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Time of the Cossacks-Hetman state. Ukraine under the reign of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires.
Plan1. The Cossacks.2. National liberation movement under the
leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytskiy. Narrowing of the autonomy and liquidation of Zaporizhian Sich.
3. Ukraine under the direct imperial Russian rule. 4. Western Ukraine under the Habsburg
monarchy.
The Cossacks after 1400 that the Cossacks emerge as an
established and identifiable group in historical accounts
Cossack society was a loose federation of independent communities, often merging into larger units of a military character, entirely separate from, and mostly independent of, other nations
two independent territorial organisations: Zaporizhia and the Don Cossack State
Hetman was the title used by commanders of the Ukrainian Dnieper Cossacks from the end of the 16 century
Zaporizka Sich was the social and political and military and administrative organization of the Ukrainian Cossacks, founded in the first part of XVI century beyond the Dnieper banks in the area of Khortitsia island
by 1618 the Zaporozhians were members of the Anti-Turkish League
after 1624 the Cossacks began to devote their martial energies to land-based campaigns
View of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station from Khortytsia.
The importance of Zaporozhian Cossacks in shaping the Ukrainian identity means that the Greater Coat of arms of Ukraine features a Zaporozhian Cossack figure on the right of the national emblem
National liberation movement under National liberation movement under the leadership of Bohdan the leadership of Bohdan
Khmelnytskiy. Narrowing of the Khmelnytskiy. Narrowing of the autonomy and liquidation of autonomy and liquidation of
Zaporizhian Sich.Zaporizhian Sich.Khmelnytsky Uprising continued from
1648–1657 or 1654Bohdan Khmelnytsky:
• was elected Captain of the registered Cossacks in Chyhyryn
• organized supporters and plotted an uprising against the Polish landlords
• he sought the aid of the Crimean Tatars• was elected by The Cossack Rada as
Hetman in 1648
Bohdan Khmelnytsky
• gained numerous privileges for the Cossacks under the Treaty of Zboriv
• was abandoned by his former allies the Crimean Tatars
• in 1654 Khmelnytsky persuaded the Cossacks to ally with the Russian tsar in the Treaty of Pereyaslav
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648
Diminished scope of Polish-Lithuanian control
• the Treaty of Pereyaslav:• gave the Ukrainian Cossack state the
protection of the tsar. • Moscow demanded taxes to be collected from
the Ukrainian people• Moscow used the Treaty as a ‘backdoor’ to
future Ukrainian internal affairs• the Cossacks became more and more
integrated into the Russian EmpireCossacks gradually lost their independence,
and were abolished by Catherine II in 1775
Ukraine in the membership of Russian and Austrian empires
During almost 150 years Ukrainians were under the power of two empires: 80 percent were subject to the Russian emperor; the rest settled the empire of Habsburgs.
Like all empires those of the Russian Romanovs and the Austrian Habsburgs were vast territorial conglomerates containing huge populations of ethnically and culturally diverse peoples.
Political power was highly centralized and vested in the person of the emperor who saw no need to take into account the views or desires of his subjects.
Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule.
The Russian empire: • was one of the biggest in the world.
• differed from other European countries by its political system.
• tsars-emperors had an unlimited power • tsars had absolute power over all
nationals in all areas of their life. • as for the language and culture, the
Ukrainians were closely subjected to Russians
• the government soon began to consider Ukraine as Russian side.
The Russian Empire in 1866
• feature of imperial presence in Ukraine was the army
• the term of service accounted 25 years• corruption at which government
silently closed the eyes was everywhere
• Ukrainian lands lost all traces of their national distinctiveness
• the territories were reorganized into regular Russian provinces
• the Ukrainian nobility gradually became Russified
• process of enserfment of the peasantry culminated in 1783 under Catherine
Serfdom remained until the emancipation of 1861
the development of industry especially in eastern Ukraine
the growing urban centres became highly Russified
• The first modern university in Ukraine was established in 1805 at Kharkiv
• Universities had a stimulative effect on the Ukrainian national movement
• Literature became the primary vehicle for the Ukrainian national revival
• The most important writer was Taras Shevchenko:was bought out of servitude by a
group of artistshis poetry reflected a conception of
Ukraine as a free and democratic society
had a profound influence on the development of Ukrainian political
thoughthis patriotic verse earned him arrest
and years of exile in Central Asia
the revolution in 1905 transformed the tsarist autocracy into a semiconstitutional monarchy
some easing in Ukrainian national life
Duma in 1906 provided Ukrainians with a new forum to press their national concerns
Administrative divisions of Russian Empire superimposed on map of Ukraine
Western Ukraine under the Habsburg monarchy.
Halychyna, Bukovina andTranscarpathia were under the Habsburg monarchy
striking feature of this empire remained its ethnic variety
Zakarpattya was included to the Hungarian part of the Habsburg’s empire and was isolated from other Ukrainian lands
Ukrainians in Austria enjoyed greater opportunities for their national development and made greater progress than did Ukrainians in tsarist Russia
The Austrian Empire
the reforms initiated by Maria Theresa and Joseph II improved the position of Ukrainians
improvement in the legal and social position of the Ukrainian urban population
allowance for instruction in the native language
the Greek Catholic church became a major national and religious, institution
the revolution of 1848 set in motion important transformations in Galician society
the corvée was abolished in 1848impoverishment of the Ukrainian peasantry
increasedemigration to the Americas began in the
1880s
there were pro-Russian sympathies among the older
the Russophiles promoted a hybrid Ukrainian-Russian language and a cultural and political orientation toward Russia
By the outbreak of World War I, Ukrainians in Austrian part of Ukraine: were still an overwhelmingly agrarian and
politically disadvantaged society had made impressive educational and cultural
advances possessed a large native intelligentsia and an
extensive institutional infrastructure achieved a high level of national consciousness
ReferencesReferences : :
1. Декларація про державний суверенітет України. Прийнята Верховною РадоюУкраїнської РСР 16 липня 1990 року. - К. 1991.
2. Акт проголошення незалежності України, прийнятий Верховною РадоюУкраїни 24 серпня 1991 року. - К. 1991.
3. Конституція України. Прийнята на п'ятій сесії Верховної Ради України 28червня 1996 року. - К. 1996.
4. Крип'якевич І. П. Історія України. - Львів, 1990. 5. Полонська-Василенко Н. Історія України. Т. 1-2.-К. 1992. 6. Andrew Wilson. The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation. Yale University
Press; 2nd edition (2002). 7. Anna Reid. Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine.
London, Orion Books; 4th impression (1998, preface 2003). 8. Mykhailo Hrushevsky. History of Ukraine-Rus’ in 9 volumes. 9. Orest Subtelny. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
(1988). 10. Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of
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