November 15, 2012 Issue # 794The Little Paper Ever Read®NeatestPublished by: Wick Publications • P.O. Box 12861, Grand Forks, ND 58208 • For Advertising Call: 701-772-8239 • wickpub@yahoo.com

TIDBITS® VISITS

DEATH VALLEYby Janet Spencer

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Death Valley is the driest spot in the U.S. It’s also the lowest spot in the Western Hemi-sphere. And it is one of the hottest spots on Earth. Join Tidbits as we tour one of Ameri-ca’s most unusual national parks. • It’s BIG! Death Valley National Park is the

largest national park outside Alaska. The valley is about 130-140 miles long, and the valley floor averages 5 miles wide. The na-tional park contains nearly 3.4 million acres. The state of Rhode Island could fit inside Death Valley National Park more then three times over. It’s twice the size of Delaware, and nearly the same size as Connecticut.

• It’s LOW! A parking lot at a place called Badwater is 279 feet below sea level. Sev-eral miles away in a desolate salt pan, there are a few dips that are 282 feet below sea level. Death Valley is the lowest spot in the Western Hemisphere, but the Dead Sea (be-tween Jordan and Israel) is 1,360 feet below sea level.

• Only six places on earth are deeper than Death Valley, and they are all desert valleys. If these valleys received more rain, erosion would eventually fill them with sediments and they would no longer be below sea lev-el. Also, they’d be lakes instead of valleys.

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DEATH VALLEY (continued):

• It’s HOT! The heat is partly caused by the low elevation. With every thousand feet you lose in elevation, the temperature rises by about 5 degrees F. Death Valley’s topography—a deep valley sandwiched between two steep moun-tain ranges—also magnifies the heat. Hot air rising from the valley floor gets trapped be-tween mountain ranges. The hot air re-circu-lates and gets hotter. The dryness also contrib-utes to the heat. Death Valley has no clouds for shade, no rain for cooling, and little vegetation to stop rocks from absorbing heat all day. In turn, the heat reinforces the dryness, evaporat-ing rain before it reaches the ground.

• The hottest temperature ever recorded in Death Valley was 134°F on July 13, 1913. By comparison, the hottest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 136°F, recorded in the Sahara Desert in Libya in 1922.

• When it comes to average highs, Death Val-ley beats the Sahara. In 2001, Death Valley hit 100°F or higher on 154 days in a row. It’s hit 100°F or higher in every month except No-vember, December, January, and February. It’s hit 110°F on (coincidentally) 110 days in a row, in 1996. And it hit 120°F on 43 days in a row, in 1917.

• July is the hottest month on average, with a daily high of 115°F. August is second, with an average daily high of 113°F. June is third, at 109°F.

• In July, when the average daily high is 115°F, the daily average LOW temperature is 88°F.

• Things cool off in winter. In November the av-erage daily high is 76°F. In February it’s 72°F, and in January and December it’s 65°F.

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Death Valley is just a part of a larger desert. Name it.How many people die of the heat in Death Valley each year on average?At two percent humidity, how long does it take laundry to dry on a clothesline?How deep was the ancient lake that filled Death Valley during the Ice Age 100,000 years ago?

1.

2.

3.

4.

What was the name of Mallory’s not-so-bright boyfriend on TV’s “Family Ties”?In the “X-Files” TV drama series, what was the phrase on the UFO poster in Fox Mulder’s office.Where is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention located?How old was Abraham Lincoln when he was assassinated? Who became president after Lincoln?

5.

6.

7.

8.

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1.

2.

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4.

Who is the San Diego Padres’ all-time leader in career stolen bases?Name the only team to win a World Series after losing it the previous two years.When was the last time before 2011 (New Orleans) that an NFL team scored at least 62 points in a game?Who holds the record for the most sacks in one NFL game?

What is the NCAA Division I record for most consecu-tive games, by a player, with at least one 3-point shot made— 36, 52, 70 or 88? Who was the last defense-man before Erik Karlsson in 2011-12 to finish in the top 10 in scoring for an NHL regular season?When was the last time before 2012 that Dale Earn-hardt Jr. led the NASCAR Cup points standings during a season?

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• Death Valley’s official temperature is recorded at a weather station five feet above the ground. But the ground gets hotter than the air. The hot-test ground temperature ever recoded in Death Valley was 201°F in 1972.

• The record low temperature in Death Valley is 15°F, set in 1913, which was the same year that set the record high of 134°F. Death Valley’s all-time low is about the same as the all-time lows of Phoenix or Houston.

• It’s DRY! Why is Death Valley so hot and dry? Don Lago describes the science behind it in his book, Death Valley Trivia. The main fac-tor is called the “rain shadow” effect. When storms come out of the Pacific Ocean and head inland, they have to cross a series of mountain ranges, which force clouds to rise, condense, and drop their moisture. With every mountain range they cross, the clouds have less mois-ture left for the next one. The Sierras can get 34 feet of snow per year, but then the clouds have little moisture left for the Owens Valley just west of the Sierras; the Owens Valley gets less than 6 inches of rain per year. Clouds that make it past the Sierras then hit the Panamint Mountains and lose most of their remaining moisture. This leaves little rain for Death Val-ley, or for the Amargosa Range on the east side of Death Valley. While the Panamints get 15 inches of annual precipitation, the Amargosa Range gets only 3-5 inches.

• The average annual rainfall in Death Valley is only 1.94 inches. By comparison, New York City receives an average of 49.64 inches of rain per year. In some years, Death Valley has recorded no rainfall at all, such as 1929 and 1953.

DEATH VALLEY (continued):

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DEATH VALLEY (continued):

• With so little rainfall and so much evaporation, the humidity level in Death Valley sometimes falls to 2 percent. With humidity this low, even when the temperature is a pleasant 70 F, people can become seriously dehydrated.

• Even in the summer heat, people in Death Val-ley may not get sweaty. The human skin often remains dry. But this doesn’t mean you aren’t perspiring: it means that perspiration is evap-orating instantly. For people from humid cli-mates, who are accustomed to skin and clothes drenched with sweat, this can trick them into seriously underestimating how much water they are losing.

Finding Water• There is no place in Death Valley more than

15 miles away from a spring. Natives knew all the water sources in Death Valley, but prospec-tors and tourists have died of thirst even when springs were nearby because they didn’t know where they were.

• Death Valley has over 350 seeps and springs. Some are barely large enough to keep the ground damp, but the largest, Travertine Spring, can pour out up to 2,000 gallons per minute. If Death Valley wasn’t so dry, its springs would start building a lake on the valley floor.

• The water that pours from these springs comes from the mountains of central Nevada. Snow-melt flows underground for hundreds of miles until water reaches the surface. This water can take thousands of years to arrive in Death Val-ley. This means that the tap water you are drink-ing in Death Valley may have fallen as rain when the Egyptian pyramids were being built.

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an engineering firm, and then started his own engineer-ing firm in 1904. His specialty was drawbridges, and he constructed around 400 of them. However, he dreamed of something more challenging, so when officials from San Francisco approached him in 1919 about spanning the Golden Gate Strait, he jumped at the chance, even though he had never constructed a single suspension bridge. He didn’t even have a degree in engineering. It took more than a decade for Strauss and city officials to convince the public that a bridge should be built. In the midst of the Great Depression, a city bond raised the funds needed, and work on the Golden Gate Bridge began in 1933.

• Joseph Strauss was born in Cincinnati in 1870. He was short, but he nevertheless tried out for the school football team. As a result, he spent several weeks recovering in the infirmary, where the window in his room offered a view of the Cincinnati-Covington Bridge, which was America’s first long-span suspension bridge. Strauss subsequently developed a fascination with bridges. When he graduated from col-lege with degrees in business and econom-ics, his commencement address presented a proposal to construct a railroad bridge across the Bering Strait, linking Alaska and Russia.

• Strauss got a job working for a foundry where he learned the ropes of steel and iron manu-facturing, and then went to work for a bridge building company. Later, he went to work for

OVERCOMING THE ODDS:JOSEPH STRAUSS

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JOSEPH STRAUSS (continued):

• There were many challenges to overcome: deep water, turbulent currents, corrosive fogs, high winds, and heavy sea traffic. Strauss asked for help from engineering vi-sionaries Charles Ellis and Leon Moissieff, whose contributions were essential in refin-ing the design and overcoming the engineer-ing challenges. He then downplayed their in-volvement so that he would get more of the limelight. To his credit, his insistence on rigid safety measures prevented many deaths and proved that large projects could be completed safely when worker’s health and well-being was given a priority, which was not typically the case at the time. He wanted people using his bridge while admiring the workers who built it; he was horrified by the thought that wives and children and parents might one day be crossing the bridge while remembering the husbands and fathers and sons who died during its construction. He also instituted the policy of hiring men for the duration of the entire project in a day and age when con-struction workers were more typically hired on a daily basis. He wanted continuity among workers and did not want to be constantly training newly hired men, because the work was so dangerous.

• His health began to fail during the construc-tion, which lasted four years. He was once gone from the site for a six-month stretch, leading to rumors he’d had a nervous break-down. Yet, he managed to see the project through to the end, and proudly walked across the completed bridge on the day it was opened to the public. Strauss died of a heart attack a year later, at the age of 68. He is buried in Forest Lawn Cemetery, with a bas-relief of the bridge etched in brass mounted upon his tombstone.

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Place a letter in the empty boxes in such a way that each row across, each column down and each small 9 box square contains all of the letters listed above the diagram. When completed, the row indicated will spell out a word or words.

© 2012 King Features Synd., Inc.

by Linda ThistleLETTER BOX

u

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B IS FOR BEESBees are among the most intelligent of insects, and they demonstrate that in a variety of ways:• When bees find food, they communicate its

location by doing a dance that signifies direc-tion and distance to their fellow bees. One bee researcher set up two food sources near a hive. One was close to it; the other was farther away. Then he watched the dancing movements of the bees that fed at the different stations. The bees that fed at the nearby station did wag-ging dances; those that fed at the more distant place did circling dances. When he moved the food sources, the dances changed accordingly. He found that a bee returning from a spot 100 yards away would make 10 turns in 15 sec-onds, but those returning from 2 miles away would make only 3 turns in 15 seconds. If the food was in the direction of the sun, the bee danced with its head up. If it was away from the sun, the head was down. If it was at a 45-degree angle to the sun, the bee danced in a corresponding angle to the hive.

• Researchers once did an interesting experi-ment with bees. They brought two groups of bees from their home hive to Carnegie Lake in Princeton, New Jersey. One group of bees was taken to a bunch of pollen-laden flow-ers in a rowboat that was anchored close to shore; the other group was taken to a bunch of flowers in a rowboat way out in the middle of the lake. After sampling the flowers, the bees flew home to their hive and both groups did a waggling dance indicating a source of pollen had been found. The bees at home evidently refused to believe that there could be flowers in the middle of the lake, because whereas lots of bees returned to harvest pollen from the flowers close to shore, almost none came to the boat in the middle of the lake.

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THIEF RIVER FALLS

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CROOKSTON • GRAFTON

THIEF RIVER FALLS

MAYVILLE

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CROOKSTON • GRAFTON

THIEF RIVER FALLS

MAYVILLE

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October 2011

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GRAND FORKSEAST GRAND FORKSCROOKSTON • GRAFTON

THIEF RIVER FALLS

MAYVILLE

GRAND FORKSEAST GRAND FORKSCROOKSTON • GRAFTON

THIEF RIVER FALLS

MAYVILLE

GRAND FORKSEAST GRAND FORKSCROOKSTON • GRAFTON

THIEF RIVER FALLS

MAYVILLE

T he Book People Love.T he Book People Love.

October 2011

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DEERE. JOHN DEERE. (continued): • It was while living in Illinois that John no-

ticed the problems that farmers faced when attempting to till soil. Because the area had formerly been woodland, the soil was rich with hummus, which clumped and clung to the blades of the plows farmers were accus-tomed to using. While repairing a broken cir-cular saw, Deere stumbled upon an idea. He employed his smith skills to fashion the steel blade into the shape of a plow. He affixed two wooden spokes, then hitched the device to a horse. It plowed the heavy Illinois soil like a charm. In fact, a farmer who happened to be observing the test run immediately put in an order for his own John Deere plow.

• In short order, Deere gave up his blacksmith shop and focused on making plows. The company grew steadily and added many em-ployees. In the late 1840s, John relocated the entire operation to Moline, Illinois. Ashamed of his own lack of education, John sent his children to the state’s finest schools. One of his proudest days occurred when son Charles earned the equivalent of an MBA from Bell’s Commercial College in Chicago.

• With his son Charles managing the company, John found time to pursue philanthropic in-terests. He co-founded both the First Nation-al Bank and the First Congregational Church. He was elected the mayor of Moline in 1873, where one of his first actions – the replace-ment of the city’s open drains with a sewer pipe system – saved countless lives by reduc-ing the spread of disease.

• The original John Deere logo, registered in 1876, depicted a deer that was native to Afri-ca. Thirty-six years later, in 1912, it was re-placed with the image of a North American white-tailed deer. In the decades that fol-lowed, the now-familiar “outline” logo took over as the symbol of the John Deere brand.

III?

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B IS FOR BEES (continued):• Professor James Gould tested some bees by

placing a bowl of sugar water near a beehive. After it had been discovered by the bees, he started moving it. Every few minutes he moved the dish, but each move was four times longer than the previous move. Thus, he moved it one inch, then four inches, then 16 inches and so on. Soon he was moving the dish more than 100 feet in a single jump. The bees caught on and were waiting for him when he arrived.

Bee Facts• Number of flowers a bee must visit to make

one pound of honey: 2 million• Number of miles flown by a hive of bees in

order to make 1 pound of honey: 55,000 • Amount of honey made by a worker honey bee

in a lifetime: 1/12 teaspoon• Average annual per capita consumption of

honey: 1.1 lbs.• Average speed of a honey bee: 15 mph• Average number of flowers visited during a

single collection trip: 50-100• Average lifespan of a worker bee: 28-35 days• Average lifespan of a queen bee: 2 years• Percent of the average human diet derived from

insect-pollinated plants: 33%• Percent of that pollination performed by honey

bees: 80%• Percent of the time bees spend sleeping: 0• Number of bees in a hive: up to 60,000• Percent of body weight an average bee can car-

ry in its nectar load: 50%• Number of eggs an average queen bee lays per

day: 3,000• Amount of food she needs to eat daily to do so:

80 times her weight

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