TI994A Cassette Tape Interface Tech

Cassette tape interface The TI-99/4A was issued with a built-in interface for cassette tape recorders. This was meant as a cheap alternative to a disk drive. The console contains the necessary hardware to read from, write to, and control the motor of two tape recorders. The relevant software is located in the console ROMs and GROMs.

Texas Instruments originally recommended the following recorders, but many others will work. I even used the one on my stereo, with tune-tracking system, etc. Most of the time the volume control should be set at mid-range, and the tone control (if any) at the highest possible pitch.

Hardware Connector

Internal circuitery

CRU map

Software Direct control

Cassette tape format

ROM routines

DSRs in GROM

Hardware

Connector

___________ ( 1 2 3 4 5 ) \ 6 7 8 9 / # I/O Use \_______/ - --- ------- 1 > Cass 1 motor control 2 > Ditto (negative) 3 > Output to tape 1 or 2 (neg) 4 > Audio gate 5 > Output to tape 1 or 2 6 > Cass 2 motor control 7 > Ditto (negative) 8 < Input from tape 1 9 < Ditto (neg)

Texas Instruments marketed a connection cable, with a 9-holes connector at one end, and 5 jacks at the other (three for one tape recorder, two for the other).

Brand Model Volume set Tone set

Superscope C2L00LP 8.0 N/A

Panasonic RQ2309A 5.0 10

Sears 2165 Mid Range N/A

Sears 21686 Mid Range HI

JC Penney 6568 Mid Range High

venerd 26 ottobre 2007

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Pins 5 and 3 go to two jacks (on red cables) to be plugged in the the microphone socket on each recorder. Pins 8 and 9 go to a jack (on a white cable) to be plugged in the "ear-plug" socket of recorder #1. Finally pins 1 and 2 go to a smaller jack (on a black cable) to be plugged into the remote control socket on recorder #1, while pins 6 and 7 play the same role for recorder #2.

As you see, only one recorder can be read from. I'm not sure why. May be because, if the output lines of two recorders are connected together, there is a risk that one is damaged when the other is outputing sound?

An important point is that the connections are polarised (see circuitery below). In particular, the remote-control jacks are connected to transistors, not to relays. This may cause some tape recorders to malfunction if their polarity is inverted with respect to that of the cassette jack. But it's a trivial job to build an adapter: get a male and a female jack and just cross their wires. I think you can even buy such adapters.

Internal circuitery

Motor control

Magnetic output

Magnetic input

TMS9901 ----+ | ,---+5V P6|_____|/ Opto-isolator | |\ TIS92 TIL119 F | V__________ ,---------+----+---------uuu---> Pin 1 | | |/ | | 1nF CS1 motor | V |\________|/ '---||---Gnd jack | | |\ | Gnd TIS92 V___,----------------> Pin 2 | | 1nF | ,---+5V '---||---Gnd P7|_____|/ Opto-isolator | |\ TIS92 TIL119 F | V__________ ,---------+----+---------uuu---> Pin 6 | | |/ | | 1nF CS2 motor | V |\________|/ '---||---Gnd jack | | |\ ----+ Gnd TIS92 V____,---------------> Pin 7 | 1nF '---||---Gnd

TMS9901 ----+ | 6.8K 1nF 5.6K P9|---WWW---+---||---WWW---+-------------------+---> Pin 5 | | | 200 Ohm | Microphone | = 0.1uF + | | | CS1 + CS2 ----+ Gnd Gnd---+---> Pin 3

220pF +---||---+ TMS | 39K | 9901 120K +--WWW---+ ---+ +--WWW---+ | /| | 6.8K 10nF F | | /| | 6.8K | /6|--+--WWW--||--+---+-----uuu----< Pin 8


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CRU map

Software

Direct control

You can control the tape recorders directly, using the CRU bits mentionned above. Note that it does not have to be tape recorders... I'm thinking of using the cassette port to hook-up two TI consoles and have a debugger program running on one and monitor the other. Communications would be slow (in serial mode by definition), but it would not require accessing any peripheral card.

| 2.2K | /3|--+--WWW--+__/7 | | | Ear-plug P11|--+ | ^ PG3992 \2|--+ \| | +--uuu---< Pin 9 | | \| | 4558 | 15 Ohm| | Gnd 4558 Gnd ,---------+--WWW--+--||--Gnd | | 5.6K | 1nF | +---WWW----------------' Gnd---WWW--' | | 10K | | +---WWW---+5V | | | 9.1K | 12K ,---+---WWW---+--------------------WWW-------+--------> Pin 4 P8|---WWW---|/ | 10K | Sound chip 5.6K | | |\ = 10nF | TMS9919 = | TIS92 V___| | +---------+ | | | '---|AUDIOIN | Gnd ---+ Gnd | | +---------+

Bit R12 addr I/O Usage

22 >002C O 1: Turn motor on for recorder #1

23 >002E O 1: Turn motor on for recorder #2

24 >0030 O Audio gate 1: Silent input

25 >0032 O Data output to recorders #1 and #2

27 >0036 I Data input from recorder #1

* This routine performs some dummy cassette tape operations * It assumes recorder #1 is set to record, and #2 to replay.

CSTEST LI R12,>0000 CRU address of the TMS9901 SBO 23 Turn motor on, recorder #2 BL @WAIT Let it reach cruising speed SBO 25 Toggle output BL @DELAY Leave it so, for a while SBZ 25 Toggle back ... etc.

CSTES2 CLR R12 CRU address = >0000 SBO 22 Motor on, recorder #1 BL @WAIT TB 27 Get data from recorder JEQ ... Do something JNE ...


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Cassette tape format

Texaz Instruments adopted a frequency modulation encoding system to store data on tape. This is only a convention, and you may come up with another, if you feel like it. Similarly, TI defined the format the data should have whithin a tape file. Again, this is only a convention.

Data encoding

Bits are encoded by output level changes. With a 3 MHz console, the output toggles every 725.3 microseconds. To encode a 1, invert the output in the middle of this time period:

0 0 _1 _0_ 1_ 1_ 0 Bits to encode | |___| |_| |_| |_| |___| Output (low/high) c c c c c c c c Clock intervals

Courtesy Dean Corcoran

This results in frequencies of 689.37 Hz for a space (0) and 1379 Hz for a mark (1) which is well within the audio range, thus suitable for a tape player. In addition, I was told that you can connect the cassette port to a PC sound card and save/load programs as .wav files (The "Scott Adams compilation" CD ROM by Frank Traut uses this trick, if I'm well informed).

File format

Name # of bytes Content --------- ---------- -------- File sync 768 >00 Data mark 1 >FF Size 1 # of records Repeat size 1 ditto

Rec sync 8 >00 } Data mark 1 >FF } Rec 1 Data 64 data bytes } Checksum 1 sum of the 64 data bytes }

Repeat rec 1

Rec 2 Repeat rec 2

etc.

At the beginning of the files are 768 zeros (>300), for synchronisation purposes. The motor speed can vary a little from recorder to recorder (not too much, otherwise you would notice it when listening to music). So the tape reading routine in the console ROMs uses this stretch of zeros to time the tape


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recorder. Once it has determine how long a "0" bit lasts, it is a simple matter to detect a "1" which cuts this interval in half.

The data mark signals the end of the sync stretch. It is followed by the number of records, repeted twice (to ensure reading is correct).

Each record in the file is repeted twice. It begins with a short sync stretch of 8 zeros, followed by an >FF data mark. The only allowed file format is Dis/Fix 64, so there is always 64 data bytes in a record. The record ends with a checksum: this is the sum of all 64 data bytes: it is likely to be greater than 256, and thus requires two bytes. However, only the least significant byte is recorded on tape.

The tape reading routine calculates its own checksum while reading data, then compares it with the recorded value. If it does not match, the routine will get another chance, as the record repeats. If the checksum matches the first time, the second repeat is just ignored. This format slows down cassette operations by a factor of two, but is more user-friendly: since a tape recorder is by definition sequential, a bad record that aborts reading forces you to start all over again, from the beginning of the file. In the worst case, it means the file cannot be read. At least with this method, even if a record is unreadable its copy might still be good. The probabilty that both copies go bad is very low (the square of the probability that one record goes bad).

There is no special end-of-file mark. Recording just stops after the second repeat of the last record.

ROM routines

There are three cassette operating routines in the console ROM: cassette write, cassette read and cassette verify. All three can be called by the GPL opcode "I/O", with respectively 3, 4 or 5 as a source argument. The destination argument consists in two words: the number of bytes to transfer, and the VDP buffer address.

For obvious reasons, they all require precise timing and this is done by using the built-in timer in the TMS9901 interface controller chip, which is part of the console. The cassette routines enable the interrupt function of the TMS9901, which requires taking control of the interrupt service routine. This is done by setting a flag bit (value >20) in byte >83FD. From now on, the console main ISR will treat any interrupt as issued by the TMS9901 and branch to the cassette ISR at >1404. If you are not familiar with the concept of interrupts service routines (ISR) you may want to have a look at the page on interrupts, as well as at the page describing the TMS9901.

What all this implies is that no other interrupt should be allowed, and cassette routines begin by masking them off (by setting CRU bit 1 and 2 to 0 in the TMS9901). This would be necessary anyway, given the nature of a tape recorder: once you start reading you can't stop and come back later, as the tape keeps running! A temporary interruption would mean skipping one or more records, which would force the user to start the cassette operation all over again.

Operation GPL I/O Address in ROM

Write 3 >1346

Read 4 >142E

Verify 5 >1426

* This routine prepares for cassette interrupts * It is adapted from the one in the console ROM (at >13CC-13E0)

SETCS LI R3,>0023 Timer value (>0011) plus clock bit, inverted CLR R1 Flag: no vector in R6 CLR R12 Console CRU base


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Cassette write

Upon writing, the timing is ensured by loading >0011 (i.e. 17) into the clock register of the TMS9901 chip. The resulting delay is:

17 = 363.6 usec (3MHz / 64)

The write subroutine writes to the output by toggling CRU bit 19 and entering a forever loop:

The only way to get out of this loop is via the interrupt that will occur once the timer has elapsed. The cassette ISR checks whether the main program is trapped into such a loop and (if this is the case) returns to the next instruction, thereby effectively jumping out of the loop.

And here is the infamous cassette-specific interrupt service routine:

SOC @H0020,R14 Set bit >0020 in >83FD (WS is >83E0 in GPL) SBZ 2 Disable VDP interrupts SBZ 12 This pin is not connected (INT12: +5V pull-up) LDCR R3,15 Load >0011 in decrementer SBZ 0 Leave clock mode SBZ 1 Disable peripheral interrupts SBO 3 Enable clock interrupts B *R11

* This routine returns to normal operations * It is found at >155E-1570 in the console ROM

CLRCS SZC @H0010,R14 Clear read/verify flag SZC @H0020,R14 Clear cassette ints flag (byte >83FD) SBZ 3 Disable cassette interrupts SBO 12 Enable interrupts by pin INT12 (nc) SBO 1 Enable VDP interrupts SBO 2 Enable peripheral interrupt B *R11 The real routine returns to the GPL interpreter: * B @>0070

HERE JMP HERE

* This routine writes a byte to the cassette. The byte is in R4. * R8 contains either >1E19 which means SBZ 19 * or >1D19 which means SBO 19 * This routine is located in the console ROM at >13E2-1402

EMITBY LI R6,>0008 Bit counter: 8 bits per byte INV R4 Invert the byte LP1 JMP LP1 Wait for an interrupt

X R8 Toggle CRU bit 19 XOR @H0200,R8 Change SBZ to SBO and conversely LP2 JMP LP2 Wait for an interrupt

MOV R4,R4 Test leftmost bit JLT SK1 It's "1" (was "0" before inversion) X R8 It's "0" (was "1"): toggle CRU bit 19 XOR @H0200,R8 Change SBO to SBZ and conversely SK1 SLA R4,1 Next bit DEC R6 More to do? JNE LP1 Yes B *R11 No: return. R8 is ready for next byte

* Cassette ISR, located at >1404-1422 in the console ROM.


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Now, all Write has to do is to use the above routines to send the appropriate bytes. Please refer to file format, above.

Get # of bytes (round in up to next 64, derive the # of records) and the buffer address in VDP memory Initialize cassette interrupts (with SETCS above) Allow interrupts with LIMI 1 Send >300 times byte >00 (file synchronisation) Send byte >FF once Send # of records, twice Send data in 64 bytes records. Each record is sent twice:

Send 8 times byte >00 (record sync) Send byte >FF once Send 64 bytes Send checksum as two bytes

Wait for interrupt Branch to CLRCS (return to GPL interpreter, which resets LIMI 0)

Cassette read

The Read subroutine also makes use of the timer to time the stretches of "0" bits in the sync field at the beginning of each record. First it loads the maximum value (>3FFF) in the TMS9901 timer and waits for 8 bits to arrive. Then it reads the timer and see how much time has elapsed. It uses 8 bits rather than just one to get an average value.

* The main ISR enters it with WS >83E0 if bit >0020 is set in >83FD

CASISR SBZ 0 Make sure we're not in timer mode SBO 3 Clear pending interrupt (remain enabled) MOV R1,R1 Flag: is there a vector in R6? JLT SK2 Yes LWPI >83C0 Back to ISR workspace C *R14,@HERE Is instruction at return point a forever loop? JNE SK2 No: branch to vector in R6 (crashes if none!!) INCT R14 Skip the HERE JMP HERE RTWP Return just outside the loop

SK2 LWPI >83C0 Branch to vector in R6, with ISR workspace MOV @>83E6,R14 AAAARGH! Overwrites the return address!!! RTWP Branch, with no hope of return

* This routine checks whether the input toggled. * If yes, it returns with B *R11 * If no, it returns with INCT R11, B *R11 * R1(lsb) contains the previous value of the input (>xx00 or >xxFF) * It's located at >15BA-15D2 in the console ROM

ISTOGL TB 27 Check tape input port JEQ ISONE It's 1 CZC @H00FF,R1 It's 0. What was it before? JEQ NOTOGL It was 0: no toggle TOGGLE XOR @H00FF,R1 Save new value B *R11 Return, signaling a toggle

ISONE CZC @H00FF,R1 Input is 1. What was it before? JEQ TOGGLE It was 0: toggle detected NOTOGL INCT R11 It was 1: signal no toggling B *R11 Return

* This routine makes use of the above to time the cassette recorder


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Once this value has been determined, it is fed to the timer for further reading operations. If the timer fires before the output toggles, the incoming bit is a "0". If the output toggles while the timer is still mid-way to zero, the incoming bit is a "1". Simple enough, no?

* It assumes a >00 byte is coming and waits for the input to * toggle 8 times.

TIMECS LI R9,>7FFF Timer value >3FFF, plus clock bit LI R8,>0008 Count 8 toggling LDCR R9,15 Load the decrementer SBZ 0 Leave clock mode (which starts the timer) SBO 3 Enable interrupts (in case no toggle occurs) LP3 @ISTOGL Check if input toggled JMP YES Yes, it did JMP LP3 Not yet YES DEC R8 More to count? JNE LP3 Yes

SBO 0 Enter clock mode STCR R3,15 Get value remaining in timer S R3,R9 Calculate # of times it was decremented MOV R9,R3 Multiply by 5 SLA R9,2 A R9,R3 SRL R3,6 Divide by 64 ORI R3,>0001 Add clock bit CI R3,>001F Check if resonnable value JLT AGAIN Too fast (not >00): reinit and try again ... (Actually, jumps to SK3 in GETBIT, below) LDCR R3,15 Load new value SBZ 0 Leave clock mode SBO 3 Enable timer interrupts ...

* This routine receives a bit. It uses the toggle detection routine above. * Once done, it resets the timer with the value calculated above (in R3). * It is located at >1572-159E in the console ROM

GETBIT MOV R11,R10 LP0 JMP LP0 Wait for interrupt BL @ISTOGL Check if input toggled INCT R10 No: bit is "0"

ORI R1,>FF00 Flag for ISR: use vector in R6 if times out SK3 CZC @H00FF,R1 What is the detected input status? JEQ LP5 It's 0 LP4 TB 27 It's 1. We must wait until it toggles again JNE LP5 It did. Now wait for a 1 JMP LP4 Not yet, keep waiting

LP5 TB 27 Wait till input toggles back to 1 JNE LP5 Not yet, keep waiting

LDCR R3,15 Reload delay in clock SBZ 0 Leave clock mode SBO 3 Enable timer interrupts ANDI R1,>00FF Clear ISR flag XOR @H00FF,R1 Update last input bit B *R10

* This routine receives a byte. * It uses the above one to build the byte in R4. * It is located at >15A0-15B8 in the console ROM.


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Now, here is how Read works:

Get max # of bytes (derive max # of records) and buffer address Initialize cassette interrupts (see SETCS above) with a default delay of >0015 Receive all records:

Allow interrupts with LIMI 1 Set ISR vector in R6 to come here Wait a long time. If it is elapsed, return with Cnd bit set in >837C.

Receive bytes until 6 in a row are >00 (12 for top of file) Times the tape recorder with TIMECS, put the new value in timer Receive bits until 8 are "1" (i.e. the >FF mark arrived) Set ISR vector to "try once more, then error" At top of file, get the number of records:

Receive one byte If higher than max # allowed, return with Cnd bit and error bit (>01) in >837C Receive the 2nd copy. If different return with error

Elsewhere, get a record: Receive 64 bytes, transfer them to VDP buffer Receive the checksum byte. Check if it matches

If not try once more. Then return with Cnd bit and error bit in >837C If checksum matches the first time, skip the repetition of the record

Next record Branch to CLRCS

Cassette verify

This routine is nothing more than a cassette read that compares the incoming data with the content of the buffer, instead of filling the buffer with them. If a mismatch occurs, the routine returns with bits >21 set in >837C (GPL status byte).

Set flag to indicate verify: bit >0010 in R14 (byte >83FD) Set VDP to read from data buffer, rather than to write to it Enter the Read subroutine

DSRs in GROM

There are two DSR in the first console GROM: CS1 and CS2. They can be found as GROM addresses: >1320-16DC. As you might expect, CS1 deals with the first tape recorder, and CS2 with the second. These are unusually high-level DSRs, that directly interact with the user. For instance, they display prompting messages on screen and wait for the user to press a key. It is one of the rare occurences when byte 8 in the PAB is effectively used to pass a screen bias to a DSR.

By the way, the prompting messages are send by calling a subprogram, whose name is >03. It must be called with the screen address in >8364 and the a string number in >8362. This number (0 to 32, by steps of 2) is an offset into a table of 2-byte long string pointers located at GROM address >15A0. For some

GETBY LI R8,>0008 Bit counter: 8 bits per byte CLR R4 Init byte MOV R11,R9 Save return point LP6 SLA R4,1 Next bit BL @GETBIT Get it JMP SK4 It was a "0" INC R4 It was a "1": put it in R4 SK4 DEC R8 More to do? JNE LP6 Yes A R4,R7 Build checksum in R7 B *R9 Return


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strings, the subprogram also adds the cassette number (CS1 or CS2) to the string and displays "then press enter". In any case it beeps by calling the "accept tone" GROM routine at >0034.

As mentionned above, the file type must be display, variable 64, and sequential. In addition, CS2 can only be opened for output (as recorder #2 cannot be read from).

Open

Set record length to 64, of none is provided in the PAB. Else round it up to 64 If file "variable" or "relative" return with "Illegal opcode" code in PAB byte 1 If file is opened as "update" or "append" return with "Illegal opcode" code in PAB byte 1 If file is opened as "input":

If cassette is CS2, return with "Illegal opcode" code in PAB byte 1 Turn motor on. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Display "Rewind cassette tape. Then press enter". Beep Call GETKEY Turn motor off. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Beep Display "Press cassette play. Then press enter". Beep

If file is opened as "output": Turn motor on. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Display "Rewind cassette tape. Then press enter". Beep Call GETKEY Turn motor off. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Beep Display "Press cassette record. Then press enter". Beep

Call GETKEY Turn motor on.. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5 sec. 0.6 sec for european consoles). Wait for 300 VDP interrupts (10 seconds. 12 sec for european consoles). Turn motor off.. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Goto EXIT

EXIT

Turn motor on. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec) Scroll up one line, move cursor to column 1 Return to Basic (or caller, whatever it is)

GETKEY

Wait for a key to be pressed If it is

Return to caller If it is :

Re-enter DSR from the beginning If it is :

Goto CHECK If it is :

Set error code for "Device error" in PAB byte 1 Display "Press cassette stop. Then press enter". Beep Call GETKEY Goto EXIT

If another key was pressed, keep waiting

CHECK

Display "Rewind cassette tape. Then press enter". Beep Call GETKEY If was pressed. turn motor off. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Beep


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Display "Checking". Beep Wait for the beep to end Call cassette verify ROM routine with GPL opcode I/O 6 If no error occured:

Display "Data OK". Beep Goto Close

If an error occured: Turn motor off. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Beep Check the error bit (value >01) was set in >837C:

If set, display "Error detected in data". Beep Else display "Error - no data found". Beep

Check opcode: For "Save", display "Press R to record, C to check, E to exit". Be-be-beep For others, display "Press R to read, C to check, E to exit". Be-be-beep

Call GETKEY Re-enter DSR from the beginning

Close

Turn motor off. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Display "Press cassette stop. Then press enter". Beep Call GETKEY Goto EXIT

Read

Copy record length in character count Turn motor on. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Call the ROM routine, with GPL opcode I/O 5. Number of bytes taken from record length. If Cnd bit set when returning, an error occured:

Set error code for "Device error" in PAB byte 1 Display "Press cassette stop. Then press enter". Beep Call GETKEY Goto EXIT.

Else turn motor off. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Goto EXIT

Write

Turn motor on. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Call the ROM routine, with GPL opcode I/O 4. Number of bytes taken from record length. If Cnd bit set when returning, an error occured:

Display "Press cassette stop. Then press enter". Beep Call GETKEY Goto EXIT.

Turn motor off. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Goto EXIT

Restore

Same as Open


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Load

If cassette is CS2, return with "Illegal opcode" code in PAB byte 1 Turn motor on. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Display "Rewind cassette tape. Then press enter". Beep Call GETKEY Turn motor off. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Beep Display "Press cassette play. Then press enter". Beep Wait for the beep to end Call the ROM "Read" routine, with GPL opcode I/O 5. Number of bytes PAB bytes 6-7. If Cnd bit set when returning, an error occured:

Turn motor off. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Beep Check the error bit (value >01) was set in >837C:

If set, display "Error detected in data". Beep Else display "Error - no data found". Beep

Display "Press R to read, C to check, E to exit". Be-be-beep Call GETKEY Re-enter DSR from the beginning

If no error occured, display "Data OK". Beep Goto Close

Save

Turn motor on. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Display "Rewind cassette tape. Then press enter". Beep Call GETKEY Turn motor off. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Beep Display "Press cassette record. Then press enter". Beep Wait for 600 VDP interrupts, i.e 10 seconds (12 sec for european consoles). Call the ROM routine, with GPL opcode I/O 4. Number of bytes taken from PAB bytes 6+7. Turn motor off. Wait for 30 VDP interrupts (0.5-0.6 sec). Display "Press cassette stop. Then press enter". Beep Call GETKEY If cassette is CS2, goto EXIT Display "Check tape (Y or N)?".Beep Wait for or to be pressed:

If goto EXIT If goto CHECK

Delete

Same as Close

Scratch record

Set error flags for "Illegal opcode" in PAB, byte 1. Goto EXIT

Status

Clear byte 6 in PAB (should be byte 8, but used for bias) Goto EXIT


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Preliminary 4/1/99

Revision 1 4/3/99 Polished, OK to release

Back to the TI-99/4A Tech Pages


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TI994A Cassette Tape Interface Tech