PRESENT tenses - There are 4 present tenses:

PRESENT SIMPLE

She lives in London.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS Shes living in London.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

She has lived in London all her life.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS She has been living in London for a few years.

Present SIMPLE

- Describes general truths, complete events and unchanging or regular events or actions.

Some common adverbs that are often used with the P.S. are: usually, often, generally, normally, frequently, never, hardly ever, sometimes, occasionally. - El P.S. le dice a uno lo que est sucediendo en este momento. La forma

presente indica una accin o un estado de ser que est ocurriendo ahora, que en gral. es cierto o que siempre est sucediendo.

- Usos:

Para hablar de cosas que suceden habitualmente. He never eats vegetables.

Se utiliza p/hablar de generalidades o hechos cientficos.

Bogota is in Columbia.

Se usa p/eventos programados en el futuro prximo. The train leaves at 10:00.

Se usa p/instrucciones (el imperativo).

Open the window.

Present CONTINUOUS

- Describes events happening at this momento or which havent finished happening.

Some common adverbs that are often used with the P.C. are: at the moment, today, this morning, this week, this month, this year, now. - The P.C. with allways describes habitual or annoying events that happen all

the time or often. Hes allways shouting.

- Some verbs (STATIVE VERBS) are not normally used in the continuous form, because they usually refer to permanent states or situations: believe, cost, know, like, love, remember, understand

- El P.C. lo utilizamos cuando queremos hablar de acciones que estn sucediendo "ahora" o , en un tiempo cercano a "ahora" o, que no han terminado.

- Forma:

Verbo auxiliar "to be" y el gerundio (infinitivo + "-ing") del verbo - Usos: Para hablar sobre algo que est pasando en el momento en el que hablamos.

I'm studying now.

Tambin lo usamos p/hablar de algo que est sucediendo en la actualidad pero necesariamente cuando hablamos.

She's currently looking for a job.

P/ hablar de algo que est ya decidido que se har en el futuro prximo. I'm going to the party tonight.

Present PERFECT SIMPLE

- Refers to actions or situations that began in the past and which are still true or relevant now, or are now finished.

- El tiempo P.P.S. vincula el pasado con el presente. - Forma:

have/has + Past Participle - Usos:

Se usa el P.P.S. p/describir una experiencia. No lo usamos p/acciones especficas.

We have been to Rio de Janeiro.

Para un cambio en el tiempo. He has learned to be more patient.

Para los exitosos:

Our football team has won the championship 3 times.

P/ acciones que todava no han sucedido. Indica que estamos esperando la accin.

The plane hasn't arrived yet.

Sobre acciones en diferentes momentos del pasado. El uso del P.P.S. en estos casos indica que son posibles + acciones en el futuro.

We has spoken several times, but we still can't reach an agreement.

En gral. usamos presente perfecto continuo p/situaciones que han empezado en el pasado pero siguen en el presente. Pero hay unos verbos que no podemos usar en los tiempos continuos. En estos casos, usamos P.P.S.

I have loved you since the day I met you. - En el P.P.S. el tiempo especfico no es importante, por lo tanto no solemos usar

expresiones de tiempo especficos como: "this morning", yesterday", "last year"... Se pueden usar expresiones de tiempo no concretas como: "never", "since", "for", "many times"...

Present PERRFECT CONTINUOUS

- Refers to actions or events which started in the past and haven't finished happening, or repeated actions.

- Se utiliza para acciones que han empezado en el pasado pero continan en el

presente. - Forma:

have/has been + ...-ing - Usos:

Actividades que comenzaron en el pasado y continan en el presente y resaltan la duracin del proceso.

Monica and her husband have been living in Barcelona for 10 years.

Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y pueden o no, haber finalizado recientemente y resaltan la duracin del proceso.

It has been raining all night.

Acciones del pasado que acaban de concluir y cuyo estado es evidente. Have you been cooking your birthday cake?

PAST tenses - There are 4 past tenses:

PAST SIMPLE

I worked.

PAST CONTINUOUS I was working.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

I had worked.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS I had been wokring.

Past SIMPLE

- To refer to events that happened at a particular time in the past. - Para describir acciones que han sucedido en un tiempo anterior y que ya han

finalizado. - Usos:

Se utiliza p/ hablar de una accin concreta que comenz y acab en el pasado.

Tom stayed at home last night.

P/acciones repetidas o habituales en el pasado. We allways traveled to Cancun for vacation when we were young.

P/hablar generalidades o hechos del pasado. The Aztec lived in Mexico.

Past CONTINUOUS

- Is used to refer to activities that were interrupted or hadn't finished at the time in the past. Or to refer to simultaneous events or activities.

- Describe acciones que estaban siendo realizadas en un momento del pasado

al que se hace referencia y que luego continuaron. - Forma:

was/were +(infinitivo + "ing") - Usos:

Se usa el P.C. p/2 acciones que estaban ocurriendo al mismo tiempo en el pasado.

My son was reading while I was cooking.

P/hablar sobre acciones en un tiempo especfico en el pasado. We were still working at 10 o'click last night.

El P.C. lo utilizamos p/una accin larga que ya en el pasado fue interrumpida.

Jose called while I was watching the news.

Past PERFECT SIMPLE

- To talk about something which had happened before the past time we are thinking about.

- Sita una accin en el pasado en relacin con otra accin en el pasado. - Forma:

had + Past Participle - Usos: P/referirnos a una accin o evento que comenz en el pasado y que es anterior

a otra accin tambin en el pasado. La accin que ocurri 1ro es en P.P. y la que sigue en P.S.

I'd read the book before I saw the movie.

Tmb. como en el presente perfecto, con algunos verbos usamos el P.P. p/situaciones que han empezado en el pasado y que siguieron hasta un punto

especfico en el pasado. I'd been depressed for a long time before I changed jobs.

P/acciones que ocurrieron antes de un tiempo especfico en el pasado.

He hadn't been to France before the trip in 2008.

Past PERRFECT CONTINUOUS

- The P.P.C. puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action taking before a certain time in the past.

- Se usa para subrayar la duracin de una accin que ocurri en el pasado

antes que otra. - Forma:

had been + ...-ing - Usos:

Se utiliza p/demostrar causa y efecto en el pasado. She was tired because she'd been working too much.

Usamos el P.P.C. p/acciones en proceso de realizacin en el pasado antes de

otra accin ocurrida. We'd been disagreeing for days when Elizabeth found a resolution.

FUTURE

WILL - Future GOING TO - Future

Future Progressive

Future Perfect

USE prediction, assumption, spontaneous

action

planned action in the future,

logical consequence

action will definitely

happen (it usually

happens)

sth. will already have

happened before a

certain time in the future

FORM will + infinitive to be (am,are,is) + going to + infinitive

will + be + infinitive +

...-ing

will + have + Past Participle

EXAMPLES He will carry this bag for

you.

We are going to fly to Leeds

in summer.

They will be playing

football on Sunday

afternoon.

She will have written the letter by

tomorrow.

Simple Present Present Continuous USE + EXAMPLES Future action is fixed

The train leaves at 6:45.

Planned action in the near future

I am going to a party tonight.