaion unil he sar o he Grea Recession o 20072009, during

which undocumened immigraion slowed o a ne zero, wih slighly more people leav-

ing he counry han enering i.2

Wih he re-elecion o Presiden Barack Obama due in par o unprecedened Laino

suppor, he pundiry is now, belaedly, suggesing ha he ime has come or Congress

o overcome he paralysis and enac legislaion ha creaes a pahway or our 11 million

undocumened immigrans o earn ciizenship. I appears ha he inside he Belway

convenional poliical wisdom is nally caching up o American public opinion, which

overwhelmingly suppors dealing wih hese immigrans in a smar and sensible manner.3

Over he pas decade enorcemen policies have no only ailed o deliver commonsense

reorm bu have also impeded progress on a hos o oher imporan naional issues. Te rip-

ple eecs o having such a large unauhorized group o people among us hampers our abil-

iy o raionally debae issues like healh care, educaion, axes, benes, and idenicaion.

Tis issue brie surveys many o he ederal, sae, and local issues ha are salled,

warped, or compleely derailed by he gridlock over immigraion reorm.


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Background

Te policy argumens in avor o common-sense immigraion policies ha char a pah

o legal saus or unauhorized immigrans are as numerous as hey are compelling.

Indeed, he only sensible approach rom a scal, economic, social, and securiy perspec-

ive is o creae a roadmap or hese immigrans o earn ciizenship.

More han wo-hirds o he immigrans working wihou papers in he Unied Saes

have conribued o our economy and culure or more han a decade.4 Bu our oudaed

and misguided immigraion policies, along wih our polarized immigraion poliics,

block hem rom realizing heirand our naionsull poenial and orces hem o

live in ear o being ripped rom heir amilies.5

Les ake a brie look a some o he benes:

Bringing hese hard-working immigrans o he economic sidelines would generae a

$1.5 rillion boos o he naions cumulaive GDP over 10 years and add close o $5billion in addiional ax revenue in jus he nex hree years.6

Regisering hese immigrans wih background checks would ensure ha we know

who is here and will enable our auhoriies o ocus enorcemen resources on criminal

elemens and securiy hreas insead o hard-working amily members.

Bringing hese immigrans ou o he shadows would srike a blow o unscrupulous

employers who misrea heir employees (immigran and naive-born alike) and help

ensure worker saey or all.7

Enabling immigrans o earn legal saus and o openly paricipae in civic lie will

srenghen our communiies and reduce marginalizaion and exploiaion.8

In oher words, virually everyone excep exploiive employers and criminals is beter

o by enabling hese immigrans o work above board and pay heir ull axes. So i i s a

policy no-brainer, why hasn reorm happened?

Only poliics can explain why immigraion reorm has no ye crossed he congressional

nish line. Te Sepember 11 atacks sopped a poenial immigraion reorm pack-

age in is racks. Beore he atacks, hen-Presiden George W. Bush me wih Mexicos

newly eleced presiden, Vicene Fox, ve imes in nine monhs and, seeing ha Lainos

were becoming he imporan group o swing voers we know oday, called or bilaeral

immigraion reorms. Following he erroris atacks, however, immigraion enorce-

men became synonymous wih ghing errorism, and any alk o reorm or our bro-

ken immigraion sysem was le a he saring line. Since hen, immigraion hardliners

have eecively used ear mongering abou immigrans, paricularly hose wihou legal

saus, as a poliical hammer in pary primary elecions.9


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Candidaes who ail he hardline immigraion limus es are hreaened wih challenges

rom he exreme righ. As a resul, he Republican Parys posure on immigraion is

now well ouside he mainsream. Bu wih a massive demographic shi already under-

way in his counry, i is in he sel-ineres o boh poliical paries o end he demoniza-

ion o undocumened immigrans.10

Using immigrans, even hose wihou proper papers, as a poliical ooball is no merelycrass wedge poliicsi is also sel-desrucive. Laino voers, who are by deniion

documened, have a deep and personal associaion wih he immigraion issue, and hey

are now a poliical orce wih which boh paries mus reckon.11 More han hal o all

Laino voers know someone who is undocumened, and one-quarer know someone

who is eiher acing deporaion or has been depored.12 Tose voers unsurprisingly

view he poliicians who launch broadsides agains heir amilies and communiies wih

jaundiced eyes.

Lainos comprised 16.7 percen13 o he populaion in 2011 and an esimaed 11 percen

o he elecorae in 2012,14

and heir numbers are projeced o rise o 31 percen o hepopulaion by 2050.15 Lainos as a voing bloc have now shown he power o decide

sae and naional elecions. Coninuing o alienae his rapidly growing segmen o he

elecorae by espousing ani-immigran policies spells uure elecoral doom.

Te resuls o his years presidenial elecion poin squarely o he poliical imperaive

o moving orward on immigraion reorm. Republican presidenial candidae Mit

Romney adoped one o he mos exreme immigraion plaorms o a presidenial

candidae in recen memory.16 Ta move o shore up a ringe o his pary in pursui

o he nominaion doomed his abiliy o compee or he voe o Lainos and oher

immigrans.17

Exi polls show ha a meager 27 percen o he Laino voe wen o Gov.Romney, a ull our poins below he 31 percen o Laino voers who cas heir voes or

Sen. John McCain (R-AZ) in 2008.18

As our naions demographics coninue o shi away rom a whie majoriy, ha ani-

immigran posure is unenable or a pary ha has is sighs se on a reurn o he Whie

House. Presiden Barack Obama, or his par, openly acknowledges he signicance o

he Laino voe in reurning him o he Whie House, and he is commited o moving

orward on immigraion reorm in 2013.19

So he issue is poliically ripe on is own erms. Bu ackling i now carries he signican

addiional bene o opening space or consrucive biparisan dialogue on a hos o

oher issues. Tis is because he poliical paralysis over addressing unauhorized immi-

grans has warped policy beyond he immigraion arena.

In he ollowing pages, we provide examples o how his policy pohole has caused rac

jams on a hos o oher naional and local issues relaed o healh care, educaion, benes,


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idenicaion, and he workorce, and we highligh why addressing he immigraion saus

o unauhorized immigrans will enable us o more eecively resolve hese imporan

issues. In oher words, we show why charing he undocumened populaion on a road o

ciizenship will help simulae consrucive soluions in oher policy arenas as well.

The issues

Health care

Debaes over healh care access and insurance coverage or immigrans are emblemaic

o how he ailure o deal responsibly wih he naions large undocumened populaion

inecs debaes over oher policy iniiaives.

One painul example emanaes rom he criical naional challenge posed by eors

o conrol healh care coss. One o he cenral cos problems in he Unied Saes hasbeen he large number o Americans who lack healh insurance. When hey ge sick or

injured, hose coss ge oised ono sociey hrough increased healh insurance premi-

ums or axes or saey ne healh care programs. A cenral premise o he Aordable

Care Acs cos-conainmen sraegy, hereore, is o increase access o aordable healh

insurance and incenivize is purchase.20

Ulimaely, however, he Aordable Care Ac barred undocumened immigrans rom

buying insurance hrough he sae-based exchangeseven i hey have he means o

do so.21 Failing o exend his goal o inclusion o he millions o unauhorized immi-

grans living here will undoubedly compromise he sysems abiliy o lower coss.Denying hese individuals access o insurance and blocking hem rom primary and

prevenive care alernaives means hey oen wai o seek care unil a medical condiion

has reached a crisis poin. And alhough his cohor is younger and healhier han he

average,22 when hey nally do seek assisance, hey oen go o he one place required o

deliver i: he ar more cosly emergency room.23

Even hough bringing undocumened immigrans ino he healh insurance sysem seems

obvious rom a cos-conainmen perspecive, eors o deal consrucively wih his issue

are proving o be virually impossible as a poliical mater. Indeed, one o he mos virulen

srains o opposiion o he Aordable Care Ac, or Obamacare, was premised on claims

ha i would provide healh insurance access o undocumened immigrans.

Who can orge he momen when Rep. Joe Wilson (R-SC) inerruped he presidens

address o Congress on healh care reorm in Sepember 2009 by sanding up and

shouing, You lie!?24 Wha some people may no remember is ha he congressmans

ouburs came in response o he presidens unequivocal declaraion ha he healh care

bill would no exend insurance coverage o undocumened immigrans.


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Despie he ac ha i is plainly good policy rom a healh care and economics perspec-

ive, exending meaningul coverage o undocumened immigrans never sood a chance

poliically because o incendiary opposiion like Rep. Wilsons. Even hough such cover-

age was no in he bill, i was noneheless used as a scare acic by hose who waned o

preserve he saus quo on healh care and immigraion policy or poliical reasons.25

In oher words, Congress ulimaely compromised wholly unrelaed healh policyreorms ha would advance our naions ineres in conaining coss o resolve he immi-

graion saus o people working in he Unied Saes wihou papers.

Education

Tere are approximaely 2.1 million undocumened immigrans who were brough o

he Unied Saes beore he age o 16 and have been here or more han ve years.26 Tis

large pool o undocumened sudens creaes signican challenges or smar educaion

policy in he saes.

On he one hand, he Supreme Cour ruled in he 1982 case Plyler v. Doe ha kinder-

garen-hrough-12h-grade public schools are consiuionally bound o educae all

sudens, regardless o immigraion saus, and ha allowing all children in he Unied

Saes access o an educaion is good or he naion as a whole.27 On he oher hand,

ederal law atemps o block saes rom graning in-sae uiion or undocumened

sudens who wan o urher heir educaion by atending college.28

Tis creaes an obvious ension. Saes are required o inves in he primary and second-

ary educaion o children and ye hey are discouraged rom reaping he ruis o hainvesmen by eecively blocking higher educaion opporuniies. Navigaing his en-

sion creaes challenges or saes seeking o adop orward-looking educaion policies.

A more recen and disurbing approach, beyond simply blocking sudens rom obain-

ing aordable access o higher educaion hrough in-sae uiion, direcly challenges he

Supreme Cour preceden in Plyler in an atemp o urher marginalize undocumened

immigrans.29 Alabamas recen immigraion law, H.B. 56, or insance, orces schools o

collec inormaion abou he legal saus o heir sudens and heir parens.30 When he

rs judge o hear a challenge o H.B. 56, Sharon Lovelace Blackburn, ailed o overurn

he educaion provision, Alabamas public schools saw a marked drop in he number o

Laino sudens atending.31

Te U.S. Cour o Appeals or he 11h Circui pu he educaion provisions o H.B.

56 on hold, marking anoher blow o he sraegy o challenging Plyler.32 I sill refecs

rusraion, however, abou he ederal governmens ailure o creae a sensible immigra-

ion process.


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A more houghul approach o he educaion conundrum is o ollow in he ooseps o

he 12 saes ha have successully craed heir uiion policies o explicily oer in-sae

uiion o unauhorized immigrans.33 Saes such as Maryland and New York poin o he

low coss o doing so and he high reurn on invesmen rom gaining a college educaion.34

Bu even his las approach o coninuing invesmen in hese children begs he quesion

o wha happens aer hey graduae rom college. Because hese sae bills canno granhem legal saus, heir horizons remain limied.

Te bes soluion would be or Congress o provide a pahway o legal saus hrough

somehing like he DREAM Ac, a bill o help undocumened youh. Te DREAM Ac

would provide a signican boos o our economy, adding $329 billion by 2030.35 Legal

saus provides DREAMers wih a powerul incenive o ge more educaion, as he pro-

visions are ied o compleing high school and some college or miliary service.

Combining ha educaion wih he abiliy o work legally enables immigrans o obain

higher-paying jobs. Increased earnings ranslae ino higher revenue or he ederalgovernmen and more spending on goods and services, growing he overall size o he

economy. Ulimaely, passage o he DREAM Ac would creae 1.4 million new jobs and

add a leas $10 billion o he naions revenue by 2030, which is good or all Americans,

immigran and naive born alike.36

TABLE 1

Fast facts on the DREAM Act, 2010 to 2030

Increased economic impact

Directimpactontheeconomy $148billion

Inducedimpactontheeconomy $181billion

Total $329 billion

New jobs created 1.4million

State and federal household income tax

revenue collected$5.6billion

Federal business tax revenue collected $4.6billion

Source: Juan Carlos Gzman and Ral C. Jara, The Economic Benefts o Passing the DREAM Act (Washington: Center or American Progress, 2012).

Wihou a sensible policy ha enables he naions undocumened populaion o earn

legal saus, saes are le wih ew good opions o maximize he poenial o a highly

educaed workorce.


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Public benefits

Perhaps he mos direc collisions beween smar public policy and a large unauhor-

ized populaion occur in he realm o public benes. Resricing eligibiliy or public

benes is cenral o conservaive atacks on wha hey call he welare sae. One acic

hese conservaives adop in heir crusade is he argumen ha public benes migh

fow o immigrans, especially o hose living here wihou legal saus.37

Even hough mos immigransincluding hose legally presenare barred rom mos

public benes, he issue is a perennial one.38 By using benes o unauhorized immi-

grans as a salking horse, conservaives creae space o argue or policies ha eecively

limi benes or all Americans.

wo o he mos recen and persisen lines o atacks have been on he child ax credi

and he Supplemenal Nuriion Assisance Program.

Child tax credit

In May o his year, Sens. David Viter (R-LA) and Marco Rubio (R-FL) atemped o

use he canard o undocumened immigrans alsely claiming he child ax credia

reundable credi designed o keep children rom alling ino poveryo resric access

o he program as a whole.39 Tis is jus he mos recen in a series o assauls on he

child ax credi ha have been launched in he name o blocking undocumened immi-

grans rom receiving a ederal bene.

Eligibiliy or he child ax credi is ied o he saus o he child in quesion, as heprogram is designed o keep children, raher han amilies, rom alling ino povery.

Children mus be younger han 17 and eiher a U.S. ciizen, U.S. naional, or U.S.

residen alien.40 Sens. Viter and Rubio claimed, using he dubious asserions o a single

ax preparer, ha undocumened immigrans were alsely claiming he credi or many

cional children.41

Bu aside rom he ac ha o claim he child ax credi you have o prove ha he child

in quesion is legally eligible, and ha insances o rying o claim he same child wice,

or cional children, would almos cerainly rigger an audi by he Inernal Revenue

Service, he soluion ha Sens. Viter and Rubio proposeo resric eligibiliy o he

program as a whole o only amilies wih no undocumened membersis a clear case o

hrowing he baby ou wih he bahwaer.42

Insead o proposing addiional checks o ensure he saus o he children, he sena-

ors suggesed resricing overall eligibiliy or a program ha in 2009 kep 1.3 million

children rom alling ino povery.43 Tese are American ciizensall o hem, regardless

o he legal saus o heir parens.


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Puting undocumened immigrans on a pah o legal saus would preven opponens

o he credi rom using he immigraion saus quesion as a smokescreen or heir

ani-saey ne agenda. Opponens o he child ax credi should make heir case agains

i on he meris, no hrough scare acics in service o policies ha will hur American

children. Jus as imporanly, creaing a pah o legal saus will enable hese immigrans

o increase heir earnings and our ax base.

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

Te Supplemenal Nuriion Assisance Program, or SNAP, provides more han 20 mil-

lion children wih access o healhy ood and is a key program ha keeps amilies rom

having heir children go hungry. o be eligible or he program, he recipien mus be a

U.S. ciizen or lawully presen nonciizen.

Ye in he mos recen gh o reauhorize he program hrough he 2012 Farm Bill,

amendmens by Sen. Je Sessions (R-AL) and Rep. Marha Roby (R-AL) would haveresriced supplemenal nuriion assisance only o amilies who could prove ha each

and every member was legally presen. As wih he child ax credi issue discussed

above, amilies wih an undocumened member would be ineligible or supplemenal

nuriion assisance, even i he child receiving he bene were a U.S. ciizen. In ac,

16.6 million people live in mixed-saus amilies. And as he advocacy group Firs Focus

poins ou, hese cus would impac up o 4.5 million ciizen children80 percen o

whom are Laino.44

Immigran amilies are already less likely o apply or nuriion assisance han are

naive-born amilies,45

ye hese amendmens sough o make i harder or anyone wihan undocumened amily member o apply, anoher way o ry o cu he overall number

o people using he program. Many low-income amilies may no be able o produce he

documenaion necessary o prove he legal saus o every amily member, even i no

one in he amily is undocumened.46

Using immigraion saus as a wedge issue o atack public benes has been a perennial

congressional acic. Dealing responsibly wih he naions 11 million undocumened

immigrans would remove his line o atack and reurn ocus o he real issuehe

atemps o dismanle he social saey ne. Whas more, puting hese immigrans on

a pah o legal saus would signicanly enhance heir earning poenial and minimize

heir need o access his ype o assisance.


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Identification

Te presence o a large unauhorized group o workers and amilies leads o a number o

dieren issues relaed o idenicaion. From drivers licenses o voer idenicaion o

employmen auhorizaion, he realiy o millions o undocumened immigrans among

us riggers debaes over how o properly ideniy he documened and he undocu-

mened. Bu hese policies do no operae in a vacuum, insead carrying implicaions orall Americans, including he naive born.

E-Verify

Among he mos popular proposals o resric undocumened immigrans and accom-

plish atriion hrough enorcemenmaking lie as dicul as possible so ha

unauhorized immigrans sel-depor rom he Unied Saesis E-Veriy, an online

sysem o check an employees work auhorizaion saus.47 Chie proponen and House

Judiciary Commitee Chairman Lamar Smih (R-X) calls E-Veriy a successul oolor employers looking o hire a legal workorce, and saes ha he program helps

reduce he jobs magne ha encourages illegal immigraion.48 His recen bill, he Legal

Workorce Ac,49 would make wha is currenly a volunary sysem mandaory or all

employers across he naion.

On is ace, an elecronic employmen vericaion sysem does no

sound oo bad. I is already agains he law o hire unauhorized immi-

grans,50 so why no use he Inerne o veriy someones saus? Te

problem is ha he program boass signican faws ha should cause

concern or all Americans.

Mos signicanly, he sysems rack record is errible when i comes

o unauhorized immigrans, ailing o ideniy hem more han hal

o he ime. Even or workers who are U.S. ciizens, he sysem is

unaccepably error prone. I he program became mandaory oday, i

would cause 770,000 legally presen and legally auhorized workers o

lose heir jobs.

Imagine being born in America and living here your enire lie, only

o learn ha a governmen daabase deems you ineligible o work. All

or a sysem ha is only 46 percen accurae when i comes o caching

undocumened immigrans.51

Once again, puting hese immigrans on a pah o legal saus would allow he coun-

ry o ocus on he meris o he issuewheher, or example, we really wan o orce

employers o check wih he ederal governmen beore hiring someone.

54%

FIGURE 1

E-Verify is 54% accurate for undocumentedimmigrants

Source: Philip E. Wolgin, The 10 Numbers You Need to K now About

E-Verify, Center for American Progress, September 13, 2011, available at

http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2011/09/13

/10273/the-10-numbers-you-need-to-know-about-e-verify/.


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Voter ID

Conservaive sae legislaures across he counry wan o require cerain voer ideni-

caion documens in he name o prevening voer raud by nonciizens. Bu an innies-

imal number o cases o voer raud have been idenied, while a large number o groups

are likely o be disenranchised by hese rules.52 Te groups mos likely o lack necessary

documenaion are he poor, he elderly, and communiies o color.53

Some conservaives use he specer o immigrans voing unlawully o promoe policies

ha once again adversely aec millions o Americans. Creaing a pah o legal saus or

he naions undocumened immigrans would help clariy ha hese voer ID eors are

no designed o proec agains raud bu raher o suppress voer paricipaion.

Drivers licenses

Te REAL ID Ac,54

osensibly passed o enhance naional securiy by prevening er-roriss rom geting drivers licenses, was championed by immigraion resricioniss

who saw i as a check on he eor o some saes o provide undocumened immigrans

access o drivers licenses.55 Because ull implemenaion o he ac would have involved

massive daabase sharing beween saes and he ederal governmen, i creaed he

archiecure or a naional ID cardriggering a grassroos backlash rom he le and

he righ. Ta backlash dramaically salled he acs implemenaion, wih saes and

localiies reusing o paricipae.56

Tis highlighs ye again how he exisence o millions o undocumened immigrans

became a smokescreen or an eor o advance anoher agendahe creaion o anaional ID card. Ta is a air issue o debae on he meris. Bu because i wasn

addressed direcly, we ended up wih a ailed policy in he REAL ID Ac. I he concern

is really abou undocumened immigrans geting drivers licenses, hen he mos obvi-

ous and eecive approach would be o require undocumened immigrans o regiser

and earn legal saus. Allowing hem o do so would also reduce he number o people

who have no choice bu o drive wihou licenses and insurance in order o make a living

and eed heir amilies.

Workforce

Many secors o our economy depend heavily on immigran workers, including agri-

culure, consrucion, hoels, and resaurans.57 In some indusries, undocumened

immigran workers make up signican proporions o he workorce. As we have

shown elsewhere, he economic impac o removing all o hese workers would be

caasrophic.58 Bu he saus quo is likewise unenable because he relenless drumbea


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o ederal immigraion enorcemen and he eors by some saes o demonize he

undocumened makes hese workers increasingly vulnerable.

Tese eors are no jus bad or he marginalized workershey hur all Americans.

Good-aih employers mus compee agains botom eeders who exploi his vulnerable

workorce, and naive-born workers mus compee agains workers who canno proec

heir basic righs, including he righ o air wages. I is a lose-lose siuaion ha wouldbe fipped o a win-win i our Congress had he courage o creae a process or legalizing

hardworking immigrans who are commited o his counry. Our ailure o ackle his

issue has disproporionaely harmed cerain indusries, including agriculure and he

service secor.

Agriculture

Nowhere is he ension beween immigran labor and he economy more obvious han

in agriculure. By mos esimaes, undocumened immigrans make up more han hal ohe workers in he agriculure indusry.59 Likewise he U.S. Deparmen o Agriculure

has esimaed ha each arm job creaes hree upsream jobs in proessions such as

packaging, ransporing, and selling he produce, meaning ha wha happens in he

agriculural secor aecs he economy as a whole.60

Agriculure is paricularly suscepible o he whims o he labor marke, since crops

become ripe a a xed ime and mus be picked quickly beore hey ro. Migran labor-

ers oen ravel a se roue, ollowing he growing season as i begins in places such as

Florida and works is way norh.61 Disruping his fow o pickers can be devasaing o

local economies and he naions ood securiy.

Aer he passage o Georgias ani-immigran law, H.B. 87, or example, he Georgia

Agribusiness Council esimaed ha he sae could lose up o $1 billion in produce

rom a lack o immigran labor.62 Asurvey o armers conduced by he Georgia

Deparmen o Agriculure ound 56 percen o hose surveyed were experiencing di-

culy nding workersa devasaing blow o he sae.63 Even a program by Gov. Nahan

Deal (D-GA) o use prison parolees o ll he worker shorage quickly ell apar, wih

mos walking o he job aer jus a ew hours.64

Creaing a process or legalizing hese undocumened workers would help sabilize he

agriculural workorce and enhance our naions ood securiy.65 I would also diminish

he incenive o saes o go down he economically sel-desrucive pah ha Georgia,66

Alabama,67 Arizona,68 and ohers have pursued.


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Service sector

As wih he agriculure indusry, he service secor, paricularly hoels and resaurans,

have been hi hard by he ailure o achieve immigraion reorm, along wih he hos o

sae laws criminalizing he undocumened. Roughly 2 million o he 23 million immi-

gran workers in he Unied Saes work in he service secor.69 And as Darrell M. Wes

o he Brookings Insiuion poined ou, immigrans end up working in many jobs inplaces like hoels and resauransindusries where here are jus no enough naive-

born workers willing o do he jobs.70

Arizona provides a case sudy in how he poliics o he undocumened can aec he

service secor. In 2010 he sae passed S.B. 1070, a comprehensive ani-immigraion

law. Passage o he bill resuled in a signican blow o he ourism indusry, wih a major

boycot o he sae and a number o prominen naional groups reusing o hold coner-

ences and evens in he sae. All in all, research conduced by he Cener or American

Progress ound ha in he rs year o he law alone, Arizona los a oal o $141 million,

including $45 million in hoel and lodging cancellaions. Te lack o ouriss no onlyaeced he livelihoods o immigrans bu o he naive born as well: An esimaed 2,700

jobs and a oal o $253 million in economic impac disappeared in one year alone.71

Immigran labor is criical o keeping our service secor running, and no beter example

can be ound han during he recen Hurricane Sandy. As ed Hesson o ABC-Univision

News repored, immigran jobs [kep] New York Ciy running during Sandy, as hey

drove axis, delivered ood, and provided healh care, jus as a ew examples.72

Conclusion

Te ailure o deal realisically wih our naions large and long-setled undocumened

populaion is economically sel-deeaing in is own righ. Tis brie highlighs how

ha ailure has creaed roadblocks o hones discussions and meaningul soluions on a

variey o oher imporan issues as well.

I is high ime we do whas righ or our counry and end he gridlock on his issue.

Smar policy and good poliics are squarely aligned. Congress mus ac o creae a road-

map o ciizenship or hese hardworking immigrans.

Marshall Fitz is the Director of Immigration Policy at the Center for American Progress. He

would like to thank Max Lesser, intern with the Immigration team, for his help in writing this

article.


13/15


Endnotes

1 Marshall Fitz and Angela Maria Kelley, Principles orImmigration Reorm: Guidelines or Fixing Our BrokenImmigration System (Washington: Center or AmericanProgress, 2009), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2009/12/21/7050/principles-or-immigration-reorm/.

2 Jerey Passel, DVera Cohn, and Ana Gonzalez-Barrera,Net Migration From Mexico Falls to Zero and PerhapsLess (Washington: Pew Hispanic Center, 2012), available athttp://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/23/net-migration-rom-mexico-alls-to-zero-and-perhaps-less/.

3 Jerey M. Jones, Americans More Positive About Immigra-tion, Gallup Politics, June 16, 2012, available at http://www.gallup.com/poll/155210/americans-positive-immigration.aspx.

4 Paul Taylor and others, Unauthorized Immigrants: Lengtho Residency, Patterns o Parenthood (Washington: PewHispanic Center, 2011), available at http://www.pewhis-panic.org/2011/12/01/unauthorized-immigrants-length-o-residency-patterns-o-parenthood/.

5 Angela S. Garca and David G. Keyes, Lie as an Undocu-mented Immigrant: How Restrictive Local ImmigrationPolicies Aect Daily Lie (Washington: Center or American

Progress, 2012), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2012/03/26/11210/lie-as-an-undocumented-immigrant/.

6 Raul Hinojosa-Ojeda, Raising the Floor or American Work-ers: The Economic Benets o Comprehensive ImmigrationReorm (Washington: Center or American Progress, 2010),available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2010/01/07/7187/raising-the-foor-or-american-workers/.

7 See, or example: Ruth Milkman, Ana Luz Gonzlez, andVictor Narro, Wage Thet and Workplace Violations in LosAngeles: The Failure o Employment and Labor Law orLow-Wage Workers (Los Angeles: Institute or Researchon Labor and Employment, University o Caliornia, LosAngeles, 2010), available at http://www.ruthmilkman.ino/rm/Policy_Reports_les/LAwagethet.pd.

8 See, or example: Joanna Dreby, How Todays Immigra-tion Enorcement Policies Impact Children, Families, and

Communities: A View rom the Ground (Washington:Center or American Progress, 2012), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/re-port/2012/08/20/27082/how-todays-immigration-enorce-ment-policies-impact-children-amilies-and-communities/.

9 Marc R. Rosenblum, U.S. Immigration Policy Since 9/11:Understanding the Stalemate Over Comprehensive Immi-gration Reorm (Washington: Migration Policy Institute andWilson International Center or Scholars, 2011), availableat http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/RMSG-post-9-11policy.pd; Shari Robertson and Michael Camerini, HowDemocracy Works Now: The Game Is On, How DemocracyWorks Now, Twelve Stories, available at http://www.howde-mocracyworksnow.com/story/the-game-is-on.

10 Vanessa Cardenas, Julie Ajinkya, and Daniella Gibbs Leger,Progress 2050: New Ideas or a Diverse America (Wash-ington: Center or American Progress, 2011), available athttp://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/

issues/2011/10/pd/progress_2050.pd.

11 Angela Maria Kelley and Ann Garcia, A Post-Election Lookat Immigration Reorm, Center or American Progress, No-vember 9, 2012, available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2012/11/09/44676/a-post-election-look-at-immigration-reorm/; Inographic: TheNew Demographics, Center or American Progress, April4, 2011, available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2011/04/04/9471/inographic-the-new-demographics/. On polling, see, or example: Philip E.Wolgin and Angela Maria Kelley, The Publics View o Im-

migration: Americans Are Talking but Why Arent CandidatesListening?, Center or American Progress, December 15,2011, available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2011/12/15/10759/the-publics-view-o-immigration/.

12 ImpreMedia and Latino Decisions, ImpreMedia-Latino

Decisions Tracking Poll Results June 2011 (n = 500; 4.3),available at http://aculty.washington.edu/mbarreto/ld/June_banners.html (last accessed November 2012).

13 U.S. Census Bureau, Hispanic Heritage Month 2012: Sept. 15 Oct. 15, Press release, August 6, 2012, available at http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/acts_or_eatures_special_editions/cb12-19.html.

14 Ruy Teixeira, Analysis: I Obama Wins, Thank Latino Voters,ABC News, November 5, 2012, available at http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/Politics/analysis-latino-vote-push-obama-victory/story?id=17644455#.UJlSzcVuTzi.

15 Jerey S. Passel and DVera Cohn, U.S. Population Projec-tions: 2005-2050 (Washington: Pew Hispanic Center, 2008),available at http://www.pewhispanic.org/les/reports/85.pd.

16 Angela Maria Kelley and others, Romneys Latino Problem

(Washington: Center or American Progress Action Fund,2012), available at http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/immigration/report/2012/07/31/11882/romneys-latino-problem/.

17 Marshall Fitz, GOP must wise up over immigration policy,CNN, August 30, 2012, available at http://globalpublic-square.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/30/gop-must-wise-up-over-immigration-policy/?ire=allsearch.

18 Maggie Haberman, Romneys Hispanic Vote Share: 27 per-cent, Politico, November 7, 2012, available at http://www.politico.com/blogs/burns-haberman/2012/11/romneys-hispanic-vote-share-percent-148801.html.

19 Jason Noble, Latinos are critical to a victory, Obama tellsthe Register, The Des Moines Register, October 25, 2012,available at http://www.desmoinesregister.com/ar-ticle/20121025/NEWS09/310250053/Latinos-critical-victory-Obama-tells-Register.

20 Emily Oshima Lee, Update: How Obamacare Is BenetingAmericans: Health Reorm at Work, Center or AmericanProgress, July 12, 2012, available at http://www.american-progress.org/issues/healthcare/news/2012/07/12/11843/update-how-obamacare-is-beneting-americans/.

21 How Are Immigrants Included in Health Care Reorm?(Washington: National Immigration Law Center, 2010), avail-able at http://www.nilc.org/immigrantshcr.html.

22 Patrick J. Glen, Health Care and the Illegal Immigrant,Georgetown Public Law and Legal Theory Research PaperNo. 12-024, Georgetown Business, Economics and Regula-tory Law Research Paper No. 12-008, 2012, p. 39, available athttp://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/acpub/785.

23 Michelle Nicole Diamond, Legal Triage or Healthcare Re-orm: The Confict Between the ACA and EMTALA ColumbiaHuman Rights Law Review 43 (1) (2012), available at http://www3.law.columbia.edu/hrlr/hrlr_journal/43.1/Diamond.

pd. Estimates show that avoidable use o emergencyrooms in the United States is responsible or $38 billion inwasteul spending annually. A Matter o Urgency: Reduc -ing Department Overuse (Cambridge, MA: New EnglandHealthcare Initiative, 2010), available at http://www.nehi.net/publications/55/a_matter_o_urgency_reducing_emer-gency_department_overuse.

24 Joe Wilson says outburst to Obama speech spontaneous,CNN Politics, September 10, 2009, available at http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/10/obama.heckled.speech/index.html.
http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/23/net-migration-from-mexico-falls-to-zero-and-perhaps-less/http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/23/net-migration-from-mexico-falls-to-zero-and-perhaps-less/http://www.gallup.com/poll/155210/americans-positive-immigration.aspxhttp://www.gallup.com/poll/155210/americans-positive-immigration.aspxhttp://www.gallup.com/poll/155210/americans-positive-immigration.aspxhttp://www.pewhispanic.org/2011/12/01/unauthorized-immigrants-length-of-residency-patterns-of-parenthood/http://www.pewhispanic.org/2011/12/01/unauthorized-immigrants-length-of-residency-patterns-of-parenthood/http://www.pewhispanic.org/2011/12/01/unauthorized-immigrants-length-of-residency-patterns-of-parenthood/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2012/03/26/11210/life-as-an-undocumented-immigrant/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2012/03/26/11210/life-as-an-undocumented-immigrant/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2012/03/26/11210/life-as-an-undocumented-immigrant/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2010/01/07/7187/raising-the-floor-for-american-workers/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2010/01/07/7187/raising-the-floor-for-american-workers/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2010/01/07/7187/raising-the-floor-for-american-workers/http://www.ruthmilkman.info/rm/Policy_Reports_files/LAwagetheft.pdfhttp://www.ruthmilkman.info/rm/Policy_Reports_files/LAwagetheft.pdfhttp://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/RMSG-post-9-11policy.pdfhttp://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/RMSG-post-9-11policy.pdfhttp://www.howdemocracyworksnow.com/story/the-game-is-onhttp://www.howdemocracyworksnow.com/story/the-game-is-onhttp://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2011/10/pdf/progress_2050.pdfhttp://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2011/10/pdf/progress_2050.pdfhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2012/11/09/44676/a-post-election-look-at-immigration-reform/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2012/11/09/44676/a-post-election-look-at-immigration-reform/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2012/11/09/44676/a-post-election-look-at-immigration-reform/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2011/04/04/9471/infographic-the-new-demographics/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2011/04/04/9471/infographic-the-new-demographics/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2011/04/04/9471/infographic-the-new-demographics/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2011/12/15/10759/the-publics-view-of-immigration/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2011/12/15/10759/the-publics-view-of-immigration/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2011/12/15/10759/the-publics-view-of-immigration/http://faculty.washington.edu/mbarreto/ld/June_banners.htmlhttp://faculty.washington.edu/mbarreto/ld/June_banners.htmlhttp://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/cb12-ff19.htmlhttp://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/cb12-ff19.htmlhttp://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/cb12-ff19.htmlhttp://www.pewhispanic.org/files/reports/85.pdfhttp://www.pewhispanic.org/files/reports/85.pdfhttp://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/immigration/report/2012/07/31/11882/romneys-latino-problem/http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/immigration/report/2012/07/31/11882/romneys-latino-problem/http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/immigration/report/2012/07/31/11882/romneys-latino-problem/http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/30/gop-must-wise-up-over-immigration-policy/?iref=allsearchhttp://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/30/gop-must-wise-up-over-immigration-policy/?iref=allsearchhttp://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/30/gop-must-wise-up-over-immigration-policy/?iref=allsearchhttp://www.politico.com/blogs/burns-haberman/2012/11/romneys-hispanic-vote-share-percent-148801.htmlhttp://www.politico.com/blogs/burns-haberman/2012/11/romneys-hispanic-vote-share-percent-148801.htmlhttp://www.politico.com/blogs/burns-haberman/2012/11/romneys-hispanic-vote-share-percent-148801.htmlhttp://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20121025/NEWS09/310250053/Latinos-critical-victory-Obama-tells-Registerhttp://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20121025/NEWS09/310250053/Latinos-critical-victory-Obama-tells-Registerhttp://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20121025/NEWS09/310250053/Latinos-critical-victory-Obama-tells-Registerhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/healthcare/news/2012/07/12/11843/update-how-obamacare-is-benefiting-americans/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/healthcare/news/2012/07/12/11843/update-how-obamacare-is-benefiting-americans/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/healthcare/news/2012/07/12/11843/update-how-obamacare-is-benefiting-americans/http://www.nilc.org/immigrantshcr.htmlhttp://www3.law.columbia.edu/hrlr/hrlr_journal/43.1/Diamond.pdfhttp://www3.law.columbia.edu/hrlr/hrlr_journal/43.1/Diamond.pdfhttp://www3.law.columbia.edu/hrlr/hrlr_journal/43.1/Diamond.pdfhttp://www.nehi.net/publications/55/a_matter_of_urgency_reducing_emergency_department_overusehttp://www.nehi.net/publications/55/a_matter_of_urgency_reducing_emergency_department_overusehttp://www.nehi.net/publications/55/a_matter_of_urgency_reducing_emergency_department_overusehttp://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/10/obama.heckled.speech/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/10/obama.heckled.speech/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/10/obama.heckled.speech/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/10/obama.heckled.speech/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/10/obama.heckled.speech/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/10/obama.heckled.speech/index.htmlhttp://www.nehi.net/publications/55/a_matter_of_urgency_reducing_emergency_department_overusehttp://www.nehi.net/publications/55/a_matter_of_urgency_reducing_emergency_department_overusehttp://www.nehi.net/publications/55/a_matter_of_urgency_reducing_emergency_department_overusehttp://www3.law.columbia.edu/hrlr/hrlr_journal/43.1/Diamond.pdfhttp://www3.law.columbia.edu/hrlr/hrlr_journal/43.1/Diamond.pdfhttp://www3.law.columbia.edu/hrlr/hrlr_journal/43.1/Diamond.pdfhttp://www.nilc.org/immigrantshcr.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/healthcare/news/2012/07/12/11843/update-how-obamacare-is-benefiting-americans/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/healthcare/news/2012/07/12/11843/update-how-obamacare-is-benefiting-americans/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/healthcare/news/2012/07/12/11843/update-how-obamacare-is-benefiting-americans/http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20121025/NEWS09/310250053/Latinos-critical-victory-Obama-tells-Registerhttp://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20121025/NEWS09/310250053/Latinos-critical-victory-Obama-tells-Registerhttp://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20121025/NEWS09/310250053/Latinos-critical-victory-Obama-tells-Registerhttp://www.politico.com/blogs/burns-haberman/2012/11/romneys-hispanic-vote-share-percent-148801.htmlhttp://www.politico.com/blogs/burns-haberman/2012/11/romneys-hispanic-vote-share-percent-148801.htmlhttp://www.politico.com/blogs/burns-haberman/2012/11/romneys-hispanic-vote-share-percent-148801.htmlhttp://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/30/gop-must-wise-up-over-immigration-policy/?iref=allsearchhttp://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/30/gop-must-wise-up-over-immigration-policy/?iref=allsearchhttp://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/30/gop-must-wise-up-over-immigration-policy/?iref=allsearchhttp://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/immigration/report/2012/07/31/11882/romneys-latino-problem/http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/immigration/report/2012/07/31/11882/romneys-latino-problem/http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/immigration/report/2012/07/31/11882/romneys-latino-problem/http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/reports/85.pdfhttp://www.pewhispanic.org/files/reports/85.pdfhttp://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/cb12-ff19.htmlhttp://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/cb12-ff19.htmlhttp://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/cb12-ff19.htmlhttp://faculty.washington.edu/mbarreto/ld/June_banners.htmlhttp://faculty.washington.edu/mbarreto/ld/June_banners.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2011/12/15/10759/the-publics-view-of-immigration/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2011/12/15/10759/the-publics-view-of-immigration/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2011/12/15/10759/the-publics-view-of-immigration/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2011/04/04/9471/infographic-the-new-demographics/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2011/04/04/9471/infographic-the-new-demographics/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2011/04/04/9471/infographic-the-new-demographics/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2012/11/09/44676/a-post-election-look-at-immigration-reform/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2012/11/09/44676/a-post-election-look-at-immigration-reform/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2012/11/09/44676/a-post-election-look-at-immigration-reform/http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2011/10/pdf/progress_2050.pdfhttp://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2011/10/pdf/progress_2050.pdfhttp://www.howdemocracyworksnow.com/story/the-game-is-onhttp://www.howdemocracyworksnow.com/story/the-game-is-onhttp://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/RMSG-post-9-11policy.pdfhttp://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/RMSG-post-9-11policy.pdfhttp://www.ruthmilkman.info/rm/Policy_Reports_files/LAwagetheft.pdfhttp: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14/15


25 Marshall Fitz, Americans Want Solutions, Not Sc are Tactics,Latinovations Blog, August 12, 2009, available at http://blog.latinovations.com/2009/08/12/guest-blogger-series-marshall-tz-americans-want-solutions-not-scare-tactics/.

26 Jeanne Batalova and Margie McHugh, DREAM vs. Reality:An Analysis o Potential DREAM Act Beneciaries (Wash-ington: Migration Policy Institute, 2011), available at http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/DREAM-Insight-July2010.pd.

27 Marshall Fitz, Philip E. Wolgin, and Ann Garcia, Triumphsand Challenges on the 30th Anniversary o Plyler v. Doe:

A Landmark Supreme Court Case on Providing Educa-tion to Immigrant Children Under Threat (Washington:Center or American Progress, 2012), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/re-port/2012/06/14/11767/triumphs-and-challenges-on-the-30th-anniversary-o-plyler-v-doe/.

28 Jennier Joy Lee, In-State Tuition For UndocumentedStudents: Fueling The State-Federal Battleground, VirginiaJournal o Social Policy & Law 19 (3) (2012): PAGES?, avail-able at http://www.vjspl.org/PDF/Spring2012/Lee_Tuition.pd.

29 See, or example, Alabamas H.B. 56: Ala. Code 31-13-27 (2012); Fitz, Wolgin, and Garcia, Triumphs and Chal-lenges.

30 Fitz, Wolgin, and Garcia, Triumphs and Challenges.

31 Tom Baxter, Alabamas Immigration Disaster: The Harshest

Law in the Land Harms the States Economy and Society(Washington: Center or American Progress, 2012), availableat http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/02/pd/alabama_immigration_disaster.pd.

32 United States v. Alabama, 691 F.3d 1269 (11th Cir. Ala. 2012).

33 The 12 states are Caliornia; Texas; New York; Utah; Wash-ington; Oklahoma; Illinois; Kansas; New Mexico; Nebraska;Connecticut; and Maryland. Wisconsin passed a law in2009 but revoked it in 2011. See: National Council o StateLegislatures, Undocumented Student Tuition: State Action,July 2012, available at http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/educ/undocumented-student-tuition-state-action.aspx.

34 Fiscal Policy Institute, The New York State DREAM Act: Apreliminary estimate o costs and benets, March 9, 2012,available at http://www.scalpolicy.org/FPI-CostBene-tAnalysis-NYS-DREAM-Act-20120309.pd; T.H. Gindlingand Marvin Mandell, Private and Government Fiscal Costsand Benets o the Maryland DREAM Act. Working Paper

(Baltimore, MD: Maryland Institute or Policy Analysis andResearch, University o Maryland Baltimore County, 2012),available at http://www.umbc.edu/mipar/Documents/dreamactworkingpaper.pd.

35 Juan Carlos Guzmn and Raul C. Jara, The EconomicBenets o Passing the DREAM Act (Washington:Center or American Progress, 2012), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/re-port/2012/10/01/39567/the-economic-benets-o-passing-the-dream-act/.

36 Ibid.

37 See, or example: Lamar Smith, Media Ignores the Facts onIllegal Immigration, National Review Online, February 6,2012, available at: http://www.nationalreview.com/cor-ner/290292/media-ignores-acts-illegal-immigration-lamar-smith#.

38 Immigration Policy Center, Statistical Hot Air: FAIRsUSA Report Lacks Credibility (2011), available at: http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/just-acts/statistical-hot-air-air%E2%80%99s-usa-report-lacks-credibility.

39 Marshall Fitz and Sarah Jane Glynn, Separating Fact romFiction About the Child Tax Credit: Attacks Against the ChildTax Credit Suggest Compassionate Conservatism is Dead,Center or American Progress, May 30, 2012, available athttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2012/05/30/11579/separating-act-rom-ction-about-the-child-tax-credit/; Marshall Fitz, Sen. Rubio

Sympathizes with, then Attacks, Blameless Children: NewBill Raises Questions About Senator s Immigration Positions,Center or American Progress, May 18, 2012, available athttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2012/05/18/11621/sen-rubio-sympathizes-with-then-attacks-blameless-children/.

40 Fitz and Glynn, Separating Fact rom Fiction.

41 Bob Adelmann, Illegals Ripping O U.S. Taxpayers, TheNew American, May 11, 2012, available at http://w ww.thenewamerican.com/usnews/immigration/item/11350-bob-adelmann.

42 Sen. David Vitter, Vitter: Eliminate Tax CreditHandouts to I llegal Aliens, Press release, May22, 2012, available at http://www.vitter.senate.gov/public/index.cm?FuseAction=PressRoom.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=75be1a7d-b-c642-693-909c2d9bdb2c;Jordan Fabian, Rubio, Latinos atOdds Over Tax Credit or Undocumented, New AmericaMedia, June 1, 2012, available at http://newamericamedia.org/2012/06/rubio-latinos-at-odds-over-tax-credit-or-undocumented.php.

43 Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Policy Basics: TheChild Tax Credit, May 14, 2012, availa ble at http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cm?a=view&id=2989.

44 Sarah Jane Glynn, More Latino Children Would Go HungryUnder Roby A mendment, Center or American Progress,July 11, 2012, available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/news/2012/07/11/11899/more-latino-

children-would-go-hungry-under-roby-amendment/; FirstFocus Campaign or Children, Protecting SNAP Benets:Reject Eligibility Restrictions or Children o Immigrants,June 2012, available at http://www.campaignorchildren.org/sites/deault/les/FFCC%20Protecting%20SNAP%20or%20Children%20o%20Immigrants.pd.

45 U.S. Department o Agriculture, Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program: Guidance on Non-Citizen Eligibility(2011), available at http://www.ns.usda.gov/snap/govern-ment/pd/Non-Citizen_Guidance_063011.pd.

46 According to the USDA Food and Nutrition Service website,SNAP applicants may be asked to present the ollowingdocuments: drivers license or state identication card;birth certicate; pay stubs; agency letter showing moneyreceived, like Social Security, Supplemental Security Income(SSI), Veterans Aairs (VA) benets, child supp ort, alimony,unemployment, retirement, etc.; rental agreement or l etterrom your landlord, or mortgage statement that showsyour address; utility bills, such as electricity, gas, and water;

cancelled checks or daycare or child support payments oryour child(ren); and medical bills that you pay (i you are 60or older, or disabled). U.S. Department o Agriculture, TenSteps to Help You Fill Your Grocery Bag Through SNAP, April11, 2012, available at http://www.ns.usda.gov/snap/appli-cant_recipients/10steps.htm.

47 Lamar Smith, Smith: Make E-Veriy the law o the entireland, The Washington Times, June 17, 2011, available athttp://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jun/17/make-e-veriy-the-law-o-the-entire-land/.

48 Lamar Smith, E-Veriy works; lets use it, June 13, 2011,available at http://lamarsmith.house.gov/news/documents-ingle.aspx?DocumentID=246547.

49 112th Congress, H.R. 2164 and H.R. 2885.

50 8 U.S.C. 1324a.

51 Philip E. Wolgin, Seen and (Mostly) Unseen: The True Costso E-Veriy (Washington: Center or American Progress,2011), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2011/06/27/9858/seen-and-mostly-unseen/.

52 Natasha Khan and Corbin Carson, Comprehensive Data-base o U.S. Voter Fraud Uncovers No Evidence That PhotoID Is Needed, News21, August 12, 2012, available at http://votingrights.news21.com/article/election-raud/.
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canprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2011/06/27/9858/seen-and-mostly-unseen/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2011/06/27/9858/seen-and-mostly-unseen/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2011/06/27/9858/seen-and-mostly-unseen/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2011/06/27/9858/seen-and-mostly-unseen/http://lamarsmith.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=246547http://lamarsmith.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=246547http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jun/17/make-e-verify-the-law-of-the-entire-land/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jun/17/make-e-verify-the-law-of-the-entire-land/http://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/applicant_recipients/10steps.htmhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/applicant_recipients/10steps.htmhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/government/pdf/Non-Citizen_Guidance_063011.pdfhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/government/pdf/Non-Citizen_Guidance_063011.pdfhttp://www.ffcampaignforchildren.org/sites/default/files/FFCC%20Protecting%20SNAP%20for%20Children%20of%20Immigrants.pdfhttp://www.ffcampaignforchildren.org/sites/default/files/FFCC%20Protecting%20SNAP%20for%20Children%20of%20Immigrants.pdfhttp://www.ffcampaignforchildren.org/sites/default/files/FFCC%20Protecting%20SNAP%20for%20Children%20of%20Immigrants.pdfhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/news/2012/07/11/11899/more-latino-children-would-go-hungry-under-roby-amendment/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/news/2012/07/11/11899/more-latino-children-would-go-hungry-under-roby-amendment/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/news/2012/07/11/11899/more-latino-children-would-go-hungry-under-roby-amendment/http://newamericamedia.org/2012/06/rubio-latinos-at-odds-over-tax-credit-for-undocumented.phphttp://newamericamedia.org/2012/06/rubio-latinos-at-odds-over-tax-credit-for-undocumented.phphttp://newamericamedia.org/2012/06/rubio-latinos-at-odds-over-tax-credit-for-undocumented.phphttp://www.vitter.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=75be1a7d-fbff-c642-693f-909c2d9bdb2chttp://www.vitter.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=75be1a7d-fbff-c642-693f-909c2d9bdb2chttp://www.vitter.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=75be1a7d-fbff-c642-693f-909c2d9bdb2chttp://www.vitter.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=75be1a7d-fbff-c642-693f-909c2d9bdb2chttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2012/05/30/11579/separating-fact-from-fiction-about-the-child-tax-credit/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2012/05/30/11579/separating-fact-from-fiction-about-the-child-tax-credit/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2012/05/30/11579/separating-fact-from-fiction-about-the-child-tax-credit/http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/just-facts/statistical-hot-air-fair%E2%80%99s-usa-report-lacks-credibilityhttp://www.immigrationpolicy.org/just-facts/statistical-hot-air-fair%E2%80%99s-usa-report-lacks-credibilityhttp://www.immigrationpolicy.org/just-facts/statistical-hot-air-fair%E2%80%99s-usa-report-lacks-credibilityhttp://www.nationalreview.com/corner/290292/media-ignores-facts-illegal-immigration-lamar-smithhttp://www.nationalreview.com/corner/290292/media-ignores-facts-illegal-immigration-lamar-smithhttp://www.nationalreview.com/corner/290292/media-ignores-facts-illegal-immigration-lamar-smithhttp://www.umbc.edu/mipar/Documents/dreamactworkingpaper.pdfhttp://www.umbc.edu/mipar/Documents/dreamactworkingpaper.pdfhttp://www.fiscalpolicy.org/FPI-CostBenefitAnalysis-NYS-DREAM-Act-20120309.pdfhttp://www.fiscalpolicy.org/FPI-CostBenefitAnalysis-NYS-DREAM-Act-20120309.pdfhttp://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/educ/undocumented-student-tuition-state-action.aspxhttp://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/educ/undocumented-student-tuition-state-action.aspxhttp://www.vjspl.org/PDF/Spring2012/Lee_Tuition.pdfhttp://www.vjspl.org/PDF/Spring2012/Lee_Tuition.pdfhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2012/06/14/11767/triumphs-and-challenges-on-the-30th-anniversary-of-plyler-v-doe/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2012/06/14/11767/triumphs-and-challenges-on-the-30th-anniversary-of-plyler-v-doe/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2012/06/14/11767/triumphs-and-challenges-on-the-30th-anniversary-of-plyler-v-doe/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2012/06/14/11767/triumphs-and-challenges-on-the-30th-anniversary-of-plyler-v-doe/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/DREAM-Insight-July2010.pdfhttp://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/DREAM-Insight-July2010.pdfhttp://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/DREAM-Insight-July2010.pdfhttp://blog.latinovations.com/2009/08/12/guest-blogger-series-marshall-fitz-americans-want-solutions-not-scare-tactics/http://blog.latinovations.com/2009/08/12/guest-blogger-series-marshall-fitz-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53 Liz Chen, A Dual Disenranchisement: How Voter Sup-pression Denies Reproductive Justice to Women o Color (Washington: Center or American Progress, 2012), availableat http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/up-loads/2012/10/DualDisenranchisement1.pd.

54 REAL ID Act o 2005, HR 418, 109Cong., avail-able at http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:HR00418:@@@L&summ2=m&.

55 Peter Swire and Cassandra Q. Butts, The ID Divide: Address-ing the Challenges o Identication and Authentication inAmerican Society (Washington: Center or American Prog-

ress, 2008), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/civil-liberties/report/2008/06/02/4520/the-id-divide/.

56 National Conerence o State Legislatures, The REAL ID:State Legislative Activity in Opposition to the Real ID, June2012, available at http://www.ncsl.org/documents/stand-comm/sctran/REALIDComplianceReport.pd.

57 Audrey Singer, Immigrant Workers in the U.S. Labor Force(Washington: The Brookings Institution, 2012), available athttp://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2012/03/15-immigrant-workers-singer.

58 Hinojosa-Ojeda, Raising the Floor or American Workers.

59 Singer, Immigrant Workers in the U.S. Labor Force.

60 James S. Holt, Hearing to Review the Labor Needs oAmerican Agriculture, Testimony beore the Committeeon Agriculture, U.S. House o Representatives, 110th Cong.,

1st sess., October 4, 2007, available at http://agriculture.house.gov/sites/republicans.agriculture.house.gov/les/testimony/110/110-30.pd.

61 Paul E. Green, The Undocumented: Educating the Childreno Migrant Workers in America, Bilingual Research Journal27 (1) (YEAR): PAGES, available at http://ks-idr.org/resources/ems/educating_children_migrant.pd.

62 Jeanne Bonner, Crop Losses Could Top $1B, GPBNews, June 23, 2011, available at http://www.gpb.org/news/2011/06/23/crop-losses-could-top-1b; Tom Baxter,How Georgias Anti-Immigration Law Could Hurt the States(and the Nations) Economy (Washington: Center or Ameri-can Progress, 2011), available at http://www.american-progress.org/issues/immigration/report/2011/10/04/10486/how-georgias-anti-immigration-law-could-hurt-the-states-and-the-nations-economy/.

63 Elizabeth Llorente, Georgia Survey Finds Farmers Are Hav-ing Hard Time Rep lacing Migrant Workers, Fox News Latino,

January 3, 2012, available at http://latino.oxnews.com/latino/politics/2012/01/03/georgia-agriculture-survey-nds-armers-are-having-hard-time-replacing-migrant/.

64 Jim Galloway, Political Insider: Nathan Deal: Oer proba-tioners 11,000 employment opportunities in GeorgiasCrop Fields, The Atlanta Journal- Constitution, June 14,2011, available at http://blogs.ajc.com/political-insider-jim-galloway/2011/06/14/nathan-deal-oer-8000-probationers-%E2%80%98employment-opportunities%E2%80%99-in-georgia%E2%80%99s-crop-elds/; Catherine E.Shoichet, Georgia governor: Probationers could ll armjobs, CNN, June 14, 2011, available at http://articles.cnn.com/2011-06-14/politics/georgia.arm.workers.immigra-tion_1_immigration-law-georgia-governor-labor-short-ages?_s=PM:POLITICS; Reid J. Epstein, Georgia immigrantcrackdown backres, Politico, June 22, 2011, available at

http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0611/57551.html.

65 Immigration Policy Center, Facts About Farmworkers, May2009, available at http://www.uw.org/pd/Farmworkers-FactSheetImmPolicyCenter.pd.

66 Baxter, How Georgias Anti-Immigration Law Could Hurt theStates (and the Nations) Economy.

67 Baxter, Alabamas Immigration Disast er.

68 Marshall Fitz and Angela Maria Kelley, Stop the Conerence:The Economic and Fiscal Consequences o ConerenceCancellations Due to Arizonas S.B. 1070 (Washington:Center or American Progress, 2010), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/re-port/2010/11/18/8657/stop-the-conerence/.

69 Joseph M. Rasic, Immigration and the hospitality industry(Las Vegas, NV: University o Nevada, 2010), available at

http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1566&context=thesesdissertations.

70 Darrell M. West, Political Ads: Fear and Loathing on Immi-gration, Brookings Institution, October 28, 2010, available athttp://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2010/10/28-immigration-west.

71 Fitz and Kelley, Stop the Conerence.

72 Ted Hesson, Immigrant Jobs Keep New York City RunningDuring Sandy, ABC News-Univision, October 29, 2012, avail-able at http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/immi-grant-jobs-york-city-running-sandy/story?id=17592121#.UJGDh1FyJBk.
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