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TIDBITS® TAKES A DIP INSALTWATERby Patricia L. CookOf all of the water on earth, 1 percent is fresh water available for human consumption, 2 percent is frozen, and a whopping 97 percent is saltwater. On average, every 2.2 pounds (1 kg) of seawater contains around 1.2 ounces (35 g) of dissolved salt.

• You’ve probably seen movies where people are stranded on the ocean with no fresh water to drink. Seawater, or saltwater, is not safe for human consumption. Salt dehydrates our bod-ies and is harmful if ingested in large quanti-ties. • So is it possible to make saltwater safe for humans to drink? Yes. The process is called desalination. Scientists have come up with several ways to desalinate water, but they are all costly processes. Reverse osmosis, distil-lation, electrodialysis and vacuum freezing are some examples. • Since saltwater is harmful to humans, is it also harmful to all animals? The answer is obvi-ously no as there are millions of saltwater fi sh and other saltwater creatures that thrive in our oceans. turn the page for more!

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SALTWATER (continued):• The Hebrew name for the Dead Sea is “Yam ha Maved,” which actually means “killer sea.” The Dead Sea is nearly 10 times more salty than other seas and the open oceans, having a salinity reading of 33.7 percent. This means nearly 35 percent of the water is dissolved salts. It is one of the world’s saltiest bodies of water. By comparison, ocean water is 3.5 percent dis-solved salts.• The Dead Sea is over 1,300 feet (396.2 m) below sea level. At its deepest part, it is over 2,300 feet (701 m) below sea level. It is 42 miles (67 km) long and 11 miles (18 km) wide at its widest point. The Jordan River empties into the Dead Sea; the Dead Sea does not empty out anywhere. It is endorheic, which means it has no outlet besides evaporation. It is totally landlocked, and the deeper areas are the salti-est. There are an estimated 1.9 billion tons of potassium chloride salt in the Dead Sea, which are harvested by using a system of evaporation ponds. • The McMurdo Dry Valley in Antarctica has a small pond that is actually considered the salti-est body of water on earth. Don Juan Pond is an ankle-deep mirror pond between mountain peaks. It never freezes, even in temperatures that go as low as -40°F (-40°C). • The Great Salt Lake near Salt Lake City, Utah, is another endorheic lake, sometimes called “America’s Dead Sea.” The Jordan, Weber and Bear Rivers empty into the lake and deposit around 1.1 million tons (over 997 million kg) of minerals in the lake annually.• The Great Salt Lake provides habitat for brine shrimp, native birds, shorebirds and waterfowl, including the largest population of Wilson’s Phalarope in the world. This small migratory bird is halophilic, which means “salt loving.”

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¥ Clean baby-food jars can be filled with small snacks like Cheerios and doled out in the car during longer trips. They hold just enough for a quick snack.

¥ "If you pull all the way into your garage, tack some carpet scraps to the wall that you pull in toward. It will protect the wall's paint, and it will protect your car's bumper if you accidentally rub the wall." -- U.F. in North Carolina

¥ For dance recitals, make sure to get a recording of the music to be used. You also can videotape the practice performance and have the student watch it, pointing out the great parts and the parts that need work. -- A Reader, via email

¥ To stop runs in hose or tights, paint the bottom of the run with clear nail polish. Let dry and repeat. Do this while wearing them, and gently unstick from the skin. It works better when the hose or tights are stretched as they will be worn, and you don't risk at-taching the run side to the other side of the tights.

¥ "I somehow lost one of a pair of socks that had non-slip gripper dots on the bottoms of the feet. I gave the odd sock to my mom, and she uses it as a jar or bottle opener. The gripper dots help her get a hold of the lid to unscrew it." -- R.J. in Ohio

¥ To freshen a lunchbox, dampen a paper towel with plain vinegar and stick it inside the lunchbox. Leave overnight.

Send your tips to Now Here's a Tip, c/o King Features Weekly Service, P.O. Box 536475, Orlando, FL 32853-6475 or e-mail JoAnn at [email protected].

(c) 2011 King Features Synd., Inc.

DEAR PAW'S CORNER: We had two dogs for the past six years. We just lost "Sassy" two days ago. Our remaining dog, "Barry," is so sad. How can we help him? He barely eats, and he just lays around not showing interest in anything. I realize it is soon after losing his best friend, but is this normal? We are sad also, but want to help him if we can. -- Norma in Ohio

DEAR NORMA: It's very normal for a dog to grieve for a lost companion, and Barry is showing all the signs of deep grief: loss of appetite, depression, lack of interest in things that normally stimulate him. In a few days, he may begin pacing around the house, search-ing for something -- another common behavior, particularly after a dog loses a companion animal like Sassy.Be supportive of Barry over the next few months. Give him lots of love and attention. However, don't break his training routine or feeding routine, nor allow him to do things he

normally wouldn't be allowed to do, like climb on the furniture. He needs structure as well as support.When Barry searches the house for her, call him over and give him a blanket or toy that Sassy liked to use and that still has her scent. Some-times an item that reminds a pet of a lost com-panion is comforting. Other times the pet will reject the item -- don't scold or force it on him.How long will Barry grieve? Like humans, there's no set time. Some dogs return to their old selves from two to six weeks after a loss; others take many months. And some always retain some sign that they still miss their old friend, years down the road.

Send your question or comment to [email protected], or write to Paw's Corner, c/o King Features Weekly Service, P.O. Box 536475, Orlando, FL 32853-6475. For more pet care-related advice and information, visit www.pawscorner.com.


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SALTWATER (continued):• Another large endorheic lake is the Caspian Sea. This sea is bordered by five countries: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmeni-stan and Iran. The largest lake on the planet at 143,000 square miles (371,000 sq km), it is called a sea because the Romans who discovered it found it to be salty. With the huge size of the Caspian, the saltiness varies greatly. The south-ern Caspian is more salty than the northern portion. There are 130 rivers that flow into the Caspian with the Volga in the north being the largest. • Major oil and gas production takes place along the edges of the Caspian Sea. In addition, caviar harvested from the lake’s sturgeon, which are large ancient-looking fish with large mouths and no scales, is a major commodity. There are three types of sturgeon in the region: the Beluga, Rus-sian Sturgeon and the Stellate Sturgeon. The Beluga is the largest member of the Sturgeon family, sometimes exceeding 14 feet (4.3 m) and weighing in excess of 2,000 pounds (907 kg). • The Caspian and Dead Seas both have areas of sandy beaches and popular tourist resorts built along the banks. The Great Salt Lake has two parks, Antelope Island State Park and Great Salt Lake State Park, that are popular places to boat, swim and enjoy nature. • A large resort, the Saltaire Pavilion, was built along the southern shore of the Great Salt Lake in 1893 as a joint effort of the Salt Lake and Los Angeles Railroad Company and the Mormon Church. The resort was built on 2,000 pylons driven into the shore of the lakebed, had a long bridge leading out to the water for swimming and lounging. It became known as the western “Coney Island.”

¥ On June 27, 1985, after 59 years, the iconic Route 66 between Chicago and Los Angeles enters the realm of history when the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials decerti-fies the road and votes to remove all its highway signs. Most of Route 66 followed a path forged through the wilderness in 1857 by U.S. Navy Lt. Edward Beale at the head of a caravan of camels.

¥ On June 28, 1862, Confederate raiders make a daring capture of a commercial vessel on Chesa-peake Bay. Conspirators boarded the St. Nicho-las as paying passengers with Richard Thomas Zarvona, a former student at West Point, disguised as a flirtatious Frenchwoman.

¥ On June 29, 1967, blond-bombshell actress Jayne Mansfield is killed instantly when the car in which she is riding strikes the rear of a trailer truck on I-90 east of New Orleans. The car’s driver likely couldn’t see the truck due to a nearby machine emitting a thick white fog used to spray mosquitoes.

¥ On June 30, 1859, Jean-Francois Gravelet, a Frenchman known professionally as Emile Blondin, becomes the first daredevil to walk across Niagara Falls on a tightrope. Wearing pink tights and a yel-low tunic, Blondin crossed a cable about 2 inches in diameter and 1,100-feet long with only a bal-ancing pole to protect him from plunging into the dangerous rapids 160 feet below.

¥ On July 1, 1951, Cleveland Indians ace Bob Feller pitches the third no-hit game of his career to lead the Indians over the Detroit Tigers 2-1. This made him the first modern pitcher ever to throw three no-hitters.

¥ On July 2, 1977, Hollywood composer Bill Conti scores a No. 1 pop hit with the single “Gonna Fly Now (Theme From Rocky).” Conti’s career eventu-ally included an Academy Award for Best Original Score for the 1983 film “The Right Stuff.”

¥ On July 3, 1908, author Mary Frances Kennedy Fisher is born in Albion, Mich. In 1937, her first book, "Serve It Forth," was published. She pro-duced nine more books on food, including "How to Cook a Wolf" (1942) and "The Gastronomic Me" (1943).


1. LANGUAGE: What would a group of eggs be called, collectively?2. FOOD & DRINK: What is the characteristic flavor of the herb anise?3. SCIENCE: What does the Linnaean System refer to? 4. HISTORY: When did the Ottoman Empire give way to a modern republic in Turkey?5. LITERATURE: The term "Big Brother" comes from which futuristic novel?6. ANCIENT WORLD: How is the ancient Greek Thucydides best known?7. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE: Where would a satrap once have ruled?8. GEOGRAPHY: Into which body of water does the Volga River flow?9. POETRY: Who wrote the collection of poetry and prose called "The Map of Love"? 10. INVENTIONS: Who invented the modern aerosol spray can?



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SALTWATER (continued):• Accidental fi res in 1925 and 1931 and an arson fi re in the 1970s at Saltaire have made the loca-tion famous more for its history than its tourist appeal. The Saltaire boasted the largest dance fl oor in the world after the rebuilding from the fi rst fi re. New investors reopened the venue for music events in 1983.• When we think of life in bodies of saltwater, we often think of whales and sharks, but many other odd and interesting creatures call salt-water home. The largest living crocodilians on earth are saltwater crocodiles, called “salties” by Australians. Average males are 17 feet (5 m) long and 1,000 pounds (450 kg). It is not uncom-mon for them to be as long as 23 feet (7 m) and 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg). The range of “salties” is Eastern India, Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, so we don’t have to be worried about them in North America.• A bizarre family of fi sh called white-blooded or crocodile icefi sh are found in the cold salty wa-ters of Antarctica and southern South America. Lacking red blood cells in their bodies, these fi sh are pale, have long snouts, wide mouths and large teeth — hence, their name. Their blood carries less oxygen than the red blood cells of other fi sh. Because of this, icefi sh have over-sized hearts that pump large volumes of blood at low pressures. • You can bring some of this life into your home or offi ce with a saltwater aquarium. Fill it with colorful fi sh, sea anemones, jellyfi sh and other creatures to mimic the abundance of the oceans and seas. • Now, to end this Tidbits on a sweet note. Salt-water taffy is a treat found in many stores, fairs and amusement parks. Is it made from saltwa-ter? No. The most popular story is that a shop-keeper in Atlantic City, New Jersey, gave it the “saltwater” name after his shop was fl ooded by a tidal surge.

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BICYCLES (continued):• In the 1890s, the first “modern” bicycles

appeared: chain-driven vehicles with simi-larly-sized tires. These were safer than the high-wheel models (and were even called “safety bicycles” as a result), but proved a step backwards in comfort. While the long spokes of high-wheel bikes absorbed bumps and ruts, the smaller wheels on these new bikes, particularly when coupled with the hard-rubber tires of the era, made for jarring, unpleasant rides.

• More than a million bicycles were sold in the United States by the time 1895 rolled around, but one last improvement would propel the bicycle into the must-own category: the pneu-matic tire. Under the guidance of the Pope Manufacturing Company (which made bi-cycles), the Hartford Rubber Works produced America’s first pneumatic tires in 1895. Pro-viding a much softer ride, they soon became a standard feature on all bicycle models.

• Dozens of smaller-scale improvements boosted the speed, comfort, longevity and performance of bicycles during the 20th century. As women began to find them as necessary as men, two varieties of bicycle were made. Men’s bikes were built with an extra stabilizer bar across the top of the bike. Women’s bikes omitted the bar, providing for easier mounting and dismounting of the vehicle when wearing skirts.

• The 1970s saw the development of two bi-cycle extremes. First came bicycles that took you nowhere. Otherwise known as exercise bikes, these training aids first hit the home market at the beginning of the decade. Then, as time went on and the energy crisis sent fuel prices skyrocketing, mopeds appeared. These bicycle/motorcycle hybrids, most popular with city-centered business workers, could either be pedaled like a regular bike or powered using a small, low-powered gasoline engine.

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OVERCOMING THE ODDS:PAUL ORFALEAPaul Orfalea counts his learning problems as “the blessings that allowed him to see the world differently from his peers.” Nicknamed “Kinko” because of his curly red hair, he is an extraordi-nary entrepreneur. • Orfalea was a child who couldn’t sit still in the classroom. He couldn’t read; he was restless, wiggling all of the time while his mind raced. When he was in school in the 1960s, dyslexia and ADHD (attention defi cit hyperactiv-ity disorder) were not recognized or dealt with as they are today. Educators didn’t always know what to do with children who had the undiag-nosed “differences.”• Dyslexia is a neurological condition that af-fects language processing. People with the con-dition have a hard time recognizing and decod-ing words. Reading comprehension and even pronunciation skills are usually lacking. With ADHD, restlessness coupled with impulsivity, frustration, diffi culty organizing and completing tasks can lead to behavioral problems in class-room settings. Orfalea fl unked two grades in school and was expelled from several schools. He did graduate from high school but was a D- student at the bottom of his class.• In Orfalea’s words, he “had supportive par-ents, and that made all the difference. I was a sensitive kid. I could have easily fallen through the cracks.” He, like many with similar learning diffi culties, had the creative thinking, curiosity, adventurous spirit and boldness to pursue an unusual endeavor. • While Orfalea was a student at the University of Southern California, he realized that photo-copiers were a need for students and were not easily accessible.

1. In 2010, Kirk Gibson became the 7th former MVP to manage in the major leagues. Name three of the other six baseball skip-pers.2. Since 1900, name the lone player who won a league home run title with a batting aver-age under .210.3. Ohio State's Archie Griffi n holds the NCAA Division I record for most consecutive games of at least 100 yards rushing. How many?4. In 2008-09, Ray Allen set a Boston Celtic franchise mark for highest free throw per-centage in a season (95.2). Who had held the record?5. In 2010-11, Jonathan Quick became the third Los Angeles Kings goalie to have three consecutive 20-win seasons. Name either of the fi rst two to do it.6. How many Olympic medals did swimmer (and later actor) Johnny Weissmuller win?7. Who was the last golfer before Louis Oost-huizen in 2010 to capture his fi rst major title (British Open) on the St. Andrews course?

DEAR DR. DONOHUE: Our grandson soon will be 15. He still wets the bed. His parents have done everything from pills to alarms, but noth-ing helps. Sometimes he gets depressed, and that scares us. He says he will never be able to have a relationship with a girl. Sometimes we worry that he will hurt himself. Is there anything that can help this situation? -- W.M.

ANSWER: I feel deeply for your grandson. No one can understand the isolation and hopeless-ness he has to grapple with. He could stand professional counseling. Perhaps a few facts will help him. Between the ages of 5 and 6, 15 percent to 20 percent of children are still wet-ting the bed. Of that number, every following year, 15 percent will stay dry during the night. By age 18, only 1 percent to 2 percent of these youngsters are still battling the problem. Your grandson has three years in which his chances of gaining control are good.The problem of bed-wetting appears to stem from a brain that doesn't respond to a full nighttime bladder by rousing the sleeper. It might be a delay in developing that response. Or it might be a delay in the attainment of a large enough bladder capacity to hold night-time urine production. Or it might be that these children produce too little of the hormone vasopressin, which suppresses nightly urine formation.Your grandson can once more try things he probably has already tried. He should measure carefully how much fl uid he drinks in one day. Once he learns that number, he should drink 40 percent of the total in the morning, another 40 percent in the afternoon and limit fl uid to 20 percent of the daily total from 5 p.m. on. He can increase his bladder's capacity by holding off on urinating during the day. If he delays each time by fi ve or 10 minutes for one week and then gradually lengthens the delay in following weeks, the bladder will stretch. This takes time. He has to be patient.

Alarms can work. They sound or vibrate when the fi rst few drops of moisture touch them. It can be as long as six months of use before the training takes hold.For occasions when he is invited to stay at other people's homes for the night, desmopressin, as a pill or nasal spray, slows nighttime urine production.***DEAR DR. DONOHUE: I am so concerned about our grandson. He is a senior in college. He felt he couldn't focus well enough on some of his diffi cult classes. He went to a doctor and was put on Adderall. I am so worried that he will become addicted. Should I be concerned? -- R.G.

ANSWER: Adderall is a drug of the amphetamine family. It does have the potential of leading to dependence. However, it's been used for so many years for the treatment of attention-defi cit hyperactivity disorder that it can be well man-aged and not present a danger.The doctor who prescribed the drug is respon-sible for monitoring how it is used. He or she will continue writing for its use only if it's safe to do so.I sincerely believe you do not have to worry yourself about your grandson. ***Dr. Donohue regrets that he is unable to answer individual letters, but he will incorporate them in his column whenever possible. Readers may write him or request an order form of available health newsletters at P.O. Box 536475, Orlando, FL 32853-6475.

(c) 2011 North America Synd., Inc.All Rights Reserved

Bed-Wetting Deeply Affects Children

TO YOUR GOOD HEALTHBy Paul G. Donohue, M.D.


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PAUL ORFALEA (continued):• In 1970, Orfalea borrowed $5,000 from a local bank, rented a small store-front next to a ham-burger stand in Isla Vista, close to the University of California, Santa Barbara, and opened the first Kinko’s Copy Center. He also spent time on the sidewalk in front of the store selling pens and pencils from his backpack and encouraged passersby to give his store a try. The tiny store featured one copy machine selling copies at 2.5¢ each, an offset press, film processing and school supplies.• Orfalea saw a need, zeroed in on it and created a company that eventually grew to more than 1,200 locations and 23,000 employees in 10 dif-ferent countries.• Orfalea attributed the success of his company to the creation of a working environment where employees loved coming to work. The achieve-ment that really made him proud was having Kinko’s named one of the best places to work in America by FORTUNE magazine three years in a row. • Kinko’s was acquired by FedEx Corporation (Federal Express) in February 2004, and the company was called FedEx Kinko’s. In 2008, Kinko’s was dropped from the name, and it was changed to FedEx Office. • Even though Orfalea has never learned to enjoy reading, there are several books about his success. His autobiography “Copy This!” was published in 2005; “The Entrepreneurial Inves-tor,” about investing, came out in 2008; and the latest book, “Two Billion Dollars in Nickels: Reflections on the Entrepreneurial Life,” became available in February 2009. All three books tell his amazing story of rising above his learning differences to achieve success.

¥ It was 19th-century German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer who made the following sage obser-vation: "There is no absurdity so palpable but that it may be firmly planted in the human head if you only begin to inculcate it before the age of five, by con-stantly repeating it with an air of great solemnity."

¥ Those who study such things say that half of all money spent on food in the United States is spent in restaurants.

¥ If, like me, you are constantly finding excess wire hangers in your closets, you probably won't be surprised to learn that more than 2.7 billion of them were imported in 2010 alone. ¥ You might be surprised to learn that beer brewers in Australia are on the cutting edge of alternative en-ergy production. They have created a "beer battery" -- the world's first, they claim -- in which electricity is generated by bacteria consuming the waste that is created by the brewing process. ¥ Companies today sometimes seem to go too far in advertising their products, but consider Richard Chesebrough, who invented the petroleum jelly Vaseline in 1872. In order to market his new creation as a salve for cuts and burns, he traveled around New York state demonstrating the efficacy of the product by burning his skin with acid, then applying Vaseline to the injury. A display of his past burns that had been healed with Vaseline would, in theory, convince people to buy the product.

¥ If you're looking to brighten up your living space with some greenery, you might want to consider get-ting a bonsai tree. They live longer than any other houseplant.***Thought for the Day: "Hollywood is a place where they'll pay you a thousand dollars for a kiss and fifty cents for your soul." -- Marilyn Monroe


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PAPER BAGSPaper or plastic? In the 1980s and ‘90s, that was a question asked frequently at grocery stores. More recently, reusable cloth bags are being promoted in conjunction with a “greener” lifestyle. Let’s look at the devel-opment and history of paper bags.• Francis Wolle, a Pennsylvania botanist who later became a minister, invented the paper bag-making machine in 1852. Working at his father’s store, he saw the need for some-thing to help customers carry their groceries home. • Wolle received the patent for his machine in the United States and then later in England and France. It was the fi rst of its kind and with further advancements added by others, is very similar to the machines still in use today. • In 1869, Wolle, his brother and other men involved in the paper bag industry founded the Union Paper Bag Machine Company in Bethle-hem, Pennsylvania.• Probably surprising to many is that a woman fi rst put forth the idea and secured the patent for a device to cut, fold and paste paper bag bot-toms, creating fl at-bottomed bags. Some tried to discredit Margaret Knight, but she fought and won recognition for her paper bag machine. She was employed by the Columbia Paper Bag Company in Springfi eld, Massachusetts, when she invented her machine in 1870-71. During this time, it was unusual for a woman to get rec-ognition as an inventor. Sometimes called the “woman Edison,” she is credited with 22 patents and 90 inventions.• Charles Stillwell, a Union soldier during the Civil War, added another patent to the develop-ment of paper bags in 1883. His bag machine al-lowed for fl at bottoms and pleated sides, which made the bags stackable.

1. A clutch2. Licorice 3. The classifi cation of all living things 4. 1920s 5. "1984" 6. As a historian7. Persia8. Caspian Sea9. Dylan Thomas 10. Norwegian engineer Erik Rotheim

1. Don Baylor, Ken Boyer, Frank Robinson, Pete Rose, Joe Torre and Maury Wills. 2. Dave Kingman of the New York Mets led the N.L. with 37 home runs while batting .204 in 1982.3. His streak was 31 games (1973-75).4. Bill Sharman hit 93.2 percent of his free throws in 1958-59.5. Rogie Vachon (six seasons, 1972-78) and Kelly Hrudey (three seasons, 1989-92).6. Six -- fi ve gold and one bronze while competing in the 1924 and 1928 Olympics.7. Tony Lema, in 1964.



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PAPER BAGS (continued):• Stillwell’s bags were called S.O.S. or “self-opening sacks.” With the birth of supermarkets in the 1930s, the demand for paper bags sky-rocketed. They were strong, easy to use and inexpensive and quickly became popular around the world. • Savannah, Georgia, was chosen by Union Bag and Paper Company in 1935 as the location for a $4 million plant, thrilling the local area, provid-ing 500 jobs in a depressed economy. • In 1956, Union Bag merged with Camp Manu-facturing and became Union Camp. In its busiest years, 5,500 people were employed in Savannah; today there are about 700. It is the largest mill of its kind in the world. Over 1 million cords of long-fi bered southern pine are used to make 35 million paper bags per day. That is over 9 billion per year! • The largest paper bag manufacturer today is a privately owned company, Duro Bag, opened in 1953 and owned by the family of founder David Shor. It is based in Florence, Kentucky. The company has a strong program for recycling its waste and using recycled paper. • Plastic grocery bags were introduced to the su-permarket industry in 1977. Kroger and Safeway started the craze to replace traditional paper bags with polyethylene “t-shirt” type bags in 1982. Most grocery stores today offer both types of bags but also encourage shoppers to use cloth bags. • With the wide availability of inexpensive paper bags, Americans have used them for groceries, garbage, lunch bags and more for years.

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Tidbits of Kingman Issue 9