TI NEPAL NEWS BULLETIN ASAR 2071

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfne|i6frf/lj¿4sf] ;xsfo{

kf]S; aS; M !!$*^, 5s'as' dfu{, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn6]lnkmf]gM (&&–!–$$&%)^@, $$&%!!@, $$&%@^@ ôfS;M (&&–!–$$&%!!@

Od]n M [email protected], j]a;fO6 M www.tinepal.orgk]m;a's÷6\jL6/ M tinepal, x6nfOg M !^^) )! @@@!!

jif{ !$, cª\s !, 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g, @)&! c;f/

ægu/f}+, gu/fcf}+, g;xf}+ e|i6frf/M b]zsf nflu cTo'Qd xf] ;bfrf/Æ

kf/bzL {6«fG;k/]G;LOG6/g]zgng]kfne|i6frf/lj¿4sf] ;xsfo{

(

!#

!&

@@

@%

#)

#@

&$

&(

%

o; cª\sdfe|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf o'jfsf] e"ldsfe/taxfb'/ yfkf

e|i6frf/ /f]Sg /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ rflxG5/fds[i0f /]UdL

;'zf;g / ljsf;sf] k"j{zt{M b08xLgtfsf] cGTo r/0f k|;fO{+

ldl8of / ;dfh M nufgLdf kf/blz{tf / e/f];fs'Gbg cof{n

;'zf;gsf] cefjdf cndlnPsf] ljsf;ljk'n kf]v|]n

sfg"gsf] zf;g / Gofofnosf] e"ldsfZofds'df/ e§/fO{

gful/s a8fkq M sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf cfjZosgd:sf/ zfx

/fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw / lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;DaGwL sfg"gdx]z zdf{ kf}8]n

Nugget of Peace BuildingRajeev Kunwar

Corruption and Human rights: A connectionSuvekshya Pudasaini

2 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g ‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/2 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g ‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/;DkfbsLo kftf]

k|sfzsM 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfn, 5s'as' dfu{, gofFafg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn, kf]i6 aS; g+=M !!$*^kmf]g M ))(&&–!–$$&%!!@, $$&%@^@, $$&%)^@ km\ofS;M ))(&&–!–$$&%!!@

Pnfs 6f]nk|mL g+=M !^^)–)!–@@@–!!, Email: [email protected], Web: www.tinepal.org;DkfbsM 6L Pg l3ld/]

/fhgLlts ;+:sf/ljgf ljZjel/ sxL+sf] klg zf;gk4lt ;'lw|Psf] 5}g . o;sf] cefjdf kf/bzL{ k|zf;g, clVtof/Lsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u ug]{ afgL / hjfkmb]xLsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . o;f] gePs}n] xfdLsxfF ;'zf;g sfod x'g g;s]sf] xf] . b08xLgtf a9]sf] xf] . e|i6frf/ a9]sf] xf] . log} sf/0fn] nf]stflGqs k4ltsf :yflkt d"No–dfGotf sfod ug{ g;lsPsf] xf] .

c;n /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ :yflkt ug{ g;Sbf d'n'sn] cg]sf}F b'ikl/0ffd ef]Ug' kl//x]sf] 5 . h;sf sf/0f gful/sdf lg/fzf JofKt 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu d'n's;fd' pkl:yt s]xL 36gf lgofnf}+ M

nf]stflGqs Joj:yfdf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{, /fHosf] b}lgs sfo{, ljlw sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{ sfo{kflnsfn] u5{ eg] ljlw lgdf{0fsf] sfd Joj:yflksfn] u5{ . of] k/Dk/f / k4ltljk/Lt clxn] ;ef;b\x?n] lgjf{rg If]qdf ljsf; sfo{ ug{ eGb} kfFr s/f]8 ¿k}ofF dfu]sf 5g\ . of] dfun] ljlw lgdf{0f ug]{ ;ef;b\n] sfo{kflnsfsf] sfd ug{ vf]h]sf] jf p;sf] If]qflwsf/ cltqmd0f ug{ vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 .

clxn] ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk / a]kQf;DaGwL cfof]u u7gsf] k|lqmof g} cj¿4 ePsf] 5 . cfof]u u7gsf nflu ;/sf/n] agfPsf] l;kmfl/z ;ldltdf b'O{ ;b:on] a:g gdfg]sfn] cfof]un] ce}m k"0f{tf kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . dfgjclwsf/sf uDeL/ pNnª\3gstf{nfO{ sf/afxL g} gx'g] 5fF6 b]v]kl5 ;ldltdf ;xefuL x'g'sf] cy{ g/x]sf] dx;"; pgLx?n] u/]sf 5g\ .

lgjf {rg ePsf] gf } dxLgf laTg nflu;Sbf klg ;+ljwfg;efn] ce}m k"0f{tf kfPsf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f -#_ v08 -u_ cg';f/ dgf]gLt x'g'kg]{ @^ ;b:osf] dgf]gog ePs} 5}g .

;+;bLo ;ldltx?df ;efklt klg ce}m rog x'g ;s]sf]

5}g . ;+;b\sf] k"0f{ a}7s gePsf a]nfdf klg ldgL–;+;b\sf ?kdf ;/sf/sf ;Dk"0f{ ultljlw ;"Id t/Lsfn] cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L ;xL af6f] b]vfpg' ;ldltsf] d'Vo st{Jo xf] . ;efd'vn] /fhgLlts bnsf zLif{ g]tfx?nfO{ ;ldltsf ;efklt rog ug{ k6s–k6s Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb} cfP klg xfd|f] /fhgLlts g]t[Tj ;'g]sf]–g;'g]e}mF ul//x]sf] 5 .

ljb]zl:yt clwsf+z s"6gLlts lgof]udf /fhb"tsf] kb l/St /x]sf] 5 . /fhb"t lgo'St ug{ g;Sbf tL d'n'sx?;Fusf] /fhgLlts ;Dks{ / ;+jfb k|efljt eO/x]sf] 5 . To:t}, /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u nufotsf ;+j}wflgs lgsfodf clwsf+z kb l/St 5g\ . cbfntn] JolSt xTof u/]sf] 7x/ u/L ;j{:j;lxt hGds}bsf] km};nf ;'gfOPsf JolSt v'n]cfd lx+l8/x]sf 5g\ . ;f]xL 36gfdf bf]ifL 7xl/Psf cGo JolStnfO{ eg] kqmfp ul/Psf] 5 . o;f] x'g'df Pshgfn] /fhgLlts ;+/If0f kfPsf 5g\, c?n] Tof] ;f}efUo kfPgg\ .

oL ;a} Jojxf/ v:sFbf] /fhgLlts ;+:sf/sf HjnGt pbfx/0f x'g\ . o;n] ;'zf;gsf] rfxgf /fVg] hf]–sf]xLnfO{ lrlGtt t'NofPsf] 5 . /fhgLltsf] cf8df h] u/] klg x'G5 eGg] ;Gb]z k|jfx xf]p~h]n;Dd klg /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] Wofg o;tkm{ cfs[i6 x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .

/fhgLltzf:qsf ljåfg\ n'l;og kfO{n] eg]sf 5g\– /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ wf/0ff, ljZjf; / ;+j]bgfx?sf] Pp6f o:tf] ;d"x xf], h;n] /fhgLlts k|lqmofnfO{ cy{ / lgoldttf k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} /fhgLlts k|0ffnLdf x'g] cfr/0fnfO{ ;~rfng ug{ cGtlg{lxt lgod / cfjZos dfu{–lgb]{zg k|bfg ub{5 . xfdL of] egfO{;Fu k"0f{tM ;xdt 5f}F / g]kfnL /fhgLltsf zLif{ g]t[TjnfO{ o;k|lt ;xdt x'Fb} c;n /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ cjnDag ug{ cfu|x ub{5f}F .

v:sFbf] /fhgLlts ;+:sf/

TofuaGbM 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnåf/f ;'zf;g tyf ;bfrf/ k|j4{gsf nflu of] a'n]l6g k|sfzg ul/Psf] xf] . o; a'n]l6gdf k|sflzt cfn]v n]vssf lghL ljrf/ x'g\ . logn] k|sfzs

;+:yfsf] cflwsfl/s wf/0ff k|ltljlDat ug]{ 5}gg\ . —;Dkfbs

36«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ ljz]if ;fwf/0f;ef

6«fG;k/ ] G;L OG6/g ]zgn

g]kfnsf] ljz]if ;fwf/0f;ef

@)&! ;fn c;f/ @) ut] ;DkGg

ePsf] 5 . ;fwf/0f;efdf ;+:yfsf

dxf;lrj >L e/taxfb'/ yfkfåf/f

!* cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;efsf] lg0f{o

jfrg u/L hfgsf/L u/fOof] . ljwfg

;+zf]wgsf nflu !* cf}+ ;fwf/0f

;efn] ;+:yfsf pkfWoIf Pj+ jl/i7 clwjStf >L dxfb]jk|;fb ofbjsf] ;+of ]hsTjdf Ps ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] lyof] .

; ld ltsf cGo ;b:ox?df sfo{;ldlt ;b:o >L v]d/fh /]UdL, ;b:ox? >L sf]dn lrqsf/, >L klßgL k|wfgfË / clwjStf

kjgs'df/ cf]emf /xg'ePsf] lyof] . pSt ljwfg ;+zf]wg ;ldltn] ;+zf]wg k|:tfj tof/ u/L sfo{;ldlt;dIf k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] .

;efdf ljwfg ;+zf]wg ;ldltsf ;+of ]hs jl/i7 clwjStf >L dxfb]jk|;fb ofbjn] jxfn /x]sf k|fjwfg, ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{'kgf{sf

ljz]if ;fwf/0f;efåf/f6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ljwfg ;+zf]wg

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6L=cfO{=_ g]kfnsf] ljz]if ;fwf/0f;efn] ;+:yfsf] ljwfg ;+zf]wg u/]sf] 5 . ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu cfof]lht ljz]if ;fwf/0f;ef cWoIf >L lji0f' axfb'/ s]=;L=n] ;~rfng ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

4 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g ‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ljz]if ;fwf/0f;ef

sf/0f / k|:tfljt ;+zf]wgaf/] ;efnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] . o;kl5 ;ldltsf ;b:ox?dWo]af6 >L sf ]dn lrqsf/n] cfˆgf egfO{ /fVg'eof] . ;ldltsf ;b:o >L lrqsf/n] km/sdt /fVgfsf sf/0faf/] rrf{ ug{'ePsf] lyof] . cGTodf k|:tfljt d;f}bfpk/ cfˆgf /fo–;'emfj k|:t't ug{ cWoIf >L s]=;L=n] ;fwf/0f;efdf pkl:yt ;b:ox?nfO{ v'nf 5nkmndf ;xefuL eOlbg cg'/f]w ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

;fwf/0f;efdf d"ntM tLgj6f ljifodf 5nkmn s]lGb|t /x]sf] lyof] . klxnf] ;b:otf lbg] k|lqmof, bf];|f] ;+:yfsf cWoIfsf] of]Uotf, / t];|f]df ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] k|lqmof cflb . ;+:yfsf] ;b:otfsf] xsdf gofF ;b:otf ljt/0f ubf{ s'g} Ps ;b:osf] l;kmfl/z clgjfo{ /xg] ;fljssf] k|fjwfgnfO{ oyfjt\ /fVg ;efaf6 ;'emfj k|fKt eof] . ;+:yfsf cWoIfsf xsdf nuftf/ b'O{ kbfjlw k"/f u/]sf cWoIf k'gM pDd]b\jf/ x'g gkfpg] ;+zf]wg k|:tfj kfl/t ul/Psf] 5 . t/ sfo{;ldltdf nuftf/ b'O{ kbfjlw k"/f ul/;s]sf ;b:ox?nfO{ eg] cWoIf kbsf] pDd]b\jf/L lbg ;+zf]wg k|:tfjn] af6f] v'nf u/]sf] 5 . ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] k|;Ëdf ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj Nofpg'k"j{ ;fwf/0f;efn] ;}4flGts lgb]{zg ug{'kg]{ eGg] km/s dtnfO{ eg]

;efn] c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ljz]if ;fwf/0f;efdf $$ hgf ;b:ox?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

;fwf/0f;efn] u/]sf lg0f{ox? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\M

!= 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnsf] ljwfgsf] wf/f !@ cg';f/ ;efsf] u0fk'/s ;ª\Vof k'u]sfn] cWoIf >L lji0f' axfb'/ s]=;L=Ho"af6 ;ef

;~rfng ul/of] .

@= dxf;lrj >L e/taxfb'/

yfkfHo"åf/f ;fwf/0f;efdf

pkl:yt ;Dk"0f{ ;b:oHo"x?nfO{

:jfut ub}{ @)&) c;f]h !&

ut] sf7df8f}+df ;DkGg !* cf}+

jflif{s ;fwf/0f;efsf] lg0f{osf]

hfgsf/L u/fOof] .

#= 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ljwfgdf

;+zf]wgsf nflu sfo{;ldltn]

!* cf}+ ;fwf/0f;ef;dIf

k|:t't u/]sf] k|:tfjnfO{ clGtd

?k lbg 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf

pkfWoIf >L dxfb]j ofbjHo"sf]

;+of]hsTjdf ul7t kfFr

;b:oLo ;ldltn] 5nkmn u/L

k|:t't u/]sf] 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf]

ljwfg ;+zf]wg, @)&! sf] tLg

dxn] k|:tfj / ;f]xL ;ldltsf

b'O{hgf ;b:oHo"x?af6

btf{ ePsf] km/s dt;d]tdf

;efåf/f 5nkmn u/L

;dfof]hgsf nflu k|fKt ;'́ fj

/ eflifs kl/dfh{gsf nflu

;b:o dxfg'efjx?åf/f k|fKt

;'́ fj;d]tsf] cfwf/df tof/

ul/Psf] 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ljwfg

;+zf]wgsf] tLgdxn] k|:tfj,

@)&! 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ljwfgsf]

wf/f $# cg';f/ kfl/t ul/of] .

$= ljz]if ;fwf/0f;efsf]

lg0f{o 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf

cWoIfHo" / dxf;lrjHo"n]

k|dfl0ft ug]{ lg0f{o

ul/of] .

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] sfo{;ldltn]] @)&! c;f/ @) ut] ljz]if

;fwf/0f ;efdf k|:t't u/L ;efsf] lg0f{oadf]lhd tof/ kf/]sf] ;+zf]wg k|:tfj lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no

sf7df8f}+n] @)&! ;fpg % ut] :jLs[t

u/]sf] 5 .

56«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

e|i6frf/ s] xf] <

;fdfGo cy{df e|i6frf/ eg]sf] v/fa cfrf/0f xf ] . sfg"gn] lgif]w u/]sf sfo{ ug'{ e|i6frf/ xf] . 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnsf cg';f/ e|i6frf/ eg]sf] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf sfd ug]{ /fhgLlts JolQm, kbflwsf/L jf ;Dj4 JolQmx¿n] lghL kmfObfsf] nflu ug]{ u}/–sfg"gL Jojxf/ xf] . ljZj a}+sn] lghL kmfObfsf nflu ;fj{hlgs cf]xf]bfsf] k|of]unfO{ e|i6frf/ eg]sf] 5 . o;/L e|i6frf/sf] kl/efiff ljleGg ;+:yf tyf ljåfgx¿n] cf–cfˆg} 9Ën] u/]sf 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] eg] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQm -/fi6«;]js_ n] jf /fi6«;]jsnfO{ k|efj kfg{ c¿ s;}n] l/;jt\ -3";_ lng], sDtL d"No jf ljgf d"No s'g} dfn–j:t' lng]–lbg], kbLo bfloTjdfdf

c;/ kg]{ u/L bfg, bftJo, pkxf/, sf]z]nL, rGbf lng] jf s'g} nfe :jLsf/ ug]{, ;fk6L lng]nufotnfO{ e|i6frf/hGo sfo{ dfg]sf] 5 . t/ of] P]gn] ;fj{hlgs If]q -cbfnt / ;]gfafx]s_ dfq ;d]6]sf] 5 . lghL If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;du|df e|i6frf/ eGgfn] 3";vf]/L, ;/sf/L d:of}6, 7uL, b:t'/L, w'tfO{, gftfjfb, s[kfjfb, sldzg, rfs8L, eg;'g ;a}nfO{ e|i6frf/s}¿kdf lng' kb{5 . e|i6frf/ oyfy{df h3Go, ;fdflhs ck/fw xf] .

e |i6frf/ s 'g cj:yfdf x 'g ;Sb5 <

s_ n f ] s t f l G q s c E o f ; gePdf÷sdhf]/ ePdf .

v_ ;fj {hlgs ;"rgfdf kx ' Fr gePdf÷glbPdf .

u_ kbdf a;]sfnfO{ sf/afxL gx'g] kl/kf6L /x]df÷b08xLgtf .

3_ ;fj{hlgs sfd–sf/afxLdf

kf/blz{tf gePdf .

ª_ pQ/bfloTjaf6 klG5g] kl/kf6Ldf

jf kG5g lbPdf .

r_ g}lts lzIffdf x|f; cfPdf .

5_ c : j f e f l j s c f l y { s

dxÎjfsf +IfLx¿ ;fj {hlgs

lhDd]jf/Ldf k'u]df .

h_ ;bfrf/k4lt :yflkt gul/Pdf .

em_ c:ki6 sfg"g, c:ki6 clwsf/,

eg;'g ug]{ kl/kf6L, k};fsf]

;Ddfg x'g] cj:yf ePdf .

`_ e|i6frf/lj¿4 cfjfh p7fpg] ;+:yf÷dflg;x¿ gePdf jf o:tf ;+:yf÷dflg;x¿sf] ;+/If0f gx'g] kl/j]zdf .

e|i6frf/sf sf/0f

e|i6frf/ ;j{JofkL aGb} uPsf] 5 . o;n] gufFh]sf] 7fpF 5}g . o;/ L e | i6 fr f/ d f }n fpg 'd f

cfn]v

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf o'jfsf] e"ldsf

e/taxfb'/ yfkfdxf;lrj6LcfO{ g]kfn

g]kfnsf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] ;fj{hlgs If]q -cbfnt / ;]gfafx]s_ nfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf] 5 . lghL If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;du|df 3";vf]/L, ;/sf/L d:of}6,

7uL, b:t'/L, w'tfO{, gftfjfb, s[kfjfb, sldzg, rfs8L, eg;'g ;a}nfO{ e|i6frf/s}¿kdf lng' kb{5 . e|i6frf/ oyfy{df h3Go,

;fdflhs ck/fw xf] .

6 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g ‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/cfn]v

/fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, sfg"gL / cGt/f{li6«o sf/0fnfO{ ;d]t sf/stTjsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . /fhgLlts¿kdf lg/ª\s'ztGq jf sdhf]/ nf]stGq ePsf d'n'sdf a9L e|i6frf/ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] cfsf/ cTolws 7"nf] x'g' / zlQmsf] cfjZos ljs]Gb|Ls/0f gx'g' e|i6frf/sf] sf/0f x'g ;Sb5 . ;/sf/ gful/sk|lt pQ/bfoL gx'Fbf e|i6frf/ a9\b5 .

a9L cfly{s c;dfgtf x'Fbf dflyNnf] cfly{s x}l;ot x'g]sf] /xg–;xgn] tNnf]:t/sf] hLjgz}nLdf k|efj k/L e|i6frf/sf] sf/0f aGb5 . ljljw sf/0faf6 x'g] d'b|fl:kmlt / /fi6«;]jsnfO{ lbOg] tna ;'ljwf hLjg wfGg} g;Sg] ePsf] cj:yfdf e|i6frf/ a9\b5 . o;}u/L, e|i6frf/ / e|i6frf/Ln] ;fdflhs dfGotf kfpg' cem e|i6frf/L ;DdfgLt x'g', ;fj{hlgs JolQmn] ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] / /jflkmnf] hLjgz}nL ckgfPsf] b]lvg', bfg, pkxf/ sf]z]nL k|yf sfod /xg', e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] sdL x'g', gful/s ;dfh e|i6frf/lj¿4 cfjfh p7fpg gh'd'{/fpg' / sltko cj:yfdf wf ld {s, ;fdf lhs, ;f+:s[lts ljlw Jojxf/n] klg e | i6 fr f / a9 fp F5 . o;sf cltl/Qm e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ckof{Kt sfg"gL Joj:yf jf sfg"g sfof{Gjogdf sdhf]/L x'g' / cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ k|lt:kwf{sf qmddf 7"nf g]tfx¿nfO{ 3"; lbg]h:tf

s'/f klg e|i6frf/sf sf/0f x'g\ . e|i6frf/LnfO{ sf/afxL gx'g', cem zlQms]Gb|x¿af6 e|i6frf/Lx¿sf] ;+/If0f x'g', e|i6frf/ a9fpg] sf/0f ag]sf] 5 .

e|i6frf/sf] juL{s/0f

e|i6frf/nfO{ dfqfsf cfwf/df, k|efj If]qsf] cfwf/df, ef}uf]lns cfwf/df / ;+u7gfTds :j¿kdf cfwf/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . dfqfsf] cfwf/df ;/sf/L tNnf]:t/sf sd{rf/Ln] ;]jf–;'ljwf k|bfg ubf{ jf l56f]–5l/tf] u/]jfkt ug]{ e|i6frf/ ;fgf] e|i6frf/ xf] . o;nfO{ Speed

Money of Street Corruption klg elgG5 . csf]{tk{m gLltsf] th'{df b]lv sfof{Gjog;Dd k|fof]lht¿kdf ul/g] e|i6frf/nfO{ gLltut e|i6frf/ (Policy Corruption) jf 7"nf] e|i6frf/ (Grand Corruption) elgG5 . o:tf] e|i6frf/df /fhgLlts JolQm, 7"nf sd{rf/L, /fhgLlts lgo'lQm kfPsf JolQm, sldzgvf]/;d]tsf] ;+nUgtf x'g] ub{5 . o:tf] e|i6frf/nfO{ ljZj a}+sn] /fHos} sAhf (State

Capture) sf] ;+1f lbPsf] 5 .

k|efj If]qsf] cfwf/df k|zf;lgs txdf x'g] e|i6frf/ / /fhgLlts If]qaf6 x'g] 7"nf e|i6frf/sf ju{df kb{5g\ . o;}u/L, ef}uf]lns If]qsf cfwf/df d'n'ssf] cfGtl/s Joj:yfkg, ;]jf k|jfx, lgo'lQm dgf]gog, /fli6«o:t/sf 7]Ssf–k§f cflbdf x'g] /fli6«o e|i6frf/ / j}b]lzs cfk"lt{, Unf]an 6]G8/, k|fs[lts ;|f]t–;fwgsf] pkof]u–

k|zf]wg, xft–xltof/sf] pTkfbg tyf v/Lb–laqmL, j}b]lzs ;xof]u cfbfg–k|bfg, j}b]lzs C0f k|jfx, ljZj zlQmsf] k|efj lj:tf/ cflbsf qmddf x'g] cGt/f{li6«o e|i6frf/sf ju{df kb{5g\ . o:t}, ;+u7gfTds k|s[ltsf cfwf/df klg ;fj{hlgs, ;fdflhs / lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/sf ¿kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .

k|efj

e|i6frf/ v/fa cfr/0fsf] pkh / u}/–sfg"gL sfo{ ePsf] x'Fbf o;af6 ;a} If]qdf gsf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 . e|i6frf/n] /fhgLlts l;4fGt, cf:yf / cfrf/df gsf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 . /fhgLlts bn, ;/sf/ / /fhgLltssdL{nfO{ st{Joaf6 Ro"t u/fO{ pgLx¿sf] 5ljnfO{ wldNofpg'sf ;fy} gful/ssf] ljZjf;df ;d]t gs/fTds k|efj kfb{5 . /fhgLltnfO{ wgL / v/fa dg;fo ePsf ju{sf] k|efjdf k'¥ofP/ ljkGg ju{ / cfd–gful/ssf] ;]jf / kx'Fraf6 6f9f k'¥ofpF5 . k|zf;lgs If]qdf sfg"gsf l5b|x¿ klxNofO{ :jfy{ k|]l/t lg0f{o ug]{ k|j[lQ a9fpF5 . /fHon] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf–;'ljwf ;]jfu|fxLn] ;xh¿kdf k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] / kLl8tn] pkrf/ gkfpg] x'G5 .

e|i6frf/sf sf/0f k|]; :jtGqtf / ;"rgfsf] xsdf k|efj kfb{5 . Gofo x/fpFb} hfG5, ck/fw df}nfpg]

x'G5 . e|i6frf/af6 ;/sf/sf] s/ tyf /fh:j c;'lndf sdL cfpF5 . sldzgtGq df}nfpF5 .

76«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ cfn]v

j}b]lzs ;xof]u / nufgLdf sdL cfpF5 . o;af6 /fli6«o cy{tGqdf gsf/fTds c;/ kb}{ hfG5 .

e|i6frf/n] Jofkf/–Joj;fodf c;/ kf5{ / hf]lvd a9fpg'sf ;fy} nfut klg a9fpg] x'Fbf dx+uL a9fpF5 . c:j:y k| lt:kwf {sf ] cj:yf l;h{gf u5{ . pBf]uL–Joj;foLx¿ bL3{sfnLg If]qsf] cf}Bf] lus nufgLeGbf tTsfn gfkmf cfpg] Jofkf/tk{m nfUg yfN5g\ .

e|i6frf/af6 ljsf; lgdf{0fdf k|efj kfb{5 . u/LaL lgjf/0f, lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgLh:tf sfo{qmddf gsf/fTds c;/ kfb{5 . o;/L e|i6frf/n] rf}tkmL{ k|efj kfg'{sf ;fy} /fli6«o :jfledfg, cl:tTj / cGt/f{li6«o¿kdf /fli6«o 5jLdf ;d]t gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf cfˆgf] /fli6«o lxtsf ljifodf 86]/ s'/f ug{÷/fVg g;Sg] agfpF5 .

o;af6 ;a} b]zaf;LnfO{ k|efj t k5{ g} To;df klg ;a}eGbf a9L k|efj ul/j / ljkGg ju{, o'jfk':tf / afnaflnsfnfO{ kb{5 . afnaflnsfsf] eljiodf o;n] gsf/fTds c;/ kfb{5 .

/fi6« lgdf{0f / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf

o'jfk':tf

/fi6« lgdf{0fdf ;a} gful/ssf] bfloTj dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . jo:s / Ho]i7 gful/s a9L cg'ejL x'G5g\ .

t/ pgLx¿sf] cg'ej, 1fg /

IfdtfnfO{ pgLx?s} ;dosf] lzIff,

;~rf/ / ;Lkn] k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 .

pgLx? :jfefljs?kdf cfˆgf] /

cfˆgf ;Gtfgsf] eljiok|lt Tolt

lrlGtt x'Fb}gg\ hlt o'jf k':tf .

cfhsf] lj1fg / k|ljlwn] ;+;f/nfO{

;fgf] agfOlbPsf] 5 . 3/}df a;]/

;+;f/sf] ljsf; / pknlAw x]g{

;lsG5 . cfhsf] lzIff k|0ffnL

klg TolQs} km/flsnf] 5 . log}

sf/0fn] ubf{ o'jfk':tfn] /fi6«

lgdf{0fdf a9L k|efjsf/L e"ldsf

lgefpg ;S5g\ . pgLx¿ d'n'saf6

e|i6frf/, ljs[lt / lj;+ultlj¿4 k|efjsf/L cfjfh p7fpg / n8\g ;Ifd x'G5g\ . dfq cfjZostf 5,

o'jf ;zlQms/0f / kl/rfngsf] . sltko d'n'sdf t o'jf ;bfrf/, o'jf ;zlQms/0f / /fHo ;~rfngdf o'jf ;+nUgtf;DaGwL ljz]if sfo{qmd g} ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ .

o'jf /fhgLlt1, o'jf ;f+;b / o'jf clwsf/sdL{n] ;du| o'jfhut\sf] ;sf/fTds cu'jfO{ ub}{ e|i6frf/, ljs[lt / lj;+ult lj¿4 k|efjsf/L cfjfh p7fpg ;S5g\ .

g]kfndf e|i6frf/sf] cj:yf / ljBdfg sfg"gL k|fjwfg

g]kfnsf] @$% jif{sf] Oltxf;nfO{ x]bf{ e|i6frf/ ;w}+ lk/nf]sf] ljifo /xFb}cfPsf] 5 . tTsfnLg /fhf k[YjLgf/f0f zfxsf] …3"; lbGof / lnGof /fi6«sf zq' x'g\Ú eGg] egfO{b]lv jt{dfg k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] cfk"m k|wfgdGqLdf lgjf{lrt x'gf;fy} e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f / ;'zf;g sfod ug' { cfˆgf] k|fyldstf x'g] eGg] egfOn] o;sf] k'i6L ub{5 . o;cl3 k6s–k6s k|wfgdGqLx¿, /fhgLlts JolQmTjx¿, ;fdflhs cleoGtfx¿b]lv cfd–gful/s;Ddn] e|i6frf/ a9\b} uPsf]df lrGtf JoQm u/]sf lyP . 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnn] x/]s jif{ k|sflzt ug]{ e|i6frf/ cjwf/0ff ;"rsfª\sn] g]kfn e|i6frf/ JofKt d'n'ssf] >]0fLdf /x]sf] b]vfpF5 eg] Unf]an s/K;g Jof/f]ld6/ ;j]{If0f, @)!# klg ljutdf eGbf ;a} If]q -/fhgLlts bn, ;+;b\, sd{rf/LtGq, Gofofno, k|x/L, lzIff

If]q, :jf:Yo If]q, ;~rf/hut\, lghL

a9L cfly{s c;dfgtf x'Fbf dflyNnf] cfly{s x}l;ot x'g]sf] /xg–;xgn] tNnf]:t/sf] hLjgz}nLdf k|efj

k/L e|i6frf/sf] sf/0f aGb5 . ljljw sf/

0faf6 x'g] d'b|fl:kmlt / /fi6«;]jsnfO{ lbOg]

tna ;'ljwf hLjg wfGg} g;Sg] ePsf] cj:yfdf e|i6frf/

a9\b5 .


If]q, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / wfld{s

;+3–;+:yfx¿_ df ljutdf eGbf

e|i6frf/ a9\b} uPsf] hgwf/0ff

/x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 .

e|i6frf/sf 36gfnfO{ x]bf{ dGqL /

;f+;bh:tf ;fj{hlgs g]t[Tj ug'{kg]{

JolQmx¿ k/]sf 5g\, sd{rf/LtGqsf

;a} txdf e|i6frf/ JofKt /x]sf]

b]lvPsf 5g\ . ;/sf/sf] /fh:j

;+sng, ah]6 afF8kmfF6 / ljsf;

lgdf{0fsf sfo{df e|i6frf/ df}nfPsf]

5 . /fHon] gful/snfO{ k'¥ofpg'kg]{

;]jf, ;'ljwf ;xh¿kdf pknAw x'g

g;s]sf u'gf;f sfod} 5g\ . o;df

klg e|i6frf/ ePsf] ;'lgG5 .

o;/L Jofks¿kdf e|i6frf/ df}nfP

klg ;du|df e|i6frf/lj¿4 ;fy{s

sbd rfNg ;lsPsf] 5}g . gLltut,

sfg"gL / ;+:yfut¿kdf Jofks ;'wf/

ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . e|i6frf/

lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] ;a} If]q

;d]6\g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;n] lghL

If]q ;d]6\b}g . ;fj{glhs If]qdf

klg ;]gf / Gofo If]q ;d]6\b}g . ;]gf

/ Gofo If]q 5'§} P]g / k|lqmofaf6

;d]l6Psf] eP klg xfn;Dd tL

If]qdf e|i6frf/lj¿4 vf;} sf/afxL

ePsf] b]lvFb}g . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f

P]g, @)%( n] gLltut e|i6frf/sf]

cg';Gwfg / sf/afxLsf] If ]q

klg vf;} ;d]6\b}g . o;/L x]bf{

of ] P ]g / clVtof/ b'¿kof ]u

cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] sfo{If]qn]

e|i6frf/hGo If]qsf] $) k|ltztdfq

;d]6]sf] b]lvG5 .

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf o'jf /fhgLlt1sf] e"ldsf / cfjZos sfo{lbzf

zfGt, ;d[4 / nf]stflGqs g]kfn ;a} g]kfnLsf] ;w}+sf] rfxgf xf] . nfdf] ;do d'n's ;z:q åGådf ¿dlnof], cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult cj¿4 x'g k'Uof], ljs[lt, lj;+ult / e|i6frf/ df}nfpg k'Uof] . b08xLgtfn] k|>o kfof] . ;ª\qmd0fsfn nDaLg k'Uof] . klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f gu/L cGTo x'Fbf ;Dk"0f{ gful/sdf lg/fzf NofPsf] eP klg bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;kmn lgjf{rg / u7gkl5 cfzf knfPsf] 5 .

d 'n'ssf ] cy{–Joj:yf hh{/ alg;s]sf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] jflif{s ah]6eGbf Jofkf/3f6f a9L 5 . ;fdfGo /f]huf/Lsf nflu o'jfk':tf ljb]lzg' k/]sf] 5 . #% nfveGbf a9L o'jfk':tf /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]lzPsf] cj:yf 5 . ltgLx¿n] k7fPsf] ljk|]if0fn] b]z / cfoftLt /fh:jn] ;/sf/ rnfpg' k/]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf ltg}dfly klg Jofks e|i6frf/ ePsf] 5 .

g]kfn ;d[4 d'n's aGg ;Sg] cg]sf}+ ;sf/fTds cfwf/ eP klg e|i6frf/ o;df 7"nf] r'gf}tL aGg k'u]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/lj¿4 s]xL ug{ ;lsPg eg] b]z c;kmn /fi6« aGg ;Sg] vt/f TolQs} 5 . gful/sdf /fhgLlts bn / /fhgLlts JolQmTj k|lt ce}m cfzf d/]sf] 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf o'jf /fhgLlts JolQmTj / ;f+;bx¿n] o;tk{m k|efjsf/L sbd rfNg' cTofjZos ePsf] 5 .

s] ug'{ knf{ t <-s_ d ' n ' s d f l j B d f g

e|i6frf/af/] rf;f] / lrGtf JoQm ub}{ o;sf] lgoGq0fdf k |e fjsf/ L sbd rfNg ;+;b\af6 ;+sNk k|:tfj kfl/t u/fpg] .

-v_ e |i6frf/ lj¿4 ;j {bnLo ; + o G q l g d f { 0 f u / L k|efjsf/L cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ug]{÷u/fpg] .

-u_ Ps jif { leq nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L d'n'snfO{ /fhgLlts ;+qmd0faf6 aflx/ lgsfNg bjfj l;h{gf ug]{ .

-3_ :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg l56f] u/fpg bafa lbg] .

-ª_ e | i6 fr f / Ln fO { ; + / I f 0 f gug]{÷gu/fpg] .

-r_ e|i6frf/lj¿4 k|efjsf/L sfg"g / ;+:yfut ;+/rgf agfpg of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]÷bafa lbg] .

-5_ ;'zf;g P]g, @)^$ sf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ bafa lbg] .

-h_ ; " rg fs f ] xs;Da G w L P]gsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg]÷bafa lbg] .

-em_ e|i6frf/lj¿4 cfd–gful/sdf r]tgf clea[ l4 ug] {÷o 'jf kl/rfng ug]{ .

-`_ ;/sf/L sfd–sf/afxLdf kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf sfod /fVg bafa lbg] .

-6_ /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ bafa lbg] .


e|i6frf/ /f]Sg /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ rflxG5

e|i6frf/ /f ]Sg ] ;aeGbf z lQ mz fn L c f }h f / s ]

xf]nfg\ < k|Zgsf] pQ/ ;ª\If]kdf lbg] xf] eg] pNn]v ug}{k5{ M kf/bzL{ Zff;gk4lt / bfloTjaf]w ug]{ /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ .

pk/f]Qm k|Zg / pQ/nfO{ ;txdf x]bf{ clt ;fdfGo nfU5 / tL Tolt ;f/f] dgdf]xs b]lvFb}gg\ . ;g;gLk"0f{ gf/f ;fd' t tL To;} cf]e]mndf k5{g\ . t/ klg ;bfrf/sf] cWoog ug] {x? x'g \ jf e|i6frf/lj¿4 sfo{/tx? x'g\, b'a}n] klxNofPsf] ;"q g} ltgdf ;dflji6 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ljut !@ jif{df ul/Psf] rf/ a]Unf–a]Un} /fli6 «o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL cWoogn] klg ToxL k'li6 u5{ .1 /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf,

/ fhgL lts OR5f, / fhgL lts ;+:sf/ljgf zf;gk4lt ;'lw|Fb}g, To;df cfjZos kg]{ bfloTj lng], kf/bzL{?kdf k|zf;g rnfpg], k|fKt clVtof/sf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ l:ylt k}bf x'Fb}g . 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] tTjfjwfgdf ePsf tL cWoog :jo+ g} e|i6frf/nfO{ lgld6ØfGg kfg{ s;/L ;lsG5 eGg]tk{msf ;zQm k|of; x'g\ . ltgsf ;'emfjx?df klg kf/blz{tf, bfloTjaf]w tyf ;'wf/f]Gd'v k|j[lQlt/ pGd'v kfOG5g\ .

utM bh{g jif{df g]kfndf ;do km]l/Psf] 5, l;+xb/af/—zf;gdf /xg ] snfsf/ ;do–;dodf ablnPsf b]lvG5g\, ;dfhsf ljifoj:t'sf] sfFr'nL klg km]l/Psf]

5 . b]zdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] wf/nfO{ pNn]vgLo geGg ldNb}g . t/ e|i6frf/sf] qmd, lg/Gt/tf, pkl:ylt, Jofkstf lagf–/f]s6f]s cl3 al9/x]sf] kfOG5 . To;nfO{ s'g} klg km]/abnn] /f]Sg ;s]sf] b]lvGg . clg ToxL e|i6frf/sf] df/df k/]/ b]zdf :yfloTj :yflkt x'g g;s]sf] kl/b[Zo ;a};fd' 5n{Ë 5, cfly{s pGgltdf cj/f]w k}bf ePsf], b]zsf] ultzLntf /f]lsPsf] ;a}nfO{ cg'ej 5 . t/ klg e|i6frf/sf] h/f]nfO{ km}ng glbg vf;} s]xL ul/Gg .

kfFr s/f]8sf] df]xgL

kl5Nnf]kN6sf] Ps pbfx/0fn] o;nfO{ a9L :ki6?kdf cf}++NofPsf]

e|i6frf/ /f]Sg] ;aeGbf zlQmzfnL cf}hf/ s] xf]nfg\ < k|Zgsf] pQ/ ;ª\If]kdf lbg] xf] eg] pNn]v ug}{k5{ M kf/bzL{

Zff;gk4lt / bfloTjaf]w ug]{ /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ ./fds[i0f /]UdL

1 6L=cfO{=Pg= Pg=cfO{=P;= k|ltj]bg, ;g\ @))@, @))$, @)!@ / @)!$


5 .2 ;f+;bsf nflu @$) lgjf{rg If]qsf] ljsf;sf] gfddf kfFr–kfFr s/f]8 ¿k}ofFsf] dfu ljifodf ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5nkmnsf] cGt/j:t' / z}nLn] g]kfnL /fhgLlts ;+:sf/df cfPsf] ljs[ltsf] ;xL ?k k]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . kfFr s/f]8 ¿k}ofFdf r'xfOPsf] ¥ofnn] Tof] ljs[ltnfO{ Ps lsl;dn] kl/eflift u/]sf] :ki6 x'G5 .

/fhgLlts v]dfaf6 af]lng] ;]jfefj, TofueËLdf tyf z'4tfnfO{ kfFr s/f]8sf] dfun] k"/f JoUª\o u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ eOlbPsf] eP ;f+;bx? cfk"mnfO{ kfFr s/f]8sf] k|;Ëaf6 cnu /fVg] lyP, bnx? klg To;df df}g jf ;lqmo?kdf Tolt ;+nUg x'g] lyPgg\ . To;sf] abnfdf ;Da4 If]qsf] ;+/rgf 9fFrfnfO{, ljsf;:j?knfO{, lgdf{0f gS;fnfO{ a9L ;3g / ;d[4 kfg{ gLltut, of]hgfut ax;df ;dlk{t x'g] lyP . /fli6 «o ;+/rgfsf], k|ult / ljsf;sf] gS;fª\sgsf] lhDdf lnP/ ;bg k'u]sf ;f+;bnfO{ cfˆgf nflu kfFr s/f]8sf] lgldQ Toltsf] wfdf ug'{kg]{ lyPg .

lgjf {rg If ]qsf nflu ljsf;, Joj:yfkg, lgdf{0f, ;Def/, ;]jf–;'ljwfsf] ;'netf / lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ Toltsf Ph]G8f To;} lsgf/fdf kl//x]sf 5g\ . ToxfFsf ;+zfwgnfO{ ;b'kof]u ug'{kg]{, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf]

;+/If0f ug'{kg]{, dfgjLo ;+zfwgnfO{ ljb]lzg glbO{ oxL+ /f]huf/L lbg'kg]{, lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, oftfoft tyf cfjf;sf lgldQ ;'ljwf ;'ne u/fpg] lbzfdf cgluGtL sfo{ ug'{kg]{ s'/f s;}af6 klg l5k]sf] 5}g . kfFr s/f]8k|lt b]vfOPsf] ;r]ttf, hfFu/,

nugzLntf tL Ph]G8fk|lt ljz]if u/L tL;Fu ;Da4 gLltk|lt nufOPsf] eP g]kfnsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf] /]vfª\sg ;lhnf] x'g] lyPg / <

lgjf{rg If]qsf] ljsf; clgjfo{ g} xf], ;Dk"0f{ lgjf{rg If]q ljsl;t eP g]kfnsf] ljsf; x'g] s'/f ;xL xf] . logdf ljjfb ug'{ cfjZos 5}g, t/ lgjf{rg If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;Da4 ;f+;bsf] kl/j]zdf x]bf{ ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffk|lt s;/L Gofo ug{ ;lsG5 . ;f] lrGtg ug'{kg{] ljifo xf] . ;f+;bnfO{ ;fwg ;DkGg u/fpFbf lgjf{rg If]qsf] ljsf; s;/L kf]lift x'g hfG5 < hfGg]x? eG5g\M h:tf];'s} JofVof ul/P klg ;f+;bnfO{ lgjf{rg If]qsf] gfddf /sd k|fjwfg ubf{ cGTodf Tof] /sd ;f+;b ljz]ifsf] ljj]s, ;'ljwf / nx8df vr{ x'g hfG5 . h;af6 lgjf{rg If]qdf nfe k'Ug] ck]Iff ug{ cK7Øf/f] x'G5 . of] jf:tjdf ;f+;b dflysf] cljZjf; xf]Og, /sd ;b'kof]u gx'g] ljs[ltk|ltsf] lrGtf / eo xf] .

ljutdf k|fjwfg ePsf -klxn] lj=;+= @)%@ sf] rf/ nfv xf];\ jf kl5Nnf] @)%& b]lvsf] bz nfv ¿k}ofF_ ;b'kof]u x'g g;s]sf] kl/j]znfO{ r6Ss lal;{P/ kfFr s/f]8sf] dfu cfpg' cfk}mFdf gldNg] s'/f xf] . To; cg'kftdf lbOg] cfly{s ;+zfwgn] cfly{s clgoldttf a9fpg] :ki6

2 ;f+;bsf nflu /sd ljifodf sf8df8f}+ / cGoqsf kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ;fdu|Ldf cfwfl/t, h]7 c;f/ @)&!3 dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg, @)&)

/fhgLlts v]dfaf6 af]lng] ;]jfefj, Tofue·Ldf tyf

z'4tfnfO{ kfFr s/f]8sf] dfun] k"/f JoUª\o

u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ eOlbPsf] eP ;f+;bx? cfk"mnfO{

kfFr s/f]8sf] k|;·af6 cnu /fVg] lyP .,

bnx? klg To;df df}g jf ;lqmo?kdf Tolt ;+nUg x'g] lyPgg\ .

To;sf] abnfdf ;Da4 If]qsf] ;+/rgf 9fFrfnfO{, ljsf;:j?knfO{, lgdf{0f

gS;fnfO{ a9L ;3g / ;d[4 kfg{ gLltut,

of]hgfut ax;df ;dlk{t x'g] lyP .


5 . o;nfO{ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif {s k|ltj]bgn] :ki6?kdf cf} +NofO;s]sf] 5 .3 g]kfndf clxn] cEof; ul/Psf] n]vf k/LIf0f, tyf cfly{s lgu/fgL ug]{ jf lgofds ;+:yfn] Tof] cg'kftsf] vr{nfO{ ;xL eP–gePsf] 7Dofpg] l:ylt 5}g . /sd d"ntM ;f+;bsf] ljj]sdf x'g] vr{sf] ?kdf k|of]u x'g] lglZrt 5 . To;df ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0fsf nflu Jojxf/df cª\s'z nfpg] sf]xL b]lvFb}g .

o:tf] /sdaf6 /fhgLltleq /x]sf] ;]jfefjnfO{ k|b"lift u/L ef}lts df}lb|s nfesf] nflu /fhgLlt eGg] efj / cfbt k|a4{g x'g] eo x'G5 . cf7 dlxgfcl3 ePsf] ;+ljwfg;ef bf];|f] lgjf{rg cleofgdf jt{dfg ;f+;bn] lbPsf jrg tyf u/]sf] k|lta4tfsf] b[li6sf]0f pxfFx?n] clxn] kfFr s/f]8 ¿k}ofFsf nflu u/]sf] dl/xQ];Fu d]n vfFb}g . g]kfnn] :jLsf/]sf] /fhgLlts bn s]lGb|t k|0ffnL;Fu klg ;f+;b—s]lGb|t ;fwg x:tfGt/0f ;'xfpg] s'/f xf]Og . ;f+;bnfO{ lbOPsf] ;+zfwg bnsf] k|ToIf–ck|ToIf lgoGq0fdf /xg] l:ylt klg b]lvGg .

;f+;bsf nflu /sd plrt xf]Og egL s]xLn] cfjfh p7fP klg To;nfO{ lemgf] :j/df prflnPsf] b] lvG5 . cfGtl/s?kdf ltg} cfjfhn] /sd t glbO{ x' Fb}g egL bf]xf]/f] e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf]

s'/f lj1x? atfpF5g\ . cfd–;~rf/dfWoddf, gful/s ;dfhaLr tyf cGo ;fdflhs If]qdf ;f+;bnfO{ /sd lbg]af/] lj/f]w ePkl5 s]xLn] cf}krfl/stfsf nflu lj/f]w u/]sf] / s]xLn] lgoGq0fsf] ;+/rgfsf] k|Tofe"lt gu/L lbg' x'Fb}g egL c8fg lnPsf] b]lvG5 .

zfob o;} b[li6n] xf]nf of] k|;ËnfO{

l/6dfkm{t\ Gofofnodf nluPsf] .

ToxfFaf6 lg0f{o geO;s]sf] ljifodf

s] km};nf lbg' egL Tof] clxn]

lkmtf{ ePsf] l:ylt 5 .4 lgjf{rg

If]qsf] ljsf;h:tf] uxg k|;ËnfO{

/sd 5g]{ h:tf] u/L lng' cfk}mFdf

g;'xfpg] s'/f xf] . gofF cfly{s

jif{ @)&!—&@ sf] ah]6n] dfunfO{

;Daf]wg ug{ k"0f{tM /fhgLlts

s"6gLlt u/]sf] 5 . ;f+;bnfO{

l/emfpg] sf8{ v]lnPsf] 5, bz

nfvnfO{ !% nfvdf a9fOPsf]

5, lgjf{rg If]qdf Ps s/f]8sf]

cfof]hgf lbg] k|fjwfg ul/Psf] 5,

cfly{s clgoldttfsf] ;Defjgf

/f]Sg]lt/ ;f]r 5}g . e|i6frf/

/f]Sg cfjZos /fhgLlts ;+:sf/

eOlbPsf] eP o:tf] x'g] lyPg .

;'zf;g P]g, ;"rgfsf] xs, n]vf

k/LIf0f P]g / clVtof/ b'¿kof]u

cg';Gwfg cfof ]usf wf l/nf

cf}hf/n] klg e|i6frf/nfO{ /f]Sg t

s] ;Daf]wg;Dd klg gu/]sf] l:ylt

5 . tL sfg"gL k|fjwfgdf lgs} ;an

eP klg jf:tljs w/ftndf lg:t]h

5g\ . of] k[i7e"lddf ;f+;bnfO{

lgjf{rg If]qsf] ljsf;sf] gfddf

ljQLo k|fjwfg ubf{ klxn] b]lvg}

ylnPsf] cfly{s sf/f]af/sf] 9fFrf

emg\ clgoldttflt/ ws]lng]5 .

z"Go ;xgzLntfdfly k|xf/

…e|i6frf/k|ltsf] z"Go ;xgzLntfÚ of]

t pRr sf]6Lsf] arg xf], / xfn}sf

4 ;Da4 ljifodf lbOPsf] l/6 lgj]bgaf/] k|sflzt ;dfrf/, c;f/ @^, @)&!

;f+;bsf nflu /sd plrt xf]Og egL s]xLn] cfjfh p7fP klg To;nfO{

lemgf] :j/df prflnPsf] b]lvG5 . cfGtl/s?kdf ltg} cfjfhn] /sd t glbO{ x'Fb}g egL bf]xf]/f] e"ldsf

v]ln/x]sf] s'/f lj1x? atfpF5g\ .


s]xL ;/sf/sf] k|lta4tf xf] . To;df cGtlg{lxt efjgfnfO{ g;x|fpg' cw]{NofO{+ x'g;S5 . t/ Tof] clxn] kmut\ Ps gf/f ag]sf] 5 . ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;]jf lng] sfpG6/–sfpG6/df x'g] n]gb]g, 6]land'lgsf] sf/f]af/, cb[Zo ;fF7ufF7 clg xfsfxfsL 3"; k|s/0fn] Tof ] gf/fnfO { kf ]tf ] blnlbPsf] ;Gbe{ s;nfO{ yfxf 5}g / < gLltnfO{ g} tf]8df]8 u/]/ jf ljnDa u/]/ jf lg0f{onfO{ ckx/0f u/]/ x'g] u/]sf] e|i6frf/sf] uDeL/tfdf t sf] kf] k:g ;s]sf] 5 / <

/fhgLlts ;+:sf/ ePsf] eP jf cf;gdf /x]sf clVtof/L kfPsfx? cln ;+j]bgzLn eOlbPsf] eP zf;g xfFSg] /fhgLlts zlQmx? olt nfdf] ;do;Dd e|i6frf/sf lj¿4 ukmdfq u/]/ a:g] lyPgg\ . kfFr s/f]8sf] dfusf nflu Tolt la£g ;do, >d / zlQm vlr{g] lyPgg\ . ltgn] oyfy{df s]xL 7f]; sfo{ u/]/ To;nfO{ lgoGq0f ul/;Sy] . kfFr s/f]8 ¿k}ofFsf] d fusf ] ljsNkdf ee {/ fp Fb f cfof]hgf cl3 ;fl/;Sy] .

To:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] of] b'/fj:yf x'g] lyPg M () k|ltzt g]kfnLsf ] 7DofO 5 M b]zdf /fhgLlts bn e|i6 jf clt e|i6 5g\, *% k|ltzt g]kfnLsf] ljrf/df g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs sfof{nodf

sfo{/t clws[tx? e|i6 jf clt e|i6 5g\, &@ k|ltzt g]kfnLsf] cg'ejdf ljut b'O{ jif{df b]zdf e|i6frf/ a9]sf] 5 .5 ;g\ @)!# sf] s/K;g k;]{K;g OG8]S;n] g]kfnnfO{ e|i6frf/sf] b[li6n] !&& b]zdWo] !!^ cf}+ :yfgdf /fv]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] /fli6 «o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL sdhf ] / 5 . ljutdf nfdf ]

;do;DDf Joj:yflksfsf] z"Gotf / :yfgLo:t/df nfdf] cjlw;Dd lgjf{lrt lgsfosf] cefjn] ubf{ To;nfO{ lgs} czQm kf/]sf] cj:yf 5 . k|0ffnLsf ;a}h;f] :tDedf s'g} g s'g} 9Ën] /fhgLlts bnx?sf] k|ToIf–k/f]If x:tIf]k x'g] s'/f klg k|0ffnLsf] csf]{ 7"nf] sdhf]/L xf] . oL b'a} sdhf]/Ln] ;a} :tDedf Ps lsl;dsf] nx/] c;/ k}bf u/]/ /f;k|nfO{ lzlyn kfl/lbPsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ltgsf] sf/0f o:tf] l:ylt pTkGg ePsf] 5 ls h;df ljBdfg sfg"g sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sb}g . /fhgLlts bnx?sf] bnLo :jfy{n] vf; sfg"g sfof{Gjog x'g] jf gx'g] eGg] s'/f to x'ghfg] cj:yf 5 .6

o:tf] uDeL/ l:yltnfO{ abNg lgjf{lrt Joj:yflksf ;+;b\h:tf] pRr ;+:yfdf ;f+;bx?n] cfˆgf nf lu ; ' ljwf /sd cf lbsf ] Joj:yfkg ug]{lt/ ;f]Rg'eGbf b]zsf] cfjZostfcg'?k gful/ssf] cfsfª\Iff / rfxgfadf]lhdsf sfo{ k"/f ug{lt/ nfUbf k|hftGqdf cfjZos kg]{ /fhgLlts ;+:sf/sf] ;Da4{g x'g] lyof] . clg To;af6 e|i6frf/nfO{ x6fpg clt cfjZos kg]{ ;+:sf/ ljsl;t ug{ ;lhnf] kg]{ lyof] .

-jl/i7 kqsf/ /]UdL ldl8of cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg x'g'x'G5 ._

5 Unf]an s/K;g Aof/f]ld6/ -ljZjJofkL e|i6frf/ dfkg_, h'nfO{ @)!# 6 /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL n]vfhf]vf @)!$ -g];gn Ol06lu|6L l;:6d P;];d]G6 @)!$_

;j{;fwf/0fn] ;]jf lng] sfpG6/–

sfpG6/df x'g] n]gb]g, 6]land'lgsf] sf/f]af/, cb[Zo ;fF7ufF7 clg

xfsfxfsL 3"; k|s/0fn] Tof] gf/fnfO{ kf]tf] blnlbPsf] ;Gbe{ s;nfO{ yfxf 5}g / < gLltnfO{ g} tf]8df]8

u/]/ jf ljnDa u/]/ jf lg0f{onfO{

ckx/0f u/]/ x'g] u/]sf] e|i6frf/sf]

uDeL/tfdf t sf] kf] k:g ;s]sf] 5 / <


;'zf;g / ljsf;sf] k"j{zt{M b08xLgtfsf] cGTo

;/sf/n] @)^( ;fndf s'a]/l;+ /fgfnfO{ k|x/L k|d'v agfpFbf

/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/af6 Jofks lj/f]w eof] . pgL @)^) ;fnsf] c;f]h @! ut] hgsk'/df ;~hLas'df/ s0f{nufot % hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ a]kQf kf/]sf] / xTofsf cf/f]lktdWo]sf Ps x'g\ . ;f]xL 36gfsf csf{ cf/f]lkt r'8faxfb'/ >]i7nfO{ ;To / a]kQf cfof]u ljWo]os d;f}bf ;'emfj ;ldltsf] ;b:o agfpg] w[i6tf km]l/ ;/sf/n] u¥of] . t/ To;sf] ;d]t Jofks lj/f]w ePkl5 pQm ;ldltaf6 pgn] /fhLgfdf lbP .+

To;}u/L , sfe | ]sf ;dfh;]jL ch{'g nfdfsf] xTofsf cf/f]lkt Pdfcf]jfbLsf clUgk|;fb ;fksf]6f / ;"o{dfg bf]ª dGqL / /fHodGqL eP . o;/L åGåsfnsf b'a} kIfsf cf/f]lktx?nfO{ Goflos bfo/fdf NofOPg . a? nfh krfP/ eP klg ltgLx?nfO{ k'/:s[t ul/of] . nf]stGq

/ ljlwsf] zf;gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ hgfb]z kfPsf zf;sx?n] g;'xfpg] sfd u/] . o:tf] k|j[lQn] ;'zf;gdf ljZjf; / rf;f] /fVg] hf]–sf]xLnfO{ klg lrlGtt t'NofPsf] 5 . o;af6 /fhgLltsf] cf8df h] ubf{ klg hfoh tyf 5'6 x'G5 eGg] unt ghL/ / ;Gb]z k|jfx ePsf] 5 . kLl8tsf kL8fdfly yk kL8f lbg] sfd /fHon] u/]sf] 5 . kL8snfO{ uf}/jzfnL agfpg] / b08xLgtfnfO{ k|>o lbg] sfd u/]sf] 5 .

oxL ;fpg ! ut ] sfo {jfxs k|wfgdGqL /x]sf u[xdGqL afdb]j uf}tdn] /fhwfgLdf ;'/Iff;Da4 Ps cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngdf k|x/Ln] sfg"gL zf;gnfO{ sfod /fVg ;s]g eg] d'n's g} /xFb}g eg] . ;'zf;g sfod /fVg] sfd k|x/Lsf] xf ] . of ] gful/s;Fu ;DalGwt ;+:yf xf] . o;k|lt cljZjf; x'g' eg]sf] /fHok|lt g} cfd–gful/ssf] cljZjf; xf] eg]/ yk egfO{ klg

/fv] . t/ ToxL u[xdGqfno ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]znfO{ kfngf gu/L oL b'a} 36gfsf] 5fglag gu/L gLrdf/f eP/ a;]sf] 5 . a? To;sf] ;f6f] cf/f]lktx? k'/:s[t ePsf 5g\ . pgLx? ;/sf/L cËsf k|d'v x:tL eP/;d]t a;] . ;/sf/ hjfkmb]xL aGg ;s]g . …sfd Psflt/ / af]nL csf{lt/Ú sf] egfO{ u[xdGqL uf}tdn] ;fsf/ kf/]sf 5g\ .

To;}u/L, cf]vn9'Ëfsf pHhgs'df/ > ] i7sf ] xTofdf ;j {:j;lxt hGds}bsf] k}m;nf kfPsf afns[i0f 9'Ë]n v'nd–v'Nnf 3'ld/fv]sf 5g\ . t/ ;f]xL 36gfdf csf{ bf]ifL 7x/ ePsf k'is/ uf}td eg] kqmfpdf k/] . km/s oltdfq xf] 9'Ë]nn] g]skf Pdfcf]jfbLsf] /fhgLlts ;+/If0f kfPsf 5g\ . t/ k'is/n] Tof] ;f}efUo kfPgg\ . s'g} klg ljlwzf:qaf6 9'Ë]nn] 5'6 kfpFb}gg\ . t/ lj8Dagf, /fhgLlts

nf]stGq / ljlwsf] zf;gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ hgfb]z kfPsf zf;sx?n] g;'xfpg] sfd u/] . o:tf] k|j[lQn] ;'zf;gdf ljZjf; / rf;f] /fVg] hf]–sf]xLnfO{ klg lrlGtt t'NofPsf] 5 . o;af6 /fhgLltsf] cf8df h] ubf{ klg hfoh tyf 5'6

x'G5 eGg] unt ghL/ / ;Gb]z k|jfx ePsf] 5 . kLl8tsf kL8fdfly yk kL8f lbg] sfd /fHon] u/]sf] 5 . kL8snfO{ uf}/jzfnL agfpg] / b08xLgtfnfO{ k|>o

lbg] sfd u/]sf] 5 .

r/0f k|;fO{+

cfn]v

14 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g ‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

k|efjaf6 g]kfn k|x/Ln] pgnfO{ 5'g ;s]sf] 5}g . d'n'sdf b08xLgtfn] k|>o kfPsf] of] csf]{ b[i6fGt xf] .

cbfntsf] k}m;nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo u[x dGqfno xf] . sfg"g kfngf u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L o;cGtu{tsf lgsfox?df kb{5 . :jo+ of] ;+:yf eg] /fhgLltsf] 5fofFaf6 d'Qm x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;n] ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt lbPsf] 5}g . …;fgfnfO{ P]g 7"nfnfO{ r}gÚ eGg] plQm rl/tfy{ ePsf] 5 . To;}n] u[xdGqLn] dg 5'g] u/L ;}4flGts efif0f u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g . Tof] Jojxf/df nfu" x'g'k5{ . ;a}n] a'‰g] / b]Vg] u/L /fi6«df ;'zf;g k|Tofe"t ePsf] cg'e"lt x'g'kb{5 .

of] s'/f p7fO/xFbf u[xdGqL uf}tdnfO{ nfUnf of] ljifo åGåsfnLg ;dosf] xf] . o;n] b08xLgtf / ;'zf;g;Fu s'g} ;/f]sf/ /fVb}g eg]/ . t/ pgnfO{ hfgsf/L x'g'k5{– ;'zf;gn] s'g} sfn s'b}{g . of] Pp6f lg/Gt/ rln/xg] Ps ;fZjt\ k|lqmof xf] . /fHon] cjnDag ug]{ ;+:sf/ xf] . of] JolQmsf] x}sdaf6 rNb}g . sfg"g / ljlwsf] ;jf]{RrtfnfO{ cFufn]sf] x'G5 . b08xLgtfn] lsdfy{ k|>o kfpFb}g . sfg"gsf b[li6df ;a} a/fa/ x'G5g\ . alnof], ljZjf;of]Uo / e/kbf ] { / fHosf ] pkl:ylt o;n] u/fpF5 .

tyflk, zf;s ju{nfO{ x]Ssf x'g'k5{, b08xLgtfnfO{ k|>o glbg] k|ltj4tf lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] ;ftf}++ a'Fbfdf ;/sf/ / tTsfnLg ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbLsf aLr ePsf]

5 . tTsfnLg /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] k|ToIf

zf;gsfndf ;d]t, dfcf]jfbL /

;ft /fhgLlts bnaLr ePsf]

!@ aF'b] ;dembf/L–kqdf zflGt

k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] qmddf

dfgjclwsf/sf] k"0f{ ;Ddfg ug]{

jrg cf7f}+ aF'bfdf k/]sf] 5 . ;fy},

lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] k|:tfjgfdf

;d]t dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL

3f]if0ff–kq, !($*, cGt/f{li6«o

dfgjLo sfg"g tyf dfgjclwsf/

;DaGwL cfwf/e "t l;4fGt /

dfGotfx?k|lt k|ltj4 /x]sf] 5 .

h;sf] ;'zf;g;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw

/xG5 . t/ To;sf] kfngf eg]

ePsf] 5}g .

b'Mv;fy pNn]v ug{'k5{– d'n'sdf

;ª\qmd0fsfnsf] jxfgfdf ;a}vfn]

ck/fwn] /fhgLlts ;+/If0f kfPsf]

5 . e|i6frf/ lbgfg'lbg df}nfpFbf] 5 .

e|i6frf/ / cfk/flws ultljlwsf]

/fhgLlts/0f ePsf] 5 . o;df z"Go

;xgzLntfsf] gLlt cjnDag ug]{

eg]/ ;/sf/ / g]t[Tjtxn] af]Ng

5f]8]sf 5}gg\ . t/ To;nfO{ ;+/If0f

ug]{ / ;'/Iff lbg] ynf] bnsf zlQm

s]Gb| g} ePsf 5g\ . ;/sf/n]

df}g ;dy{g bzf{Psf] 5 . To;}n]

sfg"g lrGg] t/ JolQmnfO{ glrGg]

/d]zk|;fb v/]nh:tf OdfGbf/

/ s'zn k|x/LnfO{ ;'zf;gsf

ctL { –pkb ]z lbg ] u [xdGqLn ]

;xg ;s]gg\ . lsgeg] pgn]

sfg"gsf] k"hf u/], JolQmsf] u/]gg\ .

zlQms]Gb|sf] cfb]zeGbf sfg"gsf]

lgb]{znfO{ kfngf ug{ cfzQm eP .

JolQmsf] xf]Og, ljlwsf] zf;gdf

ljZjf; u/] .

To;}n] c;n Joj:yfkg / ;'zf;g JolQm ljz]i fsf ] OR5fzlQmdf e/ kb{5 . c;n / Odfgbf/ gful/s / /fi6«;]jsnfO{ g]t[Tjn] ;fy lbg'kb{5 . sf]/f efif0f u/]/ xf]Og– pbfx/0f ag]/ b]vfpg ;Sg'k5{ . t/ g]kfndf /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] cf8df h] u/] klg x'G5 / hfoh 5g\ eGg] unt ;+:sf/ / k|j[lQ a9]/ uPsf] 5 . lglxt :jfy{n] c;n sfdsfhL dflg;nfO{ kfvf nufpg] sfd ePsf] 5 . s'/Llt / e|i6frf/nfO{ dnhn ug]{x? alnof / zlQmzfnL ag]sf 5g\ . c/fhstfsf] ef;df d'n's km:b} uPsf] 5 . dfgjclwsf/ / ljlwsf] zf;gsf] ckdfg ug]{ sfo{df a[l4 ePsf] 5 . of]hgfj4 9Ëaf6 Gofo k|0ffnLsf] t]hf]aw ul/Psf] 5 . cbfntsf] k}m;nfnfO{ /fhgLlts cf8df gdfGg / nfu" gug{ kfOPsf] 5 . nf]stflGqs cEof;sf] ynf] ;+;b\ u}/–;+j}wflgs dfunfO{ ;d]t lnP/ aGbL aGgyfn]sf] 5 .

; + l jw fg;e f r 'g fj I f ] qd f :j]R5frf/L 9Ëaf6 ljsf; lgdf{0f ug{ ;ef;b\sf] bfbflu/Ldf d'n's km:g afWo ePsf] 5 . % s/f]8 dfunfO{ vKg g;s]/ ;/sf/n] ! s/f]8 lbg] ePsf] 5 . b; nfv ;f+;b sf]ifsf] Jofks b'¿kof]u ePsf] oyfy{ ;fj{hlgs eP klg To;df % nfv yk]/ !% nfv k'¥ofpg ;/sf/ nfrf/ ag]sf] 5 . tLg bnLo :j]R5frf/L zf;gdf /fi6« aGbL ag]sf] 5 .

cfn]v


@)^@÷)^# sf] hgefjgf / )&) ;fnsf] kl5Nnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] hgfb]z kfngf u/]/ ;'zf;g / nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg d'n'sn] kfpg] cfzfdfly sfnf] afbn d8fl/g yfn]sf] 5 . lsgeg] Gofo / ;'zf;geGbf zlQms]Gb|sf] af]nafnf a9]sf] 5 . 5f]/f s[i0fk|;fbsf] xTofsf] Gofo dfUb} hLjg / d[To'sf] bf];fFwdf /x]sf uËfdfof / gGbk|;fb clwsf/ L cfd/0f cg;gn] ;/sf/nfO{ 5f]Pg . /fhgLlts ;xdlt gfdsf] xnf] c8\sfP/ uf]?nfO{ ;f:tL lbg] sfd ePsf] 5 . / cfd–gful/s o;sf] kL8f vKg nfrf/ ePsf 5g\ .

bnLo / fhgL lts ;xd ltsf gfddf d 'n 's b08xLgtfsf ] bnbndf km;]sf] 5 . o;sf] h/f] :yfgLo:t/df ;d]t k'u]sf] 5 . o;af6 ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt cfsfzsf] kmnh:tf] ag]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ljs[ltsf] ljhf/f]k0f ePsf] 5 . kLl8tsf] Gofo kfpg] cfzf / e/f];fdf t';/fkft x'gyfn]sf] 5 . /fhgLltsf gfddf h:tf];'s} ck/fw klg 5'6 x'g;S5 eGg] ghL/ :yfkgf ug]{ w[i6tf ePsf] 5 . /fhgLltdf e|i6frf/ / lx+;f hfoh 5g\ eGg] ceLi6 k"/f ug{ nfluk/]sfnfO{ ;3fPsf] 5 . o;af6 d'n'sn] ;'zf;g / lbuf] zflGtk|fKt ug]{ clenfiff vnalnPsf] 5 . g;f]r]sf] s'/f d'n'sn] ef]u]sf] 5 .

o;f] elg/xFbf /fhgLlts ;xdlt cfk}mF +df v/fa ;"q eg] cjZo

xf]Og . t/ kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ o;sf] Jofks b'¿kof]u ePsf] 5 . / o;n] abgfdL klg v]k]sf] 5 . Gofo / ;'zf;gsf] kIfdf of] pleg ;s]sf] 5}g . Gofod"lt{ lvn/fh /]UdL /fi6«sf] sfo{sf/L k|d'v x'Fbf klg cbfntsf] k}m;nfx?nfO{ sfof {Gjog ug{ o;n] lbPg . of] /fli6«o :jfy{eGbf bnLo / JolQmut :jfy{sf] 3]/fdf v'lDrPsf] 5 . ljlwsf] zf;gsf] kIfdf xf]Og, JolQmsf] k|efjdf of] k/]sf] 5 . kLl8t xf]Og, kL8ssf] kIfkftL ePsf] 5 .

zLif{:y elgg] g]tfx? ;+ljwfg / sfg"geGbf dfly 5g\ eGg] pgsf Jojxf/n] b]vfPsf] 5 . b08xLgtf

df}nfpFbf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o d"No–

dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Psf]

5}g . OdfGbf/ / c;n gful/s tyf

/fi6«;]js k'/:s[t xf]Og, ckdflgt

ePsf 5g\ . e|i6 cfr/0f ePsf

JolQmx? k|f]T;flxt ePsf 5g\ .

xfn;fn} ;jf]{Rrsf GofofwLzx?sf]

lgo'lQm k|s/0faf6 GofofnonfO{

alnof] xf]Og, sdhf]/ agfpg]

v]n ;'? ePsf] 5 . nf]stGqsf]

d]?b08 Gofo / ;'zf;g ;+:yfut

ug]{ sfd efif0fdf ;Lldt ePsf] 5 .

d'n'sdf bL3{sfnLg xf]Og, Ifl0fs

/fhgLlts kmfObfn] k|fyldstf

kfPsf] 5 .

Gofo, ;'zf;g / ljsf; JolQmut

g]t[Tjsf] v'aLsf] klg s'/f xf] .

o;sf] pbfx/0fsf nflu xfdLn] w]/}

6f9f hfg' kb}{g . laxf/df lgltz

s'df/ d'VodGqLnfO{ lnP x'G5 .

pgsf] sfo{sfndf ljxf/sf] ljsf;

csNkgLo 9Ëaf6 eof] . s'g}

7"nf] rdTsf/L sfd u/]sf xf]Ogg\–

pgn] . klxnf] k|fyldstf ck/fw

lgoGq0fnfO{ lbP . b08xLgtf cGTo

ug]{ cleofg rnfP . ljlwsf] zf;g

nfu" ug{ ;Demf}tf u/]gg\ . JolQmeGbf

sfg"gsf] ;jf]{RrtfnfO{ cËLsf/

u/]/ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] /fhgLlt

u/] . /fhgLltnfO{ ck/fwLs/0faf6

d'Qm ug]{ sfo{ cfˆg} kf6L{af6 ;'?

u/] . e|i6frf/ / b08xLgtfk|lt z"Go

;xgzLntfsf] gLlt / ukmdf xf]Og,

Jojxf/df nfu" u/] . To;}n] ljxf/sf]

;'zf;g / ljsf; df]8nsf] hfgsf/L

lng / To;af6 l;Sg 8f=afa'/fd

e§/fO{nufotsf g]kfnsf g]tfx?

lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] k|:tfjgfdf ;d]t dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff–kq,

!($*, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"g tyf

dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;4fGt /

dfGotfx?k|lt k|ltj4 /x]sf] 5 . h;sf] ;'zf;g;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw /xG5 . t/ To;sf] kfngf eg]

ePsf] 5}g .

cfn]v


ToxfF uP . 1fg–u'g xfl;n klg u/] . t/ To;af6 kf7 eg] l;s]gg\ .

;Qf?9 bn ef/tLo hgtf kf6L{n] -jLh]kL_ g/]Gb| bfdf]b/bf; df]bL ef/tsf] k|wfgdGqL ePkl5 lbNnL ;/sf/sf] d'VodGqLsf pDd]bjf/sf] vf]hL ePsf] lyof] . o;} qmddf To;sf nflu pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ k"j{k|x/L clws[t ls/0f a]bLsf] klxrfg ePsf] va/ ;fj{hlgs eof] . lsgeg] pgn] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /xFbf zlQms]Gb|eGbf sfg"gsf] ;fy lnOg\ . b08xLgtf / e|i6frf/ pgsf ;a}eGbf 7"nf zq' lyP . e|i6frf/lj¿4 / ;'zf;gsf] kIfdf cGgf xhfl/sfnfO{ v'n]/ ;fy lbOg\ . casf] ;'zf;g / ljsf;sf] k|Tofe"lt b08xLgtfsf] cGToaf6 dfq x'g;S5 eGg] jLh]kLn] 7x/ u/]sf] lyof] . e|i6frf/ / a]lyltsf] cfqmfGtdf km;]sf lbNnLaf;Lsf] ljZjf; lhTg / ;'zf;g nfu" ug{ p;n] a]bLsf] g]t[Tj /f]Hof] .

b f ]; | f ] ljZjo '4t fsf hfk fg , :s ] l 08g ] leog / o ' / f ] k ]n L sltko d'n'sx? xjfO{ / ;}lgs cfqmd0faf6 k|foM Wj:t ePsf lyP . tyflk, o'4sf] jxfgfdf ; 'zf;gsf d "No / dfGotfdf ltgn] ;Demf}tf u/]gg\ . cfˆgf] d'n'snfO{ ljsl;t d'n'sx?sf bfFhf]df kms{g !% jif{ klg ltgn] s'g'{ k/]g . To;a]nf tL b]zx?df dfgjLo / ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] 7"n} Iflt ePsf] lyof] . t/ o'4af6 afFr]sf gful/sx? ;'zf;gk|lt k|ltj4 /x] . ;fy}, ljsf;k|ltsf]

b[9 OR5fzlQm g8udufPsf] k|ltkmn ltgn] kfP .

To;}n] oL k|foM Wj:t ePsf d'n'sx?df ljsf;sf ultnfO{ s;}n] /f]Sg ;s]g . ToxfF sfg"gsf gh/df ;a} ;dfg 5g\ eGg ] Jofjxfl/s cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsg] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/] . 8]gdfs{sf Ps ldqn] kª\lQmsf/nfO{ eg]sf lyP, pgsf] b]zdf /fhgLltnfO{ a8f] ;DdfgLt v]nsf] ?kdf cËLsf/ ul/G5 . ;fj{hlgs JolQmsf cfr/0f / Jojxf/ cfd–gful/ssf s;Ldf kb{5g\ . ljz]if u/]/ s'g} klg /fhgLlt1af6 hfgfhfg sfg"g tf]8]sf] 7x/ ePdf gful/saf6 pm

;f]e}m lt/:s[t x'G5 . /, p;sf] / fhgL lts eljio g } ;dfKt x'g] ub{5 . utjif{ a]nfot e|d0fsf] cj;/df cd]l/sfsL k"j{ljb]zdGqL Pj+ ;Defljt /fi6«klt pDd]bjf/ lxnf/L lSnG6gn] n08g ;x/df k'u]sL lyOg\ . ToxfF yfxf gkfP/ pgn] unt :yfgdf cfˆgf] uf8L kfs{ ul/5g\ . t/ To; uNtLsf] pgn] hl/jfgf ltg'{k¥of] . pgn] 5'6 kfOgg\ . sfg"gsf gh/df ;a} a/fa/ x'G5g\ eGg] Ps b[i6fGt xf]– of] . h:tf] uNtL h;n] u/]sf] 5, ToxLcg'?k ;hfosf] eflubf/ x'g'k5{ eGg] o;n] ;Gb]z lbPsf] 5 .

To;}n] pRr ljsl;t d'n'ssf bfFhf]df b]znfO{ k'¥ofpg ;kgf afF8]/ dfq k'Ub}g . ljZj;gLo cfwf/x? lgdf{0f ug{'k5{ . ;+ljwfg / sfg"geGbf dfly sf]xL x'Fb}gg\ eGg] tYo :yflkt ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . o;sf pnª\3gstf{ bl08t x'G5g\ . /, gful/saf6 lt/:sf/df kg]{5g\ eGg] ;+:s[lt :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . ;d[4 d'n'ssf] kl/sNkgfsf] hu o;af6 cl3 a9\b5 . /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] gfddf :j]R5frf/L lg0f{o x'g]5}g . :jrflnt ;'zf;g ;+:s[ltsf] hu aGg]5 . dfgjclwsf/, sfg"gL zf;g / nf]stGqsf d"No / dfGotfn] k"0f{;Ddfg kfpg]5 . b08xLgtfsf] cGTo x'g]5 . clgdfq d'n's ;';+:s[t, ;Eo / ;d[l4sf] af6f]af6 cl3 a9\g]5 .

-k|;fO{+ dfgjclwsf/sf If]qdflqmofzLn x'g''x'G5 ._

[email protected]

pRr ljsl;t d'n'ssf bfFhf]df b]znfO{ k'¥ofpg

;kgf afF8]/ dfq k'Ub}g . ljZj;gLo cfwf/x? lgdf{0f ug{'k5{ . ;+ljwfg

/ sfg"geGbf dfly sf]xL x'Fb}gg\ eGg] tYo :yflkt ug{

;Sg'kb{5 . o;sf pnª\3gstf{ bl08t

x'G5g\ . /, gful/saf6 lt/:sf/df kg]{5g\

eGg] ;+:s[lt :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg'

kb{5 . ;d[4 d'n'ssf] kl/sNkgfsf] hu

o;af6 cl3 a9\b5 .

cfn]v


ljZjsf] s'g} klg e"–efudf

/fhgLlts :jtGqtfsf ]

:yfkgf;Fu} cfd–;~rf/dfWodsf]

ljsf;sf] af6f] v'Nb5 . ax'njfbL

v'nf ;dfhdf cfd–;~rf/dfWodsf

:jfldTjsf ljljw :j?kx? b]vf

kb {5g \ , ld l8of sDkgLx?n]

pBf]usf ?kdf km:6fpg] cj;/

k|fKt ub{5g\ . clg kqsfl/tf

klg Pp6f cfsif{s k]zfsf ?kdf

:yflkt x'g ;Sb5 .

;g\ gAa]sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn]

l;h{gf u/]sf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/

0fsf] jftfj/0f;Fu} g]kfnL cfd–

;~rf/hut\sf] gofF lIflth v'Nof] .

;doqmdddf, ;g\ @))^ kl5 ToxL

lIflth cem km/flsnf] x'g k'u]sf]

5 . t/ pBf]usf ?kdf :yflkt

eO/x]sf d'gfkmfd'vL cfd–;~rf/

sDkgLx? cfly{s kf/blz{tfsf] k|Zgdf /fHo / ;dfhk|lt pQ/bfoL b]lvPsf 5}gg\ .

k] |; sfplG;n -lj=;+ @)&) M $&_ g]kfnsf] clen]vcg';f/ of] cfly{s jif{;Dd b}lgs, ;fKtflxs, cw{;fKtflxs / kflIfs u/L s"n #%*) kqklqsf btf{ eO;s]sf 5g\ . sfplG;nsf cg';f/ tLdWo] %*!, #), @%*$ / #*% s|dzM b}lgs, cw{;fKtflxs, ;fKtflxs / kflIfs klqsf 5g\ .

; "rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno -hf/L nfO{;]G;, @)!$_ sf cg';f/ xfn nfO;]G; k|fKt u/]sf #^) Pkm=Pd= /]l8of]x? lgoldt ?kdf ;~rfngdf 5g \ . dGq fno -hf/L nfO;]G; 6]lnlehg, @)!$_ sf cg';f/ e"–pku|x, e"–;tx

/ s]jn k|ljlwdf ;~rfng ug]{

zt{cg';f/ s"n &% j6f 6]lnlehg

Ro fgnx? bt f { eO;s ]s f

5g . To;}u/L, ;dfrf/ clen]v

jf ;~rf/ ;+:yfs} pkqmdsf

?kdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf cgnfO{g

;dfrf/ kf]6{n / :jtGq cgnfOGf

;dfrf/ kf]6{nx?sf] ;ª\Vof a9\bf]

5 . cgnfOGf kqsf/ ;+3 g]kfnsf

cg';f/ ;+;f/e/ g]kfnsf 36gf,

ultljlw / ;]jfx?nfO{ k'¥ofpg]

To:tf ;dfrf/ kf]6{nx?sf] ;ª\Vof

krf; gfl3;s]sf] 5 .

cfhsf] g]kfnL ldl8of lIflthn]

5fkfsf cltl/St aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf]

pQ/fw{b]lv ;"rgfsf] k|;f/sf lglDt

ljZjsf] s'gfsfKrf;Dd lkmFlhPsf

k|zf/0f dfWod clg ;aeGbf

sfG5f] cgnfOg kqsfl/tfnfO{

ldl8of / ;dfh M

nufgLdf kf/blz{tf / e/f];f

pBf]usf ?kdf :yflkt eO/x]sf d'gfkmfd'vL cfd–;~rf/ sDkgLx? cfly{s kf/blz{tfsf] k|Zgdf /fHo /

;dfhk|lt pQ/bfoL b]lvPsf 5}gg\ . s'Gbg cof{n

cfn]v


klg ;d]6]sf] 5 . s'g} ;do o:tf]

klg lyof], kqklqsfsf] cfly{s

sf/f]af/sf] kIfnfO{ Tolt dxTj

lbOFb}g\ lyof] . o;nfO{ ;dfh ;]jf jf

/fhgLlts ;lqmotfsf] Pp6f ;zSt

dfWod 7flgGYof] . To;a]nfsf

s}og\ ;f]r ;doqmddf ljsl;t

cfd–;~rf/sf ] cy{zf:q;Fu

;DalGwt sltko dfGotf;Fu d]n

vfFb}gg\ . To:tf s}og\ dfGotf

clxn] ;fGble{s 7flgb}gg\ . h:tf]

kfy{;f/yL -!((& M !@!_ ufGwLnfO{

;lDemFb} pNn]v ub{5g\, æpgL

lj1fkg :jLsf/ ub}{gy] / laqmLaf6

ePsf] cfDbfgLaf6 g} klqsf

rNg' kb{5 eGg] pgsf] ljZjf;

lyof] .Æ t/ cfh s'g} klg cvaf/sf]

cfDbfgLsf] d"n ;|f]t laqmL xf]Og

eGg] s'/f kqsfl/tfsf] s, v, /f

dfq a'‰g]nfO{ klg yfxf 5 .

cfd–;~rf/d fWod pBf ]ud f

?kfGtl/t x' Fb} uPkl5 cfhsf]

g]kfndf o;sf cy{Joj:yfkgsf

ljifodf ;f]wL–vf]hL x'g yfn]sf] 5 .

of] b]zdf kqsfl/tfdf ck]Iffs[t

Jofj;f lostfsf ] ljsf; x 'g

g;Sg'sf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f

;~rf/dfWoddf eO/x]sf] ckf/bzL{

nufgL g} xf] eGg klg yflnPsf]

5 . /fhgLlts :jtGqtf ;+j}wflgs,

sfg"gL / Jofjxfl/s ?kdf ;d]t

:yflkt eO;s]kl5 k|]; :jtGqtfsf]

pNnª\3gdf /fHosf] k|ToIf e"ldsf

sd x' Fb} hfg' :jefljs} xf] .

To;}n] g]kfndf klg 7"nf ldl8of

sDkgLx?sf] pbo / ljsf;;Fu}

/fHoeGbf k/af6 Jofkfl/s :jfy{sf

sf/0f ;DkfbsLo :jtGqtfdf vnn kg{ yfn]sf] cg'ej;d]t ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .

ckf/bzL{ nufgL / Jofkfl/s kbf{

g ] k fn kqs f / dx f; + 3s f ] s ] Gb | Lo ;b:osf x } l;otn ] a:g]t - lj=;+= @)^(M !)_ n]Vb5g\, æckf/bzL{ nufgLn] klg kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ k|efljt kf/]sf] 5 . l;Ëf] kqsfl/tfsf] cu'jf ;+:yf ePsfn] dxf;+3n] o;df cfˆgf] e"ldsf vf]Hg' h?/L 5 .Æ pgL o; ljifonfO{ cem cl3 a9fpFb} eGb5g\, æTo;sf nflu /fhgLlts ;ª\qmd0f, To;n] lyr]sf] ldl8of /

To;sf] k|efjaf/] cg';Gwfg u/L k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ug]{ sfd ug{ l9nf] eO;s]sf] 5 .Æ

T o; } u / L , g ] k fnd f l d l 8o f Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sdL–sdhf]/Lsf] ;dLIff ug]{ qmddf 9'Ë]n -@)!@ M #^_ n]Vb5g\, ældl8ofdf k'FhLsf] cefj 5 eg] ul/Psf] nufgLdf klg kf/blz{tfsf] lgtfGt cefj 5 .Æ b]zsf] kfFr} ljsf; If]qnfO{ ;d]6\b} #! lhNnfsf /]l8of], 6]lnlehg / 5fkf dfWodsf s"n !^# hgf kqsf/x?;Fusf] cGt/lqmofsf cfwf/df d}gfnL / e§/fO{ -@)!# M @#_ n]Vb5g\, æ;dfrf/sIfleq Jo fk f l /s :j fy {s f ] bjbj f 5 .Æ pgLx? - @)!# M #!–#@_ yKb5g\, ækqsf/x?sf ef]ufOdf k]zfut ljsf;sf nflu afws ldl8of pBdL g} x'g\ .Æ

To;}n] k|hfklt -PP;8L, @)!# M #)_ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cfd–;~rf/dfWodsf] kf/blz{tfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg} kg]{ dxÎjk"0f{ ;jfn 7fGb5g\ . pgsf] ljrf/df cfd–gful/ssf] :jfy{nfO{ Jofkfl/s :jfy{n] lj:yflkt gu/f];\ eGg] xf] eg] nufgLsf] kf/blz{tfsf] ;jfndf ;fj{hlgs ax; rnfpg cfjZos 5 . cfd–;~rf/dfWodsf] :jfldTj s;sf ] xftdf 5 eGg ] a '‰g h?/L x'g] atfpFb} pgL n]Vb5g\, ældl8ofsf 7"nf–7"nf nufgLstf{nfO{ cb[io t'Nofpg] Jofkfl/s kbf{ p7fpg h?/L 5, ;a} nufgLstf{sf] gfd ;fj{hlgs ul/g' kb{5 .Æ k|hfklt -PP;8L, @)!# M #)_ sf]

cfn]v

g]kfndf klg 7"nf ldl8of

sDkgLx?sf] pbo /

ljsf;;Fu} /fHoeGbf

k/af6 Jofkfl/s :jfy{sf sf/0f

;DkfbsLo :jtGqtfdf

vnn kg{ yfn]sf] cg'ej;d]t ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .


ljrf/df ldl8of sDkgLx?pk/ ;a} nufgLstf{sf] lj:tfl/t kl/ro v'nfpg} kg]{ sfg"gL bfloTj tf]lsg' kb{5 .

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @@ n] s'g} klg a}+s vf]Ng' cl3 ;~rfnsn] cfk"m jf cfˆgf] kl/jf/n] ;DalGwt a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yf jf To;sf] d'Vo jf ;xfos sDkgLdf lnPsf] z]o/ jf l8a]Gr/sf] ;+Vofsf] lnlvt ljj/0f ;ft lbgleq /fi6« a}+sdf pknAw u/fpg} kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ ldl8of sDkgLx?sf lglDt To:tf] afWosf/L Joj:yf 5}g\ .

dSjfOn -@))) M !(*_ sf] ljrf/df ;a}h;f] dflnsx? s]jn d'gfkmf rfxG5g\ / w]/}h;f] ldl8ofdf ljleGg ;|f]tx?af6 nufgL ePsf] x'G5 . tLdWo] lghL If]qsf nufgLstf{ jf c? ldl8of sDkgL, lj1fkgbftf, pkef]Stf, ljleGg ;fj{hlgs jf lghL ;x'lnotbftf, / ;/sf/ klg x'g ;S5g\ . To;}n], dSjfOn n]V5g\, ænufgLsf sf/0f l;h{gf x'g] k|efj–lj:tf/sf] 9fFrf k|foM ck|ToIf / hl6n x'G5 . k|efj–lj:tf/sf] Pp6}dfq ;/n /]vf lj/n} x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df Pp6f Joj;foaf6 cs"t wg/fzL sdfPsf] s'g} JolStn] s'g} ldl8of sDkgLsf lglDt ;x'lnotbftf ag]/ cGtj{:t'df cjfl~5t k|efj kf/L /x]sf] klg x'g;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf kf/blz{tf;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfn] dfq pkef]StfnfO{ ldl8of pTkfbgsf gfddf 5fPsf

k|b"lift ;fdu|L pkef]u ug{af6 hf]ufpg ;S5 .

ldl8of ;]jfdf cfwfl/t pBf]u ePsf ] pNn ]v ub } { k |h fk lt -PP;8L, @)!# M #)_ Jofkfl/s k|sfzg jf k|zf/0f u[xx?n] cfˆgf] cfly{s cj:yfsf af/]df ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/L lgsfox?nfO{ dfq hfgsf/L u/fP/ k'Ub}g\ eGg] wf/0ff k|:t't ub{5g\ . pgsf] ljrf/df o:tf k|sfzg jf k|zf/0f u[xn] cfˆgf] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj k"/f ug{ gfkmf / 3f6fsf ;DaGwdf jflif{s k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ug{ h?/L x'G5 .

ldl8of cy {zf:qsf ] v ]n / v]nf8Lx¿

cfd;~rf/ cy{zf:qsf] v]nsf]

rrf{ ub} { kf ]§/ -@))%M !^*_

n]Vb5g\, ældl8of cy{zf:q eJo

v]n xf], hxfF s}og\ v]nf8L / cg]sf}+

;|f]tx? hf]lvddf /xG5g\ .Æ p2]Zo,

;|f]t / v]n bIftf km/s–km/s

/x]sf cfd–;~rf/ cy{zf:qsf

rf/ lsl;dsf v]nf8Lx?sf af/]df

pgL o;/L pNn]v ub{5g\, æklxnf]

pkef]Stf, bf];|f] lj1fkgbftf, t];|f]

ldl8of sDkgL / rf}yf] ldl8ofsf

/f]huf/x? .Æ

pgsf] ljrf/df ldl8of cy{zf:qsf]

v]ndf ;a}eGbf zlStzfnL pkef]Stf

jf kf7s, bz{s / ;|f]tf g} x'G5g\ .

lj:tfl/t cfsf/sf] of] klxnf] v]nf8L

;d"x ;do / k};fsf] k|ltlglwTj

ub{5 . of] ;d"x v]naf6 k"/} lkmtf{

ePsf] cj:yfdf v]n vQd g}

x'G5 . t/ pkef]Stfsf] zlSt w]/}

JolStx?df ljeflht x'g] ePsfn]

JolStut ?kdf pkef]Stf cfˆgf]

zlStaf/] yfxf g} kfpFb}gg\ .

v]nsf bf];|f ] ;d"xsf v]nf8L

lj1fkgbftf v]ndf k|ToIf ?kdf

k }; f leqØfp F5g \ . logLx?

cfd–pkef]Stf;Dd k'Ug] ;xh

dfWodsf ?kdf ldl8ofsf] k|of]u

ub{5g\ . logLx? cfk"mn] ltg]{

k};fsf] abnfdf ;do / :yfgsf

lglDt ldl8of sDkgL;Fu df]ntf]n

ub{5g\ .

ldl8of cy{zf:qsf t];|f] ;d"xsf

v]nf8L ldl8of sDkgL cfd–

cfn]v

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df Pp6f Joj;foaf6 cs"t wg/fzL sdfPsf] s'g}

JolStn] s'g} ldl8of

sDkgLsf lglDt ;x'lnotbftf

ag]/ cGtj{:t'df cjfl~5t k|efj kf/L /x]sf] klg

x'g;S5 .


pkef]StfnfO{ v]ndf ;xefuL

u/fpg k};f / ;Gb]z Pslqt

ub{5g\ . o; sfddf pgLx?

t'ngfTds ?kdf sd vr{ u/L

a9L d'gfkmf sdfpg vf]H5g\ . o;

;d"xdf kg]{ Joj:yfks jf dflnssf]

d"n WofpGgf pkef]StfaLr cfˆgf

pTkfbgsf] nf]slk|otf a9fpg] /

k|ltefzfnL JolStx?nfO{ ;fdu|L

pTkfbgdf ;+nUg u/fO { gfkmf

sdfpg] g} x'G5 .

rf}yf] ;d"xsf v]nf8L eg] k|To]s

3G6f, lbg jf dlxgfsf] sfddf

cfˆgf] cfDbfgL / kmfObf s;/L

a9fpg] eGg] WofpGgfdf x'G5g\ .

ldl8of cy{zf:qsf] ;du| v]ndf

;a} v]nf8Lsf] p2]Zo cfk"mn] ug]{

ljlgdoaf6 a9LeGbf a9L kmfObf

s;/L xfl;n ug]{ eGg]d} s]lGb|t

x'G5 . sDkgL, /f]huf/L ug]{x? /

lj1fkgbftfsf] d"n Wo]o k};f g}

x'G5 . t/ pkef]Stf jf ;|f]tf, bz{s

/ kf7s cfd?kdf ;Gt'li6 dfq

vf]Hb5g\ . kf]§/ -@))% M !&@_

sf] ljrf/df cfd?kdf cfly{s

;|f]t a9fpg xf]Og ;Gt'li6sf lglDt

ldl8ofsf] pkef]u ul/G5 .

nufg Lsf ] l go ldt cg 'udg cfjZos

l d l 8o f sDkg Ls f ] c f ly {s

kf/blz{tfsf] ck]Iff ul/g'sf] d"n

sf/0f ;DkfbsLo :jtGqtf /

cGt{j:t'sf] :jR5tfsf] ;+/If0f

ul/g' kb{5 eGg] hf]8 g} xf] .

b[Zo jf cb[Zo nufgLsf] k|efjdf

cGtj{:t' to ul/g' lrGtfsf] ljifo x'g hfG5 . To;}n] ;dfrf/df kg]{ cfd–;~rf/dfWodsf] :jfldTjsf] c;/sf ;DaGwdf cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ wf/0ff cl3 ;fb}{ k|hfklt -PP;8L M @(_ n]Vb5g\, æcfd–;~rf/dfWodsf] :jfldTjsf ljifodf ulx/f] cWoog u/L ;fj{hlgs ul/g] k|ltj]bgn] cfd–gful/s / ldl8ofnfO{ ;d]t nufgLsf] k|efjsf af/]df ;r]t u/fpg ;S5 . pgsf] ljrf/df ldl8ofsf cGtj{:t'df nufgLsf] k|efjsf ljifodf lgoldt cWoog x 'g ] Joj:yf ePsf ] v08df k|sfzg jf k|zf/0f u[xnfO{ lgu/fgL eO/x]sf] cfefif x'g

hfG5 . To:tf] tf/tDo ldNg ;s]sf]

v08df Joj:yfkgn] >dlhJfL

kqsf/x?nfO{ k"jf{u|xL ;dfrf/

k|sfzg jf k|zf/0f ug]{ bafa lbg

;Sg] cj:y} cfpFb}g\ .

pBdsf ?kdf :yflkt g]kfnsf

k|sfzg jf k|zf/0f u[xsf] :jfldTj

/ nufgLsf] kf/blz{tf ;'lglZrt

ug]{ sfg"gL k|fjwfg ca cfjZos

eO;s]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs nufgLsf

af/]df jiff} { +b]lv ax; eO/x]sf]

5 . t/ ldl8ofdf eO/x]sf] To:tf]

nufgLnfO{ kf/bzL{ t'Nofpg] ljifodf

;':ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ljBdfg 5}g .

cfd–;~rf/df ljb]zL nufgL;DaGwL

s'g} sfg"g gePsf] ;Gbe{ pNn]v

ub}{ o'g]:sf] cWoog k|ltj]bg

-@)!# M ##_ pNn]v ub{5, æPp6f

;dfrf/–kq sDkgL ef/tLo

:jfldTjdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf]

atfOG5 .Æ o'g]:sf] k|ltj]bgdf o;/L

5flkPsf] ef/tLo nufgL;DaGwL

ljifo cflwsfl/s ?kdf eg]

st}af6 ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5}g\ .

sfplG;n ckm o'/f]k sld6L ckm

ldlg:6;{ -Xo"dg /fO{6\;, @)!$_

åf/f ;g\ !(($ d} hf/L ul/Psf]

cfd–;~rf/ kf/blz{tf;DaGwL

pkfox? zLif{ssf] b:tfj]hdf

pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, æ;LdfljxLg

9Ën] cleJolSt / ;"rgfsf]

clwsf/sf ;fy} s'g} ;fj{hlgs

lgsfosf] cj/f]w ljgf ;"rgf

/ wf/0ffsf] lgjf{w k|;f/ ug]{

tf/tDo;lxtsf] ax'njfbL cfd–

;~rf/ nf]stGqsf] cfwf/ xf] .Æ

cfn]v

pBdsf ?kdf :yflkt g]kfnsf

k|sfzg jf k|zf/0f u[xsf] :jfldTj /

nufgLsf] kf/blz{tf ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfg"gL k|fjwfg ca cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 .

j}b]lzs nufgLsf af/]df jiff}{+b]lv ax;

eO/x]sf] 5 . t/ ldl8ofdf eO/x]sf] To:tf] nufgLnfO{ kf/bzL{ t'Nofpg] ljifodf ;':ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ljBdfg 5}g .


sfplG;nsf] pSt lnvtdf cufl8 pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, æljrf/ / wf/0ffsf] clwstd\ k|ltlglwTj ug]{, :jtGq / :jfoQ cfd–;~rf/sf] cl:TfTj of] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ cTofjZos x'G5 .Æ sfplG;nn] cfd;~rf/sf] kf/blz{tfnfO{ ax'njfbsf] /Iff / dha"tLsf lglDt Ps d'Vo zt{sf ?kdf cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .

a9\bf] s]Gb|Ls/0fn] cfd–;~rf/dfWodsf] kf/blz{tfdf hl6ntf l;h{gf ul//x]sf] 5 eGg] ljZn]if0f ub}{ sfplG;n -Xo"dg /fO{6\;, @)!$_ kf/blz{tf;DaGwL sfg"g gePsf b]zdf ;/sf/nfO{ To:tf] sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug{ jf k'/fg} sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg u/L To:tf] Joj:yf ug{sf nlfu 7f]; sfo{of]hgf agfpg] ;'emfj k|:t't ub{5 . sfplG;nn] ldl8of pBdåf/f cfk}mF :jlgodgsf

cfwf/x? to u/L cfd–;~rf/df

ePsf nufgLsf] kf/blz{tfsf lglDt

cfjZos ;+oGq to ug{ klg ;'emfj

lbPsf] 5 .

cGt/f{li6«o ?kd} eO/x]sf]

ldl8ofsf] cfly{s nufgLsf]

kf/blz{tf;DaGwL ax;n] g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs j[Qdf klg k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 . cfˆgf] ljZj;lgotf a9]sf] b]Vg / cfk"mk|lt gful/sn] u/]sf] e/f];f cem lj:tfl/t x'Fb} hfcf];\ eGg] cfsfª\Iff /fVg] xf] eg] cfd–;~rf/ u[xx?n] cfly{s kf/blz{tfsf] ;'lglZrtf ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . ;~rfns / nufgLstf{pk/ sfg"gL bfloTj :yflkt ug]{ ljifo Psflt/ 5Fb}5 . cfd–;~rf/ u[xx?n] pkef]Stfdfem cfk"mk|ltsf] e/f]; cem a9fpg :j]R5fk"j{s cfly{s kf/blz{tfsf To:tf] cfwf/x? to ug{ ;Sb5g\ . cfly{s kf/blz{tfn] k|zf/0f jf k|sfzg u[xx?nfO{ ;dfhsf] lg/Gt/ lgu/fgLsf lglDt cfjZos g}lts an k|bfg ub{5 .

-cof{n /Tg/fHonIdL SofDk;df kqsfl/tf ljifo k|fWofkg ug'{x'G5._

æ;LdfljxLg 9·n] cleJolSt / ;"rgfsf] clwsf/sf ;fy} s'g} ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] cj/f]w ljgf ;"rgf / wf/0ffsf] lgjf{w k|;f/ ug]{ tf/tDo;lxtsf] ax'njfbL cfd–;~rf/ nf]stGqsf] cfwf/

xf] .Æ

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L• hf/L nfO;]G;, g]kfn ;/sf/, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, http://www.moic.gov.np/issued-licenses.php af6 d] !@, @)!$

sf lbg ptfl/Psf] .• hf/L nfO;]G; 6]lnlehg k|zf/0f, g]kfn ;/sf/, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno http://www.moic.gov.np/pdf/tv-list-2070-

12-20-final.pdf af6 d] !@, @)!$ sf lbg ptfl/Psf] . http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/ standardsetting/ media/doc/cm/ rec%281994%29013&expmem_EN.asp af6 h'nfO{ !@, @)!$ sf lbg ptfl/Psf] .

• 9'Ë]n, ljgf]b -@)!@_ . ldl8of Joj:yfkg M r'gf}lt tyf cj;/ . nlntk'/ M OSjn PS;]; g]kfn . • kfy{;f/yL, /+uf:jfdL -!((&_ . hGff{lnHd Og Ol08of M km|d b cln{P:6 6fOD; 6' b lk|h]06 8], rf}yf] kl/dflh{t ;+:s/0f . Go" b]NxL

M :6]/lnË klAn;;{ .• kf]§/, 8An" h]D; -@))%_ . ldl8of ln6\/];L, t];|f] ;+=. n08gM ;]h . • k|hfklt, pHhjn -@)!#_ . ;]kmufl8{Ë klAns OG6/]:6 Og b P/f ckm skf]{/]6 ldl8of M s]; :6l8h cg ODKofS6 ckm cf]g/;Lk

cg Go"h s06]06 . sf7df08f} M PP;8L . • k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn –lj ;+= @)&)_ . k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn M jflif{s k|ltj]bg lj=;++ @)&) . sf7df08f} M k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn .• a:g]t, afns[i0f -lj=;+= @)^(_ . kqsfl/tfsf % Ph]08f . kqsfl/tf . sf7df08f} M g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 . • dSjfOn, 8]lg; -@)))_ . dSjfON; df; sDo'lgs];g Yof]/L, rf}yf] ;+= . n08gM ;]h .• d}gfnL, /3' / ljgf]b e§/fO{ -@)!#_ . d]/f] kqsfl/tfsf] va/ . sf7df08f} M PP;8L .• o'g]:sf]–cfO{kL8L;L -@)!#_ . P;];d]06 ckm ldl8of l8jnkd]06 Og g]kfn M a]:8 cg o'g]:sf]h ldl8of l8jnkd]06 Ol08s]6;{ .

sf7df08f} M o'g]:sf] . • Xo'dg /fO{6\; P08 ?n ckm n, sfplG;n ckm o'/f]k .


;'zf;gsf] cefjdf cndlnPsf] ljsf;

;'zf;g

;'zf;gn] ;/sf/nfO{ lhDd]jf/ / ;dfhnfO{ :jtGq clg pT;flxt t'NofpF5 . lhDd]jf/ ;/sf/, :jtGq / pQ/bfoL ;dfh x'g] xf] eg] ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf nflu cyjf egf}+ ;d[4zfnL ;dfh lgdf0f{sf nflu alnof] cfwf/ tof/ x'G5 . t/, lj8Dagf g} dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 ls xfdLsxfF ce}m klg ;'zf;gnfO{ ljsf; ;+:s[ltsf ?kdf xfd|f ljsf;;Fu hf]l8Psf ;a} lgsfo / kIfx?n] dg, jrg / sd{n] lng ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . ;'zf;gn] eGg] u5{ ls …;w} ljsf;nfO{ dfUg] ljifosf ?kdf ;Lldt ul//fVg' klg x'Fb}g .Ú

Pp6f lglZrt k|lqmof jf ;+oGqdfkm{t\ cfjZostfsf ] k lxrfg u/ L ljsf;sf] cleofg cfk}mF cufl8

a9\g] jf o;nfO{ lhDd]jf/ lgsfon]

cufl8 a9fpg] kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f

x'g'kb{5 . ljsf; dfUg] ljifo xf]Og,

of] t Pp6f o:tf] cleofg xf], hf]

cfk}m F ultzLn x' Fb} gful/ssf

cfjZostfx?sf] klxrfg ub} {

cufl8 a9\5 eGg] cj:yfdf k'Ug

h?/L 5 . of] cj:yfdf k'Ugsf nflu

Pp6f s'/fdf k|i6 x'g'k5{ ls ljsf;

tF5f8–d5f8sf cfwf/df xf]Og,

;xdltsf cfwf/df x'g' kb{5 .

oxfF dggLo Pp6f dfGotf pNn]v

ubf{ ;fGble{s g} xf]nf– …ljsf;

;xdltdf 6'lª\uG5 eg] /fhgLlt

k|lt:kwf{dfÚ .

;xdltdf ljsf;nfO{ 6'ª\Uofpgsf

nflu To;sf] 5gf}6 k|lqmof kf/bzL{

x'g'k¥of], k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f x'g'k¥of],

ah]6 ljlgof]hg kf/bzL{?kdf

x'g'k¥of], lgoldt cg'udg x'g'k¥of],

sfd ubf{ u'0f:t/;Fu ;Demf}tf x'Fb}g eg]/ ljZjf; ug]{ kl/j]z lgdf{0f x'g'k¥of], ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf x'g'k¥of] . oL ljifo g} ;'zf;gsf cfwf/x? x'g\ .

s:tf] 5 xfd|f] ljsf;sf] df]8]n <

cfly{s jif {sf ] c;f/ d;fGt ;lsFb} ubf{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfx?df of]hgf km5\of]{6 ug]{x?sf] eL8 b]Vg ;lsG5 . o; jif{ klg To:t} b]lvof] . ljsf;sf of]hgfx? cfly{s jif{sf clGtd b'O{–tLg dlxgfdf ;DkGg ug]{ / xtf/df ltgsf] km5\of]{6 ug]{ k/Dk/f g} ag]sf] 5 .

jiff{df;sf] em/L;Fu} h;/L klg of ]hgf ;DkGg ubf { of ]hgfsf] u'0f:t/ ;f]r]h:tf] x'g ;Sb}g eg] h;/L klg lx;fa ldnfg u/L

Pp6f lglZrt k|lqmof jf ;+oGqdfkm{t\ cfjZostfsf] klxrfg u/L ljsf;sf] cleofg cfk}mF cufl8 a9\g] jf o;nfO{ lhDd]jf/ lgsfon] cufl8 a9fpg] kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f x'g'kb{5 . ljsf; dfUg] ljifo xf]Og, of] t Pp6f o:tf]

cleofg xf], hf] cfk}mF ultzLn x'Fb} gful/ssf cfjZostfx?sf] klxrfg ub}{ cufl8 a9\5 eGg] cj:yfdf k'Ug h?/L 5 .

ljk'n kf]v|]n


;Sg'kg]{ x'Fbf e|i6frf/sf nflu af6f] v'Ng] ;Defjgf pkef]Qmfx?dfem

/xg] u/]sf] 5 . of] cfz+sf lg/fwf/

klg 5}g . cfˆgf k|ltj]bgx?df

k|ult ljj/0f pNn]v u/L cfk"m

g ]t [ Tjsf ] lgsfonfO { ;kmn

b]vfpgsf nflu sfuhft ldnfpg]

;+:s[lt sd{rf/Lx?df b]lvG5 . oL

nfn;f / afWotfn] xfd|f] ljsf;

cleofgnfO { sdhf ]/ agfpFb }

nu]sf] 5 . ;f]r]h:tf] kl/0ffd

xfdLn] slxNo} b ]Vg ;s]sf

5}gf} . ;/sf/sf k|ltj]bg, dGqL

/ pRr kbdf cf;Lg sd{rf/Lsf

efif0fx?df ljsf;n] km8\sf] df/]sf

b]vfOP klg gful/sn] ljsf;sf]

cg'e"lt x'g] u/L 7"nf] kl/jt{g b]Vg

eg] kfPsf 5}gg\ .

:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf cem} ;'ne

ePsf] 5}g, PDa'n]G;sf] k|of]u ug{

g;Sg] ufFpx?sf] ;ª\Vof cTolws

5 . cfwf 3G6fdfq k}bn lxF8]/

lzIff xfl;n ug{ g;Sg] ;d"xsf]

;ª\Vof cTolws 5 . ;Lk l;s]/

xf];\ jf ljb]zaf6 kms]{/ xf];\,

xftdf ePsf] ;Lksf cfwf/df /

cfˆgf] z}lIfs k|df0fkqsf cfwf/df

/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? k|fKt ug{

g;Sg]x?sf] ;ª\Vof klg lgs}

7"nf] 5 . ;~rf/ / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u

lgMz'Ns ug]{ :yfgLo gful/ssf]

rfxgf k"/f x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/;Dd k'¥ofpgsf

nflu w]/} 7fFpdf ce}m klg ;8ssf]

cefj g} b]lvG5 . s0ff{nLsf]

:ofp–/S;L agfpg k|of]u eO/x]sf]

5, ljb]zL :ofpsf] h'; dx+uf]df

y'k| } gful/sn] lkO/x]sf 5g\ . cy{dGqLn] gful/ssf] qmozlQm al9/x]sf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't ul//x] klg pTkfbg a[l4 x'g g;Sbf ePsf] ahf/ dx+uLn] Tof] qmozlQmnfO{ luHofO/x]sf] 5 . of] cj:yfdf ljsf;sf] hlt;'s} k|rf/ u/] klg cg'e"t ug{ ;Sg] u/L ljsf; ePsf] 5}g eg]/ gful/sn] k|Zg ug{ ;Sg] 7fpF k|z:t 5 .

ljsf;af/] olt 7"nf] k|rf/ ul/P klg / vaf}{+ ¿k}ofF ljsf;sf gfddf

vr{ eO/xFbf klg gful/sn] lsg cg'e"lt ug{ ;Sg] u/L ljsf; b]Vg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ t < of] k|Zgsf] hjfkm vf]Hb} ljsf; cleofgnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] xf] eg] o;n] aNn kl/0ffd lbg ;Sg] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . ;}4flGts?kdf eGg'kbf{ ljsf; of]hgf agfpFbf Tof] of]hgf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu ;'zf;gsf] of]hgf;d]t ;Fu–;Fu} agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . xfd|f] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of eg]sf] oxL ;'zf;gsf] of]hgf agfpg g;Sg' / ag] klg To;nfO{ Jofjxfl/s?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ g;Sg' g} xf] . cfly{s jif{sf] clGtddf cfP/ em/Lsf aLrdf of]hgf ;DkGg ug]{ / k|ult ljj/0f b]vfpgsf nflu sfuh ldnfg klg To;}u/L ug]{ k|j[lQ eg]s} xfdLsxfF ;'zf;gsf] of]hgf klg 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] ultnf] k|df0f xf] . ;'zf;gsf] gf/f nufP/ gyfSg] afgL klg xfdLsxfF 5, t/ sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ ;'zf;gsf] gf/fnfO { klxn] g } 8i6ljgdf ôfSg] k|j[lQ emg} alnof];Fu emfFluPsf] 5 .

lsg cg'e"t ug{ ;lsPg ljsf; <

;'zf;gsf nflu ljZj;gLotf, kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj, ;dfgtf, ;dfj]lztf, ljlwsf] zf;gh:tf ljifosf] k|ltlglwTj clgjfo{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu alnof] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f x'g'k5{ . ljsf;sf nflu vlr{Psf] /sdsf] ;b'kof]u ePsf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/fdf rgfvf] eP/ Tof] lgsfon] x]g'{k5{ . x]g]{ cfwf/

cfˆgf k|ltj]bgx?df k|ult ljj/0f

pNn]v u/L cfk"m g]t[Tjsf] lgsfonfO{ ;kmn

b]vfpgsf nflu sfuhft

ldnfpg] ;+:s[lt sd{rf/Lx?df

b]lvG5 . oL nfn;f / afWotfn] xfd|f]

ljsf; cleofgnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpFb}

nu]sf] 5 .


eg]sf pNn]lvt s'/fx? g} x'g\ . sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/sf ?kdf h]–h:tf s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg Jofjxfl/s?kdf x]bf{ oL s'/fnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf] cfwf/ agfOPsf] kfOFb}g .

of]hgf ;Dkfbg k|lqmofdf dfq x}g, of]hgf 5gf}6df klg xfdLn] ca km/s 9¨n] ;f]Rg' cfjZos ePsf] 5 . cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg ljsf; of ]hgfsf ] 5gf }6 ug] { lglZrt cfwf/x? klg xfdLn] klxNofpg' kb{5 . tTsfnLg ;d:of / ul/aLsf] lrTsf/ cNksfnLg of]hgfsf cfwf/df to x'g'kb{5 . To:t}, s;}nfO{ v';L kfg]{eGbf klg ;Defjgfsf cfwf/x?nfO{

k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ bL3{sfnLg of]hgfx? tof/ ug]{ s'/fdf klg

:ki6tf ;fy cufl8 a9\g' kb{5 .

oL s'/fx?df ;Demf}tf ul/of] / cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg cfwf/x?df cfk"m :ki6 x'g ;lsPg jf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ :ki6 kfg{ ;lsPg eg] To;n] /fd|f] kl/0ffd lbg ;Sb}g . g t ;'zf;gsf] of]hgf k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog g} x'g;S5 . Tolta]nf ljsf;sf] ult clxn]sf] eGbf vf;} leGg x'g ;Sb}g . sfuhdf ljsf;sf s'/f n]v]/ k|ltj]bg agfpg] cfwf/ t aGnfg\, t/ gful/sn] cg'e"lt ug]{ k|sf/n] ljsf; cleofg cufl8 a9\g ;Sb}g .

-kf]v|]n bfªl:yt /]l8of] :ju{åf/Ldf ;+nUg x'g'x'G5 ._

;"rgfsf] xs s] xf] <;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs dxTTjsf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xs g} ;"rgfsf] xs xf] . s'g} lnlvt ;fdu|L jf sfd–sf/afxLsf] cWoog jf cjnf]sg ug]{, k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk lng], e|d0f ug]{ h:tf] xs klg xf] . of] ;~rf/sdL{x?sf] dfq geP/ cfd–gful/sn] ;d]t rf;f] lnO/xg'kg]{ ljifo xf] . o;sf] pkof]un] ;dfhdf kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj / 1fg clej[l4 ug{ dbt k'¥ofpg] lglZrt 5 . ;a}n] pkof]u u/f}F .

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn

of]hgf ;Dkfbg k|lqmofdf dfq x}g,

of]hgf 5gf}6df klg xfdLn] ca km/s

9·n] ;f]Rg' cfjZos ePsf] 5 . cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg ljsf; of]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ lglZrt cfwf/x?

klg xfdLn] klxNofpg' kb{5 .


sfg"gsf] zf;g / Gofofnosf] e"ldsf

kl/ro

…sfg "gsf ] zf;g Ú ; 'zf;gsf ] dxÎjk"0f{ cfwf/ :tDe xf] . zf;gdf pQ/bfloTj, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, ;xeflutf, cg'dfgof ] Uotfsf ] k|efjsf/L cjnDjgsf nflu sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To;}n] sfg"gsf] zf;gnfO{ ;'zf;gsf c? cfwf/x?nfO{ lqmofzLn u/fpg ] cf }hf/sf ] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . sfg"gsf] zf;gsf nflu Gofo;Ët sfg"gsf] ljj]s;Ddt k|of]u cfjZos kb{5 . s'g} klg k|sf/sf] :j]R5frfl/tfnfO{ sfg"gsf] zf;gn] pk]Iff ub{5 . To;}n] of] gful/s ;jf]{kl/tfsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotfdf k|hftflGqs kl/kf6Lsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug]{ sfg"gL b[li6sf]0f xf] . lxnf/L jfg]{6n]

eg]h:t} o;n] sfg"gn] ck]Iff u/]cg'?ksf] gful/s Jojxf/sf] nflu lgb]{zg ub{5 / ;/sf/sf sfd sf/afxLnfO{ sfg"gåf/f ;Lldt u/L gful/sx?sf] ;+/If0f ub{5 .1

sfg"gL zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ P=eL=8fo;Ln]2 :j]R5frf/L zf;gsf] cGTo, sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf / ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] pkhsf] ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !**% df k|sflzt pgsf] k':ts

'An introduction to the study of

the law of the constitution' df pgn] of] l;4fGtsf af/]df ljifb rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . cfˆgf] l;4fGtsf] k|of]usf af/]df 8fo;Ln] eg]sf 5g\– Every man, whatever be

his rank or condition, is subject

to the ordinary law of the realm

and amenable to the jurisdiction

of the ordinary tribunals.'3

kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ sfg"gsf] zf;g ;+ljwfgsf] cleGg cËsf] ?kdf /Xof] eg] s'g} zf;g Joj:yf slt k|hftflGqs 5 eGg] s'/f dfkg ug]{ k|d'v ;"rssf] ?kdf o;nfO{ lng yflnof] . sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] :yfkgfsf nflu sfg"gL ;jf]{Rrtf / ;jf]{kl/tf ckl/xfo{ 5 . sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf cfjZos 5 . zf;gdf :j]R5frfl/tfsf] cefj ckl/xfo{ 5 . sfg"g Goflos x'g' o;sf] k"j{zt{ xf] .

;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf / sfg"gsf] zf;g

;+j }wf lgs ;jf ] { Rrtf lnlvt ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t kIf xf] . o;n]

sfg"gsf] zf;gsf nflu Gofo;·t sfg"gsf] ljj]s;Ddt k|of]u cfjZos kb{5 . s'g} klg k|sf/sf] :j]R5frfl/tfnfO{ sfg"gsf]

zf;gn] pk]Iff ub{5 . To;}n] of] gful/s ;jf]{kl/tfsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotfdf k|hftflGqs kl/kf6Lsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug]{ sfg"gL

b[li6sf]0f xf] .

Zofds'df/ e§/fO{

1 Hilaire Barnett, Constitutional and Administrative law, Lawman(India) private limited - 1996 p.792 8fo;Lsf] k':tssf] b;f}+ ;+:s/0fdf kl/rofTds l6Kk0fL n]Vb} E.C.S. Wade n] n]v]sf 5g\,"The supremacy of the law of the land was

not a novel doctrine in the nineteenth century. Let no one suppose that Dicey invented the rule of law. He did of course put his own interpretations upon the meaning of that rule."

3 A.V. Dicey, The law of the constitution, 193 cited by T.R.S. Allan, constitutional justice, Oxford University Press, 2005, P. 17

cfn]v


sfg"gL zf;gsf] dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] x'G5 . k|hftGq / sfg"gsf] zf;g Ps–csf {sf kl/k "/s x'g\ . ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf ePsf] cj:yfdf sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] k|of]u, kl/rfng / cEof;sf] k/LIf0f ug]{ clVtof/L GofofnonfO{ k|bfg ul/G5 . o;sf nflu :jtGq Gofokflnsf k"j{zt{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . t/ ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf eg]sf] Goflos ;jf] {Rrtf eg] xf]Og . s]jn GofokflnsfnfO{ sfg "gL zf;gsf ] ; +/Ifssf ] lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ul/Psf] dfq xf] . ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtfdf ;+ljwfgn] g} /fHosf cËx?sf] l;h{gf ub{5 / clVtof/ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . gful/ssf xs clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfgjfbsf cGt/j:t'x?sf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]u x'G5 . ;Lldt ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffn] d"t{?k lnG5 / ;'zf;gsf] k|j4{g x'G5 . ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtfleq ljsf; ePsf] kl5Nnf] ;+j}wflgs cjwf/0ff xf]– cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf] l;4fGt . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ ljwflosL clwsf/leq ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf jf cfwf/e"t d"No–dfGotfnfO{ k]m/abn ug]{ clVtof/L x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfgn] g} l;h{gf u/]sf] / clwsf/ lbPsf] ljwflosfn] ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t

:j?k / ;+/rgf kl/jt{g ug] { clVtof/L k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] of] l;4fGtsf] ;f/ xf] – h;n] ljwflosL :j]R5frfl/tf lgoGq0f u/L sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] kIfkf]if0f ub{5 . ;+j}wflgs ;jf] {Rrtfsf] hu ]g f { ug {sf nf lu :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] x'G5 / Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf sfod ug{sf nflu ;jf]{RRf cbfntn] dxÎjk"0f{ dfu{bz{g u/]sf] 5 . Pp6f cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5 M

/fHo ;~rfngsf qmddf s'g} lg0f{o j f s fd–sf/a fx L ub f { ; + l jw fg / s fg " gn ] l g l Zrt u l / l b Ps f ] ;Ldf/]vfnfO{ cltqmd0f ug{ gldNg] . === /fi6«k|d'vnfO{ s'g} klg cj:yfdf ljjfbdf Nofpg gx'g], p;sf sfd sf/afxLsf ;DaGwdf cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg gx'g] eGg] ;fdfGo dfGotf xf] t/ of] ;bf lg/k]If dfGotf xf] egL lgisif{df k'Ug g;lsg] . === ;+ljwfgn] pGd'lSt k|bfg gu/]sf] ljifonfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] kl/lweGbf aflx/ /fVg] u/L cbfnt :jo+n] afx]s ubf{ ;+ljwflgs ;jf]{Rrtf / ;Lldt sfo{sfl/0fL ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffdf cfFr cfpg'sf] ;fy} Goflos :jtGqtf / ;Ifdtfdf ;d]t k|Zg p7\g ;Sg] . === Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/ eg]sf] Gofokflnsfsf] cGtlg{lxt clwsf/ xf] . Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/ljgf ;+ljwfgjfb, sfg"gsf] zf;g, ;Lldt ;/sf/, zlSt k[ysLs/0f / lgoGq0f Pj+ ;Gt'ngsf cfwf/e"t dfGotf? hLjGt

aGg g;Sg] . lnlvt ;+ljwfg ePsf] d'n'sdf ;+ljwfg d"n sfg"g dflgG5 . s'g} klg dfGo l;4fGtnfO{ d"n sfg"gsf ?kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfgeGbf dflyNnf] :yfg lbP/ To;sf] cf}lrTo :yflkt ug{ g;lsg] . === hl6n, c;xh Pj+ c;fwf/0f cj:yf / ;+ljwfgsf] ;fdfGo Joj:yf lqmofzLn x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf dfq cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtcGtu{t sbd rfNg ;lsg] x'G5 . To;/L sbd rflnPsf] cj:yfdf klg cbfntn] To;sf] j }wf lgstf k/LIf0f ub{5, To:tf] sfo{nfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] kl/lweGbf aflx/ /flvg gx'g] .4

g]kfndf sfg"gsf] zf;g :yfkgfdf Gofokflnsfsf] e"ldsf

g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;k"j{sf] cj:yfnfO{ sfg"gsf] zf;gsf b [ l i 6n ] s7 f ] / s fn e Gg ;lsG5 . sfg "gsf ] c;dfg Jojxf/nfO{ j}wtf k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . :jtGq Goflos lgsfosf] cefj /x]sf] lyof] . :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf] l;4f GtnfO { k |e fjsf/ L?kdf cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;lsPsf] lyPg . To:f}n] tTsfnLg kl/j]zdf sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;lsPsf] b]lv+b}g .5 @)$& eGbf cufl8sf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmddf Gofokflnsfaf6 ePsf Psfb'O{ cfb]z jf k}m;nfx?afx]s6 ;du|df sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] :yfkgf ug]{ b[li6df vf;} sfd x'g g;s]sf]

4 OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgnlj¿4 /fi6«klt sfof{no;d]t, g]sfk @)^( cª\s !@ lg=g+= *(@^ k[i7 !&#5 ljzfn vgfn, g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs sfg"Gf, bf];|f] hGd, lkml8«n, @)%$ k[= #%6 jL=kL= sf]O/fnf lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, g]=sf=k=@)!^, t'+u zDz]/ /f0ff lj= OlG8og Po/nfOG;;d]t, g]=sf=k=@)@$ k[=!&(, ;j{1/Tg t'nfw/ lj=/fli6«o

k~rfot;d]t, @)#% cª\s ( k[=!^(, d"nrg cfhfb lj=dbgdf]xg hf]zL, g]=sf=k=@)@% k[=#@@ nfO{ @)$& k"j{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] sfg"gsf] zf;g sfod /fVg] lbzfdf u/]sf dxÎjk"0f{ k|of;sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

cfn]v


dflgG5 . tTsfnLg bnljxLg zf;g Joj:yf / k|hftflGqs d"No dfGotfsf] cefjsf] sf/0f To:tf] kl/j]z /xg' :jfefljs} klg lyof] . To;}n] g]kfndf @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg nfu" x'g'eGbf cufl8sf] cj:yfnfO { sfg "gL zf;gsf ] dfkb08df k/LIf0f ug{ sl7g 5 . ;Lldt?kdf Gofokflnsfaf6 ul/Psf gful/ssf] hLp, wg / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0fsf k|of;x?nfO{ afx]s ug]{ xf] eg] sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] b[li6af6 Tof] o'u cGwsf/d} /x]sf] eGg ;lsG5 . ;lqmo /fhtGq / s'nLgtGqLo /f0ffzfxL zf;g Joj:yf ef]u]sf g]kfnLsf nflu w]/} kl5;Dd klg sfg"gsf] zf;g cgf}7f] / ckl/lrt zAbfjnLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] . t/ @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 Tof] cj:yf /x]g .

g ]kfn clw/fHosf ] ; + ljwfg, @)$& n] g} ax'bnLo k|hftGq, ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL, aflnu dtflwsf/, cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/, :jtGq Gofokflnsf / sfg"gsf] zf;gnfO{ k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v u/L ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf;lxtsf] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqfTds ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs Joj:yf / ;+;bLo :j?ksf] zf;g k|0ffnL cª\uLsf/ u/]sf ] lyof ] . plNnlvt k|foM ;a}h;f] zAbfjnLx?;Fu sfg"gL zf;gsf] lgs6 ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . ljz]ifu/L df}lns xssf] Joj:yf / k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf nflu ;Ifd cbfntsf] :yfkgf sfg"gsf] zf;gsf b[li6n] of] ;+ljwfgsf dxÎjk"0f{ pknlJw lyP . ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] clVtof/L / c+uLsf/ u/]sf] d"No dfGotfsf cfwf/df of] ;+ljwfgsf] sfo{sfndf

Gofofnoaf6 sfg"gsf] zf;g :yfkgf ug] { lbzfdf dxÎjk"0f { lg0f{ox? eP . /fHosf cËx?aLr z lQ ms f ] k [ ysLs/0 f Pjd \ lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfn] tL pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;s]sf x'g\ .

o f ] ; + ljw fgsf ] sfo {sfndf g]kfndf ljlwzf:qLo ljsf;sf w]/} kfOnfx? rflnP . ljz]ifu/L zf;sLo :j]R5frfl/tfpk/ lgoGq0f ug]{ vfnsf cfb]zx? cfP .7 ;dfgtfsf] k|j4{g ug]{ cfb]zx?sf] z[+vnf lgs} nfdf] /x\of] .8 zf;sLo sf/afxLsf] j}wtf k/LIf0f ul/of] .9 Joj:yflksf tyf sfo{kflnsf lgld{t sfg"g tyf lg0f{ox?sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ul/of] .10 gful/ssf df}lns xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ljleGg k|of;x? eP .11 ;fdflhs, cfly{s Gofosf] k|j4{gsf

7 o;sf] kl5Nnf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf tTsfnLg >L % 1fg]Gb|af6 cfk"mn] zf;gef/ u|x0f u/L sfo{sf/L cfb]zaf6 u7g ul/Psf] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]unfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cj}wflgs 3f]if0ff u/L o;sf sfd–sf/afxLx? ab/ u/]sf] 36gfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ M /fhLj k/fh'nL lj= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]u;d]t, cfb]z ldlt @)^@÷!!÷! . To;}u/L csf]{ Pp6f cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5 M k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf a9L cª\s k|fKt ug]{ JolStnfO{ dgf]gog gu/L sd cª\s k|fKt ug]]{ JolQmnfO{ dgf]gog ug]{ lg0f{onfO{ :j]R5frf/L lg0f{o dflgg]5 . sfg"gL zf;gdf o:tf] lg0f{osf] s'g} :yfg gx'g] . ;ljtf bfxfnlj¿4 lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfg, g]=sf=k= @)^& c+s & lg=g++= *$!@ k[i7 !!#%

8 pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf zld{nf k/fh'nL;d]t lj= dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)^! cª\s !) k[i7 !#!@, dL/f 9'Ëfgf lj= dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)^! cª\s $ k[i7 #&&, dL/f u'?ª;d]t lj= s]Gb|Lo cWofudg ljefu;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)%@ c+s ^ k[ $^@, dL/f 9'Ëfgf lj= sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno;d]t, cfb]z ldlt @)%@÷)$÷!*, 8f= rGbf ah|frfo{ lj= dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)%# c+s & k[i7 %#&, /Lgf ah|frfo{ lj= dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)%& c+s % k[i7 #^& nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

9 ;/sf/L lg0f{osf] j}wtf k/LIf0fsf qmddf ljleGg k|zf;lgs lg0f{ox?sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ub]{} ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 w]/} cfb]zx? hf/L ul/P . /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df ;/sf/ kl/jt{g;Fu} kbfjlw tf]lsPsf clwsf/Lx?nfO{ avf{:t ug]{ ;/sf/L lg0f{on] dfGotf kfPgg\ . ;/sf/n] lbPsf cjsfzx? ab/ ul/P . pbfx/0fsf nflu afa'/fd kf}8]n lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, ab|Ls'df/ a:g]t, lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ?Sd zd;]/ /f0ff lj= /fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifb\;d]tnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

10 Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] dfWodaf6 ljleGg P]g lgodx? cdfGo eO{ ab/ ul/P . bh{gf} lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L eP . sltko sfg"gL Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g ;d]t ul/of] . o;;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f sfg"g dGqfnoaf6 k|sflzt Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] qmddf cdfGo / ab/ ul/Psf sfg"gx?sf] cj:yf ljifos cg';Gwfgd"ns k|ltj]bgdf x]g{ ;lsG5 .

11 uug l;+x 7s'/Lsf] Pp6f d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfb]z ub}{ eg]sf] 5 M lglZrt ul/Psf] xbeGbf a9L s}b 7]lsg' eg]sf] cfk}mFdf sfg"gsf] pNnª\3g xf] . s'g} klg JolSt clwsf/L jf lgsfosf] uNtLsf] kl/0ffd JolStn] ef]Ug'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg' x'Fb}g . s;}sf] uNtLsf] sf/0faf6 s'g} klg JolStsf] j}olSts :jtGqtf Ps If0fsf nflu klg s'l07t x'g gx'g] . g]sfk @)^& cª\s @ lg=g+= *#!# k[i7 @$@

cfn]v


nflu ;/sf/ Pjd\ ;+;b\nfO{ lgb]{lzt ul/of] .12 csf]{tk{m k|ltlglwd"ns k|hftflGqs cEof;sf] dfWodaf6 gful/ssf] zf;gdf ;xeflutf sfod ul/of] .

bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngsf] kl/0ffd:j? g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L ePsf] 5 . ;dfj]zL zf;g, ;+3Lo:j?k, /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf clxn]sf d"n d'2f ag]sf 5g\ / d'n's wd{lg/k]If u0ftGqfTds zf;gdf ?kfGtl/t ePsf] 5 . of] ;+ljwfgn] cfly{s ;fdflhs kIfnfO{ ;d]t ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts k|hftGqsf cnfjf cfly{s ;fdflhs k|hftGqdf ;d]t hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

zf;gdf ;xeflutf lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5 . sdhf]/ / lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] zf;gdf ;xeflutfsf nflu ljz]if k|of; u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg] ljlEfGg k|of;x? u/]sf] 5 . Gofofnon] of] ;+ljwfgsf] kl/lwleq /xL sfg"gsf] zf;g :yfkgf u/fpg] lbzfdf ljleGg cfb]z / km};nfx? u/]sf] 5 .13

sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 .14 ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kl/lwleq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg u/L cfˆgf] cjlw

dfq yk ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L gful/s;Fu hfg lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .15 ;f]xL cfwf/df ;+ljwfg;efsf] bf];|f] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . df}lns xssf] lqmofzLntfsf nflu cfjZos sfg"g agfpg lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .16

zf;gdf b]lvPsf] :j]R5frfl/tf lgoGq0fsf nflu ljleGg cfb]z hf/L u/L ;/sf/nfO{ sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;Ldf / kl/lwdf /xg lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .17 ;+ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] bfo/f gf3]/ ag]sf sfg'Gfx? cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/]sf] 5 .18 k|hftflGqs dfGotfcg'?k gePsf sltko sf/jfxLx?nfO{ ;Rofpg

12 n}+lus ;dfgtf sfod ug]{, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug]{, s'/Lltx?sf] pGd"ng ug]{, ;fdflhs Jojxf/ :f'wf/ P]g sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg], dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{h:tf ljifodf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] sfo{kflnsf / Joj:yflksfsf gfddf bh{gf}+sf] ;ª\Vofdf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z u/]sf] 5 . lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]zx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf gfds /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgsf] cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg, @)&) / k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg .

13 Hfolszf]/ nfelj¿4 lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no wg'iff;d]t ePsf] Pp6f d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] eg]sf] 5 M sfg"gL st{Josf] kfngf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] OR5f / clgR5fdf lge{/ /xg] ljifo xf]Og . sfg"gåf/f /xg] ljifo xf]Og . lgwf{l/t st{Jo ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] kfng ug'{ l;jfo csf]{ ljsNk x'g} ;St}g . sfg"gL st{Jo tbf?stfsf] ;St}g . ;fy kl/kfng ug]{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo ;bf tTk/ / lqmofzLn /xg'df g} sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] ;kmntf lge{/ /xg] . g]sfk @)^^ cª\s @ lg=g+= &)&( k[i7 @*$

14 :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgsf nflu cbfntn] ;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf] lgb]{zgnfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . 15 e/tdl0f h+udlj¿4 /fi6«kltsf] sfof{Nfo;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf ;+ljwfgsf] bzf}+ ;+zf]wgpk/ k/]sf] lgj]bgdf u/]sf] cfb]z o; ;Gbe{df lgSs}

dxÎjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5 M ;+ljwfg;efdfk{mt\ g]kfnL hgtfn] cfˆgf nflu cfk}mF ;+ljwfg agfpg kfpg] P]ltxfl;s cj;/sf ?kdf o;nfO{ x]l/Psf] eP tfklg ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g x'g'n] dfq Tof] P]ltxfl;s bfloTj k"/f xF'b}g . ;+ljwfg;ef cfˆgf] u'?Q/ bfloTjnfO{ a'em]/ tb\g'?k lqmofzLn / hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL gx'g] xf] eg] g]kfnL hgtfsf] Tof] clenfiff k"/f x'g ;Sb}g . Toltdfq xf]Og, nfdf] cjlw;DDf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f gx'g] xf] eg] To;n] kfg]{ b"/ufdL c;/k|lt klg ;a} kIf uDeL/ x'g' kb{5 . To;n] :jefjt gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/, === cGtl/d ;+ljwfg tyf sfg'GfL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffh:tf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] cfTDf;ft u/]sf nf]stflGqs k2ltsf] cfwf/x?nfO{ g} vNjNofpg ;S5 / g]kfnL hgtfsf clwsf/x? qmdzM v'Drb} hfg ;S5 . g]sfk @)^* cª\s * lg=g+= *^^@ k[i7 !@%&

16 cd[tf yfkfsf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lgMz'Ns lzIff, lgMz'Ns :Jff:Yo, /f]huf/Lnufotsf ljifodf sfg'Gf agfO{ df}lns xssf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgb]{z u/]sf] kfOG5 .

17 dlGqkl/ifb\n] k|rlnt sfg"gdf plNnlvt k|of]hg / clVtof/LeGbf aflx/ uO{ ;/sf/L sf]ifdf Jooef/ x'g] u/L ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf jf g/x]sf jf ;/sf/L sfddf vl6Psf jf gvl6Psf s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s'g} ;'ljwf, cfly{s ;xof]u, rGbf jf pkxf/ jf s'g} ;/sf/L ;DklQ k|of]u ug{ lbg] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ eP /x]sf] cj:yf gb]lvg] egL u/]sf] cfb]znfO{ sfg"gsf] zf;g sfod u/L d'n'sdf :j]R5frf/L clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ /f]s nufPsf] b]lvG5 . /fdrGb| kf}8]nlj¿4 Joj:yflksf ;+;b\ ;lrjfno;d]t, g]sfk @)^* cª\s * lg=g+= *^&% k[i7 !$@) o:t} ljkIfL bnsf] g]tfsf] lgj]bgdf ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o ab/ ug]{ cfb]znfO{ o;sf] /fd|f] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . k'iksdn bfxfn k|r08lj¿4 ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\;d]t, g]sfk @)^&, cª\s &, lg=g+= *$)^ k[i7 !)*# /fHo ;+oGqleqsf k|To]s cª\un] cfˆgf] st{Jo s] xf] eGg] g'aemL hyfefjL?kdf cfk"mnfO{ lqmofzLn u/fpFbf To;n] sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] dof{bf eTsg hfg] . g]sfk @)&) cª\s @ lg=g+= *(%( k[i7 @)*

18 pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf :j]R5frf/L / thljhL clwsf/nfO{ ljlwsf] zf;g / ;+ljwfgafbsf] l;4fGt;d]tn] c:jLsf/ ub{5 egL cRo'tk|;fb v/]nlj¿4 dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t, g]sfk @)^^ cª\s & lg=g+= *!*# k[i7 !)^#

cfn]v cfn]v


lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .19

dfgjclwsf/k|ltsf] k|ltj4tfnfO{ lqmofzLn ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;hu u/fPsf] 5 .20 Gofodf ;xh kx'Fr sfod u/fpg cfk}mFnfO{ cg'zf;gdf /fVgsf nflu /0fgLlts of]hgf th'{df u/L Gofo ;Dkfbg k|lqmofnfO{ l56f] / k|efjsf/L agfpg] k|oTg u/]sf] 5 .21 plNnlvt cfwf/df x]bf{ Gofokflnsfn] sfg"gsf] zf;g :yfkgf ug] { lbzfdf dxÎjk"0f { e " ldsf lgjf {x u/]sf ] b] lvG5 t/ ;+j }wflgs?kdf sfg"gsf] zf;gk|lt h'g?ksf] k|ltj4tf /x ]sf ] 5 ;f ]cg ';f/sf ;a } ljifox? ;~rfng x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . ;a} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg Gofofnoaf6 dfq klg ;Dej /xb}Gf . o;sf nflu zf;sLo lhDd]jf/Ldf k'u]sf JolQmx?sf] pQ/bfoL efj / ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] efjgfcg';f/sf] zf;sLo ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .

lgisif{

:jtGq Gofokflnsf sfg"gsf] zf;g

:yfkgfsf nflu ckl/xfo{ xf] . elgG5– sfg"gsf] zf;gn] zf;sLo zlQmsf] k|of]u / ;fdflhs Gofo tyf gful/ssf xs clwsf/sf] k|j4{g ug]{ sfo{sf aLr ;fd~h:o sfod ub{5 . ljleGg dfkb08sf cfwf/df zlQmsf] k|of]udf x'g ;Sg] :j]R5frfl/tf / lg/+s'ztfnfO{ /f]Sg] sfg"gL bz{g xf]– sfg"gsf] zf;g . h;n] zlQmsf] b'¿kof]u jf unt k|of]uaf6 x'g] gful/s xs clwsf/sf] xgg / cltqmd0faf6 hf]ufpFb5 . To;/L hf]ufpg] lhDd]jf/L GofofnonfO{ ;'lDkPsf] x'G5 .

To;}n] sfg"gsf] zf;g eg]sf] :jR5 zf;g klg xf] . Tof]eGbf w]/} k|efjsf/L zf;g xf] . hxfFsf] /fhgLlts ;+:s[lt dfgjLo dof{bf / j}olQms :jtGqtfk|lt pbf;Lg 5, ToxfF sfg"gsf] zf;gsf gfddf Goflos kl/j]z l;h{gf ug{ ;lsFb}g . sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] :yfkgfsf nflu ;/sf/ / gful/s b'j} pQ/bfoL / lhDDf]jf/ x'g cfjZos x'G5 . sfg"gsf] zf;g hlt k|efjsf/L xF'b}

hfG5 k|hftGq Tolt ;+:yfut xF'b}

hfG5 . of] d'n'snfO{ ;Eotftkm{

n}hfg] cfwf/ klg xf] . o:tf]

pQ/bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x u/]

gu/]sf] k/LIf0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L

Gofofnon] lgjf{x ul//x]sf] x'G5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg pknAw ;|f]t–

;fwg / sfg"gL tyf ;+j}wflgs

Joj:yfsf cfwf/df Gofofnon] of]

e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] kfOG5 . oBlk,

o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu ;'wf/sf

If]qx? ;w}+ /lx/xG5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df

eGg] kg]{ ljifo xf] ls Gofofnosf]

PSnf] k|of;n] dfq d'n'sdf ;'zf;g

:yfkgf x'g ;Sb}g o;sf nflu ;a}

cËx?sf] ;lqmotf / ;sf/fTds

lqmofzLntfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

Toltdfq xf]Og, sfg"gsf] zf;gsf]

s7f]/ kl/kfngfn] e|i6frf/ /

kbsf] b'¿kof]uh:tf Zj]tu|LjL

ck/fwnfO{ :jtM lg?T;fxg ug]{

ePsfn] o;sf] ;'b[9Ls/0fdf

;/sf/, gful/s ;+:yf / ;Da4 ;a}

kIf lqmofzLn x'g h?/L 5 .

-;xGofoflwjQmf e§/fO{ xfn /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 ._

19 Kf|hftGq v'nfkgdf cfwfl/t x'g] x'Fbf /fi6« lxt / ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu uf]Kotf g/fvL gx'g] s]xL ljifoafx]s cGo ljifodf ;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt ug'{kg]{, u'kr"k / uf]Ko /fVg' gx'g] . k|f=8f= eLd/fh clwsf/Llj¿4 /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u, g]sfk @)^* cª\s $ lg=g+= *%($ k[i7 %^

20 ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cWofb]znfO{ ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] cfbz{cg'?k gePsf] egL cdfGo / ab/ u/]sf] ljifonfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . g]sfk cª\s lg=g+= k[i7 g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/L cg'df]bg u/]sf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx? Vff;u/L CRC, ICCPR, ICESCR h:tf dfgj hLjgsf ;a} cj:yfnfO{ ;d]6\g] cTofjZosLo dxf;lGwx? afnaflnsfsf] kf7Øqmddf g} ;dfj]z ug{ pko'Qm x'g]tkm{ ;/sf/nfO{ lgb]{zgfTDfs cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f]dk|;fb kg]?lj¿4 dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t, g]sfk @)^# cª\s & lg=g+= &&@& k[i7 *$@

21 Gofokflnsfsf] bf];|f] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] ;dflKtkl5 ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] t];|f] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf agfPsf] 5 / Gofo ;Dkfbgsf sfd–sf/afxLnfO{ k|Effjsf/L agfpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] j]e;fO6df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

cfn]v cfn]v


klxnf] k6s ;g\ !((! h'nfO{ @@ -lj=;=@)$*_ df a]nfotL

k|wfgdGqL hf]g d]h/n] b]zaf;LnfO{ k'¥ofpg] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg, ; ]j fu | f x Ls f ] c fjZostf / OR5fcg';f/ ;]jf k |jfx ug{ gful/s a8fkqsf] ;'?cft u/]sf x'g\ . gful/s a8fkqsf] cfwf/e"t p2]Zo ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu gful/snfO{ ;zQm agfpg' xf] . gful/s a8fkqnfO{ c;n zf;gs} Ps cleofgsf] ?kdf klg lnOG5 .

k|f/Dedf ^ j6f l;¢fGtn] gful/s a8fkqsf] ;'?jft u/]sf] kfOG5—klxnf] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, bf];|f ] ljsNk k|:t't, t];|f] u'0f:t/ sfod x'g g;s] s] rfx]sf] lyof] / s] sfd ul/of]Ù rf}yf] d"Nosf] klxrfg, kfFrf}+ pQ/bfloTj, 5}7f}+ kf/blz{tfsf] ?kdf . log} l;4fGtaf6 k|]l/t eP/ ljleGg b]zx?n] gful/s

a8fkq /fVg ;'? u/]sf] kfOG5 . a]lNhod, k|mfG;, :k]gn] ;g\ !((@ df, dn]l;of, kf]r'{unn] ;g\ !((# df, hd}sfn] !(($ df, Sofg8fn] ;g\ !((% df, ef/tn] ;g\ !((& df gful/s a8fkq nfu" u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] g]kfndf ;/sf/L ;]jf k|efjsf/L agfpg] lgb]{lzsf, @)%^ nfu" u/L gful/s a8fkq ;'? u/]sf] kfOG5 .

;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmd;DaGwL s fo { l j l w , @)^@ , ; 'z f;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$, ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^%, ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$, ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^%, ;]jf cleofg ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^% nufotsf gLlt–lgb]{lzsfx?n] gful/s a8fkqnfO{ g]kfndf clgjfo{ ul/lbPsf 5g\ .

;]jf cleofg ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf,

@)^% n] gful/s a8fkqsf ] kl/efiffnfO{ :ki6 kfb}{ æ;]jfsf lsl;d, ; ]jfk | fKt ubf { nfUg ] z'Ns tyf b:t'/, ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/ JolQm, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ nfUg] ;dofjlw, ;]jf k|jfxsf] zt{ / sfo{ljlw, ;]jf pknJw x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf pkrf/sf] ljlwh:tf s'/fx? v'nfO{ ;]jfu|fxLsf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;]jf k|bfos lgsfodf 6fFluPsf] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfnfO{ gful/s a8fkq hgfpF5Æ eg]sf] 5 .

l g o d a d f ] l h d k | T o ] s ;/sf/ L sfo f {non ] …;a }n ] b ]Vg ] 7fp Fdf Ú tf ] lsPadf ] lhd gful/s a8fkq /fVg'kb {5 . gful/s a8fkqnfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' ;'zf;gsf] cEof; ug{ ' xf ] . t/ gful/s a8fkqnfO{ ;/sf/L lgsfon] vfnL xfQLn] b]vfpg] bfFtdfq agfPsf

gful/s a8fkq M sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf cfjZos

k|f/Dedf ^ j6f l;¢fGtn] gful/s a8fkqsf] ;'?jft u/]sf] kfOG5—klxnf] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, bf];|f] ljsNk k|:t't, t];|f] u'0f:t/ sfod x'g g;s] s] rfx]sf] lyof] / s] sfd ul/of]Ù rf}yf] d"Nosf] klxrfg, kfFrf}+

pQ/bfloTj, 5}7f}+ kf/blz{tfsf] ?kdf . log} l;4fGtaf6 k|]l/t eP/ ljleGg b]zx?n] gful/s a8fkq /fVg ;'? u/]sf] kfOG5 .

gd:sf/ zfx

cfn]v cfn]v


5g\ . cf}krfl/stf k"/f ug{sf nflu dfq gful/s a8fkq /fVg] u/]sf] s'/f sxLF st}af6 l5k]sf] 5}g .

rf/ jif{cl3 /fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb|n] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, afFs]nufot ^ j6f ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df u/]sf] gful/s a8fkq ;j]{If0fdf gful/s a8fkq k9]/ sfof{non] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ gful/ssf] ;+:yf @*=%& k|ltzt, sfof{nosf] gful/s a8fkq;DaGwL hfgsf/L gePsfx?sf] ;+Vof ̂ %=&@ k|ltzt, gful/s a8fkqdf pNn]lvt ;docg';f/ sfd eof] eGg]df @@=* k|ltzt, yfxf 5}g eGg]df %$=#) k|ltzt, gful/s a8fkqdf pNn]lvt b:t'/cg';f/ sfd eof] eGg]df $ k|ltztdfq} lyP .

;f] ;j]{If0f 6f]nLn] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ kfos gkg]{ 7fpFdf klg gful/s a8fkq /fv]sf], sfof{nosf] ;fOgaf]8{ / gful/s a8fkqsf] /Ë p8]sf], sfof{non] lbg] ;a} ;]jf pNn]v gePsf], sd{rf/Lx?n] kl/rokq nufpg] gu/ ]sf ] , a8fkqnfO { cBfjlws gul/Psf ] , a8fkq agfpFbf sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx? / ;]jfu|fxLx?;Fu k/fdz{ ug]{ gul/Psf], s'g} 7fpFdf gful/s a8fkq gn]vL ;]jfu|fxL a8fkq n]lvPsf], cIf/x? ;fgf ePsf, sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx? gful/s a8fkqsf] dxÎjaf/] kl/lrt g/x]sf, ;]jfu|fxLx?nfO{ gful/s a8fkqaf/] sd hfgsf/L /x]sf], gful/s a8fkqsf] ;~rf/dfWodaf6 k|rf/–k|;f/ sd ePsf], gful/s a8fkq sfof{nosf] kl/;/df pko'Qm

7fpFdf g/flvPsf] tYo k]mnf kf/]sf] lyof] .

log} tYoaf6 klg k|of]udf cfO/x]sf] gful/s a8fkqsf] xljut k|:6 x'G5 . s'g ;]jf s;/L / sxfFaf6 lng ;lsG5 eGg] ;"rgf lbg, ;fj{hlgs dxÎjsf ;]jfx?df cfd–gful/ssf] ;xh kx'Fr ljsf; ug{, ;]jfu|fxLk|lt ;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{ yk pQ/bfoL agfpgsf nflu cl3 ;fl/Psf] gful/s a8fkqnfO{

s]jn /fVgsf nflu dfq} /fVg]

sfd ul/Psf] 5, of] emf/f 6fg]{

k|j[lQsf sf/0f cf]e]mndf k/]sf]

5, hgr]tgfsf] cefjdf o;sf]

pkof]udf sdL cfPsf] 5 .

o;sf ] k |efjsf/L pkof ]usf

nflu ;/sf/af6 gful/s a8fkq

sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf hf/L ug{ h?/L

5 . ;]jf lbg] / ;]jfu|fxL gful/saLr

;do–;dodf gful/s a8fkq

;DaGwdf cGt/lqmof x'g'k5{ . ;a}

sfof{non] sfof{nosf] kl/;/df

;a}n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf clgjfo{?kdf

gful/s a8fkq /fVg'kb{5 . ;fy},

a9L hg;/f]sf/ x'g] sfof{nodf

af ]Ng ] , >Jo gful/s a8fkq

/fVg'k5{, k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu}

c6f]d]l6s af]ln/xg] jf h'g ;]jf

lylrof] ;f]sf ;DaGwdf cfjZos

hfgsf/L lbg] d]l;gsf] Joj:yf

ug{'kb{5 .

of] x/]s ;/sf/L sfof{nosf]

;'zf;gsf] klxnf] cfwf/:tDe xf],

;]jfu|fxLx?sf] ;"rgfsf] xssf]

k|Tofe"lt xf] . o;sf] k|efjsf/L

pkof]usf nflu c;n a8fkq tof/

kf/L pko'St :yfgdf /fVg'sf ;fy}

o;sf af/]df sfof{nodf cfpg]

;]jfu|fxLx?nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg

klg TolQs} cfjZos 5, cGoyf

of] xfQLn] b]vfpg] bfFt lzjfo

c? s]xL x'g]5}g, o;tkm{ ;a}

;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] Wofg hfg h?/L 5 .

-zfx afFs]l:yt 6LcfO{ cfj4 afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g Snasf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs x'g'x'G5 ._

gful/s a8fkqnfO{ ;/sf/L lgsfon]

vfnL xfQLn] b]vfpg] bfFtdfq

agfPsf 5g\ . cf}krfl/stf k"/f ug{sf nflu dfq gful/s

a8fkq /fVg] u/]sf] s'/f sxLF st}af6

l5k]sf] 5}g .

cfn]v cfn]v

32 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g ‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/cfn]v cfn]v

dx]z zdf{ kf}8]n

dxf;lGwn] k|To]s /fHokIfn], cfˆgf] d'n'ssf] sfg"gsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?cg';f/, lghL If]q;Fu ;DalGwt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ug{, lghL

If]qdf n]vf / n]vfk/LIf0fsf dfkb08x? ljsl;t ug{ pkfox? canDjg ug]{ /, pko'Qmtfcg'?k To:tf pkfox?sf] kl/kfngf ug{ c;kmn /x]df k|efjsf/L cfg'kflts / b'?T;fxgf]Gd'v b]jfgL, k|zf;lgs jf kmf}hbf/L

b08 lbg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

!= ljifo k|j]z

l j Z j J o f k L s / 0 f / Jofkfl/s ultljlwsf] lj:tf/n] ei6frf/ ljZjJofkL, ;j{Jofks, ax''–/fli6«o ultljlw agfPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGwsf] k|:tfjgfdf e|i6frf/ ca :yfgLo ;d:ofdfq geO{ cGt//fHoLo lqmofsnfk eO{ To;n] ;a} ;dfh Pj+ cy{–Joj:yfx?nfO{ k|efljt ug]{ / To;sf] /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u cfjZos kg]{ s'/f pNn]v ePaf6 of] ;d:of ljZjJofkL ePsf] tYo yk k'i6L x'G5 . ljZjJofkL?kdf km}lnPsf] of] ;d:ofaf6 d'lQm kfpg ljZjJofkL ;xof]u, k|of; / ;+/rgfsf] cfjZostf ePsfn]

gAa ]sf ] bzsb] lv e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf ] ljifo ljZjJofkL rf;f] / lrGtfsf] ljifo aGof] . kmnt, sltko ljZjJofkL / If]qLo dxf;lGw;d]t th{'df eP . United

Nations Convention Against

Corruption (UNCAC) 2003 e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;Fu ;DalGwt ljz]if / Jofks dxf;lGw xf] .

@= lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/ ;DaGwdf dxf;lGwsf] Joj:yf

e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf ] afWofTds k|s[ltsf] cGt/f{li6«o lnvtsf] cfjZostf dx;"; u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ;g\ !((( b]lv o:tf] b:tfj]h tof/ ug]{ sfo{df nfu]sf] lyof] . cGttM ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]

%* cf}++ dxf;efn] e|i6frf/lj¿4

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dxf;lGwnfO{ #!

cS6f]a/ @))# df kfl/t u/L !$

l8;]Da/ @))% b]lv k|f/De ePsf]1

of] dxf;lGwn] lghLIf]qsf] e|i6frf/

lgoGq0fsf nflu ;b:o /fi6«n]

sltko lg/f ]wfTds / sltko

b08fTds Joj:yf ckgfpg'kg]{

Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . dxf;lGwn]

k | To ]s / f HokI fn ] , c fˆg f ]

d'n'ssf] sfg"gsf cfwf/e"t

l;4fGtx?cg';f/, lghL If]q;Fu

;DalGwt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ug{,

lghL If]qdf n]vf / n]vfk/LIf0fsf

dfkb08x? ljsl;t ug{ pkfox?

canDjg ug]{ /, pko'Qmtfcg'?k

To:tf pkfox?sf] kl/kfngf ug{

c;kmn /x]df k|efjsf/L cfg'kflts

/fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw / lghL If]qsf]

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;DaGwL sfg"g

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ United Nations Convention against Corruption watched on April 1, 2011

336«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/cfn]v cfn]v

/ b'?T;fxgf]Gd'v (Dissuasive)

b]jfgL, k|zf;lgs jf kmf}hbf/L b08 lbg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg Joj:yf2 u/]sf] 5 . dxf;lGwn] lghL If]qdf 3'; l/;jt\nufot cfly{s, ljQLo jf Jofk f l/s lqmofsnfksf ] l;nl;nfdf dg;fok""j{s ul/Psf ljleGg sfo{nfO{ sfg"gg s;'/ sfod u/L b08gLo agfpg'kg]{ Joj:yf3 u/]sf] 5 . oBlk, oL Joj:yfx? ;b:o / f i6 «nfO { sfof {Gjog ug' {kg] { afWofTds Joj:yf geO{ :j } lR5s?kdf 5fl8Psf]nfO{ sdhf]/ kIfsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

k|:t''t dxf;lGwn] sfg"gL JolQmsf] bfloTj klg l;h{gf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf4 klg u/]sf] 5 .

#= g]kfndf lghL If]qaf6 x'g] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{;DaGwL sfg"g

g]kfndf lghL If]qdf klg e|i6frf/ x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfd?kdf cfTd;ft u/]sf] kfO{+b}g . kmntM e|i6frf/ ;fj{hlgs If]qdf dfq JofKt 5 eGg] cfdwf/0ff kfOG5 . o;}n] cBflk lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;DaGwL sfg"gsf] cefj 5 . e|i6frf/;DaGwL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gn] ;fj{hlgs If]q / ;fj{hlgs If]q;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf cfk"lt{ kIf (Supply Side) lghL If]q

ePsf] xb;Dd s;'/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] eP klg lghL If]qdfq kIf /x]sf] cyf{t\ dfu kIf / cfk"lt{ kIf b'j} lghL If]q (Private-Private) ePsf] e|i6frf/df s;'/ sfod u/]sf] 5}g .

Jofks If]q cf]u6]sf] lghL If]q

s]–s'g xbdf e|i6frf/sf ;Gbe{df

;d]6\g] eGg] lgwf{/0f ug{ s7Lg 5 .

o; k|;Ëdf xfd|f] ;Gbe{df g]kfn

;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f

/x]sf] lgsfox? / To:tf lgsfosf]

:jf ldTj jf lgoGq0f /x ]sf

lgsfox? e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,

@)%( cGtu{t kg]{ t/ ;f]afx]ssf

lgsfox?nfO{ ;d]6\g cfjZos

ePsfn] P]gdf ælghL If]qsf lgsfoÆ

sf] kl/efiff b]xfoadf]lhd ug'{

pko'Qm x''G5 M

• e | i 6 fr f / l gj f / 0 f P ] g ,

@)%( n] u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs

;+:yfsf] kl/efiffdf gkg]{ k|rlnt

sfg "gadf ] lhd btf { ePsf

cljlR5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf

a} +s, ljQLo ;+:yf, ;+:yfg,

k|lti7fg, jf o:t} k|s[ltsf

;+ul7t ;+:yfÙ

• k|rlnt sfg"gadf] lhd btf {

ePsf /fhgLlts bn jf ;+u7g

/ tL ;+u7gsf e|ft[ ;+u7g,

• u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf jf cGt/f{li6«o

u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfÙ

• e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(

n] u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf]

kl/efiffdf pNn]v ePafx]ssf

ljZjljBfno, dxfljBfno,

ljBfno, cg';Gwfg s]Gb| / cGo

To:t} k|fl1s jf z}lIfs ;+:yfÙ

2 lj:t[t cWoogsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ Article 12 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/convention_corruption/signing/convention-epdf

3 lj:t[t cWoogsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ ibid Article 21,224 lj:t[t cWoogsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ ibid Article 26

g]kfndf lghL If]qdf klg e|i6frf/ x'G5

eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfd?kdf cfTd;ft

u/]sf] kfO{+b}g . kmntM e|i6frf/ ;fj{hlgs If]qdf dfq JofKt 5 eGg] cfdwf/0ff

kfOG5 . o;}n] cBflk lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/

lgoGq0f;DaGwL sfg"gsf] cefj 5 .


• e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] kl/efiffdf gkg] { ;fj{hlgs k |s [ l tsf ] hg;/ f ]s f /; Fu ;DalGwt k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd btf{ ePsf lghL :jfldTj /x]sf ;+:yfÙ /

• g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g cfslif{t x 'g ] egL g ]k fn /fhkqdf ;""rgf k|sflzt u/L tf]s]sf cGo ;+:yf .

s]–s'g sfo{nfO{ e|i6frf/sf] s;'/sf] ?kdf Joj:yf ug]{ ljifo /fli6«o sfg"gsf] ljifo eP klg sltko cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL ;+oGq / cEof;x?n] o; ;Gbe{df vf; lgb]{zs dfkb08x? (Standards) to u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] Joj:yf lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ;DaGwdf o'/f]k]nL sfplG;nsf] k|m ]djs{ lg0f{o, @))# / e|i6frf/lj¿4 ;+o'Qm /fi6«+3Lo dxf;lGw, @))# df klg ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf :6fG88{x? k|:t't P]gdf s;'/;DaGwL Joj:yf ubf{ b[li6ut ug{ jf~5gLo x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df b]xfosf sfo{nfO{ s;'/sf] ?kdf Jojl:yt ug' { cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 M

• lghL If]qsf] lgsfosf nflu s'g} klg x}l;otdf /xL lgb]{lzt ug]{ jf sfo{ ug]{ s'g} JolQmnfO{ lghsf] st{Joaf6 Ro"t ug{ jf s'g} sfd u/fpg jf gu/fpgsf nflu To:tf] JolQm :jo+ jf cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ k|ToIf jf

ck|ToIf?kdf cg'lrt nfe k'¥ofpg k|lt1f ug'{, k|:tfj ug'{ jf k|bfg ug'{Ù

• lghL If]qsf] lgsfosf nflu s'g} klg x}l;otdf /xL lgb]{lzt ug]{ jf sfo{ ug]{ s'g} JolQmn] cfˆgf] st{Joaf6 Ro"t x'g jf s'g} sfd ug{ jf gug{sf nflu :jo+n] jf cGo JolQmsf nflu k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kdf cg'lrt nfesf] ofrgf ug'{ jf

:jLsf/ ug'{Ù

• lghL If]qsf] lgsfodf lgb]{zg ug]{ jf sfo{ ug]{ s'g} klg x}l;otdf /x]sf] JolQmn], cfly{s ljQLo jf Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfkx?sf] l;nl;nfdf lghnfO{ p;sf] kbLo ljZjf;sf] cfwf/df k|bfg ul/Psf] s'g} ;DklQ, lghL sf]if jf lwtf]kq jf d"No /xg] s'g} klg j:t' lxgfldgf ug'{Ù

• e|i6frf/hGo sfo{df ;+nUg geP klg e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( jf of] P]gcGtu{tsf] s;'/ u/L cflh{t ;DklQ eGg] yfxf kfP/ klg To:tf] ;DklQ hfgL–hfgL n'sfpg]–l5kfpg] jf nuftf/ lgoGq0fdf /fVg'Ù

• of] P]gcGtu{tsf] s;'/sf] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg jf d'2f k'k{Ifsf] sf/afxLsf] ;DaGwdf e"m¶f ;fIfL k/LIf0fnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug'{ jf k|df0f k|:t'tLs/0f sfo{df x:tIf]k ug{ an k|of]u ug'{ jf wDSofpg', t;f{pg' jf cg'lrt nfesf] k|lt1f ug'{, k|:tfj ug'{ jf To:tf] nfe k|bfg ug'{ jf o:t} cGo sfo{ u/L Gofodf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] sfo{ ug'{Ù

• Hofg dfg]{, ckx/0f ug]{, ;DklQsf] x/0f ug]{, OHhtdf wSsf k'¥ofpg], 8/, qf; jf c? s'g} lsl;dsf] u}/–sfg"gL bafaaf6 lghL If]qsf lgsfodf sfo{/t JolQmnfO{ o; P]gadf]lhdsf] s;'/ ug{ nufpg'Ù

s]–s'g sfo{nfO{ e|i6frf/sf] s;'/sf] ?kdf Joj:yf ug]{

ljifo /fli6«o sfg"gsf] ljifo eP klg

sltko cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL ;+oGq / cEof;x?n] o;

;Gbe{df vf; lgb]{zs dfkb08x? to u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] Joj:yf lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ;DaGwdf

o'/f]k]nL sfplG;nsf] k|m]djs{ lg0f{o, @))# / e|i6frf/lj¿4 ;+o'Qm

/fi6«+3Lo dxf;lGw, @))# df klg ul/Psf]

5 .

cfn]v


• lghL If]qsf] lgsfodf jxfn /xg] p2]Zosf nflu z}lIfs of]Uotf, gfd, tLgk':t] pd]/, hft, y/, 7]ufgf, gful/stf jf cGo s'g} s'/fsf] e"m¶f ljj/0f lbPdf jf e"m¶f ljj/0f k]z u/]dfÙ

• pNn]lvt s;'/sf] pBf]u ug'{, dltof/ jf ;xof]uL aGg' jf b'?T;fxg ug'{Ù /

• pNn]lvt s;""/df s'g} sfg"gL JolQmsf] klg ;+nUgtf ePdf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] ;fy} To:tf] sfg"gL JolQmn] klg s;'/ u/]sf] dflgg] .

lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/sf nflu e|i6frf/lj¿4 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGwn] dfkb08x? lgb]{lzt u/]sf] eP klg slt ;hfo ug]{ eGg] s'g} pNn]v 5}g . lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ;DaGwdf o'/f]k]nL sfplG;nsf] k |m ]djs{ lg0f {o, @))# n] lng] lbg] b'j} e|i6frf/ / To;sf] dltof/sf] s;'/x?sf nflu kmf}Hbf/L ;hfosf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ / To:tf] ;hfo Ps jif{b]lv tLg jif{;Dd s}b x'g] Joj:yf ;b:o /fi6«n] ug{ klg dfu{bz{g 5 . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df b]xfoadf]lhd ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 M

• l/;jt\–n]gb]g ePsf]df lauf]adf]lhd hl/jfgf u/L lauf]sf] cfwf/df s}b–;hfosf] dfkb08 xfdLn] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( df lnOPsf]

x'Fbf ;f] P]gsf] dfkb08nfO{ k|:t't P]gsf s;'/df klg canDjg ug{Ù

• of] P]gadf]lhdsf] s;'/ u/]sf] 7x/ x'g] sfg"gL JolQmnfO{ hl/jfgf tyf cfjZostfg';f/ ;fj{hlgs nfe / ;xof]u kfpg] clwsf/af6 al~rt ug]{, Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfkx?sf] cEof; ug{af6 :yfoL jf

c:yfoL?kdf c;Ifd u/fpg], Goflos Winding Up cfb]z hf/L ug{Ù /

• o; P]gsf] s;'/sf] pBf]u ug]{ / dltof/nfO{ cfwf ;hfo ug{ .

lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/sf] cg';Gwfg txlssft / cleof]hgsf qmddf clxn] ;fj {hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] ug]{ e|i6frf/sf] cg';Gwfgsf] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ g} lhDd]jf/L ;'Dkg] ls 5'§} lgsfo P]gåf/f l;h{gf ug]{ eGg] xfd|f];fd' b'j} ljsNkaf/] 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ xfnsf] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;+ljwfgtM :yflkt eO{ nfdf] ;dob]lv lqmofzLn Jofj;flos (Professional) cËsf ] ?kdf ljsl;t eO/x ]sf ] / :jtGq lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'Fbf lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/sf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf] lhDdf klg clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ lbg pko'Qm x'G5 . P]gåf/f ;[lht gofF ;+/rgf cfof]ueGbf :jtGqtf, ;fwg;|f ]t / ljz]if1tfsf ;a} b[li6sf]0fn] sdhf]/ /xg] x'G5 . xfn ;+ljwfgdf ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f u/]sfsf] xsdf dfq cfof]unfO{ clwsf/ eP klg o;} P]gåf/f of] clwsf/ cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/leq /fVg ;lsG5 .

-kf}8]n dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf ;x–GofoflwjQmf x'g'x'G5 ._

P]gåf/f ;[lht gofF ;+/rgf cfof]ueGbf :jtGqtf, ;fwg;|f]t

/ ljz]if1tfsf ;a} b[li6sf]0fn]

sdhf]/ /xg] x'G5 . xfn ;+ljwfgdf

;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f u/]sfsf] xsdf dfq cfof]unfO{ clwsf/ eP klg o;} P]gåf/f of] clwsf/ cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/leq /fVg

;lsG5 .

cfn]v


kLtfDa/ 9sfnlnlR5jLsfndf klg gful/s ;dfh :yfkgf ePsf] kfOG5 . wfld{s k4lt,

ljxf/, ;+3, srx/L / u?s'nh:tf To;a]nf gful/s ;dfhsf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ gful/s ;+:yfx? lyP .

gful/s ;dfhsf] bfloTj

gful/s ;dfh s] xf] <

gful/s ;dfh dfgj ;Eotfsf] k | f / Deb ] lv g } :y fkg f eO { lqmofzLn xF'b}cfPsf] b]lvG5 . j}lbs o'udf klg ;'zf;g (Good

Governance) sfod xf];\, gful/s / /fHosf] pGglt xf];\, eGg] rfxgf zf;s / zfl;t b'j}df lyof] . j}lbs o'udf zf:qfy{ / sd{df ljZjf; ug]{ JolStx?nfO{ /fHo / ;dfh b'j}n] ljZjf; ug]{ uy]{ . JolSt, kl/jf/, /fHo, sfg"g, ;]gf, ;Gt / ;+:yfsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L /fv]/ rrf{ jf JofVof ug{ ;Sg]nfO{ gful/s ;dfhsf] bhf{ lbOGYof] . ldlynfsf /fhf /fh>L hgs ;+/If0f, ljZjf;, Gofo, Odfgbfl/tf / dfgjtfdf cfwfl/t clwsf/df ljZjf; uy]{ / ;f]xL cg's"nsf] ;dfh lgdf{0f ePsf] klg lyof] .

uf }td a'4n] lx+;f (Voilence),

rf]/L (Theft), Jolerf/ (Adultery),

dlb/f lkpg] (Intoxicating drink) / c;To af]Ng] (Lies) ;dfhsf nflu cg'ko'St eg]sf lyP / ;f]cg';f/sf] ;dfh lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbPsf lyP .

lnlR5jLsfndf klg gful/s ;dfh :yfkgf ePsf] kfOG5 . wfld{s k4lt (Religious cults), ljxf/ (Bihar), ;+3 (Sanghas), srx/L (Local

Arbitration Forum) / u?s'n (Gorukul) h:tf To;a]nf gful/s ;dfhsf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ gful/s ;+:yfx? lyP . /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] zf;gsfndf klg gful/s ;dfhsf] ;'g'jfO{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . sfhL sfn' kf08]sf] lgo'lSt o;}sf] cfwf/df ePsf] dflgG5 . t/ /f0ffsfndf kl/jf/ aflx/sf gful/s ;dfhsf] s'g} cy{ lyPg . t/ klg d'n'sL P]g (Civil Code) aGof] . dnfdL u'7L, hot' ;+:s[td\, k/f]ksf/ ;+:yf (Charity Organization) h:tf

;+:yf :yfkgf gful/s ;dfhsf] x}l;otdf eP .

jt{dfg cj:yfdf cfly{s If]qlt/ 9's'6Lx?, ;xsf/L, pBf]u Jofkf/ ; +3x?, pkef ]Stf ;d "xx?, ;f+:s[lts ;d"xtkm{ u'7L, d+sfvn, g]kfn tfdfª w]b'ª, ldlynf ;dfh, ls/fFt ofsy'ª 5'Dnª, ysfnL sNof0f ;dfhh:tf ;f+:s[lts ;dfhx?sf] u7g gful/s ;dfhsf] ?kdf ePsf] 5 . lzIff tyf ;"rgftkm{ Nepal South Asia Center, Nepal

Foundation for Advanced Studies,

Center for the Consolidation

of Democracy, Institute for

Integrated Development Studies,

Federation for Nepali Journalists,

Nepal Press Institute, Media Point,

Sancharika Samuha, Teachers

Associations cflb /x]sf 5g\ . o:t}, cGo s}og\ Anti-Corruption agencies gful/s ;dfhaf6 u7g

cfn]v


ePsf 5g\ .

gful/s ;dfh :yfgLo txdf ;+ul7t x'G5 . elgG5– Civil Society is based on grass root association; it ensures participations and representation of all, besides capabal to initiate dialogue

among people. olb g]kfnnfO{

e|i6frf/d'St Corruption Free agfpg] xf] eg] cGgf xhf/]sf]

cfGbf]ng h:t} ;zSt cfGbf]ng

rnfpg' k5{ .

gful/s ;dfhsf] bfloTj

;dfhdf a:g] h'g;'s} kb jf

x}l;otsf] JolSt gful/s ;dfhsf]

JolSt xf] . gful/s ;dfhsf] JolSt

jf ;b:onfO{ s'g} k]zf, Joj;fo jf

kb, cfly{s ;DkGgtf jf ljkGgtf,

;fIf/ jf lg/If/sf cfwf/df

5'6Øfpg ldNb}g . t/ s'g} JolStsf]

c?sf] eGbf k[ys lhDd]jf/L

/x]sf] 5 eg] p;n] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x

ubf{sf] ;dodf pm gful/s ;dfhsf]

x}l;otn] pleg gldNnf t/ ;dfh

/ /fHosf] lxtsf] lgldQ h:tf];'s}

lhDd]jf/L jf x}l;otdf /x] klg

gful/s ;dfhsf] x}l;otn] e"ldsf

lgjf{x ubf{ s'g} km/s kb}{g . cfˆgf]

lhDd]jf/L / gful/s ;dfhsf]

;b:osf] x}l;otn] lgjf{x ug]{

e"ldsfsf aLr aflemPsf] 5–5}g

Tof] eg] Vofn ug'{kg] { x'G5 .

/fi6«;]js sd{rf/L klg sfof{no

;docl3 / sfof{no ;dokl5

gful/s ;dfhsf] ;b:o g} xf] .

gful/s ;dfh s'g } ljrf/df

afFlwPsf] xF'b}g of] :jtGq x'G5 . g]t[Tj ck|ltdfgL x'G5 . s'g} ;Ël7t ?k xF'b}g, t/ clxn] t gful/s ;dfhsf cWoIf g} elgg yfn] . Toltdfq geP/ ljrf/sf cfwf/df klg gful/s ;dfhn] sfd ug{ yfn] . l;4fGttM o:tf ;dfhnfO{ gful/s ;dfh eGg ldNb}g . To:tf] ;dfhdf /fi6«;]js sd{rf/L a:g klg gldNnf . t/ ;dfhdf pTkGg x'g] ljz]if u/L dfgjclwsf/, lzIff, :jf:Yo, jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt

lj;+ultx? Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;a}

pleg} k5{ . lsgls xfdL dfG5]x?

ax'sfof{Tds (Multifunctional)

5f}+ . xfdL ljz]if1tfsf cfwf/df

sf]xL sfg"g Joj;foL, sf]xL lzIfs,

sf]xL ;'/IffsdL{, sf]xL ljBfyL{,

sf]xL sd{rf/L klg 5f}+ . To;}u/L,

Pp6} k]zf jf Joj;fodf ;+nUg ePsf

xfdL sd{rf/L klg JolStut?kdf

ax'sfof{Tds 5f}+ . lsgls xfdL

k]zfn] h] eP klg sfof{no aflx/

v]tdf uof+} eg] ls;fg, l;g]df

xndf uof} eg] bz{s, k;ndf

u|fxs jf Jofkf/L, ljZjljBfnodf

uof } eg ] lzIfs jf ljBfyL {

x'G5f}+ . To;/L g} gful/s ;dfhsf]

cu'jfsf x}l;otn] /fi6«k|ltsf]

lhDd]jf/Laf]w u/]/ ;bfrf/ sfod

u/fpg / d'n'snfO{ e|i6frf/d'St

agfpg k|ofz ug'{ xfdL ;a}sf]

bfloTj xf] . gful/s ;dfhn]

e|i6frf/ /f]syfdsf] ;zSt cf}hf/

(Corruption fighters tool Kits) sf]

?kdf sfd ug'{k5{ .

g]kfndf sfg"g kof{Kt 5g\, t/

kfngfsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . ;'zf;g

lbg–k|ltlbg v:sb} uPsf] 5 .

h'g s'/f 6LcfO{ g]kfnaf6 ljleGg

;dodf k|sflzt ;g\ @))$ b]lv

;g\ @)!! ;Ddsf] ;"rsfª\sn]

b]vfPsf] 5 . ;'zf;g sfod

ug{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf ;a} kIfsf]

;fd"lxs ;+nUgtf tyf ;xeflutf

x'g'kb{5 .

xfd|f] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf lj;Ëltk"0f{

5 . wgL / /ftf/ft cfh{g ug{ ;Sg]

;dfhdf a:g] h'g;'s}

kb jf x}l;otsf] JolSt gful/s ;dfhsf] JolSt

xf] . gful/s ;dfhsf] JolSt jf ;b:onfO{

s'g} k]zf, Joj;fo jf kb, cfly{s ;DkGgtf jf

ljkGgtf, ;fIf/ jf lg/If/sf

cfwf/df 5'6Øfpg ldNb}g .

cfn]v


e|i6frf/L, sfnf]ahf/L, t:s/, ;dfhsf] lxt–k|lts"n rfs/L–rfKn';L u/]/ JolStut :jfy{df dfq lgln{Kt x'g]nfO{ a9L ;fdflhs d"No k|bfg ug]{, 7"nf] b]Vg], p;}sf] jl/k/L 3'Dg] cfˆgf] klg To:t} hLjgsf] ck]Iff ug]{ unt ;+:sf/ /x]sf] 5 . gful/s ;dfh s'g} r'lgPsf] pRr ju{ xf]Og . o;n] JolStut jf lglZrt ;dfhsf] dfq :jfy{ gx]/]/ l;Ëf] d'n's / ljZjs} :jfy{;Fu cfk"mnfO{ hf]8]sf] x'G5 . p;sf] :jtGqtf / gful/sxs ;fFem laxfgsf] /f]6L / gf}gLh:t} x'G5 .

:jtGq gful/s ;dfhdf /xg] hf]–sf]xL JolStsf] klg gful/s :jtGqtfsf] /Iff ug'{ k|d'v st{Jo xf] . :tGqtfsf] /Iff x'g ;s]g eg] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfsnufotsf ljsf;x? ug{ ;lsFb}g . ;do / k'FhLsf] ckJoo x'G5 . ljZjsf sltko lg/ª\s'z / clwgfosjfbL z f;g ePs f d ' n 'sx?d f gful/s xs xgg\ ePs} sf/0fn]

gful/s xssf] ;'/Iffsf lgldQ gful/s ;dfhsf] cu'jfO{df ul/Psf / cfGbf]ngx?af6 ;Qfx? kl/jt{g ePsf pbfx/0fx? 5g\ . Gfful/s

;dfhsf] sfo{If]q eg]sf] :jtGqtf, k|hftGq, ;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf tyf ;dfhdf ;bfrf/ sfod ug'{ xf] .

l js ] G b | L s / 0 f n ] z l S t / clwsf/sf] k|of]udf ;'lglZrttf NofpF5 . clwsf/sf] b'?kof]usf] ;Defjgf Hofb} sd x'G5 . t/ clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f hf] dflyaf6 tn emb}{ hfG5, ToxfF clwsf/dfq emb}{g, s'/Llt / s'k|yf klg tn emb}{ hfG5 . To;n] gful/snfO{ lzsf/ jf rf/f] agfpg] u5{ . e|i6frf/sf gfosx? klg ylkFb} hfG5g\ . Psn g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; x'Fb} hfG5 . p;n] c?nfO{ cfk"m hlQsf] 7fGb}g . ToxL Psn g]t[Tjsf] sf/0f 3"; dfUg], vfg] / gful/s klg 3"; lbg afWo x'G5g\ . o:tf gj–gfosx?sf sf/0f kL8faf]w klg gful/snfO{ x'Fb} hfG5 . of] a]nfdf gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf cem dxÎjk"0f{ 7flgG5 .

-9sfn gful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3 ;'v]{tsf] cWoIf x'g'x'G5._

e|i6frf/lj¿4 cfh}af6 ;lqmo xf]cf}+ .

Act Against Corruption Today-UN

cfn]v

gful/s ;dfh s'g} r'lgPsf]

pRr ju{ xf]Og . o;n] JolStut

jf lglZrt ;dfhsf] dfq :jfy{ gx]/]/

l;·f] d'n's / ljZjs} :jfy{;Fu cfk"mnfO{ hf]8]sf] x'G5 . p;sf] :jtGqtf / gful/sxs

;fFem laxfgsf] /f]6L / gf}gLh:t}

x'G5 .


sfo{;ldltsf lg0f{o• xfn ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj tof/ ug]{;DaGwL

sfo{ rfn' /x]sf] ;Gbe{df l/Qm ;Nnfxsf/ kl/ifb\sf] kbk"lt{ pQm sfo{ ;dfKt ePkZrft\ ug]{ .

• xfn sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] s/f/gfdf cfufdL ! jif{;Ddsf nflu gjLs/0f ug]{ . s'g} kl/of]hgf aLr}df cGt x'g] ePdf ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf] s/f/gfdf kl/of]hgf cjlw;Dd gjLs/0f ug]{ . Inflation Adjustment :j?k #–$ k|ltzt;Dd tna j[l4 ug]{ . Odf]hgL >]i7sf] kfl/>lds h'lgo/ clkm;/ :t/sf] ug]{ .

• k'; !^–@$ ;Dd wgu9L, afFs], ;'v]{t, l;4fy{gu/, u'NdL, wflbª, e}/xjfsf cfj4 ;+:yfsf sfo{qmddf cWoIf >L lji0f' axfb'/ s];L ;xefuL x'g] .

• df3 @&–@( df k;f{, l;/fxf / ;nf{xLsf cfj4 ;+:yfx?sf] sfo{qmddf cWoIf >L lji0f' axfb'/ s];L, dxf;lrj >L e/taxfb'/ yfkf / sfo{;ldlt ;b:o 8f= /fdbofn /fs]z ;xefuL x'g] .

• gfoj sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs sdn kf]v/]nnfO{ dn]l;ofdf x'g] e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] dxf;GwL cgSofs;DaGwL tfnLddf dgf]gog ug]{ .

• !* cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;efåf/f ul7t ljwfg ;+zf]wg l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] k|:tfj sfo{;ldltdf k|fKt ePsf]df pQm k|:tfjnfO{ ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;efdf k|:t't ug]{ .

• ljz]if ;fwf/0f;ef c;f/ @) ut] # ah] 6«]8 6fj/, yfkfynLdf cfof]hgf ug]{ .

• ;+:yfsf] jrt k|of]u u/L sf]6]Zj/b]lv dxf/fhu~h If]q cf;kf; 3/–hUuf vl/b ug{ %–^ k6s ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ .

• OG6g{ Hjfnf e§nfO{ PS;r]Gh km]nf]sf] ?kdf ;g\ @)!$ cu:6b]lv @)!% h'nfO{;Dd 6L=cfO{= a+unfb]z hfg ePsf] 5gf}+6 cg'df]bg ug]{ .

• 6LcfO{ g]kfn;Fu cfj4 @@ ;+:yfx?sf] cfj4tf cfj4 ;+:yf lgb]{lzsf @)^* adf]lhd gjLs/0f ug]{ .

-ldlt @)&) df3 !& b]lv h]7 @# ;Dd_

6L=cfO{= g]kfnsf ultljlw

ultljlw

cWoIf / dxf;lrj >Ln+sf e|d0fdf

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g] ]zgn g]kfnsf cWoIf >L lji0f' axfb'/ s]=;L= / dxf;lrj >L e/taxfb'/ yfkfn] >Ln+sfsf] kfFrlbg] e|d0f ;DkGg ug{'ePsf] 5 . 6LcfO{ RofK6/ >Ln+sfn] g]t[Tj / ;'zf;g k|j4{gsf nflu cFufn]sf] b[li6sf]0faf/] hfgsf/L lng] / cfˆgf cg'ej cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ Wo]on] ul/Psf] ;f] -PSkf]h/ lelh6_ e|d0f @) b]lv @% clk|n @)!$ df ul/Psf] lyof] .

e|d0fsf qmddf 6LcfO{ >Ln+sfsf] sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?n] RofK6/sf] g]t[Tj k|lqmof / ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ ul/Psf k|of;x?af/] rrf{ ug{'ePsf] lyof] .

of] e|d0f Pp6f To:tf] cj;/ xf], hxfF låkIfLo RofK6/sf sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?aLr ;'zf;gsf d"No, dfGotf, k|lqmof / lzi6frf/af/] 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 .

cf]kg ueg{d]G6 kf6{g/lzk a}7s

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs >L cflzif yfkf ;g\ @)!$ sf] d] $ b]lv & ;Dd O08f]g]lzofsf] afnLdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] cf]kg ue{Gd]G6 kf6{glzk a}7sdf ;xefuL x'g'eof] . ;f] a}7sdf Plzof k|zfGt If]qsf pRr:t/sf ;/sf/L / u}/–;/sf/L k|ltlglwx? ;lDdlnt eO{ kf/blz{tfk|lt k|ltjåtf hfx]/ u/] .

40 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g ‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ultljlw

6LcfO{ k|ltlglwd08n a+unfb]z e|d0fdf6LcfO{ g]kfnsf gfoj sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs sdn kf]v/]nsf] g]t[Tjdf cfO{=P= sfo{qmdsf ;+of]hs df]xg

a'9fyf]sL, sfo{qmd clws[t ljgf]b e§/fO{ ;lDdlnt

6f]nLn] a+unfb]z e|d0f ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . pSt 6f]nL

;g\ @)!$ sf] d] $ b]lv * ;Dd a+unfb]z e|d0fdf

/x]sf] of] 6f]nLn] 6LcfO{ a+unfb]zn] ;~rfng u/]sf

ljleGg kl/of]hgf / ltgsf lqmofsnfkaf/] hfgsf/L

xfl;n u/]sf] 5 .

e|d0fsf qmddf pSt ;d"xn] 6LcfO{ a+unfb]zsf gfoj

sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs >L ;'d}of v}/, l;les O+u]hd]G6

l8lehg, l/;r{ PG8 kf]ln;L l8lehg, cfp6l/r PG8

sDo'lgs]zg l8lehg, kmfOgfG; PG8 P8ldlg:6«]zg

l8lehg / 9fsf d]l8sn sn]hsf k|ltlglwx?;Fu

e]63f6 u/]sf] lyof] . pSt ;d"xn] sld6L ckm sG;G8{

l;l6hg -;L;L;L_n] d'l;uGhdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] km]; b

klAns sfo{qmddf ;d]t ;xeflutf hgfPsf] lyof] .

a+unfb]zdf ;~rf/ tfnLd6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnsf] Plzof Kof;] lkms

l8kf6{d]G6n] a+unfb]zdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;fpy Plzof d]l8of 6«]lgªdf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf jl/i7 ;~rf/ clws[t 6L=Pg= l3ld/] / sfo{qmd clws[t ;[i6L sfsL{ ;xefuL x'g'eof] . pSt tfnLd ;g\ @)!$ clk|n (–!) ;Dd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmdn] ;~rf/ If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf RofK6/ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u, a|]lsª Go"h Joj:yfkg, n]vg k|lqmof, cGt/jftf{ lbFbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f, 6LcfO{ RofK6/ / ;fj{hlgs h:tf ljifoodf 1fg lbg' /x]sf] lyof] .

e§/fO{ k|lzIf0fdf ;xefuL

cli6 «ofsf] nS;]gju{l:yt OG6/g]zgn PG6L s/K;g Ps]8]dLn] ;g\ @)!$ sf] # b]lv !@ h'nfO{;Dd OG6/g]zgn PG6L s/K;g ;d/ Ps]8]dL sf]ifcGtu{t

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cGo lqmofsnfk• 6LcfO{ Plzof Kof;]lkms l/hgn k|f]u|fd ldl6ª !( b]lv @! d] @)!$ df sf7df8f}+df ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .

• Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfcGtu{t cfj4 !@ ;+:yfx?;Fu @(—#) h]7df gu/sf]6df ;dLIff a}7s cfof]hgf ul/of] .

• gj]{lhog b"tfjf;;dIf Ao'lN8ª g]zgn OlG6lu|6L Og g]kfn ljifos ;f9] tLgjif]{ kl/of]hgf k|:tfj k]z ul/of] . k|:tfljt kl/of]hgfsf] nfut ¿= ^ s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 .

• 6]ln;le{; Pg;]n;dIf k|df]l6ª lalhg]; PlyS; ljifos ?=@( nfvsf] Psjif]{ kl/of]hgf k|:tfj k]z ul/of] .

• Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgf dWofjlw d"Nof°gsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf hf/L u/L k|:tfj cfXjfg

ul/Psf]df ljleGg ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt k|fljlws / ljQLo k|:tfj d"Nof°gkl5 -Dofg_ Joj:yfkg ;+3nfO{ k/fdz{bftfsf ?kdf 5gf}6 ul/of] .

• Pnfs kl/of]hgfaf/] k|rf/fTds lel8of] tof/ ug{ k/fdz{bftf /hlgz e08f/LnfO{ cg'aGw ul/of] .

• ;fpy–;fpy Plzof PS;r]Gh sfo{qmdcGtu{t k|m]8sk{;]6 gj]{n] ;g\ @)!$ sf] cu:6 ̂ b]lv * ;Dd a}+ssdf cfof]hgf x'g] xf]d sldª, lk|k/];g sf];{ PG8 6«]lgªdf ;+:yfsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs cflzif yfkf, sfo{qmd clws[t ;[i6L sfsL{, PS;r]Gh km]nf]x? lgzf cof{n, Hjfnf e§ / sfof{no ;xfos l;zf]/ b]pnfsf] ;xeflutf /xg] ePsf] 5 .

• g]zgn OlG6lu|6L l;:6d @)!$ g]kfn;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg k|sfzg u/L d] @@ df k|]; e]63f6 sfo{qmddfkm{t\ sf7df8f}df ;fj{hlgs ul/of] .


…k|flS6; ld6\; ;fOG;Ú k|lzIf0fdf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf k|zf;sLo clws[t bLgfgfy e§/fO { ;xefuL x'g'eof] . ;f] Ps8]dLn] o:tf] k|lzIf0f x/]s jif{ cfof]hgf ub{5 . o; jif{ $* b]zsf ^( hgf ;xefuL /x]sf] ;f] k|lzIf0fsf ;xefuLx?nfO{ ljZjJofkL ?kdf e|i6frf/sf] ljljw ljifoj:t' / ltgsf] k|s[ltaf/] hfgsf/L lbOPsf] lyof] .

6LcfO{ Plzof Kofl;lkms If]qLo a}7s

6LcfO{ Plzof Kofl;lkms ljefu / 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf Plzof Kofl;lkms If]qLo a}7s sf7df8f}+df ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ;f] sfo{qmd ;g\ @)!$ sf] d] !( b]lv @! tfl/v;Dd cfof]hgf ePsf] xf] . kl/of]hgfsf] sfo{ / /fli6«o RofK6/sf sfo{sf/Lx?sf] pRr Jofjxfl/s 1fg / lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ Wo]o sfo{qmdsf] /x]sf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf o; If]qsf ;f7LeGbf a9L cleofgstf{x?sf] ;xeflutf /Xof] .

/fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs

6LcfO{ aln{gsf] ;xof]udf 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ækmfOl6Ë s/K;g Og\ ;fpy PlzofM lalN8Ë OlG6u|L6L P08 csfpl06lanL6LÆ / æg]zgn OlG6u|L6L l;:6d c;];d]G6 g]kfn @)!$Æ k|ltj]bg sf7df8f}+df nf]sfk{0f u/]sf] 5 . ;f] sfo{qmd Plzof Kofl;lkms If]qLo a}7ssf qmddf ;g\ @)!$ sf] d] dlxgfdf sf7df8f}Fdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

d'Vo ;lrj, ;fs{ dxf;lrj;Fu e]63f6

8f= >L/fs lKnkf6, If]qLo lgb]{zs, Plzof Kofl;lkms 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnn] ;fs{sf dxf;lrj dxfdlxd dxf;lrj >L ch'{g yfkf / To;}u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj >L nLnfd0fL kf}8Øfn;Fu @# d]df lzi6frf/ e]63f6 ug'{eof] . 5nkmnsf qmddf pxfFx?aLr blIf0f Plzofsf] /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL k|ltj]bg / cGo kf/:kl/s ljifodf s'/fsfgL ePsf] lyof] .

ultljlw

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnn] g]kfndf ;bfrf/ lgdf{0f (Building National Integrity in

Nepal) ;DaGwL kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ ePsf] 5 . ;f] kl/of]hgf;Da4 ;Demf}tf–kqdf ldlt @)&! ;fpg & ut] gj]{lhog /fhb"t Kjell Tormod Pettersen / 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf >L lji0f' axfb'/ s]=;L=n] x:tfIf/ ug{'ePsf] 5 .

kl/of]hgf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no sf7df8f}+nufot l;/fxf, ;Kt/L, /fd]5fk, bf]nvf, ;nf{xL, ?kGb]xL, afFs], d'u' / bfr'{nf lhNnfl:yt 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfj4 ;+:yfx?dfkm{t\ gf} lhNnfdf ;~rfng x'g] ePsf] 5 . kl/of]hgf ;g\ @)!$ h'nfO{b]lv @)!& ;Dd ;~rfng ul/g] ePsf] 5 . kl/of]hgfsf] s'n nfut #% nfv gj]{lhog qmf]g/ /x]sf] 5 .

kl/of]hgfn] g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] e|i6frf/

Go"gLs/0f ug{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] nIo /fv]sf] 5 . To:t} kl/of]hgfdfkm{t\ k|fylds ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx?, If]qx? / ;dfhdf e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] cleofg / ;fj{hlgs ;bfrf/sf] ;jnL–s/0f ug]{ p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 .

s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo txsf zf;sLo / /fli6 «o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnLx?df gLltut ;'wf/ u/L e|i6frf/lj¿4sf lqmofsnfk a9fpg]Ù e|i6frf/lj/f]wL kxn / ;'wf/ rfxg] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;fe]mbf/x?;Fusf] ;xsfo{ / ;+nUgtf a9\g]Ù lhNnf txdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sfof{nox?sf] ljQLo Joj:yfkg / ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ eO{ hjfkmb]xL x'g]Ù / ;dfhdf ;bfrf/ j[l4 ug{ cfjZos d"No–dfGotfsf] k|j4{g x'g] h:tf pknlAw k|fKt x'g] ck]Iff kl/of]hgfn] /fv]sf] 5 .

6LcfO{ g]kfndf ;bfrf/ kl/of]hgf


…OlG:k/];gÚ lgdf{0fdf 6LcfO{sf] ;xof]u

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] Ps 6f]nLn] ldl8of Uofn]/Låf/f klIfs ?kdf lgdf{0f Pj+ k|;f/0f ug]{ ul/Psf] OG;lk/];g gfds sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ug{ ;xhLs/0f u/]sf] 5 . ldl8of Uofn]/Ln] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmd cGtu{t u'gf;f] ug{ cfPsf e|i6frf/lj¿4sf ;r]ts / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfosx?;Fu 5nkmn u/L ;f] sfo{qmd lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] . sfo{qmd ;g\ @)!$ sf] d] !@ df lrtjgdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] .

cfO{ k]8 c a|fOa

ef/tsf] a} +unf]/l:yt hgu|x gfds u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;xsfo{df blIf0f Plzofsf] e|i6frf/lj/f]wL k|efjsf/L j]e;fO6 cfO{ k]8 c a|fOa 86 sd 86 PgkL (ipaidabribe.com.np) ;~rfng ul/g] ePsf] 5 .

wflbª lhNnfdf df]afOn Pnfs

6LcfO{ g]kfnn] gfkL sfof{no wflbªdf df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;f] sfo{qmd ;g\ @)!$ sf] @( clk|ndf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] xf] . wflbª lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] o:tf sfo{qmdn] gful/s dfem ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ / k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg dxÎjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'Ug] wf/0ff sfo{qmdsf bf}/fg JoSt ug{'eof] . df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmddf :yfgLo gful/sn] %! j6f ph'/L btf{ u/fpg'ePsf] lyof] .

Pnfs 8LkLsf] dWofjlw ;dLIff6 «fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng ul//x]sf] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdsf] dWofjlw ;dLIff ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmd lj=;+= @)&! h]7 @* b]lv #) ut];Dd sfe|]sf] gu/sf]6l:yt lk;km'n s6]hdf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] .

Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmd ;~rfng eO/x]sf lhNnfx? Onfd, df]/ª, pbok'/, wflbª, lrtjg, wg'iff, ?kGb]xL, u'NdL, sf7df8f}F, ;'v]{tsf 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfj4 ;+:yfsf

cWoIfx?sf] pkl:ylt sfo{qmddf /x]sf] lyof] . o;afx]s ;'g;/L / k;f{l:yt 6LcfO{ cfa4 ;+:yfsf cWoIfx?sf] klg pkl:ylt sfo{qmddf /Xof] . o;afx]s sfo{qmddf pk/f]St plNnlvt ;+:yfsf sfo{qmd clws[t / sfo{qmd ;xfosx?sf] klg pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . 6 «fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf cWoIf lji0f' axfb'/ s];Lsf] cWoIftfdf ;DkGg ;f] sfo{qmddf dxf;lrj >L e/taxfb'/ yfkf, sfo{;ldlt ;b:o >L v]d/fh /]UdL, 8f= /fdbofn /fs]zsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . o;afx]s o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf k|ltlglw >L Softl/gf ofsf]e]Nefsf] klg pkl:ylt /Xof] .

;fOsn ¥ofnL

6LcfO{ g]kfn cfj¢ afFs]l:yt ;+:yf afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g g]kfnu~hn] !& clk|n @)!$ df afFs]b]lv alb{of;Dd ;fOsn ¥ofnL cfof]hgf u¥of] . ;f] ¥ofnLdf e|i6frf/lj/f]wL / ;"rgfsf] xsdf nfu]sf cleoGtfx?sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] lyof] . o;sf] p2]Zo ;bfrf/k|lt :yfgLo lgsfosf] k|ltj¢tfsf nflu bafa l;h{gf ug'{ lyof] . To; ¥ofnLsf] pb\3f6g 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf >L lji0f' axfb'/ s]=;L= / zfxL gj]{lhog /fhb"tfjf;, sf7df8f}+sf ldlgi6/ sfplG;n/ xfsf]g c/fN8n] ug{'eof] . pQm sfo{qmddf ^% hgf o'jf–o'jlt ;xefuL ePsf lyP .

OG6g{ Hjfnf Pkm s] km]nf]

6LcfO{ g]kfndf ;g\ @)!# b]lv OG6g{sf ?kdf sfo{/t Hjfnf e§ Pkm s] km]nf]sf ?kdf a+unfb]z hfg] ePsf

5g\ . e§ ;g\ @)!$ sf] cu:6 dlxgfb]lv @)!% sf] h'nfO;Dd 6LcfO{ a+unfb]zdf Pkms] km]nf]sf ?kdf sfo{/t /xg]5g\ . e§n] 6LcfO{ a+unfb]zsf] e|i6frf/lj/f]wL cleofgdf ljz]if u/L o'jf / :yfgLo gful/s ;dfhsf] ;+nUgtf, ltgLx?sf] cfa4tf, ltgLx? cfj4 x'g] k|lqmofsf] cWoog ug]{ 5g\ . ;fy}, pgLx?sf] Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ 6LcfO{aLsf] kxn, e|i6frf/lj¿4sf /rgfTds ljifoj:t' / sf6{'g ljsf; ug]{ k|lqmof, /

ultljlw


cGo cg';Gwfgd"ns lqmofsnfkdf e§ ;+nUg x'g]5g\ . of] km]nf]l;k sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo ;fs{If]qLo b]zx?sf] efjgfadf]lhd cg';Gwfgstf{ / lj1x?aLr kf/:kl/s ;dembf/L sfod ug{' /x]sf] 5 .

xl/yf bfxfgfos]sf] labfO

6LcfO{ g]kfndf Pkms] km]nf]sf ?kdf sfo{/t 6LcfO{ >Ln+sfsf xl/yf bfxfgfos]sf] labfO ul/Psf] 5 .

bfxfgfos] 6LcfO{ g]kfndf ;g\ @)!# cu:6b]lv h'g;Dd Pkms] km]nf]sf ?kdf sfo{/t lyP . pgn] 6LcfO{ g]kfndf /xFbf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/, j]e;fO6 lgdf{0f, a|flG8ª

tyf l8hfognufotsf sfo{df dxÎjk"0f{ ;xof]u u/]sf lyP .

ultljlw

;d|f6 g/l;+x /fodfemL

;d|f6 g/l;+x /fodfemL u'/ufpF gofF lbNnLl:yt Pld6L o'lgel;{6L ef/tdf aLaLP k|f]u|fdsf] clGtd ji f { d f cWoog/t ljB fy L { x'g'x'G5 . >L /fodfemL xfn

cf7xKt] -h'g ! b]lv h'nfO{ @%, @)!$ ;Dd_ OG6g{l;kdf 6 «fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] n]vf ljefudf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 .

6LcfO{ g]kfn;Fu cfj4 eO{ ljleGg kl/of]hgfcGtu{t lhNnftxdf lqmofzLn gful/s ;+:yfn] k7fPsf n ]vf;Da4 sfuhft x ]g ] { sfo { / fodfem Ln ] ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . To:t}, pxfFn] kl/of]hgf ;Da4 a}+s l/slG;lnP;g :6]6d]G6, cfoJoo tyf vr{ ljj/0f klg x]l//xg'ePsf] 5 . /fodfemL n]vf;DaGwL sfo{df ljz]if ?rL /fVg'x'G5 .

z'e]Iff k'8f;}gL

cGt/f{li6 «o ;DaGw / s"6gLlt ljifosf] :gftsf]Q/ txsL ljBfyL{ z'e]Iff k'8f;}gL kf]NofG8l:yt o'lgel;{6L ckm jf;f{;Fu cfj4 sf7df8f } +sf ] Unf ]an sn]h

OG6/g]zgndf cWoog/t x'g'x'G5 . ;'>L k'8f;}gL h'gb]lv cu:6 @)!$ ;Ddsf] cjlwsf nflu tLgdlxg]

OG6g{l;kcGtu{t 6LcfO{ g]kfndf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . xfn pxfF lzIffdf ;'zf;g ljifos gLltkq n]vgdf lqmofzLn x'g'x'G5 . 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f / ;'zf;g k|j4{gsf nflu ;~rfng ul/]/x]sf ljleGg ultljlwx? lgofnL /xg'ePsf] 5 .

pxfF eGg'x'G5M Pp6f ljBfyL{sf nflu ;'zf;gsf] k|j4{gdf nfu]sf ;+:yfx?n] s:tf ultljlw / lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ /x]5g\ eGg] hfGgsf nflu 6LcfO{ g]kfn pkof]uL d~r xf] . o:tf ;+:yfdf sfo{/t /xFbf k|fKt cg'ejn] eljiodf cfˆgf] 1fg clej[l4 ug{ k|z:t dbt k'Ug] ljZjf; klg pxfFn] JoSt ug'{ePsf] 5 .

Sofyl/g sfjf{On

Sofyl/g sfjf{On ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfl:yt sn]h ckm p:6/af6 cGt/f{li6 «o ;DaGwdf :gfts pQL0f{ ljBfyL{ x'g'x'G5 . sfjf{On 6LcfO{ g]kfndf @% h'gb]lv

@% ;]K6]Da/ @)!$ ;Dd tLg dlxg] cjlwsf nflu OG6{gsf ?kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . sfjf{Onsf] afNosfn ljleGg ^ j6f b]zdf lat]sf] x'gfn] cGt/f{li6 «o dfldnfdf pxfFsf] ljz]if ?rL /x]sf] atfpg'x'G5 . Sofyl/g eGg'x'G5— e|i6frf/lj¿4sf k|of; / u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] sfo{z}nLaf/] hfgsf/L lng] cj;/sf ?kdf of] OG6g{l;knfO{ lnPsf] 5' .

6LcfO{df gofF OG6g{


6 «fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng ul//x]sf] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdsf] dWofjlw ;dLIff ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmd lj=;+= @)&! h]7 @* b]lv #) ut];Dd sfe|]sf] gu/sf]6l:yt lk;km'n s6]hdf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] .

Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmd ;~rfng eO/x]sf lhNnfx? Onfd, df]/ª, pbok'/, wflbª, lrtjg, wg'iff, ?kGb]xL, u'NdL, sf7df8f}F, ;'v]{tsf 6LcfO{ cfj4 ;+:yfsf cWoIfx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . o;afx]s ;'g;/L / k;f{l:yt 6LcfO{ cfa4 ;+:yfsf cWoIfx?sf] klg pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . plNnlvt lhNnfx?dWo] ;'g;/L / k;f{sf :yfgLo ;+:yfn] eg] xfn Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf 5}gg\ . o;afx]s sfo{qmddf pk/f]St plNnlvt ;+:yfsf sfo{qmd clws[t / sfo{qmd ;xfosx?sf] klg pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

6 « f G;k/ ] G; L O G6/g ]zgn g ]k fnsf cWoI f lji0f' axfb'/ s];Lsf] cWoIftfdf ;DkGg ;f] sfo{qmddf dxf;lrj >L e/taxfb'/ yfkf, sfo{;ldlt ;b:o >L v]d/fh /]UdL, 8f= /fdbofn /fs]zsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . o;afx]s o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf k|ltlglw >L

Softl/gf ofsf]e]Nefsf] klg pkl:ylt /Xof] .

sfo{qmddf kl/of]hgfsf r'gf}tLaf/] kl/of]hgf ;+of]hs >L t'Da'? uf}tdn] cfˆgf] k|:t'lt /fVg'ePsf] lyof] . To:t}, sfo{qmd clws[t >L ljgf]b e§/fO{n] ;+:yfn] ;DkGg u/]sf lqmofsnfk / ;DkGg ug{ g;s]sf sfdx?af/] rrf{ ug{'ePsf] lyof] . To:t}, ;~rf/ clws[t 6LPg l3ld/]n] kl/of]hgf ;~rfngsf nflu ;~rf/sf] cfjZostf / ;~rf/ /0fgLltsf af/]df s]lGb|t ;fdu|L k|:t't ug{'eof] .

ljleGg lhNnfsf :yfgLo gful/s ;+:yfsf cWoIfx?n] ;+:yfsf lqmofsnfk / sl7gfOx?af/] cfˆgf cg'ej afF8\g'ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L, sfo{qmd clws[tx?n] Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfdfkm{\t ;DkGg lqmofsnfkaf/] rrf{ ug{'ePsf] lyof] .

:jfut dGtJo

sfo{qmddf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf dxf;lrj >L e/taxfb'/ yfkfn] :jfut dGtJo lbg'ePsf] lyof] . >L yfkfn] :jfut dGtJosf qmddf eGg'eof]M b'O{ jif{cl3;Dd xfd|f] pkl:ylt clxn]sf] h:tf] lyPg . kl5Nnf] ;do

ultljlw

Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdsf] dWofjlw ;dLIff


d'n'ssf ljleGg @@ lhNnfsf gful/s ;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ ul//x]sf 5f}F . o;n] :yfgLo txdf xfd|f] pkl:ylt a9fPsf] 5 . ;'zf;g / kf/blz{tf k|j4{g ug]{;DaGwdf ljleGgvfnsf kl/of]hgfdfk{mt\ ;xsfo{ cl3 a9fpg klg xfdL ;kmn ePsf 5f}F . of] ;xsfo{n] xfdLnfO{ s]xL kf7x? l;sfPsf] 5 . o;}nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ cfufdL lbgsf] sfo{lbzf agfpg ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg;DaGwL sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g cfpg'ePsf ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ xflb{s :jfut ub{5' .

Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdn] lhNnf txdf kf/]sf] k|efj / c;/

lji0f' bfxfn lnDa", cWoIfdlxnf hfu/0f ;+3

o; sfo {qmddf ;xeflutfsf nflu cfdGq0f ug{'ePsf]df bfxfnn] cfof]hs 6LcfO{ g]kfnnfO{ wGojfb lbg'eof] .

pxfFn] cufl8 eGg'eof] M Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdn] lhNnfdf /fd|f] k|efj kf/]sf 5g\ . lhNnfsf k|d'v ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|d'vx? o; sfo{qmdk|lt ;sf/fTds /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf sfo{qmdx? s'g} xf]6ndf xf]Og, xfdLn] sfd ul//x]sf lhNnfx?df cfof]hgf ug{ kfP /fd|f] x'g] lyof] . To;f] x'g ;s] lhNnfdf yk rf;f] a9\g]] lyof] . :yfgLo gful/sn] To;af/]df yk hfgsf/L kfpg] lyP eGg] nfU5 .

b'uf{ yfkf, cWoIfdfgjclwsf/ / jftfj/0f ljsf; s]Gb|, pbok'/

klxn] dfgjclwsf/sf If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;+:yf clxn] ;'zf;gsf If]qdf klg sfd ug]{ ;+:yfsf ?kdf lrlgPsf] 5 . 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;xof]u gu/]sf a]nfdf klg of] ;+:yfn] Pp6f sfo{If]qsf ?kdf ;'zf;gnfO{ cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . lj:tf/} ;+:yfdf u'gf;f] ug{ cfpg] gful/s a9\b} uPsf 5g\ . xfdLn] k|fKt u/]sf y'k|} ph'/LdWo] !* j6f ;kmntf ;fy ;dfwfg ePsf 5g\ . xfd|f lqmofsnfk ;~rf/dfWodn] k|sfzg k|;f/0f u/]sf 5g\ . oxfF ph'/L lbP xfd|f] u'gf;f] ;'lgG5 eGg] ljZjf; gful/sdf a9]sf] 5 .

af3 dfg{ hfFbf cf}hf/ lbP/ k7fpg g;s]sf] h:tf] cg'e"lt ul//x]sf] 5' . sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;"rgfsf] clwsf/nufot cGo ljifodf tfnLd lbg' cfjZos 5 . of] e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] ;zSt cf}hf/ xf] . lhNnfdf 8LkLdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ ;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ dGqfnoaf6 wGojfb kq jf k|z+;f kq k7fOlbg] Joj:yf u/fpg kfP, To;n] tL lgsfo k|f]T;flxt x'g] lyP . xfdLnfO{ sfd ug{ ;xh x'g] lyof] . PS;kf]h/ lelh6sf nflu b]zleq / sDtLdf ef/tdfq eP klg n}hfg kfP pkof]uL x'g] lyof] eGg] nfu]sf] 5 . lhNnfdf e|i6frf/sf] l:ylt s:tf] 5 eg] gful/sn] 3"; gv'jfOsg sfd ul/Psf] kfP eg] of] t 8'lAns]6 kf] eof] ls eg]/ cfzª\sf ub{5g\ . e|i6frf/lj¿4sf sfd l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'Fb}gg\ .

Pp6f syf eGg] cg'dlt rfxG5' . Pshgf j[4 dflg;, e"m¶f] gaf]Ng], eb| dflg; /x]5g\ . tL eb| j[4nfO{ g/fd|f

ultljlw


dflg;n] km;fpg rfx] . b'O{ xftdf b'O{ eFu]/f] lnP/ j[4nfO{ ;f]w], …af s'g d/]sf] 5, s'g afFr]sf] 5 .Ú j[4 dflg; cg'ejL lyP pgn] hjfkm lbP– eFu]/f] d/]sf] klg x'g;S5, afFr]sf] klg x'g;S5 . Tof] s'/f ltd|} xftdf 5 . of] syfn] xfd|f] b]zdf e|i6frf/sf] cj:yfnfO{ bzf{pF5 eGg] nfu]sf] 5 . wGojfb .

O{Zj/rGb| emf, ;lrjhgr]tgf tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd, wg'iff

hgr]tgf tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd Pnf8s 8LkL kl/of]hgf ;~rfng x'g'k"j{b]lv g} 6LcfO{ g]kfndf cfj4 ;+:yf xf] . o;}n] ubf{ xfdL klxn]b]lv g} ;'zf;g / e|i6frf/sf If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf lyof}F . ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df gful/s a8fkqx? gePsf 7fpFdf /fVg nufPsf 5f}+ . ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL clwsf/n] kf/blz{tfsf nflu ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . ;"rgf clwsf/L lgo'St ug{ bafa lbPsf 5f}F . Ps jif{leq nueu @)) j6f ph'/L k/]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] *) j6f ;dfwfg ul/Psf 5g\ . ltgdf s]xL ckx/0fsf d'2f klg 5g\ .

eLdaxfb'/ >]i7, cWoIfe|i6frf/lj¿4sf] cleofg, lrtjg

6LcfO{ g]kfndf cfj4 eP/ sfd ubf{ ;dfhdf klxrfg clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf]

;d]t ;xof]uk|fKt ePsf] ;+:yf eg]/ ;Ddfghgs lx;fan] x]g]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;/sf/L sfof{nodf cufl8 hfFbf ;xof]u g} ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;sf/fTds g} /x]sf] kfOG5 . w]/} k6s v/f l6Kk0fLx? eg] pgLx?n] ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . gful/sx? ;/sf/L sfof{nodf hfFbf klxn]sf] h:tf] cj:yf 5}g . s'g} klg l;l8of] :yfgLo jf s]Gb|Lo ;+:yfk|lt gsf/fTds /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5}g . o;a]nfsf lhNnfdf sfo{/t k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L t emg\ ;'wf/ u/f}+ eGg] efjgfs} /x]sf] kfPsf 5f}F . k|ltj4tf–kqdf x:tfIf/ ug{ k|]l/t u/]sf 5g\ .

k'0o kf}8]n, cWoIf;'zf;gsf nflu gful/s ;dfh, sf:sL

6LcfO{ g]kfn cfa4 ;+:yfsf lqmofsnfk :yfgLo tx;Dd k'u]sf 5g\ . o;n] u|fdL0f:t/;Dd 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5 . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ldfq ;sf/fTds eOlbg] xf] eg] w]/} s'/f ug{ ;lsg] /x]5 . Tof] ;xof]u k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Laf6 kfPsf 5f}F . clVtof/sf] If]qLo sfof{no eg] ;':t 5 . :yfgLo / If]qLo ;~rf/dfWodn] ph'/L / xfdLn] u/]sf kxnaf/] ;dfrf/ k|sfzg ePsf 5g\ . /fli6 «o:t/sf kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ePdfq k|rf/–k|;f/ ePsf] 7fGg] k|j[lQ g} unt 5 . kl5Nnf] ;do :jf:Yo If]qdf s]lGb|t ePsf 5g\ . c:ktfn klg ;'wf/ ug{ tof/ b]lvPsf] 5 .

lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf larf}lnofsf] ;d:of lyof] . …larf}lnof va/bf/Ú eGg] af]8{;d]t /fv]sf 5f}F . oftfoft If]qdf b]lvPsf] ;d:of k|oTg ul//x] klg ;'Nemfpg c;kmn ePsf 5f}F .

;f]dgfy l;Ub]n, cWoIfkf/bzL{ g]kfn, l;4fy{gu/

e|i6frf/ d'n'sdf ;+:yfut ePsf] 5 . s'g} klg k]zfdf sfo{/t dflg; sdfpgs} nflu sfd ul/Psf] eGg] dfgl;stfdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . d cfk"mnfO{ 6«fG;k/]G;Lsf] sfo{stf{ eGg] 7fGb5' . sfo{qmddf

ultljlw


dflg; af]nfpg hfFbf k|d'v cltly sf] xf] < ;f]W5g\ . ufpFsf s'g} j[4 dflg; eGof] eg] k'm;{b 5}g eG5g\ t/ l;l8of] eGof] eg] x'G5 cfpF5' eG5g\ . xfdL k|zf;gsf] glhsdf a:g] dflg;stfdf ljZjf; ub{5f}F .

kLtfDa/ zdf{, cWoIfgful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3, ;'v]{t

gful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3 ;'zf;gsf If]qdf lqmofzLn 5 . of] sfo{qmd ;'? u/]kl5 ;'v]{tdf hgr]tgf clej[l4 ePsf] 7fg]sf 5f}F . u|fdL0f If]qdf dflg; e|i6frf/af6 a9L k|efljt 5g\ . u|fdL0f If]qsf dflg;x? 6f9faf6 ;b/d'sfd cfPsf x'G5g\, l9nf;':tL x'Fbf ;b/d'sfddf a:g'kg]{ x'G5 . ;/sf/L sfof{nodf /xg] k|lqmofut emGem6af6 aRg gful/s bnfnnfO{ s]xL /sd lbP/ sfd l56f] u/fpgkl§ nfU5g\ . t/ klg s]xL gful/s ;+:yfdf ph'/L ug{ cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfsf] lqmofzLntfn] ;/sf/L sfof{nodf klg s]xL ;'wf/ cfPsf] xf] ls eGg] cg'e"lt u/]sf 5f}F .

dfnkf]t sfof{nodf % ah]kl5 k};f lbP/ nfnk"hf{ lbg];Ddsf sfd u/]sf] kfOof] . dfnkf]t sfof{nodf l9nf;':tL ePsf] ph'/L cfPkl5 ul/Psf] kxnkl5 6f]sg k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . xfdL h:tf] ;+:yfsf] pkl:yltn] ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/lj¿4 sfd ug] { dflg; :jo+;]jL eP/ nfUg'k5{ .

Pp6f n3'syf k|:t't ug]{ cg'dlt rfxG5'M lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ lgaGwaf/] k9fP5g\ . pgnfO{ nfUof], ca ljBfyL{n] n]Vg ;S5g\ . Ps lbg ljBfyL{n] hfg]sf 5g\–5}gg\ eg]/ lzIfsnfO{ k/LIf0f ug{ dg nfUof] . pgn] Pshgf ljBfyL{nfO{ ljBfyL{nfO{ s's'/sf] af/]df lgaGw n]Vg eg] . ljBfyL{n] % nfOg /fd|f] n]v]5g\ . To;kl5 s's'/sf w]/} /f}+ x'G5g\, s's'/ lem+uf nfU5g\ . o:t}–o:t} grflxg] s'/f w]/} n]v]5g\ .

ljBfyL{n] hfg]g h:tf] nfu]/ lzIfsn] k'gM l;sfP . ca t kSs} ljBfyL{n] lgaGw n]Vg hfg] eg]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ af]nfP/ la/fnf]af/] lgaGw n]Vg eg]5g\ . ljBfyL{n] # nfOg /fd|} ;'?jft u/]5g\, afFsL ;a} cl3s} h:tf] w]/} /f}F x'G5g\ . s's'/ lem+uf nfU5g\ . o:t}–o:t} grflxg] s'/f n]v]5g\ .

lzIfsnfO{ ljBfyL{n] ce}m a'e]g5g\ eGg] nfu]/ km]l/ l;sfP5g\ . pgn] o;k6s /f}+ gePsf] s'g} j:t'af/] lgaGw n]Vg lbg] ljrf/ u/] . o;f] ljrf/ ubf{ df5f 7Ls x'g] 7fg]5g\ / ljBfyL{nfO{ df5fsf af/]df lgaGw n]Vg eg]5g\ .

ljBfyL{n] df5faf/] ;'?sf b'O{ nfOg df5f kfgLdf a:5, df5fnfO{ kfgLaf6 lgsfNof] eg] afFRb}g b]lv afx]s /fd|f s'/f s]xL n]Vg ;s]g5g\ . To;kl5 df5f kfgLaf6 aflx/ afFRg] ePsf] eP o;sf klg w]/} /f}F x'Gy] . s's'/ lem+uf nfUy], n]v]5g\ . Tof] ljBfyL{n] /f}+ 5f8\]g g;s]

ultljlw


h:t} g]kfnL gful/sn] e|i6frf/ 5f8\g g;Sg] h:tf] l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5 .

;+:yfn] k|sfzg u/]sf] Sofn]G8/ pTs[i6 5 . Sofn]G8/nfO{ g} ljifoj:t' agfP/ Ps–8]9 3G6f af]Ng] u/]sf 5f}F .

Zofds'df/ kf08], cWoIf;'zf;g cleofg, u'NdL

sfof{nodf k|fKt ePsf ph'/L ;ª\sng u/L k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L;dIf k|:t't ug]{ u/]sf 5f}F . ;L8Lcf]n] k|To]s sfof{nonfO{ kq n]vL ;r]t u/fPsf 5g\ . df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmd lhNnfdf k|efjsf/L ePsf] 5 . /]l8of]af6 e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] lj1fkg ahfPsf sf/0f ph'/Lx? a9]sf 5g\ . xfn;Dd ^$ ph'/L k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . ( j6f :s"nsf ljBfyL{x?dfem e|i6frf/af/] cGt/lqmof u/L hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . :yfgLo ;+:yfk|lt ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|ltlglwn] x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f km/s 5 .

x/]/fd nf]xgL, cWoIf,dfgjLo ljsf; tyf ;|f]t Joj:yfkg g]kfn, wflbª

;'zf;g c?nfO{ l;sfpg] / eGg] s'/f eGbf cfk"maf6

;'?jft ug]{ s'/f xf] . of] sfo{qmd ;'? ePkl5 lhNnfdf 6LcfO{sf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ePsf] 5 . ;dfhsf dflg;x? ljifoj:t' p7fpg / e|i6frf/lj¿4 af]Ng k|]l/t ePsf 5g\ . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L ;sf/fTds x'g] xf] eg] o:tf sfo{qmdn] k|efjsf/L 9Ën] sfd ug{ ;S5 . Sofn]G8/ /fd|f] 5 . lhNnfdf l8lh6n a8fkq /fVg]af/]df ;Nnfx eO/x]sf] 5 .

lgd{nf ;'a]bL, sfo{jfxs cWoIfsf7fdf8f}+ k|km]zgn dlxnf ;xof]uL ;d"x, sf7df8f}+

e|i6frf/ afWotf jf cfjZostfn] dfq x'g] xf]Og, of] ;+:sf/sf ?kdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf c? ljleGg lqmofsnfkeGbf :s"n:t/sf afnaflnsf;dIf k'Ug'k5{ eGg] nfU5 .

df]xg e§/fO{, cWoIfgful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3, df]/ª

e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] cleofg df]/8df ;~rfng ubf{ hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . OG;]s, klAns kmf]/dnufotsf :yfgLo ;+:yfn] kl/of]hgf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf af]nfpg cfu|x u/]sf] x'Fbf af]nfpg] u/]sf 5f}F . ;+:yfn] k|sfzg u/]sf] a|f];/

lji0f' axfb'/ s]=;L=, cWoIf6LcfO{ g]kfn

sfo{qmdsf] cGTodf ;dfkg dGtJo lbFb} 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf >L lji0f ' axfb'/ s]=;L=n] eGg'eof]M

cfj4 ;+:yfsf ;fyLx? e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] cleofgdf k|ltj4 eP/ nfUg'ePsf] 5 . o;n] s]xL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?df ;'wf/ NofPsf] 5 . of] cleofgdf lg/Gt/ nflu/xg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;dfhdf e|i6frf/n] rf/}lt/ h/f uf8]sf] 5 . aLrdf xfd|f cleofg /f]lsg glbpF . gful/sn] cfwf/e"t ;]jf gkfp~h]n xfdLn] lg/Gt/tf lbO/xg'kb{5 . cfj4 ;+:yfx?nfO{ lg/Gt/ ;xof]u ug{ rfxG5f}F . clxn]sf]eGbf a9L ;fwg;|f]t pknAw

u/fpg]tk{m xfd|f] k|of; hf/L /xg]5 .

;fgf ;d:ofnfO{ 7"nf] 36gfsf ?kdf x]l/g' x'Fb}g . xfdL :jo+;]jf ul//x]sf 5f}F . xfdLn] c?nfO{ pTk|]l/t u/]/ sfd ug{'kg]{ l:ylt 5 . ;fdflhs ;+3–;+:yfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ !) xhf/ g} lng] eGg] lg0f{o pgLx?sf] ;+:yfn] u/]sf] 5}g . cl86/ klg oxL ;dfhsf] Pp6f ;b:o xf] . o:tf dflg;;Fu ;Dks{df /xg'kb{5 . d'n'sdf ljlw–lylt a;fpgsf nflu xfdLn] ;Dej ePsf] ;xof]u ug}{k5{ . cfO{ k]8 c a|fOa j]a ;fO6 tof/ eO/x]sf] 5 . s]xL ;fyLx? un]sf] h:tf] cge"lt u/]sf] 5' . w]/}eGbf w]/} :jo+;]jL ;fyLx? vf]hL u/f}F . o;n] xfd|f] cleofgdf ;xof]u k'U5 .


lnP/ ;/sf/L sfof{nodf sfd u/fpg hfFbf km6fkm6 ul/lbPsf pbfx/0f klg 5g\ . ph'/L ubf{ gfd eGg grfxg] dflg; w]/} b]lvP . nfnk"hf{sf] d"No @% ¿k}ofF lng'kg]{df Tof]eGbf a9L lng] ul/Psf] lyof] . To;af/]df ph'/L ul/Pkl5 xfn @% dfq lng] eGg] ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdk|lt ;sf/fTds /x]sf] 5 .

/3'gLnfn ;fx, cWoIf;ª\sNk ;LaLcf/, ;'g;/L

hxfFlgof zf;ge}mF xfd|f] d'n'sdf e|i6frf/ /x]sf] 5 . 6LcfO{ g]kfndf cfj4 eO{ sfd ul//x]sf ;+:yfx? e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] cleofgdf ;lqmotfk"j{s nflu/x]sf]

kfPF . o;df xfdL klg s]xL jif{cl3b]lv ;+nUg ePsf 5f}F . y'k|} ;fyLx?sf] cg'ej ;'Gg] df}sf kfPF . o:tf sfo{qmdn] Ps–csf{af6 l;Sg ;lsg] / gofF s'/fx? vf]hL ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ /x]5 .

ljhos'df/ pkfWofo, cWoIf;bfrf/ cleofg, k;f{

g]kfndf ;~rfng eO/x]sf] e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] cleofgnfO{ ce}m ;zSt agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf b]v]sf] 5' . ef/tdf cGgf xhf/]n] rnfPh:tf] cleofg g]kfndf klg rnfpg ;lsG5 ls < y'k|} ;fyLx?n] cfˆgf pkof]uL cg'ej afF8\g'ePsf] 5 . ;xeflutf hgfpg] cj;/ lbg'ePsf]df wGojfb .

ultljlw

e/taxfb'/ yfkf, dxf;lrj6LcfO{ g]kfn

:jo+;]jssf ?kdf sfd ug{' Tolt ;xh sfd xf]Og . ;a}hgfsf] k|:t'ltn] Pp6f cleofgdf y'k|} dflg; nfu]sf] kfPF . k|ltj4tf kfPF . lhNnfdf sfd ul//xFbf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] ;xof]u / k|ltj4tf cfjZos x'Fbf]/x]5 eGg] nfUof] . of] e|i6frf/lj¿4sf]

cleofgnfO{ lg/Gt/ cufl8 a9fpg' ;lhnf] sfd xf]Og . dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg ul//xFbf o;nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg klg cfu|x ub{5' . cfTd–;Gt'i6Lsf nflu sfd ul//x]sf w]/} 5f}+ . 6LcfO{ g]kfndf cfj4 eP/ ;bfrf/k|ltsf] k|ltj4tf JoSt ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . ljZj a}+sdf sfd ug]{ dflg;n]eGbf sd of]ubfg ug{'ePsf] 5}g .

8f= /fdbofn /fs]z, sfo{;ldlt ;b:o6LcfO{ g]kfn6LcfO{ g]kfn ljZjJofkL ;+:yf ePsfn] o;sf] k|efj klg ljZjJofkL g} 5 . b]zdf htftt} e|i6frf/ df}nfPsf] cj:yf 5 . o; If]qdf yf]/}dfq k|of; ul/of] eg] klg To;n] /fd|f] k|efj l;h{gf ug{ ;S5 . kl5Nnf] ;do e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f / ;'zf;g k|j4{gsf If]qdf 6LcfO{df cfj4 ;+:yfx?sf] ;b\efj / ;xof]un] dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsf u/]sf] 5 . ;+qmd0fsfndf hxfF klg wldnf] kfgLdf df5f dfg]{ afgL k/]sf dflg;x? x'G5g\ . oxfF klg To:tf dflg;x? 5g\ . 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;~hfn &% j6} lhNnfdf km}lnof];\ eGg] rfxG5' . e|i6frf/ Ps lsl;dsf] SofG;/ g} xf] . d'n'sdf x/]s If]qdf g]t[Tjsf vfFrf] b]lvPsf] 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og g}lts w/ftn vl:sPsf] cj:yf klg 5 . of] xfdLsxfF dfq

xf]Og, blIf0f Plzofsf ;a} b]zx?df eofjx l:ylt 5 . e|i6frf/Lx?sf] ;~hfn ;zSt 5 . xfdLn] cfˆgf] lqmofsnfk ;zSt 9Ën] ;~rfng ug{'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . hgsk'/ ljsf; kl/ifb\ e|i6frf/sf] Pp6f gd'gf ePsf sfof{no xf] . ToxfFsf] sfo{;ldltn] cfˆgf] tna;d]t cfk}mF lg0f{o u/]/ vfO/x]sf 5g\ . dlGqkl/ifb\n]] :jLs[lt lbPs} 5}g, t/ pgLx?n] cfk"mv';L ul//x]sf 5g\ .:yfgLo txdf sfd ul//x]sf ;+:yfn] :yfgLo txdf ug{ ;lsg] lqmofsnfkx? lg/Gt/ ;~rfng ul//xg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . e|i6frf/lj¿4sf cleoGtfx?, ;~rf/sdL{x? hf]lvddf /x]sf dflg;sf ?kdf x]l/G5 . of] s'g} b08 lbg] ;Sg] ;+:yf xf]Og . 6LcfO{ Pp6f bafa ;d"xdfq xf] . l:ylt h:tf];'s} eofjx eP klg xfdL lg?T;flxt geOsg lg/Gt/ nflu/xg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .


k|]; lj1lKt tyf kq

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnn] ;d;fdlos ljifodf ;/sf/L lgsfo / ltgsf k|ltlglwsf] Wofg cfs[i6 ug{ kqfrf/ / k|]; lj1lKt hf/L ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . tL k|]; lj1lKt tyf kqx? kf7ssf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu k|:t't u/]sf 5f}F.

6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnfHo" / Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf ;DdfggLo ;efd'v >L ;'jf;rGb| g]DjfªHo"nfO{ kq k7fO{ lj/f]w hgfPsf] 5 . pQm kqsf] ljj/0f M

klxnf] ;+ljwfg;ef g} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f gu/L cj;fg x'g', d'n'sdf e|i6frf/ a9\b} hfg', ;fdfGo /f]huf/Lsf nflu ;d]t d'n'saf6 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf o'jf hgzlSt ljb]lzg'kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf x'g' / cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult cToGt Go"g ePaf6 cfd–g]kfnL gful/sdf lg/fzf 5fO/x]sf] cj:yfdf bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;kmn lgjf{rg eO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g / lgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] u7g ePaf6 cfd–gful/sdf æca t s]xL xf]nf ls <Æ eGg] cfzf knfPsf] lyof] .

o:tf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg;ef / ;/sf/n] ;d]t gful/sdf cfzf / e/f];f knfpg] sfo{ ub}{ hfg'kg]{df xfn}sf lbgdf gful/sn] lt/]sf] s/af6 ;+sng eO{ Ps lsl;dsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu 5'6ØfOPsf] /sd cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf cfP/ Jofks?kdf cGoq /sdfGt/ u/fpg] k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf], lgo'lStx?df Jofks lj/f]w x'gyfn]sf] / d'n'ssf] cfzfsf k|ltd"lt{sf ?kdf /xg'ePsf ;ef;b\x?n] g} csNkgLo?kdf 7"nf] /sd -% s/f]8_ ;f+;b ljsf; sf]zdf 5'6Øfpg] k|oTg ul//x]sf nufotsf ;dfrf/x? ;~rf/dfWoddfkm{t\ ;fj{hlgs x' Fbf cfd–g]kfnL gful/ssf ;fy} 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn

-6LcfO{_ g]kfnnfO{ klg b'lvt agfPsf] 5 .

o:tf] r/d b'¿kof]u slxNo} ePsf] lyPg eGg] cleJolStx? ;~rf/dfWodaf6 JoSt x'g' cgf}7f] xf]Og . o:tf sfo{nfO{ gLltut e|i6frf/sf] k/fsfi7f eGg] jf geGg] oxfFx?af6} olsg x'g'kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . t/ lglZrt?kdf o:tf sfo{af6 ;/sf/ / ;+;b\sf] 5ljdf gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] 5 eGg] 6LcfO{ g]kfnnfO{ nfu]sf] x'Fbf tTsfn b]xfoadf]lhd sfo{ ul/of];\ egL 6LcfO{ g]kfn hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 .!= lgo'lSt / 5gf}6sf ;DaGwdf p7]sf ljifodf

cljnDa 5fglag u/L cfd–gful/sdf lg/fzf g5fpg] u/L 6'+uf] nufOof];\ .

@= Ps lsl;dsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu 5'6ØfOPsf] /sd xr'jfsf] cfwf/df cGoq /sdfGt/ u/fpg] k|j[lQ tTsfn /f]lsof];\ / clxn];Dd s] slt /sd sxfFaf6 sxfF ;fl/of] ;fj{hlgs ul/of];\ .

#== gLltut?kdf o;/L ul/g] thlahL clwsf/sf] k|of]u / e|i6frf/ tyf clgoldttfsf ;DaGwdf cg'udg ug{ ;+;bLo ;ldlt u7g ul/of];\ . / o:tf ;ldltsf] cg'udg k|ltj]bgx? ;fj{hlgs ug]{ Joj:yf xf];\ .

d'n'sdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ;xsfo{ ug]{ k|lta4tf oxfFx?sf] ;xof]usf] ck]Iff;lxt,

lji0f' axfb'/ s]=;L=, cWoIfldlt @)&!÷@÷!(

k|]; lj1lKt

;+;b\ ljsf; sf]ifdf % s/f]8


lgjf {rg If ]q ljsf; sfo{qmdcGtu{t dfggLo ;f+;bx?n] cfkm"n] tf]s]sf] of]hgfdf vr{ ug{ kfpg] u/L k|fKt x'Fb}cfPsf] ah]6 /sd bf]Aa/ kfg]{ k|oTg eO/x]sf] ;dfrf/ cfd–;~rf/dfWoddfkm{t\ ;fj{hlgs eO/x]sf] 5 . o;k|lt 6 «fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnsf] uDeL/ Wofgfs[i6 ePsf] 5 .

d'n's cfly{s ljsf;sf b[li6n] cToGt k5fl8 kl//x]sf] cj:yfdf pknAw ;Lldt ;|f]tnfO{ of]hgfa4 9+un] k|efjsf/L?kdf ;b'kof]u ug{'kg]{ a]nfdf thlahL clwsf/ k|of]u u/L vr{ ug{ /sd a9fpg] k|j[lQ a9\b} hfg' s'g} klg b[li6sf]0faf6 Gofof]lrt / pko'St b]lvFb}g eGg] b[li6sf]0f 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] /x]sf] 5 . o:tf sfo{n] ul/a gful/sdfly s/ef/ ylkFb} hfg] ePsf] x'Fbf of] sbd pko'St x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f ;DdfggLoHo"df cjut ePs} ljifo xf] .

o:tf] /sd plrt tj/n] pkof]u gePsf] eGg] k|ltlqmof cfd–gful/saf6 JoSt eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf cem} ah]6 a9fpg'n] ;DdfgLt ;f+;bx?sf] ul/dfdf ;d]t cfFr k'¥ofpg ;S5 . t;y{, o:tf] sfo{ ;bfsf nflu x'g glbg]tkm{ ;DdfggLoHo"af6 tTsfn ;fy{s sbd rflnof];\ eGg] 6LcfO{ g]kfn hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 .

lji0f' axfb'/ s]=;L=, cWoIfldltM @)&!÷)!÷#)

cjutfy{!= ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo" k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/af/,

sf7df8f}F@= dfggLo cy{dGqLHo" cy{dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F .#= ;DdfggLo >L ;'jf;rGb| g]DjfªHo" ;efd'v, Joj:yflksf ;+;b\

lgjf{rg If]q ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ah]6 /sd bf]Aa/ kfg]{ k|oTg

k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfn ;/sf/sf s]xL lgsfo / sfof {nosf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg:j?k yk eQf / cGo lsl;dsf ;'ljwf, ;x'lnot k|bfg ub}{cfPsf]df xfn} /fi6 «klt, pk/fi6 «klt tyf k|wfgdGqLsf ] sfof{nonufotsf sfof{nodf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;/sf/n] k|f]T;fxg eQf lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] ;Gbe{df ljleGg ;~rf/dfWoddfkm{t\ k|sflzt tyf k|;fl/t ;dfrf/k|lt 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] Wofg cfs[i6 ePsf] 5 .

dx+uL a9\b} hfg', /fHon] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf–;'ljwfdf ljljwtf /xg', hl6n / vlr{nf] aGb} hfg', zflGt ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf ck]lIft?kdf ljZj;gLo x'g g;Sg'h:tf ljBdfg cj:yfdf ;/sf/af6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf–;'ljwf / ;'/IffnfO{ ;xh, ;/n Pj+ sd emGeml6nf] kfb}{ cfd–gful/ssf] hLjgofkgnfO{ ;xh agfO{ /fHosf] ljZj;gLotf a9fpFb} hfg'kg]{df o;/L lg0f{odf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg ;Sg] / cfkm" tyf cfkm" lgs6

jf dftxtsf sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ yk k|f]T;fxg ug]{ gfddf cfd–gful/sdfly cfly{s af]em a9fpFb} nu]sf] cj:yfk|lt 6LcfO{ g]kfn lrlGtt ag]sf] 5 . o:tf k|j[lQn] cfd–gful/sdfly s/sf] ef/ yKg'sf ;fy} /fHok|ltsf] cf:yf / ljZjf;df ;d]t sdL NofpF5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfd ug]{ ;a} sd{rf/Lx?sf] kfl/>ldsnufot cGo ;'ljwf ;x'lnotdf Ps?ktf sfod ug{' ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;j{dfGo / d"ne"t l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/g'kb{5 eGg] 6LcfO{ g]kfnnfO{ nfUb5 .

ctM 6LcfO{ g]kfn pk/f]St plNnlvt ljifotkm{ cljnDa ;Da4 lgsfosf] Wofg cfs[i6 xf];\ / o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu oyfzL3| cfjZos sbd rflnof];\ eGg] hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 .

lji0f' axfb'/ s]=;L=, cWoIfldltM @)&)÷!)÷!@

k|f]T;fxg eQf


dflyNnf] lqz'nL # P sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug]{af/]df ePsf lg0f{oaf6 k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gsf] pNnª\3g ePsf], 7]s]bf/nfO{ 7"nf] /sd xhf{gf ltg{af6 pGd'lSt lbnfpg] p2]Zo /x]sf], Ifdtf lj:tf/sf] cf}lrTo k'i6ØfO{+ ug{ ldNg] s'g} cfwf/ gb]lvPsf] / 7]s]bf/sf] dfueGbf bf]Aa/ /sd lbg] b'/fzo /fv]sf] tyf oL lqmofsnfkaf6 7"nf] /sd n]gb]g u/L u/fO{ e|i6frf/ u/]sf] h:tf ;dfrf/x?n] ;~rf/dfWoddf k|d'vtf kfPsf] ;DaGwdf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .

;f] cfof]hgfsf] Ifdtf lj:tf/;DaGwL lg0f{on] /fli6«o lxt / :jfy{df wSsf k'u]sf], cfly{s cg'zf;g

pNnª\3g ePsf] tyf cfufdL lbgdf cfly{s cg'zf;g vnaNofO{ e|i6frf/hGo sfo{nfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] 7x/ 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] u/]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/ /f]syfd lgoGq0fdf sfo{sfl/0fL :jod\n] k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ / ;lqmotf bzf{pg' h?/L x'g] ePsfn] ;f]af/] ;/sf/ :jo+n] x:tIf]k u/L of] e|i6frf/hGo sfo{nfO{ /f]syfd ug{'sf cltl/St cfufdL lbgdf o:tf sfo{ bf]xf]l/g glbg;d]t 6LcfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 .

lg/Gt/ ;xof]u / ;b\efjsf] ck]Iff;lxt,

lji0f' axfb'/ s]= ;L=, cWoIfldltM @)&) h]7 @&

dflyNnf] lqz'nL # P sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/

k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gsf] pNnª\3g

k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnM lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ /fhgLlteGbf aflx/ /fVg] r'gf}tL/fhgLlts x:tIf]ksf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lzlyn

-g]kfn /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnLsf] k|ltj]bg @)!$_

;fj{hlgs tyf u}/–;/sf/L If]qdf cfˆgf] ks8 sfod

/fVg / ;Qfdf /lx/xg /fhgLlts bnx?n] k|efj

kfl//x]sf] s'/fk|lt 6LcfO{ g]kfnåf/f ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf]

Ps k|ltj]bgn] va/bf/L u/]sf] 5 .

pSt lgisif{ /fli6 «o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL -Pg=cfO{=P;=_

;DaGwL cWoogsf] xf] . To;df !! d'Vo /fHo /

u}/–/fHokIfLo ;+:yfx?sf] sdhf]/L / ;ankIf

tyf e|i6frf/af6 k|efljt x'g] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f

ul/Psf] 5 .

;'zf;g ;'b[9 t'Nofpg cfjZos ;'wf/sf If]qx?

klxNofpg /fli6 «o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL;DaGwL cWoognfO{

ljZjsf &) eGbf a9L d'n's / If]qflwsf/df of]

cWoog ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . cfd"n kl/jt{gsf nflu

cj;/ l;h{gf ub}{ g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfg n]Vg] d'Vo

lhDd]jf/Lsf ;fy utM d+l;/ @)&)sf] cfd lgjf{rgaf6

u7g ePsf] gofF ;+ljwfg;efsf] cfudgnfO{ k|ltj]bgn]

ljz]if pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .’

cGo ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?sf] sfdsf/afxL k|efljt t'Nofpg cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]u ug]{ /fhgLlts bnx?sf] k|j[lQnfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ gofF pko'Qm sfg"gx? sfof{Gjog ug{ ‘k|ltj]bgn] cfXjfg u/]sf] 5 .

cfrf/;+lxtf nfu" ug{ cfjZos 5 / axfn /x]sf cfrf/;+lxtfx?nfO{ clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]u / cg'ko'St /fhgLlts x:tIf]k /f]Sg lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lSt / kbf]Ggltsf qmddf cjnDag ul/g'kb{5M 6LcfO{n] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

‘æ/fhgLlts babafn] ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] plrt sfd–sf/afxL layf]Nb5 . o;n] s;nfO{ k|efj kfb{5 <


cToGt hf]lvddf /x]sf g]kfnLx? hf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf cToGt lge{/ /x]sf x'G5g\,Æ 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf >L lji0f' axfb'/ s]=;L= eGg'x'G5 .

pxfFsf] ljrf/df æPs jif{eGbf a9Lsf] cjlw;Dd s]Gb|df lgjf{lrt lgsfo g/xgfn] Ps k|sf/sf] z"Gotfsf] l;h{gf x'g k'Uof] . o;n] /fhgLlt1x?nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg c;Dej k|foM t'Nofof] . t/ clxn]sf] lgjf{lrt ;/sf/n] e|i6frf/lj¿4 n8\g / /fhgLlts bnsf cg'lrt k|efjx?af6 :jtGq lgsfox?nfO{ ;fFRr} g} d'St /fVg of] ;dosf] ;b'kof]u ug{'kb{5 .Æ

emG8} Ps rf}yfO{ g]kfnLx? cd]l/sL 8n/ !=@% k|ltlbg jf ;f]eGbf klg sddf lgjf{x ub{5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf lge{/ x'g'kg]{ ltgsf] afWotf 5, t/ tL lgsfox? Ifdtf, ;'zf;g / cfk"mn] axg ug{'kg]{ lhDd]jf/Lsf cfwf/df k'5f/df /x]sf s'/f k|ltj]bgn] bzf{Psf] 5 . sf/0f :ki6 5M ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] bIftf a9fpg] k|of;nfO{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]kn] k|efjxLg agfpg] u/]sf] 5 .

‘cfrf/;+lxtfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cefj / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?dfem /xg] kf/blz{tf tyf hjfkmb]xLtfsf ;+oGq;DaGwL sfg"g / Jofjxfl/stf aLrsf] vf8n cflbn] gful/ssf cfjZostfx? k"/f ug{'kg]{ bfloTj af]s]sf] ;fj{hlgs If]qnfO{ c;kmn t'NofOlbPsf]’ s'/f 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g];gn g]kfnsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs cfzLif yfkf atfpg' x'G5 .’

tL sdL–sdhf]/Lx? ;DaGwdf g]kfnL gful/s ;r]t 5g\ lsgls ^( k|ltzt gful/sn] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf e|i6frf/nfO{ Ps uDeL/ ;d:ofsf ?kdf lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ .’

/fhgLlts If]qn] k|ltj4tfsf] cg'udg ug{' h?/L

;/sf/df a:g]x?n] lgoldt?kdf e|i6frf/lj¿4df af]Ng] u/]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;a} bnn] t o;nfO{ ;lqmotfk"j{s ;dfKt kfg]{ s'/fdf ;fj{hlgs ?kd} af]n]sf 5g\ / ;/sf/ e|i6frf/lj¿4 z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] b'xfO{ lbg] u/]sf] 5 . t/, lghL

nfesf nflu clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]u x'g] s'/f a9\bf] 5 . /, b08xLgtf JofKt 5 . 6LcfO{sf] Unf]an s/K;g Jof/f]ld6/, @)!# cg';f/ g]kfndf ;j]{If0f ul/Psf &@ k|ltztn] e|i6frf/ a9]sf] dx;"; u/]sf 5g\ / () k|ltztn] /fhgLlts bnx? e|i6 cyjf cToGt} e|i6 ePsf] 7fGb5g\ .

gful/sx? kl/rfng ug]{ gful/s ;+:yfx?sf] Ifdtf :jtGqtfsf] cefjdf sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 . lsgeg] s]xL gful/s ;+:yfx? æj:t'tM /fhgLlts bnsf] 5ftfd'gL /x]sf b]lvG5g\Æ, k|ltj]bgn] cf}+NofPsf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs If]qnfO{ /fhgLltaf6 d'St /fVg' clgjfo{

6LcfO{sf] cfXjfg 5 M cfrf/;+lxtf nfu" x'g}k5{ / ;fj{hlgs If]qdf lgo'lSt, kbf]Gglt / ;?jf kf/bzL{ 9Ën] ul/G5 eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ lgoldt?kdf cg'udg ul/g'kb{5 . o;n] dfq ;fj{hlgs If]qnfO{ clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]u / cg'ko'St /fhgLlts x:tIf]kaf6 d'Qm ug{ ;S5 / o;n] dfq clt hf]lvddf /x]sf JolStx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{] Ifdtf ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ;'/lIft ug{ / k|a4{g ug{ of]ubfg lbg;S5 .

sfg"g / Jojxf/df /x]sf vf8n k'l/g' kb{5

;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg] ;+oGqsf] ljBdfgtfsf afah"b sfg"gdf n]lvPsf s'/f / Jojxf/df b]lvPsf s'/fdf /x]sf km/flsnf] cGt/n] ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?nfO{ cGo lgsfox?sf] sfd–sf/afxLnfO{ cfˆgf] nfesf nflu k|of]u ug{ pT;flxt ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ of] vf8nnfO{ k'g{'k5{ / e|i6frf/sf cj;/x? 36fpg / ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx?nfO{ a9fpg k|of; ug'{k5{ .

;Gbe{

of] k|ltj]bg blIf0f Plzofdf ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgsf] Ps cleGg cË xf] . yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu www.

transparency.org df x]g{'xf];\ .

sf7df8f}F @! d], @)!$ .

k|]; lj1lKt


6 «fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn;Fu ;Da4 s ]x L ; "rg fsf ] d fu u/L zf/bf e';fn -emf_ n] lgj]bg lbg'ePsf] lyof] . 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] cleofgdf pxfFsf] lg/Gt/ lqmofzLntfsf] ;/fxgf ub}{ dfu]cg';f/sf ;"rgf pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .

pxfFnfO{ ldlt @)&! c;f/ @* ut] pknAw u/fOPsf] ;"rgf;Fu ;+nUg ul/Psf] kqdf elgPsf] 5 M 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g ] k fn :y fkg fs fnb ] lv g } e|i6frf/lj¿4 cfjfh p7fpFb} ;'zf;g, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL /fHok|0ffnLsf kIfdf lqmofzLn gful/s ;+:yf xf] . 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ljut c7f/ jif {b] lv ;'zf;g, ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj k|j4{g / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug] { sfo{df ;/sf/nufot cGo ;Da4 lgsfo / gful/s ;dfhl;t lg/Gt/ ;xsfo{ ub}{cfPsf] oxfFnfO{ ljlbt} 5 .

;'zf;g k|j4{g ug{ ;"rgfsf] dxÎj ;DaGwdf 6LcfO{ g]kfn ;r]t /x]sf] dfq xf]Og, To;nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ cfˆgf ;Dk"0f{ sfd–sf/afxLx?nfO{ ;f]xLcg';f/ v'nf / kf/bzL{ 9Ën] ;~rfng;d]t ub} { cfO/x]sf ] 5 . o;sf nflu, ;"rgf cBfjlws u/L ;do–;dodf ;fj {hlgs / k |sfzg;d]t ug ] { u l/Psf ] 5 . o;cGtu{t, ljz]iftM b]xfosf

;"rgf ;"rLs[t u/L k|sfzg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

!_ ;+:yfsf] :j?k / k|s[ltÙ

@_ ;+:yfsf] sfd, st{Jo / kl/;LdfÙ

#_ ;+:yfdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lx? / ltgsf] sfo{ljj/0fÙ

$_ ;+:yfaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfÙ

%_ ;+:yfn] cfof]hgf jf ;~rfng ug]{ jf ul/;s]sf] sfo{qmdsf] ljj/0fÙ

^_ ; + : y f s f ] c f D b f g L , v r { t y f c f l y { s sf/f]af/;DaGwL cBfjlws ljj/0f, cflb .

pk/f]Qm ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgfx? ;+:yfsf] cflwsfl/s j]a;fO6, www.tinepal.

org, df k9\g / x]g{ ; ls G5 . o ;s f clt l/Qm , ; +:yf; Fu ;DalGwt cGo ;"rgf ; + :y fsf ] cfj lws k|sfzgx?dfkm{t\ klg ;fj{hlgs ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;k|sf/, 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;dofg's"n cfw ' lgs k | lj lwsf ] c j n D a g d f k m { t \ ; "rgfnfO { rf;f ] / ;/f ]sf/ /fVg ] hf ]–; 's }s f n f l u k lg

kx'Frof]Uo agfPsf] Aoxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fpFb5f}+ .

o; } ;DaGwdf , oxf F; Fu ld lt @)&!÷#÷!^ ePsf] 5nkmn;d]tsf] cfwf/df b]xfoadf]lhd hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5f}+ .

!_ cf ly {s ji f { @)^(÷&) df 6LcfO { g ]kfnsf ] )! jflif {s ;fwf/0f;ef / !# j6f sfo{;ldltsf a}7sx? ;Dk Gg eP . j f l i f {s ; fw f /0 f;e fs f ] l g0 f { o o;} kqsf] cg';"rL ! / sfo {; ld ltsf lg0f {ox? cg '; "r L @ d f ; +n Ug

;"rgfsf] xs / 6LcfO{ ;Da4 ;"rgf

556«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ ultljlw

5g\ . ;+:yfsf] ljwfg / ;b:ox?sf] cfrf/;+lxtf (Code of Conduct) cg';f/ ;fwf/0f ;ef / sfo{;ldltsf] a}7sdf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] eQf;DaGwL Joj:yf gePsf] / o:tf a}7sx?df ;fdfGo lrofvfhfafx]s cGo s'g} vr{ gx'g] Aoxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fpFb5f}+ .

@_ cf=j= @)^(÷&) sf] ;Dk"0f{ ultljlw;DaGwL ljj/0f jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bgn] ;d]6]sfn] pQm k|ltj]bgsf] cª\u| ]hL cfn]v cg';"rL # df ;+nUg 5 . ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwx?sf] ;f/f+z g]kfnL efiffdf ;d]t oxfFsf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu o;} kq;fy ;+nUg /fv]sf 5f}+ . ;fy}, cf=j= @)^(÷&)

df s'g} k|lzIfssf] ;+nUgtfdf jf ;xefuL tyf k|lzIfsnfO{ tfnLd eQf k|bfg ug]{ k|s[ltsf s'g} klg tfnLd sfo{qmd ;~rfng gePsf] Aoxf]/f cjut u/fpFb5f}+ .

#_ cf=j= @)^(÷&) sf] ;Dk"0f{ cfDbfgL tyf vr{;DaGwL ljj/0f n]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgdf blz{g] ePsfn] pQm k|ltj]bg cg';"rL $ df /x]sf] 5 .

$_ ;+:yfsf] ljwfg, ;b:ox?sf] c fr f /; + l xt f , ;b:ot f ljj/0f / cfj4 ;+:yf;DaGwL hfgsf/Lsf nflu cg';"rL % df ;dfj]z 5 .

yk ljj/0f xfd|f] j]a;fO6df pknAw 5 .

;+nUg

!_ j f l i f {s ; fw f/0 f;ef / sfo{;ldltsf a}7saf/]sf] hfgsf/L — cg';"rL ! / @

@_ jflif{s k|ult ljj/0f / To;sf] g]kfnL efiffsf] ;f/f +z — cg';"rL #

#_ n]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg — cg';"rL $

$_ ljwfg, cfrf/;+lxtf, ;b:otf / cfj4 ;+:yf;DaGwL ljj/0f – cg';"rL %

af]wfy{

!_ >L ;lrjHo" M /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u, k]l/;8fF8f, sf7df8f}+ .

cf1fn],

6L=Pg= l3ld/]jl/i7 ;~rf/ clws[t

e|i6frf/sf ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;+:yfn] u/]sf] kl/efiff6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn e|i6frf/ eGgfn] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/L / /fhgLlts jf ;/sf/L clws[tn] cfk"mnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] clVtof/L / zlQmsf] b'¿kof]u u/L s'g} klg JolQm jf ;Da4 JolQmx?sf] lghL kmfObfsf] nflu k|of]u ug]{ jf u}/sfg"gL Jojxf/nfO{ hgfpF5 .

ljZj a}+s lghL kmfObfsf nflu ;fj{hlgs cf]xbfsf] b'¿kof]u g} e|i6frf/ xf] .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 e|i6frf/ eGgfn] lghL nfesf] nflu ;fj{hlgs zlQmsf] b'¿kof]u xf], h;n] ;fj{hlgs lxtdf cj/f]w k}bf ub{5 . (UN Manual on Anti-Corruption Policy Vienna 2001)

PlzofnL ljsf; a}Í e|i6frf/ eGgfn] ;fj{hlgs / lghL If]qdf sfo{/t kbflwsf/Lx?sf] To; lsl;dsf] Jojxf/nfO{ hgfpF5, h;af6 pgLx? cfk}mF tyf cfˆgf glhssf hf]–sf]xLnfO{ kbsf] b'¿kof]u u/L cg'lrt / u}/sfg"gL?kdf kmfObf k'¥ofpg] sfd ul/G5 .

o'/f]k]nL ;ª\3 e|i6frf/ eGgfn] ;Da4 kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] qmddf cfjZos x'g] kbLo bfloTj / Jojxf/af6 ljd'v t'Nofpg] u/L k|ToIf / ck|ToIf?kdf 3"; jf c? s'g} cg'lrt kmfObf lng], lbg], dfUg], :jLsfg]{ / :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] l:yltnfO{ hgfpF5 .

56 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g ‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/b:tfj]h

k|:tfjgf;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ l56f]–5l/tf], ;xh / cfd–gful/ssf nflu kx'Frof]Uo agfpg :yfgLo lgsfo / ;/sf/L sfof{nox?sf] sfd–sf/afxL÷;]jfk|jfx÷;|f]t kl/rfng cflbnufotsf ljifox?df hjfkmb]xL, kf/blz{tf tyf ;bfrf/ clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos ePsf], /Ù

;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf] pQ/bfoLkg ;]jfu|fxLn] cg'e"t ug{ ;Sg] ePdf dfq k|efjsf/L x'g] 7fgLÙ

k|lta4tf—kqdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ hgefjgf Pj+ :yfgLo:t/df ;'zf;gsf If]qdf lqmofzLn ;+3–;+:yf / gful/s ;dfhsf] k|]/0ff / ;xof]usf] ;/fxgf ub}{Ù

b]xfocg'?k sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ ;fj{hlgs k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{5f}+ .

!= hjfkmb]xL ;DaGwdf !=!= sfg"gadf]lhd ;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsg] sfo{ ;dod}

;Dkfbg u/L ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/g]5 .

!=@= ;]jfu|fxLn] k]z ug'{kg]{ sfuhft / cjnDag ug'{kg]{ k|lqmof ;DaGwdf :ki6 hfgsf/L u/fOg]5 .

!=#= ;dod} sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ g;lsg] ePdf ;f]sf] hfgsf/L sf/0f;lxt tTsfn} cfk"meGbf dflyNnf] clwsf/L / ;DalGwt ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ u/fOg]5 .

!=$= pkbkmf !=# adf]lhd ;]jfk|jfx x'g g;s]sf ljifonfO{ dflyNnf] clwsf/Ln] oyflz3| ;dfwfg ug{ kxn ug]{5g\ . o;k|sf/ kxn ul/Fbf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ s] eO/fv]sf] 5 ;f]af/] ;';"lrt ul/g]5 .

!=%= gful/s a8fkq clgjfo{ /fVg] / tb\g';f/ sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

!=^= ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ ;DaGwdf ;do–;dodf ;]jfu|fxLsf] wff/0ff a'‰g] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

!=&= sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd cfjZostfcg';f/ ;do–;dodf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

@= kf/blz{tf ;DaGwdf @=!= k|To]s zfvf jf kmfF6af6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{x?sf]

ljj/0f ;DalGwt zfvf jf kmfF6df ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L 6fF; ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .

@=@= k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfaf/] cfj:ostfcg';f/ hfgsf/L u/fOg]5 .

@=#= sfof{no ;doleq sd{rf/Lx?n] b]lvg] u/L kl/ro–kq clgjfo{?kdf nufpg'kg]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

@=$= sfof{noåf/f lnOPsf lg0f{ox? sfg"gadf]lhd ;fj{hlgs ul/g]5g\, h;sf nflu ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ;"rgf kf6Ldf 6fF; ug]{ jf a'n]l6g k|sflzt ug]{ cyjf ;~rf/dfWoddfkm{t\ k|sfzg÷k|;f/0f ul/g]5 .

@=%= sfof{noaf6 ePsf lg0f{ox?af/] ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fOg]5 . ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf] ljifodf ;"rgf dfu ul/Pdf sfg"gadf]lhd ;"rgf pknAw u/fOg]5 .

#= ;bfrf/ ;DaGwdf #=!= ;Dk"0f { sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;bfrf/o'Qm cfr/0f

cjnDag u/L ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ :jR5 / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpFb} sfof{nonfO{ Ps gd"gf lgsfosf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{ kxn ul/g]5 .

#=@= sfof{nosf] jftfj/0fnfO{ cfu|x/lxt agfOg]5, / ;]jf pknAw u/fPjfkt s;}af6 bfg, bftJo, sld;g, pkxf/ OToflbsf cltl/Qm s'g} klg k|sf/sf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf nfe u|x0f ul/g]5}g .

#=#= s'g} ljifodf cfˆgf] :jfy{ aflemg] cj:yf (Conflict

of Interest) ljBdfg /x] k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtcg';f/ To:tf] lg0f{o k|lqmofaf6 ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ cnu ul/g]5 .

#=$= s'g} klg :j?ksf] e|i6frf/, clgoldttf / l9nf;':tL ;xg ul/g]5}g . o;af/] ;]jfk|bfos / ;]jfu|fxL b'j}nfO{ ;hu u/fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .

hjfkmb]xL, kf/blz{tf / ;bfrf/ k|jw{gsf nflu hf/L ul/Psf]

∗∗ k|lta4tf—kq ∗∗

576«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ b:tfj]h

#=%= ;bfrf/o'Qm jftfj/0f sfod ug{ cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngfdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .

$= ;]jfk|jfx, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg / vl/b k|lqmof$=!= ;]jfk|jfxsf] ;/nLs/0fs_ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o k|lqmof / sfo{ ;~rfng k|lqmof

sfg"gdf tf]lsPadf]lhd ;/n agfOg]5 .

v_ ;]jfk|jfxsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd ;]jfu|fxL–d}qL agfOg]5 .

$=@= u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg s_ u'gf;f] ;'Gg] k|of]hgsf nflu u'gf;f] ;'Gg] lhDd]jf/

clwsf/L -;"rgf clwsf/L_ tf]lsg]5 . ;"rgf clwsf/L lgoldt?kn] pkl:yt x'g] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

v_ u'gf;f] ;'Gg ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWod— 6]lnkmf]g, Od]n tyf cgnfOg ;]jf cflbsf] Joj:yf ug'{sf] cltl/Qm ;'ne :yfgdf Ps u'gf;f] k]l6sf;d]t /flvg]5 .

u_ k|fKt u'gf;fx?nfO{ ;"rgf clws[tn] lz3|fltlz3| ;dfwfg ug{ kxn ug]{5g\, / ;f]sf] hfgsf/L cljnDa ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ u/fOg]5 .

3_ u'gf;fx?sf] cWoogaf6 ;'wf/ ul/g'kg]{ If]qsf] klxrfg u/L qmlds?kdf ;'wf/ ub}{ nlug]5 .

$=#= vl/b÷laqmL k|lqmofsf] kl/kfngfs_ vl/b÷laqmLdf clgjfo{?kdf k|rlnt cfly{s

P]g÷lgodcg';f/sf] k|lqmof cjnDag ul/g]5 .

v_ pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t\ sfof{Gjog x'g] ljifodf pkef]Qmf ;ldltdf /x]sf kbflwsf/Lafx]ssf ;]jf u|fxLsf] ;d]t ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

u_ lgdf{0fsfo{ ldtJooL agfpg d'No;"rL tyf b//]6 ;ª\sng ug]{ / sfg"gadf]lhd lgwf{l/t b//]6

eP÷gePsf] cg'udg ul/g]5 .

3_ lgdf{0f sfo{ x'g] :yfgdf jf cGo kfos kg]{ :yfgdf lgdf{0ffwLg of]hgf;DaGwL cfjZos hfgsf/L;lxtsf ] ; "rgf ;a }n ] b ]Vg ] u/L -cfjZostfcg';f/ xf]l8Ë af]8{;d]t_ /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

%= sfg"gsf] zf;gk|ltsf] sl6a4tf %=!= ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ sf]

k|:tfjgf v08df plNnlvt Joxf]/fnfO{ ;]jfk|jfx ;DaGwdf ;b}j cfTd;ft ul/g]5 / P]gsf ;du| k|fjwfgx?sf] k"0f{ kl/kfngfdf Wofg s]lGb|t ul/g]5 .

%=@= ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ df /x]sf k|fjwfgx?sf] cIf/zM kfngf ub}{ gful/ssf] ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

%=#= cGo k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gdf ePsf Joj:yfsf] kl/kfngfdfkm{t\ sfg"gsf] zf;gk|ltsf] cfˆgf] sl6a4tf k|blz{t ul/g]5 .

^= k|lta4tf sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ;DaGwdf o; k|lta4tf—kqdf pNn]v ePsf ljifox?sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, u'NdLsf] cu'jfOdf Ps k|lta4tf sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 . o:tf] ;ldltdf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn;Fu cfj4 ;'zf;g cleofg u'NdLsf]] ;xefuLtf /xg'sf] cltl/Qm cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj /xg]5 . ;ldltsf] a}7s cfjZostf cg';f/ a:g]5 .

o; k|lta4tf—kqsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogdf cfjZos /fo, ;'´fj / ;xof]usf nflu ;Da4 ;a}nfO{ xflb{s cfJxfg ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .

sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udgdf ;xof]uL,

;+:yfsf] gfd M

-6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn;Fu cfa4_

7]ufgf M

;xL M

gfd M

kb M

ldlt M

k|lta4tf hfx]/ ug]{,sfof{nosf] gfd M

;xL M

gfd M

kb M

ldlt M


Pnfs 8LkL -P8\ef]s];L P08 lnun P8\efO; P08 8]enkd]06 KofS6_ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxnfO{

r':t / b'?:t agfO cfd gful/ssf] kx'Fr j[l4 ug{ ;/sf/L ;+oGqnfO{ ;3fpg] p2]Zon] 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;~rfng u/]sf] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{qmd xf] . of] sfo{qmd o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] ;xof]udf 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 .

of] sfo{qmd dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;DaGwdf :yfgLo gful/saf6 cfPsf u'gf;f] ;dfwfg ug{ gful/s / ;/sf/L lgsfosf k|ltlglwaLr k|ToIf xft]dfnf] ul/G5 . o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t lhNnfl:yt ;]jf k|jfx

ug]{ ;/sf/L lgsfox?df k6s k6s b]lvg] ;d:ofx? gbf]xf]l/pg\ / ;]jf k|jfx ;xh / ;/n ?kdf x'g ;sf];\ eGg] clek|fon] 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfa4 :yfgLo ;+:yf / tL ;/sf/L lgsfox?aLr k|lta4tf kqdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

xfn;Dd ( lhNnfsf @! ;/sf/L lgsfon] ;'zf;g tyf ljsf; k|lta4tf kqdf x:tfIf/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . x:tfIf/ 6LcfO{ cfa4 :yfgLo ;+:yfx?sf] kxndf ;DkGg ePsf x'g\ . ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ :yfgLo gful/ssf] kx'Frdf Nofpg x:tfIf/stf{ ;/sf/L lgsfox? k|lta4 /x]sf 5g\ .

gf} lhNnfsf @! ;/sf/L lgsfoåf/f k|lta4tf–kqdf x:tfIf/

qm;+= lhNnf k|lta4tf hgfpg] ;/sf/L lgsfo x:tfIf/ ldlt 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfa4:yfgLo ;+:yf

!= Onfd -#_!= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no@= Onfd gu/kflnsf#= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no

@)&)÷@÷#)@)&)÷@÷#)@)&)÷@÷#)

dlxnf hfu/0f ;+3

@= ?kGb]xL -#_!= l;4fy{gu/ gu/kflnsf@= lhNnf gfkL sfof{no#= lhNnf dfnkf]t sfof{no

@)&)÷!÷#)@)&)÷!÷#!@)&)÷!÷#!

kf/bzL{ g]kfn, l;4fy{gu/

#= lrtjg -@_!= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no@= lhNnf dfnkf]t sfof{no

@)&)÷!÷@)@)&)÷@÷!

e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] cleofg

lrtjg -!_ != lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no @)&!÷)!÷)( e|i6frf/ lj¿4 cleofg, lrtjg

$= pbok'/ -!_ != lqo'uf gu/kflnsf @)&)÷@÷!$dfgj clwsf/ / jftfj/0f ljsf; s]Gb| -x'/]08]s_

pbok'/ -@_!= lhNnf jg sfof{no@= lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no

@)&!÷)#÷#!dfgjclwsf/ / jftfj/0f ljsf; s]Gb| -x'/]G8]s_, pbok'/

%= wg'iff -!_ != lhNnf e"dL;'wf/ sfof{no @)&)÷@÷!# hgr]tgf tyf ljsf; s]Gb|

^= sf:sL -!_ != kf]v/f pk–dxfgu/kflnsf @)&)÷%÷#);'zf;gsf nflu gful/s ;dfh -;'gf;_, sf:sL

&= s}nfnL -@_!= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no@= wgu9L gu/kflnsf

@)&!÷)#÷@$;bfrf/sf nflu ;fdflhs kxn, s}nfnL

*= ;'v]{t -#_!= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no@= lhNnf dfnkf]t sfof{no#= lhNnf gfkL sfof{no

@)&!÷)#÷@% gful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3, ;'v]{t

(= u'NdL -@_!= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no@= lhNnf dfnkf]t sfof{no

@)&!÷)#÷)^ ;'zf;g cleofg u'NdL

lhNnf ultljlw


6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnn] o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] cfly{s ;xof]u / 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfj4 :yfgLo ;+:yf;Fusf] ;xsfo{df @)^( ;fn a}zfv @$ ut]b]lv P8\ef]s];L P08 lnun P8efO; ;]G6/ tyf 8]enkd]G6 KofS6 -Pnfs 8LkL_ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 .

of] sfo{qmdn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;DaGwdf :yfgLo gful/saf6 cfPsf u'gf;f] ;dfwfg ug{ gful/s / ;/sf/L k|ltlglw;Fu k|ToIf xft]dfnf] ug]{ ub{5 . of] sfo{qmddfk{mt\ gful/ssf u'gf;f]sf cfwf/df :yfgLo ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfos sfof{nox?nfO{ ;'zf;g sfod /fVg k|ltj4tf hf/L ug{ ;d]t k|f]T;flxt ug]{ ul/G5 . b]zsf !% lhNnfdf ;~rfng ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] of] sfo{qmdsf] klxnf] r/0f @)^( k'; ( af6 ^ lhNnfdf / bf];|f] r/0f @)&) ;fpgaf6 nfu" ul/Psf] xf] .

8LkL x:tfIf/ sfo{qmd

klxnf] r/0fcGtu{t lj=;+= @)&) a}zfv @) ut] lrtjg

lhNnfdf d'Vo;lrj nLnfdl0f kf }8 ]nsf ] ;d 'k l:yltdf 8LkL ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] . To:t}, bf];|f] r/0fsf] 8LkL x:tfIf/ u'NdL lhNnfaf6 ;'? ul/of] . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no / lhNnf dfnkf]t sfof{no u'NdL;Fu )&! c;f/ ^

ut] ;'zf;g tyf ljsf; ;Demf}tf -8LkL_ df x:tfIf/ ul/of] .

s}nfnL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no / wgu9L gu/kflnsfn] c;f/ @$ ut] / ;'v]{tdf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no lhNnf gfkL sfof{non] c;f/ @% ut] 8LkL ;Demf}tf–kqdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP .

s}nfnL / ;'v] {tdf cfof] lht sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf >L lai0f' axfb'/ s];Ln] /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx? ;]jfu|fxLk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . s];Ln] kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, r':t–b'?:t k|zf;lgs ;]jf, gful/ssf] ;"rgfsf] xs h:tf ljifodf ;]jfk|bfos / ;]jfu|fxL b'j} ;r]t x'g'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] :yfkgf,

o;sf l;4fGt, e|i6frf/ dfkgsf cfwf/x?, cflb af/]df ;d]t ;xefuLnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] . dGtJosf qmddf cWoIf s];Ln] s'g} klg sfof{nodf sfof{no k|d'vn] rfx]df %) k|ltzt ei6frf/ Go'lgs/0f ug{ ;lsg] atfpFb} 6LcfO{ g]kfn sf/afxL ug]{ lgsfo geP/ gful/ssf] kIfdf jsfnt ug]{ ;+:yf dfq /x]sf] wf/0ff klg /fVg'eof] .

tL sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug] {

lhNnf txdf e|i6frf/lj¿4 cleofg / 8LkL ;Demf}tf

ljgf]b e§/fO{

lhNnf ultljlw


csf{ jStf 6LcfO{ sfo{;ldlt ;b:o >L v]d/fh /]UdL

x'g'x'GYof] . sfo{;ldlt ;b:o /]UdLn]] 6LcfO{ g]kfn

/ sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrToaf/] ;xefuLnfO{ hfgsf/L

u/fpg'eof] . pxfFn] e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] n8fOFdf /fi6«;]js

sd{rf/Lx?n] ;sf/fTds e"ldsf v]n]sf] atfpg'eof] .

g]kfndf e|i6frf/ 7"nf] /f]u ePsf] hfgsf/L lbFb} PSnf]

k|of;n] dfq s]xL ug{ g;lsg] hgfp lbg'eof] .

gful/sn] kfpg'kg]{ ;]jf–;'ljwfx? ;xh?kn] kfpgsf

nflu ;fj{hlgs ?kn] k|ltj4tf–kqdf x:tfIf/ sfo{qmd

u/L ;fj{{hlgs ;]jfk|bfos sfof{nox?nfO{ yk

hjfkmb]xL kf/bzL{ / ;bfrf/L agfpg pkof]uL x'g]

ljZjf; klg /]UdLn] JoSt ug{'eof] .

pbok'/ lhNnfdf eg] )&! c;f/ #! ut] lhNnf jg

sfof{no / lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{non] 8LkL ;Demf}tf

kqdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf x'g\ .

cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd

6LcfO{ g]kfnn] )&! c;f/ @( ut] hgsk'/df :yfgLo

gful/s / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu Ps cGt/lqmof

sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;f] sfo{qmddf 6LcfO{

g]kfnsf dxf;lrj >L e/taxfb'/ yfkfn] kl5Nnf]

;do lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] If]qdf e|i6rf/ df}nfPsf]

x'Fbf] o;n] /fi6 « ;]jssf] 5ljdf g} c;/ kf/]sf]

atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] g]kfnsf] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] k|d'v

r'gf}tL g} e|i6frf/ ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmd

s}nfnLsf] ;]tL c~rn c:ktfndf )&! c;f/ @# ut], ;'v]{tdf dWo–klZrd If]qLo c:ktfndf c;f/ @% ut], / wg'iff lhNnfsf] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf c;f/ @( ut] / pbok'/ lhNnfsf] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf c;f/ #! ut] df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/of] .

sfo{qmdsf bf}/fgdf df]jfOn Pnfsdfk{mt\ ljleGg ;/sf/L sfof{nodf uP/ gful/ssf u'gf;f] ;'Gg] sfo{;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] . ;of}+ gful/sn] ljleGg ljifodf cfˆgf u'gf;f df ]jfOn Pnfsdfk {mt \ l6kfPsf lyP .

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fcleofg ;kmn kf/f}+ .

lhNnf ultljlw

616«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ lhNnf ultljlw

6«fG;k/ ] G;L OG6/g ]zgn g]kfnn] o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf]

cfly{s ;xof]udf xfn g]kfnsf !@ j6f lhNnfdf :yfgLo cfj4 ;+:yf;Fusf] ;xsfo{df Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . bf];|f] r/0fdf nfu" ePsf g]kfnsf ^ j6f lhNnfdWo] u'NdL lhNnf klg Ps xf] . xfn u'NdL;lxt sf7df8f}+, wflbª, ;'v]{t, s}nfnL / df]/ª lhNnfdf of] kl/of]hgf

;~rflnt 5 .

u 'Nd L lhNnfdf 6 « f G;k/ ] G; L OG6/g]zgn g]kfndf cfj4 ;+:yf ;'zf;g cleofg u'NdL / 6L=cfO{= g]kfnaLr @)&) ebf} !* ut]

;Demf}tf eO{ of] kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ePsf] xf] . lhNnf:t/df ! hgf sfo{qmd clws[t / ! hgf sfo{qmd ;xfossf] lgo'lQm u/L of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 .

kl/of]hgfsf] k|d'v p2]Zo ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf x'g] clgoldttf tyf sdL–sdhf]/Laf/] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ u'gf;f] ug{ k|f]T;flxt ub}{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg ;]jfk|bfos lgsfonfO{ hjfkmb]xL / k|ltj4

u'NdLdf Pnfs 8LkL / o;sf] k|efj

;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt gtLhfM Ps emns

qm=;= sfof{nosf] gfde|i6frf/af6 k|efljt /x]sf] xb -k|ltztdf_

xF'b} gePsf] sd e|i6 w]/} e|i6 k"/} e|i6 yfxf 5}g eGg grfx]sf]! dfnkf]t÷e"ld;'wf/ 0.75 40.76 42.26 4.53 10.57 1.13

@ GffkL sfof{no 4.9 47.17 33.97 1.89 11.07 0.37

# Gofofno 18.5 40.38 13.58 0.38 25.66 1.50

$ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no 9.06 54.72 8.68 0 26.03 1.5

% lhNNff k|x/L sfof{no 10.19 47.55 10.94 2.64 27.56 1.13

^ :jf:Yo 5.67 50.18 18.5 2.64 19.62 3.39

& lzIff 3.02 43.78 29.06 9.81 13.2 1.13

* oftfoft 3.78 46.03 21.89 4.9 22.27 1.13

( g=kf=÷uf=lj=;= 8.68 55.09 14.72 1.51 18.11 1.89

!) ;8s 4.53 40.75 19.24 10.57 23.40 1.51

!! ;~rf/ 6.79 49.06 13.58 1.89 28.30 0.38

!@ vfg]kfgL 7.17 45.66 14.34 0 30.19 2.64

!# s[lif 9.45 55.09 4.90 0.75 29.06 0.75

!$ jg sfof{no 7.19 49.43 15.47 1.88 24.15 1.88

!% /fh:j÷eG;f/÷s/ 0.75 27.55 27.92 14.73 27.17 18.88

!^ cGo 0.75 19.62 30.19 3.02 46.04 0.38

;j]{If0fsf qmddf ;]jfu|fxLaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfsf cfwf/df b]lvPsf] ljleGg sfof{nosf] e|i6frf/sf] l:ylt

xL/f s'jF/

62 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g ‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/lhNnf ultljlw

agfpg' xf] . ;fy}, e|i6frf/k|lt gful/sdf z"0o ;lxi0f'tfsf] ljsf; ub}{ ;dfhdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ kxn ug{;d]t o;sf] d'Vo nIo xf] . of] sfo{qmddfk{mt\ /fHon] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ Joj:yf u/]sf /fHo;+oGqnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ / ;]jfk|bfos lgsfo;Fu lg/Gt/ 5nkmn, k/fdz{ ub}{ ;dGjofTds lsl;dn] cufl8 a9\g ] k |of; ul//x]sf] 5 .

o; sfo {q mdsf ] n lI ft ju { ;/sf/L lgsfo jf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k |jfx ug] { kbflwsf/L / cfd–gful/s x'g\ . sfo{qmdn] e|i6frf/lj¿4 lqmofzLn kqsf/, gful/s ;+u7g, ;~rf/dfWodnufot ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] cleofgdf ;dflxt ub}{ nlu/x]sf] 5 .

u 'NdL lhNnfdf Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfsf] cf}krfl/s pb\3f6g @)&) k'; @@ ut] 6L=cfO{= g]kfnsf cWoIf >L lji0f' axfb'/ s]=;L=sf]

k|d'v cfltYotf / Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmd ;+of ]hs >L t'Da'? uf}tdsf] ljz]if cfltYotfdf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . cf}krfl/s pb\3f6g sfo{qmd;Fu} lhNnfdf e|i6frf/sf] k|s[lt, xb / cjwf/0ff dfkgsf nflu kl/of]hgfn] e|i6frf/;DaGwL cfwf/e"t ;j] {If0f -a];nfOg ;e]{_ ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . tD3f; uflj;sf j8f g+= !, @, $, %, ^, &, * / ( j8fdf @$) hgf ;]jfu|fxL, @% hgf ;/f]sf/jfnf / lhNnfl:yt ;Dk"0f { ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|d'vx?;Fu of] ;j]{If0f ;DkGg ul/Psf] xf] . ;j]{If0fdf ;]jfu|fxLn] lbPsf] hfgsf/Lcg';f/ lhNnfsf ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df e|i6frf/;DaGwL lgDgfg';f/sf] cj:yf /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

a ];nfOg ;j ] { I f0 fa f6 k | f Kt glthfcg';f/ lhNnf dfnkf ]t tyf e"dL ;'wf/ sfof {no w]/} e|i6 /x]sf] TfYo k|fKt ePsf] 5 . $@=@^ k|ltzt ;]jfu|fxLn] of]

sfof{no w]/} e|i6 ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L, ##=(& k|ltztn] lhNnf gfkL sfof{no w]/} e|i6 /x]sf], #)=!( k|ltztn] lhlj;;lxt cGo sfof{no, @(=)^ k|ltztn] lzIff sfof{no / @&=(@ k|ltzt ;]jfu|fxLn] /fh:j÷eG;f/÷s/ sfof{no w]/} e|i6 /x]sf atfPsf 5g\ . oLafx]s lhNnfsf cGo sfof{nox? t'nGffTds lx;fan] sd e|i6 b]lvP klg e|i6frf/d'Qm x'g b]lvPsf 5}gg\ .

a];nfOg ;j]{If0faf6 ;a}eGbf a9L ##=@) k|ltzt ;]jfu|fxLn] e|i6frf/sf] cj:yf ljut @ jif{otf klg p:t} /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L @%=@* k|ltzt ;]jfu|fxLn] w]/} a9]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . o;af6 lhNnfdf e|i6frf/sf] cj:yfdf ck]lIft dfqfdf ;'wf/ gePsf] b]lvG5 .

kl/of]hgfn] lhNnfdf e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0f tyf ;'zf;g clej[l4sf nflu hgr]tgf km}nfpg ljleGg ;fj{hlgs :ynx?df xf]l8{ª af]8{ /fvL ;j{;fwf/0fdf kl/of]hgfsf] af/ ]df hfgsf/L k|bfg u/]sf ] 5 . o;}u/L, :yfgLo /]l8of]af6 /]l8of] ;"rgf / ;'zf;g ;Gb]z gfds ;fKtflxs /]l8of] sfo{qmd k|;f/0fn] klg gful/sdf r]tgf clej[l4 eO/x]sf ] 5 . h;n] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;/sf/L ;]jf ;DaGwdf u'gf;f] ug{ k|f]T;fxg ldn]sf] 5 .

o ; } u / L , k l / o f ] h g f n ] lhNnf:t/sf ;/sf/L sfof{no w]/} a9]sf] yf]/} a9]sf] p:t} 5 yf]/} 36]sf] w]/} 36]sf] yfxf 5}g


tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfaLr ;dGjosf

nflu Ps ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g

u/L lgoldt a}7s, 5nkmn /

k/fdz{ ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;fy},

lhNnf ;b/d'sfd tD3f;, gofF ufpF

uflj;df ;]jfk|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLaLr

;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmd ;DkGg

ePsf 5g\ . ;fy} , cv{n] /

j8fufpF uflj;df ;d'bfo;Fusf]

cled'vL–s/0f uf ]i7L ;DkGg

ePsf 5g\ . lhNnfdf /x]/ e|i6frf/

Go"gLs/0f / ;'zf;g clej[l4sf

nflu lqmofzLn # hgf kqsf/x?nfO{

ldl8of k]mnf];Lk k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .

k'/:s[t x'g]df gful/s b}lgssf

u'NdL ;+jfbbftf ljzfn e§/fO{,

a'6jn 6'8]÷gofF klqsf b}lgssL

uugzLnf v8\sf / b}lgs kqsf lzjnfn ;'j]bL 5g\ . kl/of]hgfn]

;DkGg u/]sf lqmofsnfknfO{ ;do–;dodf kqsf/ ;Dd]ng u/L ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5 .

kl/of ]hgfsf ] dxÎjk "0f { kf6f ] ; ]jfu | fxLsf ] u 'gf;f ] ; +sng ePsf]n] sfof{nodf cfpg] lgoldt u'gf;fx?afx]s kl/of]hgfn] ;/sf/L sfof{no cufl8 u'gf;f] 8]:s /fvL u'gf;f] ;+sng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . u'gf;f] ;'Ggsf nflu kl/ofhgfn] !^^) )! @@ @!! -lgMz'Ns gDa/_ / )&(–%@)*%$ 6]lnkmf]g gDa/x? Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, ;]jfu|fxLn] [email protected] df Od]n / ;+:yfsf] 7]ufgfdf kqfrf/ u/L u'gf;f] btf{ u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf;d]t u/]sf] 5 . kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ePb]lv xfn;Dd s'n ^$ j6f u'gf;f tyf ph'/Lx? k|fKt ePsf

5g\ . h;dWo] tTsfn ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg] u'gf;f]nfO{ ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu k|ToIf 5nkmn u/L ;dfwfg ul/Psf] 5 . sfg"gL k/fdz{ k|bfg ug'{kg]{ u'gf;f]nfO{ sfg"gL k/fdz{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . nfdf] k|lqmofdf hfg'kg]{ sltko ph'/Lx? lg/Gt/ kmnf]ck ub}{cfPsf] 5 . u'gf;fx?dWo] Pnfs 8LkLsf] kxndf ;dfwfg ePsf s]xL pbfx/0fx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

!= bln{ª uflj;–@ sf ;'/ ]Gb| clwsf/Ln] @)&) df3 @# ut] :yfgLo vfg]kfgLsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ ;DalGwt ;]jfk|bfos lgsfon] rf;f] glbPsf] eGb} Pnfs 8LkL u'NdLdf ;dfwfgsf nflu kxn ul/lbg cg'/f]w ub}{ ph'/L u/] . pgsf cg';f/ :yfgLo

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ul/Psf] k|of;


b'uf{axfb'/ s]=;L= / e/t s]=;L=n] ;fj{hlgs vfg]kfgLsf] d'xfgsf] kfOk sf6L JolQmut l;+rfO{df k|of ]u ubf { :yfgLojf;LnfO{ ;f:tL ePsf]n] df3 !# ut] lhNnf k|zf;gdf ph'/L u/] klg ;dfwfgsf nflu kxn gePsf] atfP . Pnfs 8LkLdf k|fKt ph'/Lsf cfwf/df df3 @# ut] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nosf k|x/L lg/LIfs /fh]Gb|k |;fb >]i7;Fu ;Dks{ u/L 5nkmn ubf{ l;dn6f/L k|x/L rf}sLnfO{ cfb]z lbO;s]sf] atfP . ;fy}, pQm ;d:ofaf/ ] l;dn6f/L rf}sLn] k|efjsf/L kxn gu/]sf] Pnfs 8LkLn] hfgsf/L lbPkl5 lg/LIfs >]i7n] tTsfn k'gM cfb]z u/L kmfu'g @ ut] k|x/LnfO{ 36gf:yndf v6fO{ låkIfLo 5nkmn eof] .

5nkmnaf6 :yfgLo pkef]Qmfn] ; xh?kd f v f g ] k f g Ls f ] pkef ]u ug { kfpg ] ;xdlt eof] . o;/L ph'/Lstf{ ;'/]Gb| clwsf/Ln] Pnfs 8LkLsf ] kxndf cfk"mx?sf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu 7"nf] ;xof]u ldn]sf] eGb} Pnfs 8LkLåf/f ;~rflnt ;'zf;g ;Gb]z gfds ;fKtflxs /]l8of] sfo{qmddf af]Nb} c?nfO{ klg Pnfs 8LkLdf ph'/L ug{ cg'/f]w u/] .

@= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt u'NdLdf ;]jfu|fxL hfFbf sd{rf/Lx? cfˆgf] sIfdf ga;L sfof{nosf cGo 7fpFdf uO{ ukmufkmdf e'Ng] u/]sf] / ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;dodf ;]jf

glbPsf] eGg] u'gf;f] Pnfs 8LkLdf cfPkl5 r}t @( ut] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf Pnfs 8LkLaf6 hfFbf;d]t s]xL sfo{sIfdf sd{rf/Lx? g/x]sf]n] tTsfn :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L x/Lk|;fb 1jfnLnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fOof] . pgn] tTsfn ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/LnfO{ cf̂ gf] sfo{sIfdf af]nfO{ lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/sf] sfd ub}{ ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ l56f]–5l/tf] / ;/n agfpg cfu|x u/] .

;fy}, pgn] cfufdL lbgdf s'g} klg sd{rf/L ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfdf l9nf;':tL gug{;d]t lgb]{zg lbP .

#= lhNnfsf ;/sf/L sfof{nox? lhNnf k|zf;g, lhNnf dfnkf]t, lhNnf c:ktfn / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdn] ljleGg ;dodf u'gf;f] 8]:s /fvL ;]jfu|fxLaf6 u'gf;fx?

;+sng u¥of] . pQm u'gf;fx?k|lt ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] Wofgfsif{0f / cfjZos ;'wf/sf nflu @)&) r}t @) ut] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L sdn/fh 9sfnnfO{ Wofgfsif{0f kq a'emfOof] . pQm Wofgfsif{0f kqdf pNn]lvt u'gf;fx?nfO{ k|lhc 9sfnn] lnlvt?kdf kqfrf/ u/L lhNnfsf ;DalGwt ;/sf/L sfof{nonfO{ ;'wf/sf nflu lgb]{zg lbPsf] / ;'wf/sf nflu cfk"m k|lta4 /x]sf] s'/f Pnfs 8LkLn] cfo]fhgf u/]sf] Ps ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmddf ;d]t hfgsf/L lbP . o;/L kl/of]hgfdf cfpg] u'gf;fx?nfO{ ;DalGwt ;]jfk |bfos tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf;+usf] ;dGjodf ;dfwfg ug]{ sfd eO/x]sf] 5 .

u ' N d L l h Nn fd f ;~r f lnt Pn fs 8 L k L k l / o f ] h g fn ] gful/snfO{ e|i6frf/lj¿4 nfUg k|]l/t ub}{ ;dfhdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{sf nflu ljleGg ;r]tgfd'ns sfo {q mdx? ;~r fng ub } { cfO/x]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ cfd gful/sdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf x'g] l9nf;':tL,clgoldttf tyf e|i6frf/k|lt u'gf;f] ug]{ k|j[lQsf] ;d]t ljsf; ePsf] 5 . kl/of]hgfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} :yfgLo:t/;Dd sfo{If]q lj:tf/ ug{ ;s]df cem o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfdf yk j[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 .

s'Fj/ 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfj4 ;+:yf ;'zf;g cleofg u'NdLdf sfo{qmd clws[tsf

?kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 .

lhNnfdf /x]/ e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0f / ;'zf;g

clej[l4sf nflu lqmofzLn # hgf kqsf/x?nfO{ ldl8of k]mnf];Lk k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . k'/:s[t

x'g]df gful/s b}lgssf u'NdL ;+jfbbftf ljzfn e§/fO{, a'6jn 6'8]÷gofF

klqsf b}lgssL uugzLnf v8\sf / b}lgs kqsf

lzjnfn ;'j]bL 5g\ .

lhNnf ultljlw lhNnf ultljlw

656«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/lhNnf ultljlw lhNnf ultljlw

6«fG;k/ ] G;L OG6/g ]zgn g]kfnn] ;'zf;g cleofg

u'NdLsf] ;fe]mbf/L / o'/f]lkog o' lgogsf ] cfly {s ;xof ]udf ;~rfng u/ ]sf ] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn Joj:yfkg ;+3sf cWoIf tyf s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8sf ;~rfns hgs/fh zfx;lxtsf] 6f]nLn] :ynut?kdf kl/of]hgf sfo{If]q u'NdL lhNnfdf cfP/ cg'udg u/]sf] xf] .

cg'udg 6f]nL kl/of]hgf sfo{If]q u'NdLdf @)&! ;fpg & ut]b]lv * ut] ck/fXg;Dd lqmofzLn lyof] . cg'udgsf qmddf ;'zf;g cleofg u'NdLsf kbflwsf/Lx?;Fu kl/of]hgfaf/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}u/L, kqsf/x?, ljleGg ;dflhs ;+3–;+:yfsf k|d'v tyf a'l4lhjL, ;]jfu|fxL tyf k|ltj4tf–

kqdf x:tfIf/ ePsf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof {no / dfnkf]t sfof {no u'NdLsf k| ltlglw;Fu 5§f5'§} 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .

cg'udgsf qmddf Pnfs 8LkL k l /o f ] hg fcGtu { t x fn;Dd ;~rflnt ljleGg sfo{qmdx?sf] af/]df 5nkmn ul/g'sf ;fy} Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfn] lhNnfdf kf/]sf] k|efj / yk k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ kIfnufotsf ljifodf 5nkmn ul/Psf ] Dofg ]hd]G6 Pzf]l;o;g ckm g]kfnsf cWoIf hgs zfxfn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

pxfFn] ;du|?kdf kl/of]hgfsf ultljlwnfO{ x]bf{ lhNnfdf k|efjsf/L tj/n] ;~rfng eO/x]sf] kfOPsf] k | ltlqmof lbg'eof ] . cg'udg 6f]nL;Fu s'/fsfgL ub} { k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L sdn/fh 9sfnn] k|lta4tfkq sfof{Gjog u/fpg cfk"mx?n] ljleGg sfo{x? ;~rfng u/]sf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

cg'udg 6f ]nLdf Dofg]hd]G6 Pz f ] l ;o;g ck m g ] k fnsf ;b:o sfhL bfxfn / 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf sfo{qmd ;+of]hs t'Da'? uf}td klg ;+nUg xg'x'GYof] .

lhNnfdf ;'zf;g clej[ l4sf n f l u k | o f; ub } { e | i6 fr f / Go"lgs/0fsf If]qdf kl/of]hgfn] sfd ub} { cfO/x]sf ] ; 'zf;g cleofg u'NdLsf cWoIf Zofds'df/ kf08]on] hfgsf/L lbg'eof ] . pxfFn] kl/of]hgf ;~rfngsf] nflu ;a} kIf;Fu ;DfGjo u/L ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/Psf] hgfp klg lbg'eof] .

;fy}, cWoIf kf08]on] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdnfO{ ca cem lj:tf/ ub}{ lhNnfsf tLgj6} lgjf{rg If]qdf k'¥ofpg] hfgsf/L lbFb} ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u ug{ ;a}nfO{ cfu|x;d]t ug'{ePsf] 5 .

-kf}8]n 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfj4 ;'zf;g cleofg u'NdLsf sfo{qmd ;xfos x'g\ ._

Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg

lji0f' kf}8]n


6«fG;k/ ] G;L OG6/g ]zgn g]kfnn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf]

Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdcGtu{t wflbª lhNnfdf df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . pSt sfo{qmd j}zfv !^ ut] dfnkf]t sfof{no wflbªdf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . df]afOn Pnfs ;~rfng ug{'cl3 j}zfv !% ut] wflbª lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L;Fu e]63f6 ul/of] . pSt e]63f6 df]afOn Pnfs / cGt/lqmof ;~rfng ug]{ af/]df s]lGb|t /x]sf] lyof] . pSt cj;/df 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf sfo{;ldlt ;b:o >L v]d/fh /]UdL, dfgjLo ljsf; tyf ;|f]t Joj:yfkg g]kfnsf ;lrj /fhf/fd zdf{, 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf ;~rf/ clws[t 6LPg l3ld/] / sfo{qmd clws[t ljgf]b e§/fO{sf] ;xeflutf /Xof] .

;f ] cj;/df wflbª lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdcGtu{t ;DkGg ul/g] lqmofsnfkx? g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;fj{hlgs sfof{noaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug]vfnsf] ePsfn] cfjZos ;xof]u ug{ cfu|x ul/Psf] lyof] .

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf k|ltlglwx?sf] cfu|xnfO{ :jLsf/ ub} { k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L >L lji0f'k|;fb kf]v/]nn] 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdnfO{

;Dk"0f{ ?kn] ;xof]u ug]{ k|ltj4tf JoSt ug{'eof] .

;f]xL lbg -@)&!÷)!÷!%_ ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLx?aLr g]kfn pBf ]u jfl0fHo ;+3 wflbªsf ] ;efsI fd f Ps cGt/ lq mo f sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . sfo{qmd wflbª lhNnfdf /x]sf clwsf+z ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|d'vx?sf] pkl:yt /x]sf] lyof] . To:t}, gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx?, ;~rf/sdL{ Pj+ cGo gful/ssf] ;d]t pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

pSt sfo{qmddf dfgjLo ljsf; tyf ;|f ]t Joj:yfkg g]kfnsf ;lrj /fhf/fd zdf{n] Pnfs 8LkLsf] af/]df ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L k|:t't ug'{eof] . To:t} wflbª lhNnfdf ;DkGg ul/Psf] lqmofsnfkaf/] sfo{qmd clws[t OlGb/f /]UdLn] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] . sfo{qmddf

;~rf / c lws [t k l /o f ]hg f ;~rfngsf q mdd f ;Dk Gg ul/g] lqmofsnfk ;~rf/dfWodsf] hfgsf/Ldf NofO{ k|sfzg k|;f/0f ug{ s] ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf 6LPg l3ld/]n] af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] / ljgf]b e§/fO{n] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

sfo {qmddf 6LcfO { g ]k fnsf sfo{;ldlt ;b:o >L v]d/fh /]UdLn] cfd–gful/ssf] ;xhtfsf nf lu 6LcfO {n ] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] x'Fbf wflbª lhNnfl:yt ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nox?n] ;sf/fTds eO{ ;f] sfo{qmd ;kmntfsf nflu ;xof]u ul/lbg cfu|x ug{'eof] . sfo{qmddf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L >L lji0f'k|;fb k f ]v/ ]nn ] o:tf sfo {qmdn ] ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLdf ;xof]u k'Ug] ePsfn] cfjZos ;xof]u ug{ ;a} sfof{no k|d'vnfO{ ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmddf lgb]{zg lbg'eof] / cfk"m klg ;f] sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf nflu ;a}vfnsf ;xof]u ug{ tTk/ /x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

dfnkf]t sfof {nodf ;~rfng u l /Psf ] d f ] a f On sfo {q md dfnkf]t clws[t / k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] lg/LIf0f ug{'ePsf] lyof] . df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmddf %! hgfn] ;f]wvf]h Pj+ ph'/L btf{ u/fPsf lyP .

— 6LPg l3ld/]

wflbª lhNnfdf df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmd

lhNnf ultljlw

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf k|ltlglwx?sf] cfu|xnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L >L lji0f'k|;fb kf]v/]nn] 6LcfO{ g]kfnn]

;~rfng ul//x]sf] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] ;xof]u ug]{ k|ltj4tf JoSt ug{'eof] .


pbok'/sf lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no, jg sfof{no / 6LcfO{

g]kfn cfj4 dfgjclwsf/ tyf jftfj/0f ljsf; s]Gb|sf k|ltlglwn] ;'zf;g, hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf / ;bfrf/ k|a{4g;DaGwL ;Demf}tf–kqdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf 5g\ . ;f] ljsf; ;Demf}tf–kqdf @)&! c;f/ #! ut] x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] xf] . pbok'/df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] pQm 8LkL ;Demf}tf sfo{qmddf af]Nb} 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf dxf;lrj tyf sfo{qmdsf k|d'v cltly e/taxfb'/ yfkfn] kl5Nnf] ;do lghfdtL ;]jfdf e|i6frf/ df}nfPsf] atfpg'eof] . o;n] ;du| /fi6«;]jssf] 5ljdf g} c;/ kf/]sf] klg cf}+Nofpg'eof] .

pxfFn] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] dfq b]zdf df}nfpFb} uPsf] e|i6frf/ /f]Sg g;Sg] atfpb} gful/s cfk}mF e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] cleofgdf ;lqmo x'g'kg]{ wf/0ff /fVg'eof] . pbok'/nfO{ :jR5 / e|i6frf/ lgolGqt lhNnf agfpg cfu|x ub}{ dxf;lrj yfkfn] of] cleef/f ca pbok'/sf gful/ssf] lhDdfdf cfPsf] atfpg'eof] .

;f]xL sfo{qmddf pbok'/sf lgldQ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L k|sfzh+u sfsL{n] sd{rf/L If]qdf a9\b} uPsf] clgoldttf l9nf;':tLnfO{ 36fpFb}, x6fpFb}F / Go"gLs/0f ub}{ hfg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . To:t}, :yfgLo ljsf;

clwsf/L uf]kfns'df/ clwsf/Ln]

Pnfs 8LkL ;Demf}tfdf sfg"gtM ;a}

s'/f kfngf ug'{kg]{ s'/f ePsf] eP

klg o;n] k'gM k|ltj4tfnfO{ hf]8

lbPsf] atfpg'eof] . o;n] sfof{no

/ sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sfdk|lt cem

lhDd]jf/ agfPsf] atfpg'eof] .

;Demf}tf–kqdf x:tfIf/ ug'{cl3

s f o { q m dd f a f ] N b } l h Nn f

:jf:Yo sfof{no pbok'/ / lhNnf

jg sfof{no pbok'/sf k|d'v

8fS6/ r'dgnfn bf; / lszf]/rGb|

uf}tdn] of] ;Demf}tf–kqn] ;/sf/L

sfof{noaf6 k|jfx x'g] ;]jfnfO{ r':t

/ b'?:t agfO/fVg sd{rf/LnfO{ yk

lhDd]jf/ agfPsf] atfpg'eof] .

uPsf ] jif { pbok'/sf ] lqo'uf

gu/kf lnsfdf u l/Psf ] 8LkL

;Demf}tfaf6 sfof{no / ;]jfu|fxL

b'a}nfO{ kmfObf k'u]sf] eGb} c?

sfof{nonfO{ klg 8LkL ;Demf}tf ug{

gu/ clws[t v8\uaxfb'/ sfsL{n]

;'emfpg'eof] . To:t}, /fhgLlts

bnsf] ;du| k|ltlglwTj ub}{ g]skf dfn]sf ;lrj /fhs'df/ /fO{n] bnx? / sd{rf/L Ps eP/ hfg] xf] eg] e|i6frf/ sd eP/ hfg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'eof] .

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] o'/f ] lkog o'lgogsf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng u/ ]sf ] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmd 6LcfO{ cfj4 dfgjclwsf/ / j f t fj /0 f l js f; s ] G b | -x'/08]s_ pbok'/n] :yfgLo:t/df 8LkL ;Demf}tf x:tf/If/ sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf] xf] . o; ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] ;ª\Vof @! k'u]sf] 5 . h;df O{nfd, pbok'/, wg'iff, lrtjg, ?kGb]xL, u'NdL, sf:sL, s}nfnL / ;'v]{t /x]sf 5g\ . sfo{qmd dfgjclwsf/ tyf jftfj/0f ljsf; s]Gb|sf pkfWoIf clDasf yfkfsf ] cWoIftfdf lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;+u7gsf] xndf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .

—;'hftf 9'Ëfgf, a?jf 6fOD; b}lgs, pbok'/

;'zf;g tyf ljsf; ;Demf}tf–kqdf x:tfIf/


hf]lvddf /x]sf b]zsf] ;"rsfª\s

of] ;"rsfª\sn] ljZjJofkL zflGtsf] cj:yf dfkg ub{5 . of] ;"rsfª\n] zflGt / To;sf] nfeaf/] j:t'ut cWoog ub{5 . zflGt eg]sf] dfgjLo ;d[l4, k|ultsf] Pp6f ;sf/fTds Pj+ xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] tYo xf] / o;nfO{ d"t{?kdf dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;Gb]z o; ;"rsfª\n] u/]sf] 5 .

of] ;"rsfª\af/] www.vision of humanity.org lj:t[t ljj/0f x]g{ ;lsG5 . of] ;"rsfª\s ;g\ !((^ b]lv k|sfzg ug{ yflnPsf] xf] . of] ;"rsfªn] OlG:6Ro"6 km/ Osf]gf]ldS;\ PG8 lk;n] s'g} klg b]zdf a9\bf] lx+;fsf] cNk / dWosfnLg cj:yfdf af/] hfgsf/L lbg cfˆg} cWoog ljlw lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 .

hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf b]z

b]z hf]lvd tYofª\s -!))_ dfhflDaof *^x}6L &*ch]{lG6gf &^rf9 &$af]l:gof xh{uf]legf &@g]kfn &)a'?08L &)hlh{of &)nfOa]l/of ^&stf/ ^%

b]z >]0fL k"0ff{ª\srLg !)* @=@)&ef/t !$# @=%&!e'6fg !^ !=$@@dflNbE; N/A* N/A*

>Lnª\sf !)% @=!(&g]kfn &^ !=(*(kfls:tfg !%$ #=!)&aËnfb]z (* @=!)*cûflg:tfg !^! #=$!^

*pknAw gePsf] .

;g\ @))* b]lv ljZjdf zflGtdo jftfj/0fdf x|f; cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; ;"rsfª\sn] ((=^ k|ltzt ljZj hg;ª\VofnfO{ ;d]6\b} !^@ b]zx?sf] ;"rL k]z u/]sf] 5 . tLgj6f d'Vo ljifoj:t';lxt of] ;"rsfª\sn] ljZj zflGtsf] dfkg ub{5 .;dfhdf ;'/Iff / ;'/Iff ;fwgsf] :t/, 3/]n' / afXo åGåsf] Jofkstf / ;}lgsLs/0fsf txsf] cWoog ub{5 . o; ;"rsfª\sn] zflGtsf] @@ ljifout / j:t'ut ;"rsx? adf]lhd b]zx?nfO{ >]0fL ljefhg ub{5 .

o'/f]kdf zflGt d'n'sx? !) j6fdfdf & j6f hlt 5g\ . ljZjsf] * k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof !! j6f Go"g zflGt ePsf] d'n'sx?df a;f]af; ub{5g\ . %=% k|ltzt ljZjsf] hg;ª\Vof pRr txsf] zflGtk"0f{ b]zdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ .

zflGt dfkg

of] jif{ nuftf/ & jif{sf] k|j[lQ x]bf{ ljZjdf w]/} sd zflGt /x]sf] b]vfpFb5 . of] v:sFbf] l:ylt b]lvg'df o'q]mgdf hf/L /x]sf] tgfj, l;l/ofdf hf/L lx+;fTds cfGbf]ng, blIf0f ;'8fgdf u[xo'4 / cûflg:tfg, O/fs, lkmlnlkG; / lnlaofdf cftª\sjfbL lqmofsnfkx?df lj:tf/ / To;sf] a9\bf] dfqf x'g\ .

utjif{ hlh{ofdf pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ ePsf] lyof] . h;sf] >]0fL !!! cf}+af6 @* :yfgdf k'u]sf] 5 . cfOel/ sf]i6 / lnlaofn] klg >]0fLut ;'wf/ u/]sf 5g\ . oL tLgj6} d'n'sx?sf] o:tf pNn]vgLo kl/jt{gx? ;femf k|s[ltsf 5g\ . tL x'g\ M /fhgLlts :yfloTjdf lg/Gt/ k|of;÷;'wf/ ul//x]/ ljutsf kL8fbfoL åGåaf6 d'St x'Fb} /x]sf] 5 .

%)) ldlnog gful/s cl:y/tf / åGå k|efljto'Qm hf ] lvdo'Qm d'n'sx?df a;f]af; ub} { cfPsf 5g\ . ltgLx? dWo] @)) ldlnog gful/s ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg 5g\ .

hfgsf/L

Unf]an kL; OG8]S;\ @)!$


lx+;fsf] cfly{s xflgaf/]

;g\ @)!# lx+;fsf] c;/nfO{ lg:t]h ug{ / To;sf] d'sflanfsf] nflu US$ 9.8 trillion ePsf] 5 h'g ljZjJofkL s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] !!=# k|ltzt xf] . US$ 1,350 k|lt JolSt ;/xsf] vr{ ePsf] lyof] .

;g\ @)!@ sf] t'ngfdf ljZjJofkL?kdf lx+;f lgoGq0fsf] nflu US$ 179 ljlnog jf #=* k|ltzt a[l4 ePsf] 5 . of] eg]sf] clk|msfsf] ;di6 s'n u|fx:y pTkbgsf] emG8} b'O{ u'0ff hlt xf] .

cûflg:tfgsf] t'ngfdf l;l/of eg] clt sd zflGt /x]sf] d'n's ag]sf] 5 eg] cfO{;Nof08 ;a}eGbf zflGtsfdL d'n's xf] .

ljZjsf] Wofg ;+;f/sf] zflGttk{m s]lGb|t /xL zflGt ;sf/fTds xf] . o;nfO{ xfl;n ug{ ;lsg]5 . of] dfgjLo ;'/Iff / k|ultnfO{ ;"rfª\ssf] /0fgLltn] dfkg ug{ klg ;Sg] tYox? k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ .

cg'jfbM /fhLj s'Fj/

;"rsfª\ssf] kl/jt{g

pNn]vgLo tLg ;'wf/ ;g\ @)!# b]lv @!)!$ ;Ddsf] kl/jt{g/fhgLlts cftª\s —)=)$(kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf] ;ª\Vof !)),))) k|lt JolQm —)=)$(;+:yfut lx+;f -afXo_ df x'g] d[To'sf] ;ª\Vof —)=)!(pRr tLg k|lts"ntfx? ;g\ @)!# b]lv @)!$ ;Ddsf] kl/jt{gcftª\sjfbL lqmofsnkfx? )=!^&afXo tyf cfGtl/s åGåx?sf] ;ª\Vof )=)((lj:yflkt gful/sk|lt hg;ª\Vofsf] ;ª\Vof )=)#!

hfgsf/L


Unf]an OGgf]e];g OG8]S; @)!$ df :jL6\h/NofG8, a]nfot / :jL8]gnufot ;a;fx/g clk|msL d'n'ssf s]xL b]z pRr >]0fLdf /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

of ] jf l i f {s ; "rsfª \s ;g\ @))& b]lv sg] {n ljZjljBfno, OG;]O8 / j N 8 { O G 6 ] n ] S r " cn k | f ]k6L { cu {gfOh ];gn] ;fd"lxs?kdf k|sfzg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . ljZjJofkL cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf] qmddf lzlyntf b]vfk/]sf] cj:yfdf of] ;"rsfª\s ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5 .

Unf]an OGgf]e];g OG8]S; @)!$M b Xo'dg ôfS6/ Og Ogf]e];g zLif{sdf k|sflzt 5 .

o; ;"rsfª\ssf] p2]Zo Ogf]e];g k|lqmofdf dfgj k'FhLsf] vf]hL ug{' / pBdL ;+:yf / ;/sf/n] b]vfPsf] rf;f]] / lxt, l;h{gfTds JolStTj /

;d"xx?n] b]vfPsf] klxrfg / pmhf{{ xf] . cfufdL gf]e]Da/ !%÷!^ @)!$ df x'g nfu]sf] hL @) a}7scl3 aL @) eg]/ lrlgg] OG6/g]zgn lahg]; ln8/x?sf] pkl:yltdf Plzof k|zfGt If]qdf klxnf]k6s c:6«]lnofsf] l;8\gLdf h'nfO{ !*,

@)!$ df ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] xf] . of] ;"rsfª\sdf ljZjsf !$# b]z ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . h;df *! j6f ;"rsx? /x]sf 5g\ . Ogf]e];gsf] dfkg, Ifdtf, / dfkg ug{ ;lsg] kl/0ffdnufotsf ljifoj:t' o;n] ;d]6]sf] 5 . of] ;"rsfª\s sfo{sf/L pBdLx?, gLlt–lgdf{tfx? / Ogf]e];gsf] l:yltaf/] hfgsf/L lng rfxg] ljZjsf lh1f;'x?sf nflu Pp6f gf}nf] dfkg ljlw xf] .

of] cWoog slGkm8/];g ckm OlG8og OG8:6 «L, b' / x'j]O{ nufot !$ cGt/f{li6«o lj1x?sf] Pp6f P8\efOh/L

af]8{nufotsf gn]h kf6{g/x?sf] cg'ejaf6 o; jif{ k|sfzg ug{ ;Dej ePsf] xf] .

of] ;"rsf+s cg';f/ blIf0f Pl;ofsf b]zx? ef/t / e'6fg qmdzM klxnf] / bf];|f] :yfgdf b]lvPsf 5g\ .

Unf]an OGgf]e];g OG8]S;\ @)!$

Global Innovation Index rankingsCountry/Economy Score (0–100) Rank Income Rank Region Rank Efficiency Ratio Rank

Nepal 23.79 136 LI 18 CSA 10 0.49 134China 46.57 29 UM 1 SEAO 7 1.03 2India 33.70 76 LM 7 CSA 1 0.82 31

Bangladesh 24.35 129 LI 14 CSA 8 0.68 91Bhutan 31.83 86 LM 10 CSA 3 0.60 112Pakistan 24.00 134 LM 31 CSA 9 0.89 16

Note: World Bank Income Group Classification (July 2013):

LI = low income; LM = lower-middle income; UM = upper-middle income; and HI = high income. Regions are based on the United Nations Classification: EUR = Europe; CSA = Central and Southern Asia; SEAO = South East Asia and Oceania.

hfgsf/L


Nepal as a party to the UN Global Compact and the UN

Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) is required to frame laws to control corruption. Nepal signed the UNCAC on 10th December, 2003 and ratified it on 31st March 2011. A review of the implementation was scheduled for 2013-014. There are many legal frameworks in Nepal including the Interim Constitution of Nepal 2006 which has provision for controlling corruption. The Corruption Prevention Act 2002, The CIAA Act 1991, The Judicial council act 1991, The Special Court Act 2002, The Anti Money Laundering Act 2008, The Revenue Leakage (investigation and control) Act 1995, The Good Governance Act 2008, The Public Procurement Act 2007, The Rights to Information Act 2007 and The Army Act 2006 are some examples.

Major institutions in Nepal that deal with corruption are: (1)

The CIAA, a constitutional body established in 1991 which has the chief function of investigating and prosecuting cases of corruption and improper conduct, (2) The National Vigilance Center, a corruption prevention body headed by the PM’s office, (3) The Public Prosecutor and other institutions of the Attorney General, (4) The Auditor General, established in 1961, (5) The Judicial council, (6) The Department of Revenue Investigation, and (7) The Special Court. Each year they present their Audit Report to the government.

It is however a matter of great regret that the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA)'s mandate is only to investigate corruption incurred by the public posts holders. On top of that, the mandate further limits the CIAA to act as a mere recommendatory body whereas many other countries

such as India, Singapore, Malaysia and territories like Hong Kong have legally mandated their anti-graft bodies to investigate and prosecute perpetrators of corruption in all fields. Prevention of corruption ordinance of Hong Kong and many other countries have legislation to also punish the bribers. The CIAA should play the role of Ombudsman but it has got no power for prosecution.

The Revenue Investigation Department of the Ministry of Finance deals with the detection o f revenue leakage . The department revenue investigation was established with the mission to control illegal activities in matters of taxation and to conduct research activities in tax administration. The objective of the department has been to control leakage in direct taxes as well as indirect taxes, to check the irregularities in foreign exchange transactions and to

Corruption is a Curse

There are many legal frameworks in Nepal including the

Interim Constitution of Nepal 2006 which has provision for

controlling corruption.

Dr. Ram Dayal Rakesh

cfn]v


take legal action against these

activities.

Political will and government's commitment to promote integrity, transparency and accountability in public and private sectors need to be made to strengthen the efforts against corruption. Participation of civil society and citizenry, promotion of ethics in public life and incorporating the same in education, robust mechanism for implementation and monitoring are other requisites.

Article 5 of the UNCAC mentions preventive anti-corruption policies and practices and it requires the state party to take preventive measures and establish crimes as the acts of corruption. Article 6 requires preventive anti-corruption body or bodies with necessary independence and Article 36 talks about specialized law enforcement authorities.

Corruption is a global phenomenon and no nation, big or small, rich or poor, is spared by it. Corruption is an insidious plague having wide range of corrosive effects on societies as illicit money moves across the world. Combating corruption calls for unhindered cooperat ion and common standards for international community.

Corruption offences:

1. Giving and taking graft: Public servant accepting

goods or services free of cost or at lower prices, gifts, present award or donation, setting illegal benefit or causing illegal loss with ill intention, preparing false documents/engaging in illegal business, damaging/using public property, disclosing the secrecy of question papers or altering results of a public examination.

2. Illegally acquiring property

3. Attempted corruption, or being an accomplice to corruption.

4. Giving false particulars to set a public service job.

No one can deny the truth indefinitely. Lord Buddha said, the sun, the moon and truth cannot be hidden forever. Recently, Nepal has witnessed rampant corruption, lawlessness and impunity. The political leaders

violate all the constitutional principles and established values and norms of public decency. Jonathan Swift is quite right to say: The very word politics means corruption.

According to TI's Global Corruption Barometer (GCB) 2013, 57% of those surveyed in Nepal believe that corruption has increased in the last two years. Likewise, 69% believe that corruption is a serious problem in Public sector, 42% feel personal contact is important to access public to services and 67% perceive government anti-graft measures as effective. The TI report further states that Nepal is not very far behind; at 139th position, with a score of 27. Corruption is an indicator of lack of transparency and accountability as well as growing impunity and government deficit created by dysfunctional institutions. According to this report political parties are the most corrupt.

It has been recorded that Jung Bahadur Rana wrote to his brother Bam Bahadur about corruption, but no action was taken to control corruption. The Muluki Ain (country code) was the first written law of the country. It was the first legal attempt to curb corruption during the Rana Period. A committee was formed headed by MN Buch, an Indian administrator in 1953, comprising of senior officials of Nepal. It

Corruption is a global

phenomenon and no nation,

big or small, rich or poor, is

spared by it. Corruption is an

insidious plague having wide

range of corrosive effects

on societies as illicit money

moves across the world.

Combating corruption calls

for unhindered cooperation

and common standards for

international community.

cfn]v cfn]v


was the second commission to control corruption in the country. The name of the commission was the Administrative Restructuring commission. Its main objective was to not only control corruption but also to find out solutions to reform the whole administrative system of the then government. Consequently in the past a very few number of politicians and bureaucrats have been put behind bars, politicians such as Chiranjibee Wagle, J.P. Gupta, Khum Bahadur Khadka, Govindra Raj Joshi and bureaucrats such as Ramgya Chaturvedi and Chakra Bandhu Aryal. But the general consensus is that various leaders and bureaucrats will sooner or later be held accountable for their corrupt actions.

The government enacted anti-corruption laws in 1952. They were the Nepal Corruption Control Regulations. The Act was further amended in 1991 and According to the amended Act no government officers were allowed to run any business form. The Act also suggested means and measures on how to curb corruption.

An analysis based on a key informant's estimate argues that as much as 60 to 90 percent of all funds are misused in the Terai region. In hilly districts, between 25 and 50 percent of all development funds are misused. The study further reveals that local NGOs applying

for grants pay commissions of up to 50 percent. Gross irregularities are alleged everywhere in the tendering process. According to the Economist local governments often pass most of their annual budgets in the last two weeks of the financial year to avoid scrutiny however, it is strongly believed that a high share of the misused funds go to the pockets of non Madheshi high ranking officials. In Nepal, corruption has been promoted and patronized by ministers, MPs and high government officials.

Role of Media

Role of Media can be very effective to curb corruption. According to Shiva Aryal, “corruption has badly affected our economic growth and the national budget allocated for various development.” Projects have been misused by government officials and the people rarely experience the presence of funding in their locality. In rural areas most people do not know about our budget system. There are numerous settlements that do not even get a single penny from the government for progress of their community. Every year the government announces various attractive plans for the general people's wellbeing through the national budget. But it is limited to paper only. I have always come to know about corruption through investigative journalism.

Who is involved in corruption and at what level in Nepal is an open secret but nobody dares to say so except the media. To reduce corruption, psychological treatment may also be effective. Intellectuals, well wishers of society and the general public should adopt psychological tools and methods against corruption. Corrupt officials should not be granted social recognition. They should not be allowed to get involved in social functions. It may not be easy to practice this in the beginning but with time, it will become normal with gradual participation and support of the public majority. The cause of our backwardness is misuse of money not a dearth of it.

Lastly, TIN's initiatives are appreciable. It has recommended some measures which are given here:

• Exert pressure on the government to adopt and practice transparency, accountability, rule of law, national integrity and democratization.

• Recommendation for Anti Corruption measures in the new constitution.

• Full implementation of United Nations Convention on Anti Corruption on anticorruption (UNCAC)

• Expansion of outreach and enhanced engagement of civil society against corruption.(Dr. Rakesh is an EC Member of

TI Nepal

cfn]v cfn]v


If one provides a fair assessment of the Nepalese peace process

by keeping still a close observation of the pacific settlement and resolution of the remnants of the period of insurgency in Nepal, the government, the Maoists and members of the Peace and Conflict Management Committee formed by all party government of Nepal reveal the nitty-gritty of democratic peace politics of Nepal from inking the 12 point understanding to the principled points of pacific politics and modus operandi on peace management.

On the subtleties of peace installment with a new political order of republicanism, federalism and secularism in letters, apart from the long-running ideological contestations on communism and democracy in the domestic political society, the insurgency had been replayed in domestic

realm under liberal atmosphere in juxtaposition to the intangible violent struggle and friction between the Free World led by the United States and Soviet Union which began from 1917 and was settled in the international arena in late 1980s.

The connotation of peace was forcibly changed in Nepal to restore the classical idea that a positive peace is justice and truth in action. Until justice and truth prevail, no political system can survive with the usual political business of a complacent leadership to enact mere ritualistic style of governing the psyche.

Moreover, concern is shown by the public with respect to the tussle in formation and ouster of governments in republican Nepal - six governments in eight years of the functioning of two different Constituent Assemblies.

These activities that focused on power politics sidelined the pending peace settlement and peace management which led to both depressing and distressing situation in Nepalese political, economic and societal milieu. None can deny this reality in the country even today.

Revisiting democratic peace process has simply mutated into power struggle to occupy the pinnacle of the executive in Nepal. This paradox has become a priority of the political society which is not based on ethics but on prolonging the process to escape from responsibility and obtaining blanket amnesty and legal immunity either by so called democrats or any other ramparts.

The foundations of New Nepal are fragile. They show signs of implosion if the mantle of leadership does not include a

Nuggets of Peace Building

The connotation of peace was forcibly changed in Nepal to restore the

classical idea that a positive peace is justice and truth in action. Until

justice and truth prevail, no political system can survive with the usual

political business of a complacent leadership to enact mere ritualistic

style of governing the psyche.

Rajeev Kunwar

cfn]v cfn]v


comprehensive political agenda that is not focused only on election and electoral strategy. Visionary and empathic action is needed to address every hue and cry in the House of Nepal. The history of politics in Nepal has been the history of the rulers and ruled. But the current trend shows internal struggles within and among political parties as well.

The major egotistical stance of eligible Maoist Rebel combatants to be adjusted instead of integrated for Samayojan into the National Army of Nepal has been addressed. Those who chose a normal integration in society had been apportioned capital in their private wallet and rehabilitated albeit with a loss of avowed expectation. The apprehension of the resurrection of insurgency has been resolved but the legacy of conflict continues to exist. The specter of human rights violations are yet to be squarely faced by all parties to the conflict, and to be peacefully and amicably resolved for healing the cicatrices of the victims that were thrusted into the conflict.

The commitment to develop m e c h a n i s m f o r d i s p u t e s settlement and implementation constituted of the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction and Nepal Peace Trust Fund to accelerate peace building in the country through compensation and pay. However Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Disappearances Commission

have not been set up so far.

With different governments lacking bold and resolute political will, these commissions were not formed even when the concerned bills invited concerns from the domestic society and from the international community which is represented by diplomats based in Nepal. The Scientific Land Reform Commission could not get acceptance from the mainstream parties and the return of seized properties has not been executed

so far. In respect to some of the burning issues of federalism, the Commission for the Restructuring of the State report itself drew criticism and lacked wholehearted support from all quarters of the Nepalese political society. Thus concerns of New Nepal are not being met adequately. It needs constant attention, care and imagination from all responsible individuals and actors involved in shaping the destiny of our futures.

Regular election is imperative in enhancing the quality of democracy. No one today denies that election is the most important component of democrat ic governance compulsory for building peace and prosperity and completing internal and external sovereignty. Positive Peace is based on clear legitimacy and mandate which people give to the parties competing during the election. Its outcome in some degree and kind bolsters civil peace and civic stability.

It is true that the mixed election system of the first-past-the-post and proportional representation has resulted in a weak and flaky coalition government in the country. It could not give a clear majority to one party as in a traditional parliamentary system of government. Parties contested elections in the parliamentary system but voters balloted for the CA where peace, economics and decent living conditions matter the most and overall, the promulgation and enactment of a

Regular election

is imperative in

enhancing the quality

of democracy. No one

today denies that

election is the most

important component

of democratic

governance compulsory

for building peace

and prosperity and

completing internal and

external sovereignty.

Positive Peace is based

on clear legitimacy and

mandate which people

give to the parties

competing during the

election. Its outcome in

some degree and kind

bolsters civil peace and

civic stability.

76 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g ‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/cfn]v cfn]v

new constitution and exercise of it in free, fair and autonomous sway of execution and enforcement by the chief executive.

Another pertinent matter is the transparency, accountability, responsibility and norms and values of public officials, authorities and permanent officials. The issues that are tackled by the public can be easily managed if responsible individuals of the concerned public service delivery system perform their works promptly and without any hassles. Even though a political crisis is afflicting the country, why can bureaucrats not resist the political divide within the neutral functioning of bureaucracy or conduct their affairs without any expectation from the Executive power holders? On the other hand if the representatives of the people do not take the matter seriously, the crises will multiply. The surest way to lessen the multitude of problems is to promulgate the Constitution of Nepal soon in tandem with conducting local elections to bridge the democratic deficit.

In retrospective, the conditions after the Constituent Assembly Election both in 2008 and 2013 have been digressing from the direction of Nepalese politics in terms of delivering new constitution in time. The national consensual activity is overshadowed by competition in a vacuum of peace building for a genuine national political cause and endeavor.

Political document should be based on the overall national understanding represented in the Constituent Assembly. This new CA has gotten a fresh mandate from the people in spite of much distress and dissatisfaction of the political activities conducted in the country. The positive way to chart the course of the country is to frame the political text under democratic norms and values. As Nepal is small we need the smallest constitutional document

embedded with the deepest principles, ideas and ethics inherent in the character of the Nepalese which is in sync with the trends and transformation of the changing world.

The forming of commissions and constitutional authorities are meaningless if they talk trivial matters rather than work in spirits and letters. They seek privileges, immunities, power, perk and position instead of fixing and shaping the future of the people not only in the city but also of the battered people at the remote corners of the country where justice is not done. People want delivery, momentum and action not rhetoric, dreams and utopia. People need pragmatic solutions at hand but they have been denied solution based actions that address the core problems. We have to break through this transition towards the longevity of the political equation for the coming era. As has been reiterated, quick-fixing and ready-made solution can be designed but we need to internalize the tenet that with great freedom comes great responsibility.

The ingredients of peace building have three prime factors – (i) a cancellation and confiscation of all armed weapons that are acquired throughout the country through licensing by private individuals and curbing of illicit small arms proliferation in the country, (ii) grievance hearing and addressing conflict victims from

Political document

should be based on

the overall national

understanding

represented in

the Constituent

Assembly. This

new CA has gotten

a fresh mandate

from the people

in spite of much

distress and

dissatisfaction

of the political

activities

conducted in the

country.


both sides, and (iii) effective, honest and responsive governance as well as respect of fundamental rights and liberties. The Maoist dilemma and the shirking from both responsibility and ownership of peace building in the country are the reasons behind the slow progress.

The Nepalese state and the Maoist Party could not be pressurized to relent their obdurate posture of not adhering to the past point of politics and politics of points strictly and checking all its provisions which were to be pursued properly by both the parties from every spectrum of the conflict.

After in-depth analysis of the flux in peace politics of the country, the adjustment and rehabilitation of the combatants were resolved as stated above but without any new constitution adopted. Realists know that this is almost a power acquiring process and not a peace building process. Deductive or inductive reasoning in philosophy occurs when the universal norms and values are adopted locally and local knowledge grows into global epistemic field.

Nepal witnessed a decade long armed insurgency from 13 February 1996 to 21 November 2006 that was rife with unpleasant incidents and events of violence, disappearances and perpetual fear and mistrust among the people. The daily lives of the people were harassed. They were maimed with imbalanced

condition in life, education and work, never seeing the end of tension, turmoil and conflict.

On the backdrop of all these views and opinions, the desire to restrain the overburdening situation of impunity, injustice and irresponsibility of the crime committed by the criminally oriented should be brought to the book of the law by meting out justice and truth for the conflict affected victims. Thereby the purpose of the Truth and

Reconciliation Commission and Disappearances Commission Bills if turned into one Transitional Justice Commission (TJC) would resolve cases in timely manner and get support from the political and judicial society. As we have learnt time and again both the bills have encountered disputes and differences which require simple re-solutions which are as follows:

1. The Head of State should draw the attention of the Government of Nepal and compel them to form the Commission with unanimous approval and consensus and expedite the process of peace building, controlling and punishing both committing and abetting acts of legal impunity in absence of the rule of law and tenets in the spirit of the Interim Constitution of Nepal 2007.

2. The set up of the Commission to functionally operate must be ensured with independence, impartiality and credibility to be reckoned by the political and civil society.

3. The Commission must be comprised of well-experienced, competent and veteran former chief justice as the chief and similar profile of former justices as associate assistants in the capacity to support the works of the chief.

4. The Commissions are quasi-judicial agencies and their suggestions for legal action should be placed before the

After the completion

of the First Phase of

the Nepalese peace

process, a delay in

taking further steps

towards peace building

in the country is being

felt by the public of

Nepal. In this regard

there are simplified

suggestions to draw

attention to pending

tasks of the Republic

of Nepal that need to

be executed to end the

stagnant and downslide

state of affairs.


Supreme Court or the Court of Appeal and be made mandatory that the non-state victims in this process get legal aid and assistance of professionals (senior advocates) of equal caliber.

5. The functional operation and assigned tasks of the C o m m i s s i o n s h o u l d b e resolved in speedy manner by coordinating and cooperating with the close coordination of National Human Rights Commission. Then the conflict resolution for truth and justice to prevail will become a simple interconnection and interrelation.

6. Unarmed or armed – individuals, civilian or groups – in custody during the insurgency period who were killed, maimed, injured or wounded or met death; illicit punishment, rape, disappearances and abductions cases of the public and general populace should be examined, probed and prosecuted under the legal practices, norms and values of the Nepalese Judiciary and the application of international legal behavior and applications in the similar kind of political conflict should be adopted in the Nepalese context.

7 . I nd i v i dua l s o r g r oup s involved and engaged in the grave human rights violations including the disappearances must not be granted total amnesty without the consent of the confl ict affected

victims. Cases must be warily, cautiously and meticulously scrutinized before granting c learance for amnesty, especially if the reservations of the conflict affected victims are not satisfactorily resolved within the Commission.

8. Pressure must be built up at all times to give maximum life sentence to criminals convicted in legal action taken by the Nepalese judiciary in conflict affected victims' cases in order to deter crime against civilians and custodial

killings.

9. The State has the liability to provide support to the conflict affected victims’ family and make reparations allocated in the form of social security measures of educat ion, health, income security and employment schemes until they acquire self-reliance.

The future oriented approach should be adopted very soon o the rw i se d i l l y da l l y i ng , oscillating and circuitous or indirect approaches will have dilapidated and destroyed the situation of Nepalese political, social, economic and cultural fabric.

If we conclude that wars and battles are the same then we are in a mistaken belief because the former is an internecine act and the latter is a matter of incessant struggle inherent in the womb of any nation-state. If one battle ends another ensues. However, it is to concede with much pain that “only the dead have seen the end of war (Plato).”

There is no end of power struggle but there is an end of imagination if the diktats of public affairs become intractable to be resolved by ordinary people. But still there will be a ray of light at the end of the horizon with grief, sorrow and pain or radiating with delight, enjoyment and happiness that the tumultuous day has gone and a new beginning has arrived.

(Mr. Kunwar is a program coordinator of TI Nepal.)

There is no end of

power struggle but

there is an end of

imagination if the

diktats of public

affairs become

too difficult for

management and

resolve by ordinary

people.


1. Corruption

Transparency international defines corruption as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain which hurts everyone who depends on the integrity of people in a position of authority. Corruption is everywhere and has become one of the major issues in the world which is affecting different sectors such as education, environment, economy, health and politics. According to the corruption perception index 2013, no country has a perfect score on corruption perception index and two-thirds of countries score below 50. The Corruption Perceptions Index 2013 serves as a reminder that the abuse of power, secret dealings and bribery continue to ravage societies around the world. The Index scores 177 countries and territories on a scale from 0

(highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean). Nepal is ranked in the 167th position.

2. Human Rights

Human rights are the rights you have simply because you are a human. Human rights help us to live a dignified life. If we look at history, we see that people acquired rights and responsibilities through their membership in a group – a family, indigenous nation, religion, class, community, or state. The Hindu Vedas, the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi, the Bible, the Quran (Koran), and the Analects of Confucius are five of the oldest written sources which address questions of people’s duties, rights, and responsibilities.

The modern world got the new concept of human rights after the birth of UN in 1945. Numerous

inhumane act iv i t ies were conducted during WWII which shocked the world. Many officials from the defeated countries were punished for committing war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity. Governments then decided to establish the UN to end the conflict and bolster international peace. People started to ask for their rights. The essence of these emerging human rights principles was captured in President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s 1941 State of the Union Address when he spoke of a world founded on four essential freedoms: freedom of speech and religion and freedom from want and fear. The calls came from across the globe for human rights standards to protect citizens from abuses by their governments, standards against which nations could be held accountable for the treatment of

Corruption and Human rights:A connection

A world founded on four essential freedoms: freedom of speech

and religion and freedom from want and fear. The calls came from

across the globe for human rights standards to protect citizens

from abuses by their governments, standards against which nations

could be held accountable for the treatment of those living within

their borders.

Suvekshya Pudasaini

cfn]v


those living within their borders. These voices played a critical role in the San Francisco meeting that drafted the United Nations Charter in 1945. After that, the Universal Declaration on Human Rights was signed by many countries to ensure human rights in their countries. Many new covenants, conventions and treaties have been made and accepted by different nations throughout the world so that everyone is ensured basic human rights.

3. Impact of corruption on Human Rights

Corruption has become a terrible problem in the world and is drawing the attention of different institutions, government sectors and civil societies because it creates obstacles for human development and violates human rights. Those who commit corrupt acts will attempt to protect themselves and maintain their positions of power. In doing so, they are likely to further oppress people who are not in positions of power.

As human beings, we are provided with different types of rights but due to corruption, victims are alienated from basic rights of education, health, employment and many more. The situation is more severe in least developed countries like Nepal. Let us see an example which shows us the violation of Human rights in Nepal due to corruption. According to the CBS census report 2011, 60%

of the children are unable to go to school despite the guarantee of the government of Nepal of free primary level education and the large budget allocated for the education sector. This indicates that many children in Nepal are not getting the right to education due to the increasing corruption in our country. Education is not only one sector that is being affected by corruption; other sectors such as economic, political, social, cultural and health are also

equally affected.

3.1 Corruption can even take lives of people.

We have already discussed above how corruption leads to violation of the rights of people. Corruption is an emerging issue that creates further problems. It also takes lives of people. Let us examine a case of FIFA world cup 2022 which is going to be held in Qatar. We all know that Qatar won the contract to hold that world cup but nowadays newspapers and other media are reporting that many votes regarding the contract to host the FIFA world cup 2022 were bought through corrupt channels. Qatar is a very hot place and this type of climatic condition will inevitably create problems for the athletes as well as the migrant workers to play and work in hot temperature respectively. All this was ignored for corrupt monetary interests. Different news regarding the death of migrant workers in Qatar can be seen and heard nowadays. Qatar world cup 2022 is drawing the attention of the world. Many organizations are investigating this case.

Qatar has only 278,000 nationals. So the labor is imported from poor countries like Nepal, the Philippines, India and Sri Lanka. According to the documentary “Trapped in Qatar” the laborers a r e k ep t unde r ho r r i b l e circumstances. Their passports are seized and they do not have access to adequate sanitation and

Corruption has

become a terrible

problem in the

world and is drawing

the attention of

different institutions,

government sectors and

civil societies because

it creates obstacles for

human development

and violates human

rights. Those who

commit corrupt acts

will attempt to protect

themselves and

maintain their positions

of power. In doing

so, they are likely to

further oppress people

who are not in positions

of power.

cfn]v cfn]v


health facilities. ESPN's alarming account reports that, in the last year alone, 184 Nepali migrant workers died from cardiac arrest caused by poor working conditions and extreme heat. The documentary estimates that, at the current rate, more than 4,000 migrant workers will die by the time Qatar hosts the FIFA World Cup in 2022.

Corruption relating to the Qatar world cup has led to the death of many people and the number will not stop here. This is a real case of violation of human rights by corruption. The inalienable right to human life was violated.

4. Strong Human Rights Protection policies Prevent Corruption

Every human being is guaranteed equal, inalienable and universal human rights. A government should take care of its citizen and should ensure entitlement to these human rights. If a government is careful about their citizens' human rights, there will be less chance of corruption in the country. If we look at the Corruption Perception Index, we find that those country which ranked high have good human rights condition in their country which reveals that weak human rights protection creates opportunities for corruption whereas strong policies that promote human rights may prevent corruption.

Let us examine the relation between human rights and

corruption. We all have the right to freedom of expression, assembly and association. This right enables free flow of information. Where there is free flow of information, cases of corruption are easier to identify and control. Political rights provide us with the right to participate in political activities and thus if everybody gets an equal opportunity to participate then voice of everyone is heard in decision making process which also creates an environment

corruption control. Similarly, other human rights also help in reducing corruption.

If the government and different organizations take strong steps in protecting and promoting human rights and making stronger policies in their country then the corruption will be reduced to some extent.

5. Conclusions

Human rights are essential as they enable people to live a dignified life. Increasing corruption has put basic human rights at risk. People who have authority are misusing their powers and the innocence people are being oppressed by them. Human rights and corruption are connected with each other. We have already discussed above how the corruption violates our human rights and even causes death in many cases. If good human rights practices are adopted then level of corruption can be reduced to some extent.

References Corruption and Human Rights:

M a k i n g t h e c o n n e c t i o n ;

International Council on Human

Rights

Report of The Conference on Anti-

corruption, Good Governance and

Human Rights ( Warsaw 8 and 9

November 2006)

Documen ta r y “Tr apped i n

Qatar”

(Ms. Pudasaini is an intern with TI Nepal)

If we look at the

Corruption Perception

Index, we find that

those country which

ranked high have good

human rights condition

in their country which

reveals that weak

human rights protection

creates opportunities

for corruption whereas

strong policies that

promote human

rights may prevent

corruption.


Re c e n t l y Tr a n s p a r e n c y International Nepal (TIN)

completed the preparation of a database of grievance entries on corruption as a part of its Advocacy and Legal Advice Center and Development Pact (ALAC-DP) project. The database was constituted of grievances that were made by both victims and witnesses of corruption from 12 districts in the country till the end of the year 2070 B.S. of 1314 grievance entries. A wide range of findings from the database leads to the deduction that Transparency International Nepal can extract ample strategic and policy learning from this database. Some lessons are summarized as follows:

The highest number of grievances were recorded from Rupandehi district (29%) whereas the lowest came from Kathmandu district (0.2%). TIN's strategy could focus on

continuing current efforts in high response districts like Rupandehi and at the same time adopt more aggressive campaigns in low response districts like Kathmandu.

A perhaps more interesting finding of the database was that 71% of the grievances were filed by males and only 19% by females. TIN should adopt a more persuasive approach to the campaign in order to persuade more females to participate in the ALAC-DP grievance program. A more balanced gender ratio will enhance outreach and inclusiveness of the ALAC-DP.

A perhaps more useful finding was that majority of the grievance holders contacted the ALAC-DP through Walk-In interviews (62%). This high statistic complements another finding that respondents who heard about ALAC through

friends were relatively higher than other channels (36%). Both these statistics suggest that TIN should focus more on campaigning through word to mouth along with radio, TV and print out ads. Some effective word to mouth campaigning methods are street plays, village gatherings, etc.

The report also reveals that grievance holders with high awareness levels were most abundant (29%) than with other awareness levels. Low awareness only constituted 3% of total grievances. These statistics suggest that TIN should adopt the policy of reaching out to a bigger demographics and including those populations that are not well educated since these populations constitute a large portion of the grieved general population of Nepal.

The statistics revealed a high

STRATEGY AND POLICY LEARNINGS FOR TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL NEPAL

A wide range of findings from the database leads to the deduction

that Transparency International Nepal can extract ample strategic and

policy learning from this database. Jwala Bhatt

cfn]v cfn]v


ratio of closed cases. 67% of total grievances were closed or sorted out. TIN's policy and strategy could focus on continuing the same trend of closing cases in the future.

"Partially successful" cases according to the report were the most numerous (41%) followed by "successful" (29%). The low statistic of success reveals that TIN should adopt a policy of not just recording grievances but also of providing adequate support to increase the success rate. Getting additional referrals as well as networking with law firms on a pro bono basis might increase the success rate.

Inefficiency was the highest category of corruption in the report (28%). Inefficiency stems from lack of training, lack of motivation of employees, etc therefore, TIN could include these aspects in the recommendation that it makes to the government regarding corruption.

Majority of the grievances concerned public institutions (55%) followed by the private

sector (16%). The statistics suggest that TIN must concentrate its anti-corruption efforts almost exclusively on the public sector but must not completely ignore other corruption prone sectors.

Of the total grievances, the highest were concerned with service delivery from public institutions (52%) followed by accounting fraud (15%). These statistics which complement the previously mentioned statistics reveal that the public are not being able to reap benefit from the services that are owed to them by the state, due to corruption. TIN must therefore focus on public institutions more heavily in the future.

Unlike other previously mentioned statistical facts, the report revealed that there is a more or less even distribution of the sectors that affected corruption. The grievances were more or less equally distributed between agriculture, education, forestry, health and local government

sectors. The statistics reveal that corruption is pervasive and does not demonstrate particular affinity to one sector alone. TIN must therefore adopt strategy and policy accordingly by dealing with different sectors and not just isolating efforts to one particular sector.

Finally, the report revealed that the highest numbers of grievances were concerning administrative offences rather than criminal or other offences. The statistics suggest that TIN must adopt strategy and policy that mostly address administrative offences such as those regarding disciplinary lags, tardiness etc rather than hardcore criminal offences such as money laundering, cooking of accounts, cash embezzlement etc.

Conclusively, the database report depicted an accurate picture of several aspects of corruption in the country and how TIN can better empower its efforts against corruption in Nepal.

(Mr. Bhatt is an Internwith TI Nepal)

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fcleofg ;kmn kf/f}+ .

84 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g ‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/syf

lgbfpg] sf]lzz ul//x]sf] OGb|k|sfzn] cfdf–afa'n]

cfk;df s'/f u/]sf] ;'Gg k'U5 . cfdf elg/x]sL lyOg\,…bz}+ cfO;Sof] vr{ s;/L k'¥ofpg] xf], nf} g eGgf];\ Û d t lbSs eO;s]+ <

afa' lgw{Ss eP/ eG5g\,…lsg Joy}{df tFnfO{ lbSs x'g' k/]sf] t < uf]7df o; jif{ b]lvg;\ ^ j6f sfnf af]sfx? < rf/j6f a]r]/ vr{ h'6fpFnf b'O{6fn] 3/df bz}+ dgfpFnf ePg <

To;df yKb} cfdf elG5g\,æo; jif{ 5f]/f5f]/Lx?sf] hf8f] 5f]Kg] Gofgf] n'uf klg 5}g, ;a} kmfl6;s] . b]Vg'ePg < hlt k6s …P k9\g hfcf]Ú eG5' cu]gfsf] cfuf]af6 p7\g] x'g\ / < u?Fg\ klg s], hf8f] o:tf] 5 . n'uf kmf6]sf 5g\ . k]ml/ ;x/af6 d/d;fnf, g"g–lrgL klg Nofpg} k¥of] . logLx?nfO{ n'uf lsg]/ tL ;a} hf]8\g af]sf a]r]sf] k};fn] dfq EofpFnf / <Æ

afa'n] ca s] hjfkm lbg] x'g\ < gofF n'uf clxNo} lsg xfNg'k¥of] eGg] t xf]Ogg\ egL 7f8f] sfg nufP/ a;]sf] OGb|n] ;'G5, æ5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ dfq lsg tFnfO{ klg /ftf] ;f/L / Gofgf] rf]nf] lsGg k'U5 . kL/ gu/ . kf]xf]/sf] h:tf] efp clxn] 5 / < efp a9]/ cfsfz 5'g] eO;s]sf] 5 . nf}, ca cf/fdn] ;'t . k;L{lt/} OGb|nfO{

lnP/ ;x/ k:g'knf{ . o;nfO{ klg ca clncln u/]/ sfddf nufpg' k5{ . h]7f] 5f]/f] xf] .

OGb|, cf]9\g]leq u'6'd'l6P/ cfdf–afa'sf] s'/f ;'lg/x]sf] x'G5 . dgdg} v';Ln] ub\ub\ x'G5 . Ps t ;x/ hfg kfOof] eg]/ / csf]{ Gofgf] gofF n'uf nufpg kfOg] ePsf]df . olQs}df p;sf] xft 3'F8f kmf6]sf] ;'?jfndf k5{ . cfh p;nfO{ Tof] c? a9L kmf6\5 ls eGg] lrGtf nfUb}g . v'§f tgSs tGsfpF5 / lgbfpg] k|of; u5{ .

ef]lnkN6 ;w}+sf] h:tf] u/L p;nfO{ p7fpg' kb}{g . pm laxfg} p7]/ cf ]5 \ofgdf al;/x]sf ] x 'G5 . To;/L al;/x]sf] 5f]/fnfO{ b]v]/ cfdf 5Ss kl5{g\ / ;f]lW5g\—æs] eof] tFnfO{ < ;~rf] ePg ls Sof xf] < ;w}+ p7fpg' kbf{ bdfxf 7f]s]sf] h:tf] u/L s/fpg' kYof]{, nf} cfh t x]/ < s'g a]nfb]lv pl7;\ < OGb| d';'Ss xfF:5 . eGg ;Sb}g, d}n] /ftLsf s'/fx? ;a} ;'g]sf] 5' . cQflnPsL cfdfnfO{ oltdfq eG5,ædnfO{ s]xL ePsf] 5}g, lgb|f k'u]/ g} p7]sf] .Æ

To;f] xf] eg] hf tn / cu]gfdf

uP/ cfuf] afNb} u/ . d ufO{–

afv|fx?nfO{ s'F8f] a;fNg cfpF5'

eg]/ k7fpFl5g\ . OGb| cf1fsf/L

eP/ …xj;\Ú egL tn cf]n{G5 / uLt

ufpFb} sfd ug{ yfN5 .

s]xL ;dokl5 afa' klg xftdf

s}+rL lnP/ tn em5{g\ / OGb|nfO{

af]nfP/ afv|fsf] vf]/df n}hfG5g\ .

tL af]sfx? cfkm\gf] uf]7df pgLx?

cfPsf] b]v]/ Dof===Dof=== u/L s/fpg

yfN5 . afa'n] Pp6f sfnf] af]sfnfO{

l3RofP/ cfFugdf NofpF5g\ /

OGb|nfO{ ;DemfpFb} eG5g\—æx]/ of]

af]sfx?sf] z/L/df st} ;]tf /f}+

5g\ eg] To;nfO{ vf]hL–vf]hL of]

s}+rLn] s'6's'6' sf6\g yfn .

ef]ln ;a]/} tF / d oL af]sfx?nfO{

lnP/ ;x/df a]Rg hfg'k5{, s'/f

a'lem;\ t <

s'/f a'e]m klg ga'e]m klg xj;\ eg]/

6fpsf] xNnfpF5 / /f}+ sf6\g] sfd

ug{ ;'? u5{ . afa', p;nfO{ ;r]t

u/fpFb} eG5g\,…/fd|/L sf6\g' lg k]ml/

6f6]kf6] kfnf{;\ eGbfÚ kflb{g jf

tkfO{+n] l;sfPsf] h:t} u/L u5'{Æ

eGb} pm ;s];Ddsf] a'l4 nufO{

v"j} d]xgt u/]/ rf/}j6f af]sfsf

;]tf /f}+ Ps–Ps u/L r'6\6–r'6\6

kf5{ . p;sf] cfFvfdf Pp6f ;kgf

;nanfO{ /x]sf]n] p;nfO{ tL sfd

ug{ xf}l;/xG5 .

xQ]l/sf

uLtf s]z/L

856«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ syf

ef]lnkN6 laxfg} af]sfnfO{ a]Rg egL kfgLsf] nflu vfnL efF8f] / 3fF; lnP/ af]sfx?nfO{ n¶Ln] xfGb} oL afa'–5f]/f af6f] nfU5g . a'‰g ;Sg] ePkl5 pm afa'sf] ;fydf ;x/ k;]sf] of] klxnf]kN6 lyof] .

To;}n] pm Hofb} /dfP/ otf–ptf x]b}{ d:t;Fu lxFl8/xG5 . cUnf–cUnf jflGsnf /ª\uLg 3/x? / af6f] klg km/flsnf] lkr ePsf] b]v]/ lgs} /dfO{–/dfO{ lxF8]s} a]nf 7fpF–7fpFdf y'kf/]sf] kmf ]xf ]/d}nfsf] /f;df s's'/x? / dfG5]n] vf]tn]sf] b]v]/ p;nfO{ cfZro{ klg nfU5 . lxF8\bf–lxF8\b} csf]{ 7fpFdf o:t} kmf]xf]/sf] y'k|f]df cfFvf kg{ hfG5 . ToxfF b]V5 Pp6L ufO{ cfgGbn] kmf]xf]/af6 5fGb} Knfli6s rkfO/x]sL lyOg\ . ufpFdf ufO{n] 3fF;–k/fn rkfPsf] h:t} u/L . cfFvf lrDnFb} / cfgGbn] kmf]xf]/ rkfO/x]sL To;nfO{ b]v]/ OGb|nfO{ xfF:g dg nfU5 / xfF:b} afa'nfO{ To; b[Zo b]vfP/ eG5, …af Totf x]gf]{;\ t < ;x/df t ufO{ 3fF;–k/fn xf]Og Knfli6s kf] vfFlb/lx5g\ . o:tf] vfP/ klg af, of] ufO{n] b"w lblG5g\ <

afa'n] o:tf] b]Vb}cfPsf]n] 5f]/fsf] k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbg cfjZos 7fGb}g / To; ljifonfO{ km8\sf df/]/ eG5g\—æs] s]df o;sf] cfFvf k'u]sf] xf] < l56f] lxF8\ . ToxfF 7fpF cf]u6\g] a]nfd} k'Ug'k5{ gq w]/} a]/;Dd s'g'{k5{ . o;/L cfb]z lbO{ afa' km6fkm6 lxF8\g yfN5g\ . t/ 5f]/f Û p;sf] ;x/sf] b[Zofjnf]sg

ug]{ sf}t'xn o;} s] d]l6GYof] / < pm ca afa'nfO{ s]xL ;'gfpFb}g . cfk}mF leq–leq xfF:5 . ;x/ p;sf nflu xfF;f] aG5 . b]V5 oxfFsf dfG5]x? cfˆgf gfs–d'v 6fnf]n] 5f]k]/ lxF8]sf . 6fpsf]df sfnf] efbufpFn] 6f]kL To;kl5 sfnf] rZdf clg gfs–d'v 5f]Kg] Tof] 6fnf] . of] b]Vbf p;nfO{ x'g;Ddsf] xfF;f] p7\5 . cem rZdf gnufPsfx?sf] 6\jfn–6\jfNtL b]lvg] tL b'O{6f cfFvf dfqnfO{ cg'xf/ eg]/ b]Vbf p;nfO{ x'g;Dd x'G5 clg xh'/jfn] ;'gfpg'ePsf] Psfb]zsf syfx? ;Demg k'U5 .

6'Fl8v]ndf k'u]kl5 af]sfx? a]Rg l7Sssf] 7fpF, cfpFbf–cfpFb} u|fxssf] cfFvf kg]{ :yfg 5fg]/ a;]kl5 OGb|nfO{ tL af ]sfx? ;dfn]/ a:g] cfb]z lbO{ afa' vfg]s'/f Nofpg egL hfG5g\ . rf/–rf/ af]sfsf] lhDdf lnP/ a:g'k/]sf] OGb| ltgnfO{ afFw]sf] 8f]/L xftn] ;dft] klg ltgsf ann] htf tfG5, Tot}lt/ pm bf}8G5, t/ gofF n'uf nufO{ bz}+ dfGg] cfzn] ltgnfO{ k'mTsg eg] lbFb}g .

af cfpg'eGbf klxn] g} Ps–b'O{ u|fxs p:t} gfs–d'v 5f]k]sf cfp F5g \ . ltgnfO { pm afa ' gcfP;Dd kv{gf];\ eGb} To;/L gfs–d'v 5f]Kgfsf] sf/0f ;f]Wg yfN5 . s]6fs]6L Tof] klg ufpF–kfvfaf6 cfPsf]n] To;/L k|Zg ;f]Wbf pgLx?nfO{ /dfOn} nfU5 / OGb|nfO{ lh:sfpg] x]t'n] ;f]W5g\, …8/ nfUof], xfdLnfO{ b]v]/ < nf}

x]/ xfdL e"t xf]Ogf}+Ú eg]/ xfF:b} Tof] df:s vf]n]/ cfˆgf] cg'xf/ b]vfpF5g\ .

OGb| klg bª\u k/]/ eG5,…o:tf] /fd|f] dfG5] x'g' x'Fbf]/x]5 . k]ml/ o:tf] nufP/ d'v} 3KnSs 5f]lkg] u/L lsg lxF8\g'ePsf] < ôfFlslbgf];\, of] t k§} /fd|f] b]lvPg . xfd|f] ufpFdf To:tf] s;}n] klg nufpFb}g\ . afh]n] dfsn 6f]kL nufpFbf t …P afFb/Ú eg]/ lh:SofpF5g\ . p;n] cfˆgf] ufpFsf] ;f]r klg o;df ylklbG5 . OGb|nfO{ cfk"mx?sf] afWotf pgLx? ;Demfpg eG5g\— oxfF p8]sf w"n}–w"nf]n] 5f]lkPsf 5g\ . xf], oL w"nf] kmf]xf]/ dl;gf ls/f p7]/ gfs–d'vaf6 k;]/ 5ftLdf k'u]kl5 vf]sL nfU5, 5ftL v/fa x'G5, s'/f a'lem;\ <

aNn p;n ] s ' / f k fPsf ]n ] ;f]lwxfN5,…clg To:tf] kmf]xf]/sf] /f; lsg /fv]sf] t < ;a} ldn]/ ;kmf u/] o;/L t;f{pg] h:tf] eO{ lxF8\g' t kb}{gYof] . xfd|f] ufpFdf slt /fd|f xl/of y'Dsfx? 5g\ . oxfF t l5=== s:tf] kmf]xf]/sf] kxf8 Û pm k]ml/ xfF:5 .

hjfkm 5}g, pgLx?;Fu / s'/f hf]8d} eG5g\—ælgs} rnfv /x]5 of] s]6f] . sltdf k9\5f}+ xF <

ærf/ Snf;df k9\b} 5' .Æ

æcln w]/} k9]kl5 oxLF sfd ug{ cfpg] t xf]nf lg < s] ljrf/ 5 <Æ

æcxF d t cfpFlbg\ . ufpFd} a:5', dfq s] eGg EofPsf] lyof], afa'


cfOk'U5g\ / af]sf] df]Ng ;'? u5{g\ . tL af]sfx?dfly nufPsf] df ]n u|fxsnfO{ lrQ a'‰b}g . ;fFemlt/ cfP/ efp 36\g ;S5 clxn] lxF8\ kms"{ eg]/ hfG5g\ . c? u|fxs s'bf{s'b}{ emG8} Ps aHg nfUbf klg Pp6f af]sf] klg laqmL x'g g;s]sf]n] afa–'5f]/f lvl;|Ss kg{ yfn]sf lyP . o;}a]nf ;a} 7fpF rxf/]/ Pp6f u|fxs cfOk'U5 . af]sfnfO{ 3'dfO{–3'dfO{ hfFRg yfN5 / ;f]W5—æaf]sf lgv/ sfnf] t xf] < 7Ls df]n ldn] d oL tLgj6f g} lsG5', nf} eGgf];\ <

ædf]n t s] 36\g' xh'/ Û dx+uL o:tf] 5 . bz}+sf] d'v 5 . vr{ h'6fpg] eg]sf] log} a]r]/ xf] . af]sf, tkfO{+ cfk}mF x]gf]{;\ Pp6f v}/f /f}+;d]t 5}g .Æ

u|fxs t}klg lsrlsr ub}{ lyof] . OGb|nfO{ emsf]{ nfUof] Sof/] 6\jfSs eG5,æslt 3'dfO{–3'dfO{ ;]tf /f}+ vf]Hg' x'G5 . ePe/sf ;]tf /f}+ lxh} sf6]/ ôfFls;s]sf 5f} + . ca t To:tf /f}+ hlt vf]h] klg kfpg ;Sg'x'Gg xlu af < eg]/ afa'kl§ ;dy{gsf] nflu kms{G5 .Æ

afa' af]Ng g;ls csdSs k5{ eg] u|fxs l/;fP/ eGg yfN5— o:tf] e'mSsfpg] sfd klg ug'{x'G5 < wd{sf] 8/ klg 5}g ls Sof xf] < Jofkf/ ug]{ eg]sf] u|fxsnfO{ e'mSsfpg] xf]Og . htftt} e"m7dfq 5 . ld;fj6 of wf]vf .Æ o;f] eGb} af]sfnfO{ ‰jf§ 5f]8\b} glsg]/ g} hfg yfN5 .

OGb|sf] afa'nfO{ klg emf]+s rN5 / s/fP/ ;'gfpF5, …afv|LnfO{ Pp6f

klg ;]tf] /f}+ gePsf] af]sf] hGdf eg]/ To:t} hGdfpg] u/fpg tkfO{+ ;Sg'x'G5 < d t ;lSbg . b]jLsf c? sfd x'Gg / tkfO{+n] r9fPsf] af]sfsf] /f}+ ;]tf], v}/f] k/]sf] 5 ls eg]/ hfFRg cfpFl5g\ . df;' vfg af]sf sf6\5g\ k]ml/ b]jLnfO{ cufl8 ;f5{g\ . ljZjf; klg s:tf]df /f}+df .Æ

æemG8}, of] 7un] laTofF; kf/]sf] <Æ eGb} af6f] nfu]sf] tL u|fxsx?n] pgn] To;/L kmnfs]sf] ;'g]sL ;'g]gg\ . pgn] af]sf laqmL gePsf] emf ]s 5f]/fdf vgfpFb} nf ]Kkf v'jfpFb} eG5g\–ænufpFnf;\ ca gofF n'uf . tLg–tLgj6f af]sf lsGg cfpg]nfO{ eufOxfln;\ . v"a;Fu cfˆgf] axfb'/L b]vfO;\ xf]Og < ca klg k]ml/ af]ln;\ eg] tFnfO{ oxL 5f]8]/ hfG5' x]/ g eg]/ wDSofpFb} pgL Ps ;'/n] s/fpg yfN5g\,…sfnf] af]sf ;:tf] df]ndf cfpg'xf];\, cfpg'xf];\ .Ú

OGb| a'‰g ;Sb}g p;sf] s] e"n lyof] . p;n] t ;fFrf] af]n]sf] lyof] . lsg afa' klg eGb}5g\— k]ml/ o:t} af]Nnf;\ lg < ofb u/ .Ú pm 8/fP/ …xj;\Ú t eG5 t/ s'/f] a'e]msf] x'Fb}g . 3'Dd k/]/ x]l//G5, tL af]sf Jofkf/Lx? / u|fxsx? . dgdf vf]tln/xG5 p;n] s] To:tf ] s'/f af]Nof] / afa' l/;fP/ va/bf/L ug'{eof] <

b'O{ alh;Sbf klg lsGg] u|fxs kfOPsf] 5}g . hlt cfpF5g\ tL efp 36fpg dfq vf]H5g\ . pgsf] cfFvfdf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] kmf6]sf n'uf / bz}+ cfpFYof] . o;}n] efp 36fpg

pgL ;Sb}g lyP . cfk"mn] >LdtLnfO{ eg]sf] /ftf] rf]nf] / wf]tL klg ;DemG5g\ . k'n'Ss af]sfx?nfO{ x]5{g\ tL Dof===Dof== ub}{ s] elg/x]sf lyP . pgsf] cfFvf eg] ltgLx?sf] k]6df k5{ . tL VjfKk ul8;s]sf lyP . pgL ;f]R5g\ u|fxs cfP/ o:tf] k]6b]lv tf}n sd eof] egL k]ml/ efp 36fpg] t xf]Ogg\ . leq–leq} 8/fpF5g\ / OGb|]nfO{ eG5g\,…P OGb|] tF oL 8fDgfnfO{ 3fF; b] / pm=== ToxfFaf6 of] efF8f]df kfgL NofP/ v'jf . d u|fxs af]nfO{ /xG5' . olt ug{ t ;S5;\ xf]Og <eGbf …;S5'Ú eg]/ OGb| 3fF; xfn]/ kfgL NofO{ /flvlbG5 . l5g}df af]sfx? 3fF; l;WofP/ pu|fpg yfN5g\ .

o;}a]nf Pshf]8L u|fxs cfOk'U5g\ / af]sfnfO{ p7fP/ tf}lnG5g\ . lrQ a'e]m5 Sof/] Û clg df]n ;f]W5g\ . afa'n] eg]sf] df]n ;'g]/ tL 5Ss k/L eG5g\,æo:tf] n'/] af]sf]sf] klg Toqf] df]n Û v} df;' knf{ h:tf] 5}g . :ofKk k/]sf] k]6 5g\ . nf}, 7Ls–7Ls df]n eGof} eg] xfdL ;a} af]sf n}hfG5f}+ .Æ

OGb|nfO{, of] u|fsxsn] af]sfsf] k]6 :ofKk k/]sf] /x]5 eg]sf] ;'g]/ ltgLx?n] e"m7f] af]n] eGg] nfu]5 / ;kmfOlbg hf]l;Fb} eG5,æsxfF o;sf] k]6 :ofKk k/]sf] 5 < tkfO{+x?n] o:t} eGg' xf]nf eg]/ ev{/ 3fF;–kfgL 6Gg lknfPsf 5f}+ .Ú

o;k6s klg OGb|sf] afa'n] 8/nfUbf cfFvf kf/]/ p;nfO{ x]5{g\ . OGb| To;kl5 r"k nfU5 . tL u|fxsx?n] ;f ]W5g \ , …o f ] s ]6f ] sf ] x f ] <

syf syf


tkfO{+sf] 5f]/f] <Ú

…xf], xh'/ d]/} 5f]/f] xf] . cln jtf{ af]Ng] afgL 5Ú lv:; xfF:b} s'/fnfO{ a9\g glbg eG5g\,…ev{/ vfPsf] 3fF; kfgLn] sxfF tf}n t'?Gt a9\5 Û s]6fs]6Lsf s'/f o:t} x'g\ .Ú

æTof] s'/f xfdLn] klg a'e]msf 5f}+ t/ s]6f lgs} xSsL / h]x]Gbf/ /x]5 . v"a k9fpg'xf];\ . xfd|f] b]znfO{ o:t} JolQmsf] vfFrf] 5 . nf}, cflv/L df]n eGgf];\ xfdL rf/}j6f n}hfG5f}+ .Æ

æv} slt egf}+ < ev{/} pm=== To;sf af]sf of]eGbf ;fgf lyP t]qf] df]ndf laqmL eof] . yf]/} eg' cfk"mnfO{ 3f6f . ahf/df ;fdfg lslgg;Sg'sf] 5 . s;/L k'¥ofpm h:tf] x'G5 . lbglbg} efp ablnFbf] 5 . nf} rf/}j6f n}hfg] eP olt;Dddf lbG5' eg]/ clnslt df]n 36fpF5g\ . pgLx? Toltdf klg s]xL lht]e}mF eO{ af]sf lsG5g\ / k};f lbG5g\ . OGb|sf] afa' rf/}j6f laqmL ePsf]df v';L x'Fb} k};f uGb} eG5g\,æh]xf];\, af]sf eg] tkfO{+n] eg]h:t} /fd|f] kfpg'ePsf] 5 . vlbnf] / sfnf] . anLsf] nflu pDbf .Æ

æcf=== 5f]8\gf];\ oL s'/f . oL ;a} anL k"hf eg]sf] b]jLsf] gfd kf/L df;' cfk}mFn] vfg] h'StL xf] . s] b'uf{ dftfnfO{ ;]tf] /f}+;Fu PnhL{ 5 /, Tof] r9fpg} gx'g] . dnfO{ t ljZjf; nfUb}g . Hofg r9fpg] h:tf] ?l9jfbL k/Dk/f g} /f]Sg'k5{ olb b]jLnfO{ >4f u/L k'Hg] xf]

eg] . pgn] slxNo} s;}sf] Hofg

dflUbgg\ . s'/f ;'g]/ Psl5g ;a}

dHhf dfg]/ xfF:5g\ / af]sfx?

l3;f/]/ n}hfg nfu]sf ltgLx?nfO{

afa'–5f]/f x]l//xG5g\ .

OGb|nfO{ cfˆgf af]sfx? sfl6gsf]

nflu csf{n] l3RrfpFb} nu]sf]

b]v]/ dfof nfU5 / Tot}lt/ pm

x]l//xG5 . eg]sf] df]ndf laqmL

ug{kfPsf]df afa' ;Gt'i6 ePsf

5g\ / 5f]/fnfO{ lsgd]n u/]/

3/tk{m nfluxfNg'k5{, cln l56f]

lx F8 \ eg]/ cufl8 nufpF5g\ .

OGb|sf] dgdf eg] af]sfk|ltsf]

dfof ;]nfPsf] 5}g . ;DemG5,

cfˆgf] uf]7df Dof===Dof== ub}{ 3fF;–

kfgL dfu]sf] . afa';Fu ;f]W5,…af Û

logLx?n] xfd|f] af]sfx?nfO{ ef]ln

g} sfl6xfN5g\ <Ú

æs] yfxf s] u5{g\ s] < ca Tof]

xfd|f] xf]Og pgLx?sf] eO;Sof] .

h];'s} u?g\, lxF8\ l56f]–l56f]

lsgd]n ;sfO{ / kms{g'k5{ .

o;a ]nf eO;Sof ] Æo;f ] eGb }

pgL klZrdfsfzdf x]5{g\ . ;"o{

8'la;s]sf] lyof] .

ahf/lt/ nflu;s]kl5 klg OGb|

kmsL {–kmsL { tL af ]sfx?tk { m

x]l//xG5 . 3/df kfn]sf] cfˆgf]

af]sfk|ltsf] dfofn] pm Psflt/

tflgPsf] 5 eg] csf]{tk{m gofF

n'ufsf] nf]e klg 5 . ljjz ePsf]

pm r"krfk lxFl8/xG5 . cfk"mnfO{

e'nfpg vf]lh/xG5 . lxF8\bf–lxF8\b}

afa'n] OGb|nfO{ ;f]W5g\,…P t}n] ca

t a'lem;\ xf]nf lg, cl3 d}n] tFnfO{

lsg xKsfPF eg]/ <Ú

…a'e]m lg . d}n] ;]tf /f}+ ;a} sf6]/ NofPsf 5f}+ eGbf Tof] dfG5] s;/L l/;fP/ tkfO{+nfO{ ufnL ub}{ uof] . emG8} xfd|f] af]sfx? laqmL gePsf] . ;fFrf] af]n] laqmL x'Fbf]/x]g5 xuL af Û afn] lgv/ sfnf] af]sf lngf];\ eg]/ ToxL af]sfnfO{ b]vfpFbf slQ cfPsf . d ltgLx?nfO{ ulg/x]sf] lyP .Ú

d}n] 5f]/fnfO{ 7"nfx?sf] s'/fsfgL rNbf ;fgf]n] aLr}df KjfSs af]Ng' x'Fb}g . b]lv;\ sfd s;/L lau|Fbf]/x]5 eg]/ ;Demfpg dfq vf]h]sf] lyP . t/ p;df cs}{ 5fk kg{ uP5 . p;n] t Jofkf/ ug{nfO{ e'mSsfpg hfGg' kbf]{/x]5 eGg] kf] ;lDemP5 . 3/sf] cj:yf / d'v}df cfPsf] rf8jf8n] tl;{Psf] d af]sf a]r]/ vr{sf] hf]xf] ldnfpg] nfnrdf k/L u|fxsnfO{ e'mSsfpg] sfd u/] . xQ]l/sf Jofkf/ l;Sb}sf] of] 5f]/f]sf] ;f]rnfO{ kf] d}n] laufg{ nfu]5' . p;n] e'mSsfpg' / 7Ug'nfO{ Jofkf/ ;Demg k'u]sf] /x]5 . ;To / OdfGbfl/tf o;/L x/fpFb} hfg'df xfdL lhDd]jf/ /x]5f}+ . o:t} rng k':t]gL rNb} uof] eg]=== <

ca t ; f ] r f } + Û ; T o / Odfgbfl/tf arfO/fVg k]ml/ xQ]l/sf eGg xfdLnfO{ gk/f];\ egL cfk}mFnfO{ ;DemfpFb} 5f]/fnfO{ /ftdf 8f]¥ofpFb} 3/ kms{G5g\ .

afa'cfdfn] ug] { Jojxf/n] g} afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ lgdf{0f x'G5 . ;r]t x'g'k5{ ls <

-s]z/L 6LcfO{ g]kfnsfo{;ldlt ;b:o x'g'x'G5 ._

syf syf

88 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g ‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/sljtf

b]z phf8 / ;dfh vf]qmf] kfg]{;bfrf/ lj¿4sf] dxf/f]udfG5] g} hLjf0f' ag]/;dfh /fi6«df ;+qmd0f k}mnfpFb}hgtfnfO{ ef]sf] / gfª\uf] agfpg]b]Vg] hltnfO{ 6f9}af6 uGxfpg]t/ e|i6 cfk"mn] eg] :jfb lnO{ /dfpg],kmf]xf]/sf] 8'+u'/df Psd'i6 xf];g{ Jo:ts's'/ / ;'Fu'/sf ayfg x'g e|i6x?kmf]x/L cfxf/ eIf0f ug]{ .;bfrf/ / hgsNof0f lj¿4nf]eL–kfkLx?sf] cfqmd0f xf] e|i6frf/,cfk"m e|i6b]znfO{ sn+ssf] sfnf] 6Lsf

s'ntdf km;]sf b'Jo;{gLh'jf8], hF8Øfxf / j]Zofe}mFe|i6x? klg;s] hlt nf]e, kfk / l3g n'sfpFb}cfk"m uGxfPsf] ;'Gg rflxF grfxg]t/ e|i6 e} /xg eg] dg nflu/xg] .Ps e'md|f] j:q geP/z/L/ y'y'{/L sfFk]sfb'O{ ufF; vfg gkfP/ef]sn] cfqmfGt g]kfnLx?sfufF;, af; / skf; l5Gg pbØt 5g\ e|i6x?sf]xL xflsd eP/ ;lHhPsf

t sf]xL 7]s]bf// lgdf{tf agL 9fl8Psf;]jf / k/f]ksf/sf e]i6df klg afFl8Psfe|i6frf/ ljif j[Ifsf slt–slt xfFuf–laufb]z}e/L bfxf / gª\u|flu2, s's'/ / :ofne}mFn'St} / 9'St}/fi6« n'6\g] / e'6\g] tfsd}e|i6x? lgln{Kt 5g\ ¥ofn sf9\b} .

vftsf–vft sfnf wgsf] kq}–kqn]3/, a}+s / 9's'6L k'l/Fbf klgce}m gk'uLnf]e / kfksf klx/gn] l;ufl/P//fi6«nfO{ b'j{n / gUg agfpgx]/ t tlD;Psf oL e|i6x? Û

ca of] dxfdf/L lj¿4sf] k|:yfg ljGb'sxfF vf]hf} <o; lj¿4sf] h]xfbdfs'g cleofg rnfpFs:tf] o'4 df]rf{ agfpmF <sxfFaf6 ;'? u/f}+ <zx/, ufpF / j:tL ;a} cfqmfGt e}ynf k/]/ ;':tfPsfclt lz/b]lv k'5f/};Dde|i6frf/n] ljs[t?U0f–hL0f{ z/L/ af]s]/;dfhdf htftt} k}mlnPsf]of] dxfdf/Lsf] pkrf/ vf]Hgs'g b]z, k|b]z / zx/dfj}B / 8fS6/sf] vf]hLdf rfxf/f}+ Ûe/ k/]sf 8fS6/ / j}B klgp:t} >]0fLdf bh{ e} /f]uL ePsf]of] j]xfn cj:yfdf

e|i6n] u/] /fi6« g} eIf0f

b]j]Gb|k|;fb l;6f}nf

896«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ sljtf

/fi6«sf] b'j{n / hL0f{ z/L/ hf]ufpgljsNkx? vf]Hb} sxfF hfpF <wfdL, emfqmL / Hof]ltifL u'xfb}{u'kmf, dlGb/ / u'Daf k;f}+ ls <;Gt–dxfTdf / b]jL–b]jtf vf]Hb}lgh{g / PsfGt af;df hfpF ls <s u/f}+ <s;f] u/f}+ <e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] z"Go ;xgzLntfa]t's sfof{Gjog ljgfsf]xNnf dfqsf qmd eª\utf;a} j]df};dsf afhfx?n]efif0f / gf/fdf ;Lldt :j/ dfqn]gftfuf]tf / e/f}6]x? kf]:g]bfp / rfnafhL l;jfoc? s]xL xf]Oglzjfo hgtfsf] /f]bgdfb]zsf] bf]xg .

To;}n] cax] eujfg\ Ûb]z / hgtfnfO{sª\ufn agfpg] oL b'i6x?nfO{ls t ;'wf/L b]pmls nv]6 oxfFaf6cGoq st}hxfF b]z 5}g

hgtf 5}gg\dfG5] eGg]sf] gfdf]lgzfg 5}ge|i6n] vfg]cGg, hª\un, kfgL, wft' x'Fb}gGofofno, c8\8f–uf}8fsnsf/vfgf, hxfh, ;8s / cfof]hgf st} 5}gg\ .clwsf/ / clwsf/LljxLgsxLF st} l/Qf 3/ / sf]7fx?lgh{g / cw]/f 7fpFx? ePToxL k'¥ofO{ b]pm oL b'i6 kfkLx?nfO{cfFvfn] gb]Vg]sfgn] g;'Gg]xft–kfpF grNg] lgh{g :yfgx?dfhxfF r'rf 9'ª\uf/ sfF8}–sfF8fsf j:tLx? dfq 5g\ToxL k'¥ofO{ b]pmhxfF kb–s';L{, 7]Ssf–k§fn]gb]g x'Fb}g

x] b}j ÛoxL k'sf/, k|fy{gf / gdg 5xfdL e|i6x?af6 cfqmfGt b]zjf;Lx?sf];a} g]kfnLx?sf] .

-/Iff dGqfnosf sfd' ;lrj l;6f}nfsf] of] e|i6frf/lj/f]wL sljtfn] ! xhf/ 8n/sf] x]d ;l/tf kf7s cGt/f{li6«o ;flxTo

k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/]sf] 5 ._

Courtesy: http;//setopati.com/sahityapati/12130

;bfrf/cleofgdf

nfuf}+

90 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g ‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/kmf]6f]÷sf6'{g

TI – Nepal won special mention award in annual “CHAPTERS IN ACTION” photo competition organized by TI Secretariat. The winning entry was taken by senior communication officer Tham Nath Ghimire during TI Nepal’s 18th anniversary celebration day.

Cartoon prepared by Rabendra Manandhar,Member of Cartonist Club Nepal for TI Nepal Calendar 2071 B.S.


6LcfO{ g]kfnsf gofF k|sfzg

gofF k|sfzg


6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfndf cfj4 ;+:yf!= gful/s ;/f]sf/ d~r, df]/ªlj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf–!%, df]/ª kmf]gM )@!–$&@^*&Od]nM [email protected] cWoIfM >L df]xg e§/fO{ (*$@)@#$@$ sfo{qmd clws[tM >L lszf]/rGb| pkfWofosfo{qmd ;xfosM >L /fh' >]i7

@= dfgjLo ljsf; tyf ;|f]t Joj:yfkg g]kfn, wflbªgLns07 uf=lj=;=%, wflbªa];L, k'5f/ahf/ kmf]gM )!)–%@)$$*Od]nM [email protected] [email protected] cWoIfM >L x/]/fd nf]xgL, (&%!)%@(#^ Od]nM [email protected]

#= k|f]km]zgn dlxnf ;xof]uL ;d"x, sf7df8f}+sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf–!), kfgLkf]v/LôfS;M )!–$))@^!% Od]nM [email protected] [email protected]{afxs cWoIfM lgd{nf ;'a]bL (*$(%)$$!)sfo{qmd clws[tM k|tLef cof{n (*$(#)@*%*sfo{qmd ;xfosM lglstf zdf{ (*$!)!#!)*

$= ;'zf;g cleofg, u'NdL tD3f;–!, k'tnLAfhf/, u'NdLkmf]gM )&(–%@)*%$Od]nM [email protected], [email protected] cWoIfM >L Zofds'df/ kf08] (*%&)@!(#* [email protected] sfo{qmd clws[tM >L xL/f s'Fj/ (*$(&@$%**Od]nM [email protected]{qmd ;xfosM >L lji0f' kf}8]n (*$&!#!%!#Od]nM [email protected]

%= Gfful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3, ;'v]{tlj/]Gb|gu/ gu/kflnsf–!#, ;'v]{tkmf]g M )*#–%@!@($6f]n lk|m g+ !^^)*#%@###Od]nM [email protected],[email protected] cWoIfM >L kLtfDa/ 9sfn (*%*)%)&%^, (*%!!%)!!#sfo{qmd clws[tM >L e'mknfn k+ufnL (*$*)$()$@Od]nM [email protected]

sfo{qmd ;xfosM >L k'gd aL=;L (*$*!!*@%$ Od]nM [email protected]

^= ;bfrf/sf nflu ;fdflhs kxn, s}nfnLwgu9L gu/kflnsf–%, wgu9L kmf]gM )(!–%@)$^)Od]nM [email protected] cWoIfM >L v]d/fh kf08] (&$()!&(!([email protected]{qmd clws[tM >L uug/fh l3ld/] (*$*$$$#*Ôd]nM [email protected] sfo{qmd ;xfosM >L l8NnL/fh lagf8L (*$*$$^(!) (&$()@$!$)Od]nM [email protected]

&= e|i6frf/lj¿4 cleofg, lrtjg/]8qm; ejg–!), e/tk'/kmf]gM )%^–%@#&$)Od]nM [email protected] >L eLdaxfb'/ >]i7 (*$%)@#!&$sfo{qmd clws[tM >L Zfld{nf kl08t (*$%)%#$$#Od]nM [email protected]{qmd ;xfosM >L /Ltf sF8]n (*$%^@)*(@Od]nM [email protected]

*= dfgjclwsf/ / jftfj/0f ljsf; s]Gb«, pbok'/lqo'uf gu/kflnsf— #, a'4rf]skmf]gM )#%–$@!%^#ôfS;M )#%–$@)$)^ Od]nM [email protected] >L b'uf{s'df/ yfkf )#%–$@!%^#, (&%#))###^sfo{qmd clws[tM >L ljsf; aGhf/f (*$!%%#&)Ôd]nM [email protected]{qmd ;xfosM >L hLjgs'df/ yfkf (*$#!%$$!(Od]nM [email protected] (= ;'zf;gsf nflu gful/s ;dfh, sf:sLkf]v/f pkgu/kflnsf–(, gofFahf/kmf]gM )^!–%##^$$Od]nM [email protected] cWoIfM >L k'0o kf}8]n (*%^)@@*&%, (*$^)$@$($sfo{qmd clws[tM >L efg'etm k/fh'nL (*$!^&%!&^, (*$^)$@$($Od]nM [email protected]{qmd ;xfos M >L sf]lknf ;'j]bL (*$^@#!&^#Od]nM [email protected]

hfgsf/L

936«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ hfgsf/L

!)= dlxnf hfu/0f ;+3, OnfdOnfd gu/kflnsf–^, l;+xaflxgL, Onfdkmf]gM )@&–%@!^$(, %@!^$%ôfS;M )@&– %@)$$%Od]nM [email protected] >L lji0f' bfxfn lnDa' (*%@^*)!!*sfo{qmd clws[tM >L h'g' bfxfn (*$@^#^$**Od]nM [email protected]]nM [email protected] !!= hgr]tgf tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd, wg'iffhgsk'/ gu/kflnsf–!kmf]gM )$!– %@%$^@Od]nM [email protected] cWoIfM >L x]d sfsL{, (*$$)@^#%&sfo{qmd clws[tM >L bLk]Gb|s'df/ ltjf/L (*$(!%##^)Od]nM [email protected]{qmd ;xfosM >L /;l~hj ;'j]bL (*$!&#%%(%Od]nM [email protected] !@= kf/bzL{ g]kfn l;4fy{gu/, ?kGb]xLl;¢fy{gu/ gu/kflnsf–*, a'¢rf]s kmf]gM )&!–%@!#^*Od]nM [email protected] cWoIfM >L ;f]d/fh l;Ub]n (*$&)&%))%&sfo{qmd clws[tM >L lg/fhg Gof}kfg] (*^&)@#*&&Od]nM [email protected]{qmd ;xfosM >L eujtL 1jfnL (*$&)&%)^$

!#= ejfgL hglxt ljsf; s]Gb|, d'u'udu9L, d'u'kmf]gM (&%*()!!!* Od]nM [email protected] >L uf]s0f{ zfxL

!$= afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g Sna, afFs]g]kfnu~h, kmf]gM )*!–%@^!%$,%@%%#*, Od]nM [email protected] >L /fh' nfld5fg]lgb]{zs: >L gd:sf/ zfx

!%= ;fd'bflos ljsf; ;ldlt, l;/xfdf8/, l;/xf, kmf]gM )##–%@)%*!, (&$!!)*(^@Od]nM [email protected] >L /fds'df/ emf

!^= ;'zf;g / ljsf;sf nflu gful/s ;r]tgf s]Gb|, h'DnfrGbggfy–^, h'Dnfkmf]gM (*$*###%))Od]nM [email protected] cWoIfM >L dSsaxfb'/ yfkf

!&= ;bfrf/ cleofg, k;f{jL/u~h, k;f{kmf]gM )%!–%@##$!, (*$%)@%$($Od]nM [email protected] >L ljho pkfWofo

!*= ;dfh sNof0f ;dfh, bfr'{nfdfdf{ hfd'/], bfr'{nfkmf]gM )(#–$@)@$@, (&$(%)*)))Od]nM [email protected] cWoIfM >L /3'la/ l;+x 7u'Ggf

!(= kf/bzL]]{ ;/f]sf/ ;d"x, ?kGb]xLh]l;;rf]s, a'6jnkmf]gM )&!– %$^#@#Od]nM [email protected] >L dx]Gb| gf/fo0f >]i7kmf]gM (*%&)@*!#%, (*%&)@$%)#;Dks{ JolStM >L ;~h' kf}8]nOd]nM [email protected]]gM (*$&@^^%$$

@)= ;+sNk ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k'g:yf{kgf, ;'g;/LOg?jf gu/kflnsf—@, Og?jfkmf]gM (*%@)$*^)*Od]nM [email protected]/[email protected] >L /3'gLnfn zfxsfo{sf/L lgb]{zsM >L nvgnfn zfx

@!= cleofg l;Gw'nL, l;Gw'nLsdnfdfO{ gu/kfkfln—^kmf]gM )$&–%@)!^$, (*$$!$*)!( Od]nM [email protected] >L k|]drGb| bfxfn

@@= dfgj clwsf/ ;r]tgf tyf ljsf; s]Gb|, bf]nvfeLd]Zj/ gu/kflnsf—!), bf]nvfkmf]gM )$(—$@!@$)Od]nM [email protected] >L xf]d kf7s

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfndf cfj4 ;+:yf


tkfO{+n] st} e|i6frf/, cgfjZos x}/fgL jf l9nf;':tLsf] ;fdgf ug{'k/]sf] 5 < 5 eg] xfd|f] lgMz'Ns gDa/ !^^)–)!–@@@!! df ;Dks{ ug{'xf];\. xfdL tkfO{+nfO{ dbt ug{

tof/ 5f}+ .

z'Ns gnfUg] gDa/ !^^)–)!–@@@!!

P8\ef]s];L PG8 lnun P8\efO; ;]G6/ -Pnfs_ g]kfn

-u'gf;f] ;'Gg Joj:yf ul/Psf] ljz]if ;+oGq_

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] ;xsfo{

xfd|f] cfXjfg

;Gb]z

956«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ kmf]6f] ljljw

wgu9Ldf ;DkGg 8LkL x:tfIf/ ;df/f]x dWoklZrdf~rn If]qLo c:ktfn ;'v]{tdf ;DkGg df]jfOn Pnfs

afFs]sf] g]kfnu~hdf ;DkGg e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] ;fOsn ofqf pbok'/ lhNnfdf ;DkGg 8LkL x:tfIf/ ;df/f]x

;'v]{t lhNnfdf ;DkGg 8LkL x:tfIf/ ;df/f]xhgsk'/ lhNnfdf ;DkGg df]jfOn Pnfs

;'zf;g cleofg u'NdLsf] ;lrjfnodf kl/of]hgf dWofjlw ;dLIff 6f]nL

kf/bzL{ g]kfn l;4fy{gu/sf] e}/xjfl:yt ;lrjfnodf kl/of]hgf dWofjlw ;dLIff 6f]nL

96 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g ‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/kmf]6f] ljljw

d'Vo;lrj nLnfdl0f kf}8]n k|lta4tf x:tfIf/ sfo{qmddf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;efdf pkl:yt ;b:o dxfg'efj

Pnfs 8LkL dWofjlw ;ldIff a}7sdf pkl:yt 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf kbflwsf/L Pj+ o'/f]lkog o'lgogsL k|ltlglw Softl/gf ofsf]e]Nef

Pnfs 8LkL dWofjlw ;dLIff sfo{qmddf af]Nb}6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf lai0f' axfb'/ s];L

/fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL, @)!$ k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmd Pnfs 8LkL dWofjlw ;dLIff sfo{qmdsf ;xefuL

xl/yf bfxfgfosfsf] labfO{sf]qmddf 6LcfO{ g]kfn kl/jf/

e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cleofgsf] e/tk'/l:yt ;lrjfnodf kl/of]hgf dWofjlw ;dLIff 6f]nL


e]63f6sf qmddf ;fs{ dxf;lrj >L ch'{g sfsL{ / 6LcfO{ Plzof k|zfGt If]qLo 8fO/]S6/ 8f= l;/fs lKnkft

kmf]6f] ljljw

a+unfb]zdf ;DkGg blIf0f PlzofnL ;~rf/tfnLdsf ;xefuLsf] ;fd"lxs tl:j/

PS;r]~h k]mnf] xl/yf bfxfgfosfnfO{ labfO ub}{ 6LcfO{ g]kfn kl/jf/

8f=l;/fs lKnkftnfO{ ;Demgfsf] lrgf]k|bfg ub}{ cWoIf s];L

e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] cleofg;fOsn ¥ofnLsf ;xefuL, afFs]

nS;]g ju{l:yt OG6/g]zgn PG6L s/K;g Ps]8]dLn]cfof]hgf u/]sf] k|flS6; ld6\; ;fOG; ljifos k|lzIf0fsf ;xefuL

6LcfO{ a+unfb]z / 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf pRr kb:y sd{rf/Lx?

cf]kg ueg{d]G6 kf6{g/zLk a}7ssf ;xefuL-aLrdf_ 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs cflzif yfkf

98 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g ‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/kmf]6f] ljljw

sf7df8f}+df ;DkGg Plzof k|zfGt If]qLo a}7ssf] pb\3f6g ;df/f]x 5nkmndf Jo:t Plzof k|zfGt If]qLo a}7ssf ;xefuL

Plzof k|zfGt If]qLo a}7ssf ;xefuLsf] ;fd"lxs tl:j/ Plzof k|zfGt If]qLo a}7ssf qmddf 8f= l;/fs lKnkft -aLrdf_

/fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL, @)!$ k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ul/+b}

6LcfO{ >Ln+sf RofK6/sf cWoIf;Fu e]63f6 ub}{6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf tyf dxf;lrj

g]kfndf ;bfrf/ kl/of]hgfsf] ;Demf}tf–kq cfbfg–k|bfg ub}{gj]{lhog /fhb"t s]lhn 6df]{8 lk6;{g / cWoIf lai0f' axfb'/ s];L


100 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g ‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgf

;fwf/0f;efM 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf ;a} ;b:o ;lDdlnt ;ef g} ;fwf/0f ;ef xf] . h;sf] cWoIftf cWoIfn] ub{5g\ . of] 6LcfO{ g]kfn ;~rfng ug]{ ;jf]{Rr lgsfo xf] . ;fwf/0f;efn] cWoIf tyf sfo{;ldltsf ;b:ox? lgjf{lrt ug]{, gLltut dfldnfdf sfo{;ldltnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] / jflif{s tyf cfly{s k|ltj]bgx? kfl/t ug]{ sfd ub{5 . xfn ;+:yfdf ^% hgf ;fwf/0f ;b:o 5g\ .

sfo{;ldltM sfo{;ldltdf x/]s b'O{ jif{sf nflu lgjf{lrt x'g] gf} hgf ;b:ox? /xG5g\, h;sf] cWoIftf cWoIf :jod\n] ub{5g\ . sfo{;ldltn] gLltut dfu{–lgb]{zg hf/L ug]{, sfo{of]hgfsf] th{'df÷sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf sfo{of]hgf÷sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg ug]{ sfd ub{5 . sfo{;ldlt

tyf ;lrjfnosf] ;dGjo ug]{ lhDd]jf/L dxf;lrjsf]/x]sf] 5 .

Joj:yfkg pk;ldltM Joj:yfkg pk;ldltn] 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf sfd–sf/afxLx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfd ub{5 . Joj:yfkg pk;ldltdf cWoIf, pkfWoIf, dxf;lrj, sf]iffWoIf tyf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs /xg] Joj:yf 5 .

;lrjfnoM sfo{;ldlt tyf Joj:yfkg pk;ldltåf/f kfl/t ;fË7lgs sfo{of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;lrjfno lhDd]jf/ /xg]5, h;sf] g]t[Tj sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsn] ub{5g\ .

cfj4 ;+:yfM g]kfnsf @! lhNnfdf @@ j6f :yfgLo u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx? 6LcfO{ g]kfn;Fu cfj4 /xL lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ .

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn

5s'as' dfu{, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfnkmf]gM $$&%)^@, $$&%!!@, $$&%@^@ôfS;M $$&%!!@, kf]i6 aS; gDa/M !!$*Ê-mail: [email protected], Web: www.tinepal.org

f tinepal

6«fG;k/]G;LOG6/g]zgng]kfne|i6frf/lj¿4sf] ;xsfo{

Documents

TI NEPAL NEWS BULLETIN ASAR 2071