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CHAPTER 5BODY AS A WHOLE

Ms. Doshi

Organization of the Body

Six Levels of Organization:Chemicals Cells Tissues Organs Body Systems Organism

(atoms/ions molecules organelles cells)

Four main types of tissues

Tissue Function Photo

epithelial covering

connective supporting & protecting

muscular contracting

nervous conductingimpulses

Exercise 2-Match

Terms: Tissue or Organ Formation

Term Definition

dysplasia abnormal development of organs or tissues

aplasia no development of an organ or tissue

hypoplasia below normal amount of normal cells in the organs or tissues

hyperplasia above normal amount of normal cells in the organs or tissues

Hypertrophy vs. Hyperplasia

Term Definition Photo

anaplasia change in cell structure

hypertrophy above normal size of cells

hyperplasia above normal amount of cells

Terms

homeostasis

-internal environment that is naturally maintained by the body

stem cells

-specialized cells that are able to divide without limit

Example: bone marrow stem cells

Major Body SystemsBody System Major Functions

Muscular System Movement

Skeletal System Provides protection, form, and shape for the body; stores minerals and forms some blood cells.

Cardiovascular System Delivers oxygen, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body.; transports cellular waste to the lungs and kidneys for excretion.

Respiratory System Brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide and some water.

Nervous System Coordinates the transmission of stimuli; transmits messages to stimulate movement

Reference Planes: Memorize!

Directional Terms (Quizlet pg 104)

Exercise 3

Exercises 4 & 5 (Ex. 5: Instructions are different in Korean textbook)

Other Terms

ambulant

-able to walk

recumbent

-lying down

Pronation vs. Supination

Exercise 6

Body CavitiesCavities: spaces in the body that contain organs.

Figure 5-7-Memorize (This is wrong in your textbook, correct picture is in Kakao Group)!

Fill in the Blank Example:

Exercise 7

Body Regions

The major body regions are:

Head

Neck

Torso

Extremities

Exercise 8

Combining Forms-MEMORIZE (Quizlet pg 111)

Exercise 9

Body Regions Terms I

Term Definition

thorax chest

abdomen between chest and pelvis

abdominothoracic adj. pertains to abdomen and thorax

abdominocentesis(abdominal paracentesis)

surgical procedureremove fluid from abdominal cavity or inject therapeutic agent

ascites abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

peritonitis inflammation of the peritoneum

thoracentesis surgical puncture of the chest wall for aspiration of the fluids

Abdominal Quadrants

-used to describe the location of pain or body structures (of the abdomen)

RUQ: right upper quadrant

LUQ: left upper quadrant

RLQ: right lower quadrant

LLQ: left lower quadrant

Abdominocentesis

Ascites

Body Region Terms IITerm Definition

laparotomy incision of the abdominal wall

laparoscopy examination of the abdominal wall

laparoscope instrument used to examine the abdominal wall

pelvic pertaining to the pelvis

cephalopelvic head of the fetus and pelvis of the mother

omphalic pertaining to the umbilicus/navel

omphalitis inflammation of the navel

omphalorrhexis rupture of the navel

omphalorrhagia umbilical hemorrhage

omphalocele hernia of the navel (congenital)

4 types of hernias umbilical, femoral, incisional, and inguinal

Hernias (-cele)Hernia: a protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening in the wall of the cavity that surrounds it.

Body Regions Terms III

Term Definition

cephalad towards the head

cephalometry measure the head

cephalgia; cephalodynia headache

blepharal pertaining to the eyelid

blepharoplegia paralysis of one or both eyelids

blepharospasm twitching of eyelids

blepharotomy incision of eyelids

blepharoplasty plastic surgery of eyelids

Body Region Terms IV

Term Definition

acral pertaining to body extremities (arms and legs)

acrodermatitis dermatitis of extremities

acrocyanosis cyanosis of extremities

acrohypothermy abnormal coldness of extremities

acromegaly large body extremities

dactylography study of fingerprints

dactylospasm cramping of a finger or toe

dactylitis inflammation of a finger or toe

Body Regions Terms V

Term Definition

chiropody pertaining to hands and feet

chiropodist a specialist of the hands and feet

chirospasm writer’s cramp

chiroplasty plastic surgery of the hand

onychophagist someone who bites the nails

onychopathy disease of the nails

onychomycosis disease of the nails caused by a fungus

onychectomy surgical removal of the nail, also means declawing of an animal

Exercise 10

Read pp. 112-116

Do Exercise 10.

Exercise 11

Body Fluids IFluids are more than 60% of an adult’s weight.

Body Fluids IIFluid balance is maintained through intake and output of water.

intracellular fluid-fluid inside cellsextracellular fluid-fluid outside cellsinterstitial fluid-fluid that fills spaces between cellsedema-too much fluid in an interstitial compartment

Body Fluids (word parts)-Memorize!(Quizlet pg 117)

Exercise 12

Blood-IMPORTANT!!

Blood circulates through the heart and blood vessels, carrying oxygen, nutrients, vitamins, antibodies, and other needed substances.

It carries away carbon dioxide and other wastes.

Memorize These! (Quizlet pg 121)

Exercises 13 & 14

Blood

Blood is made of formed elements (about 50% of blood) and plasma.

Three formed elements of blood are:

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

leukocytes (white blood cells)

blood platelets (thrombocytes)

Hematology is the study of blood and blood-forming tissues, ex: bone marrow and lymphoid tissue.

Blood Coagulation

Exercise 15

Blood Terms ITerm Definition

hematoma localized collection of blood

hemolysis destruction of red blood cells

hemodialysis process of diffusing blood through a semipermeable membrane to remove toxic material

blood coagulation blood clotting (blood in liquid form changes to solid form)

fibrin forms in the clot

anticoagulant delays or prevents blood from clotting

thrombosis formation of clot within bloodvessels, can cause death

blood platelets cell fragments important for blood clottingthrombocytes

Blood Terms IITerm Definition

thrombopeniathrombocytopenia

a low number of blood plateletsRESULT: delayed clotting time

hemoglobin seen in erythrocytestransports oxygen to tissues

anemia number of red blood cells is lowhemoglobin concentration is lowRESULT:pallor (pale)tachycardiadifficulty breathingSOB (shortness of breath)headachefaintingheart failure

Blood Terms IIITerm Definition or Function

leukocytes major function: body defense

phagocytes cells that eat and destroy: bacteria, protozoa, cells, and cell debris

leukopenia, leukocytopenia a small number of white blood cells

leukocytosis a large number of white blood cells, -usually a sign of bacterial infection

leukemia large number of leukocytes

hematopoiesis formation and development of blood cellsblood cells are made in bone marrowBUTsome white blood cells are made in lymphoid tissue.

erythropoietin a hormone in the kidneyscauses production of red blood cells

MEMORIZE!

Exercise 16

Exercise 17

SELF TEST

SELF TEST

SELF-TESTQuestions 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, and 9

SELF-TEST ANSWERS

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