Time Line Analysis Project

Sherry BreedenWalden University

Evolution of Educational Technology

EDUC-7100-2

Time Line Analysis Project

8,000 BC

Agricultural Age 8,000 BC – 1950’s

Informational Age 1950’s - 2010

1950 2010

1600’s

Industrial Age 1600’s –

-1900’s

1970 1980 1990 20001960

1900’s

1800’s

1700’s

Communication Age 2005 - ?

Strand 1:Toffler’s 3 Waves

Strand 2Technological

Advances

Strand 6Presidential Impact

Strand 5Social & Cultural

Change

Strand 4Education

Strand 3Work Philosophies

Strand 1

Toffler’s Three Waves

Ag

ricu

ltu

ral A

ge •Toffler’s first wave, the Agricultural Age, focuses on society after the agrarian revolution.

• This wave replaced the first hunter-gatherer cultures with agriculture and settlement.

The first wave is marked by:

•Extended Family

•All family working the land

•Transportation was performed on foot or by horse

•Communication was accomplished face to face

•Education was mainly oral and limited to books

•Multiage group classroom and homeschooling

(Toffler, 2008)

Ind

ustr

ial A

ge Toffler writes: "The Second

Wave Society is industrial and based on mass production, mass distribution, mass consumption, mass education, mass media, mass recreation, mass entertainment, and weapons of mass destruction. You combine those things with standardization, centralization, concentration, and synchronization, and you wind up with a style of organization we call bureaucracy“ (Toffler, 1980).

Main Components of the Second wave:

•Nuclear family

•Top-down bureaucracies

•Factories

•Transportation shifted to automobiles, planes and trains

•Communication was still primarily face to face

•Factory-type educational system

•Grouped by ages and grades

•Utilized books, film strips, and videos

(Toffler, 2008)

Info

rmati

on

Ag

eToffler’s third wave is known as the information age.

•To various degrees predicted:

•Demassification

• Diversity

•Knowledge-Based Production

•The acceleration of change

All of which is evident today!

(Toffler, 1980)

Main components of the Third Wave:

•Diverse Family systems

•Collaborative Teamwork

•Work hour/location flexibility

•Transportation primarily automobiles, planes, and computers

•Multiple forms of communication: Cell phones, Computer to computer, E-mail, Messaging

•Education has digital access through computer/internet capability – creates “hyperkids” (Toffler, 2008)

Com

mu

nic

ati

on

A

ge

There is speculation that we are or have already entered a fourth wave. According to Dr. Thornburgh this wave is the Communication wave (Thornburgh, 2008). Dr. Dede believes that the fourth wave is Biotechnology (Dede, 2008). I believe that Communication is indeed the wave we are currently in. It is and has been evident in many areas of our lives.

Back to Table of Contents

The Communication Age is evident in several ways:

•The internet has become more than just a tool for information. It has developed into a world wide communication tool for anyone to use.

•The use of cell phones, PDA’s, and Laptops make modes of communication easily accessible anytime and anywhere you wish to use them.

•Texting has become second nature to most people and more so with the younger generation.

•Communication is accomplished through, e-mail, social networking sites, cell phones, blogs, glogs, Wiki’s, and so on… all of these can and are utilized all over the world.

Strand 2

Technological Advances

1900 - 1909• 1908:

– First Model T Sold: • Ford invented the Assembly line:• This was a very important advance in manufacturing and it still is

today. Mass production truly got it’s start with this key invention. • (Bellis, 2009)

• 1903– First gas-manned flight made by Wright brothers:

• Flight impacted several areas. The ability to travel to places in a matter of hours which before would have taken days or even weeks or months or longer… changed how people saw the world. Flight eventually made the world a smaller place.

• (Bellis, 2009)

• 1900:– Brownie Camera

• Put picture capability in everyone hands• Revolutionized the way we communicate: “photojournalism, the motion

picture industry, medical X-Rays, Satellite imaging, the internet… every technology we use to communicate with pictures can trace it’s ancestry to that first black box”

• (http://www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/features/brownieCam/index.shtml).

1910 - 1919

• 1914:– Morgan Gas mask invented– Morgan’s Gas mask was utilized by firefighters and the army

during WWI. I believe that this little bit of technology revolutionized some aspects of war in what they had the capability to do and definitely the way fires were fought.

• 1916:– Radio Tuners invented – Now able to receive different stations and broadcasting and choice

is possible

• 1918:– Superheterodyne radio tuner:– Invented by: Edwin Howard Armstrong– Still used in every radio and T.V. Today

References: (Bellis, 2009)

1920 - 1929

There are several innovations throughout this decade but there are a few that have really impacted society and education.

• 1923: Frozen food invented by Clarence BirdseyeThe invention of frozen food has played an

integral part in daily living especially in the school systems.

• 1925: Mechanical Television invention: This was a precursor to the modern day version that is so popular in

the home, business, and schools.

• 1927: Technicolor invented• 1928: Discovery of Penicillin

References: (Bellis, 2009)

1930 - 1939

• 1930: Jet Engine» The jet engine revolutionized flight travel making it

smoother and quicker not to mention opening up several avenues for the military.

Scotch tape invented » 3M Engineer Richard Drew invented the first ever clear

tape and it has been a hit ever since.

1933: FM radio invented by Edwin Armstrong » “Frequency modulation or FM improved the audio signal of radio by controlling the noise static caused by

electrical equipment and the earth's atmosphere”. Where would radio be today without it?

References: (Bellis, 2009)

1940 - 1949• 1940: Color Television

Invented by Peter Goldmark: Television has impacted all aspects of our culture and continues to do so today. When color was added it made it all that more enjoyable.

• 1945: The Atomic BombThis has impacted the world and brought new power to the

hands of man that personally I’m not really sure we should have. The invention of this item has proven to be devastating for so many people through the years.

• 1946: The Microwave OvenThis invention has changed the way people think about

meal time. The time it takes to cook something is drastically altered in a microwave which leads to more time to do other more important things like spending time with family.

• 1947: Mobile PhonesThe invention of the mobile phone would change

communication and the future of how people interact and where they are when they interact. “Mobile phones were invented in 1947 but cell phones were not sold commercially until 1983” (Bellis, 2009)

References: (Bellis, 2009)

1950 - 1959

• 1950: The Credit Card» The first credit card was invented by Ralph Schneider and it was a

diner’s card (About, 2009). This was the first of many to come and today credit cards are used by just about every person alive.

• 1954: The Oral Contraceptive Invented» This was a huge thing for woman’s rights activists. It was the cause of

controversy for many years and it went through several changes before becoming what it is today.

• 1958: The Integrated Circuit» Invented by 2 men at the same time unknowingly by each other: Jack

Kilby and Robert Noyce. “The invention of the integrated circuit stands historically as one of the most important innovations of mankind. Almost all modern products use chip technology” (Bellis, 2009)

References: (Bellis, 2009)

1960 - 1969

• 1965: Compact Disc» “Invented by James Russell but didn’t become popular until it was mass

manufactured by Philips in 1980” (Bellis, 2009)

• 1967: First Hand-held Calculator» This innovation changed math class forever in the American school

system. Later on it would change calculus, geometry, algebra… with other functions besides just the 4 basic add, subtract, multiply, and divide.

• 1968: RAM (Random Access memory)» This changed the way computers not only stored memory but how it

accessed it as well. This is a very important moment in the history of computers.

References: (Bellis, 2009)

1970 - 1979

• 1970: The Floppy Disc» Made it possible to save information and carry information from one

computer to another.

• 1971: Microprocessor» “In November, 1971, a company called Intel publicly introduced the

world's first single chip microprocessor…The Intel 4004 chip took the integrated circuit down one step further by placing all the parts that made a computer think (i.e. central processing unit, memory, input and output controls) on one small chip. Programming intelligence into inanimate objects had now become possible” (About, 2009)

» The downsizing of computers has begun and it is still going today. They just keep getting smaller and smaller and smaller…

• 1972: First Video Game» Pong was the first video game and the industry has boomed ever since!

» Video games are now not only for entertainment but now there are

educational games that encompass learning not wasting your time.

References: (Bellis, 2009)

1980 - 1989

• 1984: Apple-Macintosh Invented» Truly the Personal Computer really took off

when the Apple arrived and it gave IBM a run for it’s money.

CD-ROM Invented

• 1985: Windows Program invented by Microsoft» IBM computers would be getting a new interface

to keep up with the recent competition set forth by the Macintosh recently released.

References: (Bellis, 2009)

1990 - 1999• 1990:The birth of the World Wide Web

» “WWW and Internet protocol (HTTP) and WWW language (HTML) were created by Tim Berners-Lee” (About, 2009).

» This was the beginning of something huge. Today the internet is an infinite source of information and entertainment. The internet has changed the way we look at the world and makes it even smaller.

• 1993:The Pentium Processor

References: (Bellis, 2009)

2000 - 2009

• 2001:Artiificial Heart» The artificial heart gives a renewed life to

those who’s natural heart can’t do the job.» Apple Publicly Announced the i-pod.

• 2005:Youtube» Anyone can be a star on Youtube and they

are. This site has taken off and you can utilize it in many different settings, home work, education…

References: (Bellis, 2009) Table of Contents

Strand 3

Business & Corporate Developments

1900 - 1909• 1902:

– J.C. Penny opens his first store and he called it The Golden Rule.

– Store opens in Kemmerer, Wyoming.• 1908:

– Edward H Filene Starts what becomes the world largest specialty store.

– Filene was progressive in his labor policies to include:• Established minimum wage for women.• Instituted Saturday closings during the summer.• Recognized winter vacations and normal summer holidays.• Created the Filene Employee Credit Union

– This was a national prototype.

• 1909:– Frederick L. Maytag starts the Maytag Corporation selling

the first washing machines.

• References for this page:– http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/– http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

1910 - 1919• 1910:

– Elizabeth Arden Company began.– Arden sells salon and cosmetic products.– Arden was a pioneer in the personal care industry.

• 1915:– William Fox creates the Fox Film Company.– “Fox pioneered the vertical integration of the film industry by

merging production, distribution, and exhibition under single ownership.”

• 1916:– Boeing Company founded by William E. Boeing.– Pioneer of commercial aviation.– Boeing organized United Airlines creating 25 specially designed,

heavy-duty planes. Also created Bi-planes designed to carry mail.– In its first year, Boeing carried 230,000 pounds of mail and 525

passengers.

• References for this page:– http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/– http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

1920 - 1929• 1922:

– Emerson Radio and Phonograph Corporation– Emerson developed a number of “firsts” to include:

• Radio-Phonograph combo• Clock Radio• Self-Powered Portable Radio• Midget Transistor Radio

• 1924:– Macy’s Herald Square Location becomes largest store in the world.– The first Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade takes place in New York

City. – Dubbed the "Christmas Parade," the five-mile event is watched by

10,000 people.

• 1929:– Walter E. Disney Create the Walt Disney Company.– Pioneer in Family Entertainment business.– Steamboat Willie is the first animated cartoon– Disney’s products have had a key part in shaping Americana.

• References for this page:– http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/– http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

1930 - 1939• 1930:

– Richard Dupree takes over leadership of Proctor and Gamble Company.

– Under his leadership the company became the country's leading seller of consumer goods.

– He also put the company on the path to becoming the biggest advertiser in the country by sponsoring the first radio soap-opera.

• 1937:– Pepperidge Farm has it’s beginning.– Founded by Margaret F. Rudkin who started it at her family home

-“Pepperidge Farm” after having a great deal of success with her all natural bread that she originally made for her allergic son.

– Employed mostly woman at a time when women working outside the home was not a common thing. Eventually sold the company to Campbell's soup company many years later.

• 1930– Greyhound Bus Corporation – founded by Carl Wickman– Became the one of the leading bus transport services in the U.S.

• References for this page:– http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/– http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

1940 - 1949• 1941:

– Congress establishes Thanksgiving as the fourth Thursday of November rather than the fifth Thursday.

– Fred Lazarus Jr. convinced President Franklin Roosevelt that it would be good for the economy because the Christmas shopping season would be longer.

• 1945:– Ford Motor Company Leadership taken on by Henry Ford II– When he took it over the company was loosing 9.5 Mil/month– Henry implemented an audit system for the company while automating the

plants– There profits rose to 265million in the next 5 years.

• 1945:– U-Haul rental system established by Leonard Shoen.– Made to meet the demands of post-war relocation of veterans and their

families.– Start up costs were 5,000 and grew to be a company worth over 1 billion

dollars.

• References for this page:– http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/

– http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

1950 - 1959• 1950:

– Northgate Shopping Center opens in Seattle– The first open-air pedestrian mall– Featuring two strip centers face-to-face with a pedestrian

walkway in between.

• 1955:– H & R Block pioneered by Henry and Richard Bloch.– The brothers understood that the tax preparation business is

a service industry.– Instituted customer-friendly H & R Block offices throughout

the United States.

• 1959:– Amway corporation established by Richard Devos and Jay

Van Andel.– One of the most profitable direct selling companies in the

world– Used an elaborate pyramid-like distribution system

• References for this page:– http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/– http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

1960 - 1969• 1962:

– Wal-mart -established by Samuel Walton opened his first store in 1962.– Walton achieved great success, primarily by focusing on an often-

ignored group of consumers: small-town residents.

• 1963:– Mary Kay Cosmetics Company established.– Created by and for women.– Utilized a direct sales force and creative motivational sales techniques.– Company grew rapidly both in sales and consultants.

• 1965:– Subway future healthy fast food chain was started.– Fred Deluca founded the company hoping to make enough to go to

college.– His business turned out to be quite successful as he continued it after

college.

• References for this page:– http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/– http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

1970 - 1979• 1973:

– IBM expands from mainframe computers to personal computers, graphic terminals, and information technology consulting.

• 1975:– Apple Computer brings the personal computer to the

masses.

• 1978:– Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream was born.– Co-Founded by Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield.– 7.5% of it’s pre-tax profit went to non-profit organizations.

• 1978:– Home Depot Opens it’s first store

• References for this page:– http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/– http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

1980 - 1989• 1984:

– Dell Computer Corporation established.– Dell revolutionized the retail computer industry by:

• instituting a direct sales approach, where the customer places their customized order via phone or the internet directly with Dell Computer versus a retail store.

• 1985:– The Home Shopping Network Debut’s.

• 1985:– America Online Established– Founded by Stephen Case who has built it into the

worlds largest Online service provider.

• References for this page:– http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/– http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

1990 - 1999• 1990:

– Wal-mart is the number one U.S. retailer in sales.

• 1994:– Amazon.com is born– Jeffory Bezos creates the world’s largest on-line

bookseller.– He created an enterprise that could source and

distribute over 2.5 million titles.

• 1995:– Yahoo search engine .com site is born.– This very successful endeavor began as a hobby to

help founders, Jerry Yang and David Filo, to navigate the world wide web.

• References for this page:– http://retailtrafficmag.com/mag/retail_cheers_years_th/– http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/era/#1900

2000 - 2009• 2000:

– Microsoft Corporation develops Windows XP for easier and better use of PC.

– (…)

• 2007:– A new business utilizing a new spin on an old concept can be found

at PostcardTech.com– It was established in 2007 by 18 year old Seth Priebatsch.– “Bringing creative marketing for complex messages in every field

and in every sector.”– His company started as a high school project and quickly caught on.– Seth is well on his way to being a fortune 500 company.– (…)

• 2000 – – A business development that has happened across the board over

the past decade is the use of websites to promote their business or help to sell their products.

– Virtually every business has become ‘web- savvy’ during this decade.

Table of Contents

Strand 4

Education

1900 - 19091904:

– Mary McLeod Bethune established the first formal school for African American girls entitled the Daytona Literary and Industrial School for Training Negro Girls.

– Her school opened in October 1904, with six pupils, five girls and her own son.

– There was no equipment; crates were used for desks and charcoal took the place of pencils; and ink came from crushed elderberries.

– (Sass, 2009)

• 1900’s:– Maria Montessori became known for her new teaching methods.

References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

1910 - 1919• 1911:

– First Montessori school established. – Opened in Tarrytown, New York, by Anne George. – By 1913 there were nearly one hundred Montessori schools in America.

• 1913:– Edward Lee Thorndike’s book: Educational Psychology: The Psychology of

Learning is published.– His book stated that human learning involves habit formation, or connections

between stimuli/situations and responses.– His theory states that these connections are strengthened by repetition

consequences. These ideas come to dominate American educational psychology for much of the Twentieth Century and greatly influence American educational practice.

• 1916:– Formation of the AFT (American Federation of Teachers). This was the

beginning of a very long debate that continues today as to weather teachers should join unions.

References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

1920 - 1929• 1925:

– Tennessee vs. John Scopes ("the Monkey Trial") – John Scopes, a high school biology teacher, is charged with the

crime of teaching evolution. Scopes is convicted and the controversy still goes on today.

• 1926:– The SAT or Scholastic Aptitude Test is first administered.

• 1929:– Stock market crashes and the great depression begins.– “Public education funding suffers greatly, resulting in school

closings, teacher layoffs, and lower salaries”

References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

1930 - 1939• 1931:

– Dick and Jane books published– These books taught millions of children to read.– ‘These primers introduced the students to reading with only

one new word per page and a limited vocabulary per book. All who learned to read with these books still recall the "Look. See Dick. See Dick run."

• 1935:– Works Progress Administration builds hundreds of schools

• 1939:– Dr. Frank W. Cyr, organized a meeting to establish national

school bus construction standards, including yellow body paint.

References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

1940 - 1949• 1941:

– WWI causes Education and funding for it to be put on the back burner.

• 1944:– G.I. Bill is signed by FDR – More than 7.8 million World War II veterans take

advantage of the GI Bill.– More than two-million attend colleges or universities– About 238,000 become teachers. – The long-standing tradition that a college education was

only for the wealthy is broken.

References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

1950 - 1959• 1953:

– B.F. Skinners Science and Human Behavior is published.– The beginning of controlling behavior by varying

reinforcement becomes very popular and widely influences American education.

• 1954:– Chief Justice Earl Warren judged in Brown v. the Board of

Education that separate facilities for blacks did not make those facilities equal according to the Constitution.

– Integration was begun across the nation.

References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

1960 - 1969• 1960:

– First grader, Ruby Bridges is the first African American to attend William Frantz Elementary School in New Orleans.

– She becomes a class of one as parents remove all Caucasian students from the school.

• 1965:– Marks the beginning of Project Head Start which is a

preschool education program for children from low-income families

– This program began as an eight-week summer program. – This was part of Johnson’s "War on Poverty" – The program continues to this day as the longest-

running anti-poverty program in the U.S.

References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

1970 - 1979• 1970:

– Diana v. California State Board – New laws requiring that students who are being tested for special

Ed. Must be tested in their primary language.

• 1975:– Education of All Handicapped Children Act– Congress guaranteed equal educational access to the handicapped.

• 1974:– Busing is put in order by Federal Judge Arthur Garrity – Black students are bussed to predominately white schools– This was done to achieve racial integration of public schools in

Boston, MA.

References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

1980 - 1989• 1980’s:

– President Reagan endorsed a constitutional amendment to permit school prayer. It was defeated.

– However, prayer still takes place in some schools in the south and so does Corporal punishment. Both of these still happened in the school that I used to teach at in North Georgia.

• 1986:– Christa McAuliffe, a teacher at Concord High school was

chosen by NASA from among more than 11,000 applicants to be the first teacher-astronaut

– The mission ends just 73 seconds after launch as the Space Shuttle Challenger explodes leaving no survivors.

– (…)– I was in third grade when this took place and I remember our

class was standing outside watching it happen. The Launch was no more than 20 minutes away from our school.

References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

1990 - 1999• 1991:

– Minnesota passed the first charter school law– California did the same in 1992. – By 1995, 19 states had signed laws allowing for the

creation of charter schools, and by 2003 that number increased to 40 states.

• 1993:– Jacqueline and Martin Brooks‘ published: In Search of

Understanding: The Case for Constructivist Classrooms. – This book is just one of many that describe constructivism

which says that learning best occurs through active construction of knowledge rather than its passive reception.

– Constructivist learning theory becomes extremely popular in the 1990s.

References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

2000 - 2009

• 2001:– “The controversial No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is

approved by Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002.”

– Holds schools accountable for student achievement levels

– Harbors penalties for schools that do not make AYP.

• 2005:– The Monkey Trial continues in Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School

District– Court rules that teaching "intelligent design" as an alternative to

evolution is a  violation of the First Amendment. – The interesting thing is that Evolution is just a theory – not proven-

yet it MUST be the only thing taught to our children. You have to wonder about this.

References for this page: (Whitley, 2008) & (Sass, 2009)

Table of Contents

Strand 5

Nature of Society and Culture

1900 - 1909

Events & Issues

•Transportation Revolution

•Urban poor and disease among them

•Industrial growth triples

•Segregation worsened by denying black vote

Fads & Fashions

•Ping Pong – Expensive form of tennis played by the rich.

•Speeding – As motor cars became more popular speeding became an issue. By 1906 several states had speed limits of 20mph.

Art & Architecture•Painters like Homer & Russell painted Americas life and landscape.

•Early modernists brought Urban Realism like George Luks, Hester Street.

•Architecture tended to have more straight lines.

Music•Leisure time was spent at family picnics, baseball, Sunday drives, or around the piano.

•Music reflected events at the time like flight, and the automobile.

•Silent films, Broadway musicals, and Ballroom dancing were favorites

Reference for this page: (Whitley, 2008)

1909 - 1919

Events & Issues

•Monopolies continued

•Labor Unions grew as the middle class became more and more unhappy.

•1st suffrage parade held in 1910

•Titanic sinks in 1912

Fads & Fashions

•Made in America clothing fad began

•Erector sets, tinker toys, & Lincoln logs

•Ocean Liners or better called floating hotels were all the rage.

Art & Architecture•Realist movement well underway

•Art depicted the realities of life

•Norman Rockwell first Saturday Evening Post cover in 1916.

•Architecture: followed neo-gothic & Neo-Classical styles.

Music

•Called the Ballroom decade.

•Many songs that were popular were geared towards the war.

•Musicals also continued to be produced through the decade.

Reference for this page: (Whitley, 2008)

1920 - 1929

Events & Issues

•Due to the Volstead Act the sale of alcohol was made illegal.

•This was a time of prohibition and intolerance. Speakeasies, gangsters, flappers, and crime was everywhere.

•The Klan was very active as well.

Fads & Fashions

•Slang was very popular at this time: dame & cats meow means girl or woman…

•Dance marathons, Harry Houdini, Baseball and other sports, and endurance races of all sorts gained in popularity.

Art & Architecture

•Art movements during this decade include: Modernism, Abstract Expressionism, Surrealism, and Dadaism, Realism, and Landscapes.

•Architecture had an Art Deco design to it and skyscrapers were popular.

Music

•Jazz was hot! Jazz or also called “The Devil’s Music” was everywhere.

•Songs about going places also came about as more and more people had the opportunity to travel as Auto’s were quite affordable at only $290.00.

Reference for this page: (Whitley, 2008)

1930 - 1939

Events & Issues

•The Stock market Crash of 1929 left the country in the middle of a depression.

•Survival was the new word throughout the country.

Fads & Fashions

•Stamp Collecting, ,Spectator Sports, and Board & parlor games became very popular as money was scarce.

•Monopoly was introduced in 1935 and 20,000 sets were sold in 1 week.

Art & Architecture

•Marked the beginning of the American Regionalist Style like the famous painting: American Gothic.

•Many famous skyscrapers were built to include: The Empire State and Chrysler Buildings and Rockefeller Center.

Music

Reference for this page: (Whitley, 2008)

1940 - 1949

Events & Issues

•The decade was shaped by WWII. Women went to work while men went to war. Food, clothing, toys and other items were rationed.

•Penicillin revolutionized medicine.

•Scrap drives for steel, tin, paper, and rubber were common place.

Fads & Fashions

•The jitterbug became popular and put self expression back into dance.

•Rosie the Riveter was the symbol of the working woman.

•Pin up girls were really big with the GI’s off to war.

Art & Architecture

•Many new artists immigrated to the U.S. which opened up new avenues in the art world.

•Abstract Expressionism became very popular

•Architecture got rid of the nonessentials and suburbs sprang up as the war ended.

Music

•Big bands, Be-bop, and rhythm and Blues were all part of this decade.

•Radio became much like T.V. is today as it had programs on throughout the day along with music and news.

Reference for this page: (Whitley, 2008)

1950 - 1959

Events & Issues

•Racial segregation in schools is ruled unconstitutional. Rosa Parks is the first to go to all white school.

•1955 vaccine for polio is developed.

•Truman approves production of Hydrogen bomb.

Fads & Fashions

•Families worked, played, and vacationed together at places like national parks and Disney Land.

•A few pastimes included watching for flying saucers, enjoying American Bandstand, and Drive-in movies.

Art & Architecture

•Abstract Expressionism and Existentialism ruled the art scene.

•Architecture lent itself to consumerism and suburbia was born. Houses were built in neighborhoods and many of them looked alike.

Music – Activities- Literature

•The music of the decade would have to be Rock & Roll.

•Made up of Blues and Gospel music Rock & Roll made a big impact especially with the teenagers.

Reference for this page: (Whitley, 2008)

1960 - 1969

Events & Issues

•Civil rights Movement made great strides on equality.

•Number of Hispanic Americans tripled and American Indians began to assert themselves in the courts and in violent protests.

•Women’s Lib was born.

Fads & Fashions

•Youth dominated the 60’s because of the baby boom years before.

•Skateboards, Barbie Dolls, G.I. Joe, and the Troll doll stocked the shelves.

•Bouffant hairstyles for the ladies and crew cuts for the men and of course the Afro, love beads and bell bottoms.

Art & Architecture

•Art seemed to take on the mindset of the 60’s – do what you feel interpret what you feel… Modernism was a major influence as well.

•Architecture was undergoing a refinement of Modernism. Skyscrapers were still popular in the cities and the influence of space was apparent in structures of the time.

Music

•Black rhythm and blues and female groups gained in popularity.

•Acid rock and psychedelic rock arrived out of the drug scene.

•Woodstock came about promoting peace, love, happiness, and LSD.

Reference for this page: (Whitley, 2008)

1970 - 1979

Events & Issues•A Vice President and then the President resigned under threat of impeachment.

•Roe V. Wade legalized abortion.

•Affirmative Action became very controversial.

Fads & Fashions•Some of the many fads include: mood rings, lava lamps and the Rubik's cube.

•Streaking nude was the most interesting fad.

•Bell bottoms, leisure suits, and platform shoes were popular.

Art & Architecture•Earth Art combined Environmentalist and minimalist ideas on a large scale. Land and Environmental art were variations of Earth Art.

•Photo realism, Hyperrealism, Illusionism, and Pop art were all part of this decade.

•Architecture moved towards humanism and traditional/historical elements.

Music

•Rock music split up into several different genres: soft rock, hard rock, country rock, folk rock, punk rock…

•Disco was very popular and so was easy listening.

•Bob Marley made Jamaican reggae music quite popular as well.

Reference for this page: (Whitley, 2008)

1980 - 1989

Events & Issues

•The human Genome Project led to locating the genes in human DNA.

•Geraldine Ferraro was the first woman presidential candidate.

•AIDS came onto the scene with the death of Rock Hudson.

Fads & Fashions

•Team sports for kids were very popular.

•Nerds became very popular thanks to several movies.

•Collectables were also big as were aerobics, minivans, and talk shows.

Art & Architecture

Artists of the decade were mostly modernists and art museums were quite popular.

•Architecture in the 80’s brought buildings like: Trump Tower, Union Station in Washington, and the Sunshine Skyway Bridge.

Music – Activities- Literature•Cable was born and so was MTV which had a huge impact on the music industry.

•The music video was born and became very popular.

•Pop, rock, new wave, punk, country, and rap were popular.

Reference for this page: (Whitley, 2008)

1990 - 1999

Events & Issues

•Economy was booming led to a record low in unemployment.

•Big events include: Oklahoma city bombing, O.J. Simpson’s murder trial, school shootings, and the Davidian cult in Waco TX.

Fads & Fashions

•Grunge and hip hop was the style for the young.

•Fads included, Tae-bo, in-line skates, beanie babies, and body piercings just to name a few.

Art & Architecture

Architecture saw the advent of theme restaurants and casinos.

•Universal design made buildings user friendly. ‘Green’ products were popular and nursing homes were very popular builds.

Music

•There was a large mix of music available for your listening pleasure along with a few new styles on the scene to include: Grunge and Gansta.

•Music companies were seeing drops in sales because of available CD burners.

Reference for this page: (Whitley, 2008)

2000 - 2009

Events & Issues

•War on terrorism has been a decade long issue spawning from the events of 9-11.

•Anthrax scare grips the nation.

•Homeland security is also on the front burner for this decade.

Fads & Fashions

•Yoga and Pilates have been fitness fads this decade.

•Cell phones, PDA’s, and what I like to call man jewelry or the invention of the Bluetooth.

Art & Architecture

•Photography is still a very popular form of art.

•Art has spanned across mediums as well as into the virtual world. This area of the art arena has grown in popularity over the past decade.

Music•Music has many genres and you can basically find what you want to listen to.

•Digital access has made listening anywhere easier.

•Notable event: The death of the ‘King of Pop’.

Reference for this page: http://history1900s.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ/Ya&sdn=history1900s&zu=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fmillennium1.html

Table of Contents

Strand 6

Presidential Impact

1900 - 1909• William McKinley:

– Under McKinley the U.S. became an empire. Through going to war with Spain the U.S. acquired a global empire. McKinley’s presidency ended when he was assassinated in September of 1901. He was succeeded by his Vice President Theodore Roosevelt.

• Theodore Roosevelt:– Expanded the powers of the presidency and the Federal

Government.– The youngest president to take office thus far.– Teddy Bear invented because of him.– Set aside the largest amount of land for national forests.

Roosevelt was really concerned with preserving natural resources.– Known for “big stick” diplomacy which was evident when he

helped Panama secede from Columbia and we gained the Panama Canal

Reference for this page: Encyclopedia Britannica. (2008)

1910 - 1919• William Taft:

– Hand picked by Roosevelt but later caused a rift in the republican party going up against Roosevelt and Democrat Wilson. Taft followed much in the footsteps of Roosevelt and didn’t much care for being president.

– Taft’s biggest contributions occurred after his presidency had ended with the efficiency of the Supreme Court and with is constitutional contribution of his opinion on Myers Vs. U.S

• Woodrow Wilson:– Was a “high-minded Idealist” and was best remembered for

his legislative accomplishments to include: agency to regulate overseas shipping, 1st gov. loans to farmers, prohibit child labor, nominated and fought for first Jewish Supreme court justice, and the Selective Service act just to name a few

– Led country into WW1 and was the leader and advocate of the league of nations in which the U.S. did not become a member.

– During his second term the 19th amendment was passed and ratified, giving women the right to vote

– In 1919 Wilson suffered a massive stroke and began what would be the worst crisis of presidential disability in American history. Wilson never really fully recovered and never again fully functioned as president.

Reference for this page: Encyclopedia Britannica. (2008)

1920 - 1929• Warren Harding:

– Harding’s presidency was short lived – 1921-1923 and was deemed the among the worst presidency in American history. Upon the Presidents death in 1923 several scandals were unveiled involving the members of the administration. Many historians agree that he was the least capable of the nation’s chief executives.

– Harding’s campaign slogan was “a return to normalcy” which was much needed after WW1.

– During Harding’s presidency the U.S hosted the Washington Naval Disarmament Conference which made the decision to halt the arms race in production of large naval vessels. This was the most important accomplishment during Harding’s presidency

• Calvin Coolidge:– Inherited an administration deep in scandal however he quietly

got rid of the guilty and restored integrity to the executive branch.

– Under the leadership of Coolidge Congress largely reduced income and estate taxes.

– Business’s were thriving during Coolidge's presidency however the farming business was not. Twice Coolidge vetoed a bill that would have the government buy up surplus crops

– Coolidge chose not to run in the next election in 1928.

Reference for this page: Encyclopedia Britannica. (2008)

1930 - 1939• Herbert Hoover:

– Hoover stated during his campaign that “We are nearer today to the ideal of the abolition of poverty and fear from the lives of men and women than ever before in any land.” The stock market crash in 1929 really tested this statement.

– During this time Hoover instituted a public works program to stimulate the economy. Hoover made great efforts to help the American people but times just got worse. Banks and business collapsed and poverty paralyzed the land. People began blaming Hoover for the state of the U.S. and cardboard cities were being called Hoovervilles.

– Hoover was a believer in balancing the budget and would not approve any kind of welfare program during these hard times.

– He did however send money to American-Indian Schools and health care doubled during this time. He also supported RFC loans and the building and expansion of prisons and their programs.

– Hoover did a lot of things wrong and instead of the humanitarian he was now seen as heartless and cruel.

•Franklin Roosevelt:•The only president to be elected to the office four times.•“Roosevelt led the United States through two of the greatest crises of the 20th century: the Great Depression and World War II” •He greatly expanded the power of the federal government•Roosevelt initiated the “New Deal” immediately after his inauguration with the 100 days

•Ordered all banks closed for a banking holiday to stop runs on all banks •Through fireside chats when the banks finally did re-open there were no runs•2 recovery measures of the hundred days: AAA or Agriculture Adjustment Act Paying farmers not to plant and the National Industry Recovery Act or NIRA which put money into public works•He also started the TVA or the Tennessee Valley Authority which built dams and brought electricity and improve flood control.•Banking reform act which put into play the FDICAll though the new deal helped to stimulate the economy it was still a far cry from where it was before the crash in 29.

Reference for this page: Encyclopedia Britannica. (2008)

1940 - 1949• Franklin Roosevelt:

– The second New Deal: Key Measures: Social Security Act (established an economic “safety net” for all Americans, providing unemployment and disability insurance and old-age pensions) (Roosevelt). Works Progress Administration, and Wagner Act (provided the unemployed with useful work)

– Roosevelt chose the “ back door to war” approach in WWII by refusing to supply Japan with items to make war and Japan launched an attack on the U.S. at Pearl Harbor. This attack is exactly what the president needed to get into the war without it being his idea. In the bouts of war came the side effect of full economic recovery because of all the government spending on war efforts.

– Roosevelt established a grand alliance with all countries who were our allies.

• Harry Truman:– Took office after Roosevelt's sudden death.– Led the nation through the final stages of WW11 and through the early

years of the Cold War.– After several attempts to get Japan to surrender Truman made the

decision to deliver 2 atomic bombs one on Hiroshima and one on Nagasaki ending the pacific war soon after.

– Truman sent financial aid to countries to help recover from WWII which ultimately led to “global polarization that characterized five decades of Cold War hostility between East and West”.

Reference for this page: Encyclopedia Britannica. (2008)

1950 - 1959• Harry Truman:

• Presented “The Fair Deal": included proposals for expanded public housing, increased aid to education, a higher minimum wage, federal protection for civil rights, and national health insurance. Most didn’t pass legislature or passed weakly but he did lay the ground work for years to come (Truman).

• Dwight Eisenhower:– Engulfed “Modern Republicanism”– Minimum wage was increased to $1 per hour; the Social Security

System was broadened; and in the spring of 1953 the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was created (Eisenhower).

– International Atomic Energy Agency was started with 62 countries.– The civil rights act was passed and racial segregation in public

schools was declared unconstitutional.– Sputnik was launched which gave way to the U.S. creating National

Aeronautics and Space Administration.– During the last weeks of his presidency the U.S. broke diplomatic

relations with Cuba.

Reference for this page: Encyclopedia Britannica. (2008)

1960 - 1969• John Kennedy:

– Had weekly televised press-conferences

– First Roman Catholic and the Youngest man ever elected to presidency

– Bay of Pigs Invasion which ended horribly was a bad start to his administration.

– Berlin Wall was erected during his presidency

– Cuban Missile Crisis came about and ended favorably.

– Several of his projects did not come to pass until after his death to include:

• massive income tax cuts • a sweeping civil rights

measure• Landing on the moon by the

end of the decade

•Lyndon Johnson:

•Civil Rights Act (1964) included:•Prohibition of racial segregation and discrimination in places of public accommodation, a prohibition of discrimination by race or sex in employment and union membership, and new guarantees of equal voting rights. The law also authorized the Justice Department to bring suit against local school boards to end allegedly discriminatory practices, thereby speeding up school desegregation. (Johnson)•The Great Society Program: Fought the “War on Poverty” with several social service programs like Job Corps, Head Start program, and Medicare and Medicaid.•U.S. involvement in Vietnam•Martin Luther King Jr. Assassination

Reference for this page: Encyclopedia Britannica. (2008)

1970 - 1979• Richard Nixon:

– First American President to resign from office when faced with the Watergate Scandal.

– Nixon’s Family Assistance Program failed to make it through the senate, however, it brought about changes in other programs such as: Food Stamps, SSI, and Automatic Cost Of Living Adjustments for Social Security recipients.

– Vietnam continued.

• Gerald Ford:– Tried slowing down the Economy to cope with the high rate of inflation

This move made the inflation turn into a recession: Inflation went down but unemployment increased.

– Vietnam War finally ended

• Jimmy Carter:– Had a lot of difficulties with Congress post Watergate– Carter established diplomatic ties with China and severed them with

Taiwan.– Inflation and Unemployment rates were very high during Carter’s

presidency.

Reference for this page: Encyclopedia Britannica. (2008)

1980 - 1989• Jimmy Carter:

– 1977 - 1981• Ronald Reagan:

– Only movie actor to become president.– Iran Hostages released right after inauguration.– Increased spending towards the military and cut spending

in several social areas such as, education, welfare, Medicare - Medicaid, Food Stamps, Low Income Housing, and school lunches for poor children to name a few.

– Reagan appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court – Sandra Day O’Conner.

– He expanded and modernized the military– U.S. Soviet Relations improved during Reagan’s Presidency

Reference for this page: Encyclopedia Britannica. (2008)

1990 - 1999• George Bush Sr.:

– Responded to:• The Soviet Union dissolve• The criminal acts of Manuel Noriega • The invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces.

• Bill Clinton:– Appointed several women and minorities to significant

government posts throughout his administration.– Passed over 30 major bills related to education, crime

prevention, the environment, and women and family issues, including the Violence Against Women Act and the Family and Medical Leave Act.

Reference for this page: Encyclopedia Britannica. (2008)

2000 - 2009• Bill Clinton:

– 1999 Hillary Clinton was the first presidents wife win elected office.

• George Bush Jr.:– Won in the closest election in history– Just a few short months after his election September

11th occurred – named the worst terrorist event in U.S. history marked the prelude to the war on terror.

– Cabinet – level of homeland security was put into place– Bush built an international coalition against terrorism– U.S. economy bubble burst and a recession was at

hand following the September 11th attacks.Reference for this page: Encyclopedia Britannica. (2008)

Table of Content

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