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Theprojectsteeringcommitteewouldliketothankthefollowingeventsponsors:
Trialsitecourtesyof
Thursday17November201610:00am–4:00pmincludingbarbequelunchandafternoontea
BadcockLane,Hagley,Tasmania
VISITORINFORMATIONWetrustthatyouwillenjoyyourdaywithusattheHyperYieldingCerealsProjectInauguralFieldDay.Yourhealthandsafetyisparamount,thereforewhilstonthepropertyweaskthatyoubothreadandfollowthisinformationnotice.
HEALTH&SAFETY
• AllvisitorsarerequestedtofollowinstructionsfromFARandSFSstaffatalltimes.
• Allvisitorstothesitearerequestedtostaywithinthepublicareasandnottocrossintoanyropedoffareas.
• AllvisitorsarerequestedtoreportanyhazardsnoteddirectlytoamemberofFARorSFSstaff.
FARMBIOSECURITY
• Pleasebeconsiderateoffarmbiosecurity.Pleasedonotwalkintofarmcropswithoutpermission.Pleaseconsiderwhetherfootwearand/orclothinghavepreviouslybeenwornincropssufferingfromsoilborneorfoliardiseases.
FIRSTAID
• WehaveanumberofFirstAidersonsite.Shouldyourequireanyassistance,pleaseaskamemberofFARorSFSstaff.
LITTER
• Litterbinsarelocatedaroundthesiteforyouruse;weaskthatyoudisposeofalllitterconsiderately.
VEHICLES
• Vehicleswillnotbepermittedoutsideofthedesignatedcarparkingareas.Pleaseensurethatyourvehicleisparkedwithinthedesignatedarea(s).
SMOKING
• ThereisNoSmokingpermittedinsideanymarquee.
Thankyouforyourcooperation,enjoyyourday.
Onbehalfofthesteeringcommittee,IamdelightedtowelcomeyoutotheHyperYieldingCerealProjectInauguralFieldDay.
LedbytheFoundationforArableResearch(FAR)AustraliaincollaborationwithSouthernFarmingSystems(SFS),theHyperYieldingCerealProjectisfundedbyTheGrainsResearchandDevelopmentCorporation(GRDC)andisaimedatboostingTasmania’sproductionofhighqualityfeedgraincerealsandtherebyreducingitsrelianceonsuppliesfromthemainland.
Theprojectwillbefrontandcentreoftoday’sfieldeventandwillshowcasethisresearchsitededicatedtoimprovingtheabilityoftheState’sfarmerstogrowhighyieldingfeedgrainwheatandbarley.
TheGRDCrecognisedsometimeagothatahugeopportunityexistsforTasmaniatoproducemuchgreatervolumesoffeedgraincerealswithnewirrigationschemescomingonline.Italsorecognisedthatwithfavourablequalityattributestherewasagrowingmarketinthestate’sdairysector.
Howdidtheprojectoriginate?
Despiteamorefavourableclimateforgrainproductioncomparedwiththemainland,andgreateryieldpotential,Tasmaniaremainsanetimporterofcerealgrains.WewanttoseeTasmaniabecomemoreself-sufficientinitscapacitytosupplyfeedtotheState’sdairyindustryandotherlivestockusers.
Theprojectwasestablishedtobridgethegapbetweenactualandpotentialyieldsthroughgeneticimprovementofcrops,bestpracticeintermsofmanagementofthosecropsandrecognitionofqualityforthekeyendusers.Tothatend,muchprogresshasalreadybeenmadeintheinitialscreeningofnewcultivarsfordiseaseresistanceandtraitssuitablefortheTasmanianenvironment.
Projectobjectives
Withinputfromnationalandinternationalcerealbreeders,growers,advisersandthedairyindustry,theprojectisworkingtowardssettingrecordyieldtargetsasaspirationalgoalsforgrowersoffeedgrains.Withtherightincentives,theproject
steeringgroupbelievesitwillbepossibletoencouragebreederstoplacegreaterfocusontheneedsofTasmaniangrowers.
Tofocusontheseobjectives,theprojecthasbeensetthechallengeof:
• IncreasingaverageTasmanianredgrainfeedwheatyieldsfrom4.4t/hato7t/haby2020;
• Deliveringcommercialwheatcropswhichyield14t/haby2020;
• Identifyingandendorsingthevalueofmetabolisableanddigestibleenergyinfeedgraincerealsthroughengagementandcollaborationwiththedairyindustry.
Theprojectwillresultinthecreationofaninternationally-linkedcentreofexcellenceforfeedgraincerealproduction,basedinTasmania.Thiscentrealongwithaseriesofregionalfocusfarmswillbefocusedondevelopingimprovedvarieties,generatingvarietyspecificagronomypackagesandintroducingnewparametersfordescribingfeedgrainqualityfordairyindustryendusers.
Keyfindingsfromtheresearchtodatewillbepresentedtogrowers,dairyfarmersandindustrypersonnelattendingtoday’sfieldday.
Today’sevent
Theeventwillfeatureresearchtrialdemonstrationsandaline-upofinternational,mainlandandTasmanianspeakerswhowilldiscussvariousaspectsofimprovedgermplasmandagronomy,grainqualityanddairynutritionstrategies.
Toendorsetheproject’sinternationallinkages,ourkeynotespeakerfortheeventisPatrickStephenson,oneoftheUKsleadingagronomists.PatrickwhoworksforNIABTAG,theUK’slargestindependentfarmerfocusedresearchorganisationwillsharehisinternationalagronomyexpertisewithTasmaniangrowers.
Shouldyourequireanyassistancethroughouttheday,pleasedon’thesitatetocontactamemberoftheFARorSFSteamwhowillbemorethanhappytohelp.
Thankyouonceagainfortakingthetimeoutofyourbusyscheduletojoinustoday;wehopethatyoufindthepresentationsuseful,andasaresult,takeawaynewideaswhichcanbeimplementedinyourownfarmingbusiness.Haveagreatdayandwelookforwardtoseeingyouagainatfutureprojectevents.
NickPooleManagingDirectorFARAustralia
FundingAcknowledgementsTheHyperyieldingcerealprojectsteeringgroupwouldliketoplaceonrecorditsgratefulthankstotheGrainsResearch&DevelopmentCorporation(GRDC)fortheirfundingsupportforthiseventandproject.
SponsorshipacknowledgementTheHyperyieldingcerealprojectsteeringgroupwouldalsoliketoacknowledgethesponsorshipsupportgivenbyRobertstoassistwithcateringandTPJonesforsupportingthetravelcostsofourkeynotespeakerPatrickStephensonfromNIABTAGintheUK.
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EARLYGENERATIONCULTIVARS
FEEDBARLEYMANAGEMENT
ELITECULTIVARXMANAGEMENT
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WHEATGERMPLASMSCREENING
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PatrickStephensonNIABTAG,UK
Towards14t/hafeedwheatyieldsinTasmania–givensuchachallenge,whatcanwelearnfromagronomytechniquesintheUK?
TheUnitedKingdomwheatproductionsystemhasbeenheavilyinputdriven.Toacertainextentwecouldbedescribedas‘hookedonhighinputandhighoutput’.Lookingbackatnationalwheataverageyieldswecanseeamixedpicture.Therehavebeenthreestandoutyears1984,1997and2015.Thesinglefactorthatlinksthesethreeyearstogetheristheweatherpatterns.Foreachoftheseyearsthepeakhasrisenslightlyhigherandalthoughweatherhasbeenimportant,agronomytechniqueshavealsoevolvedconsiderablyoverthistimescale.Thekeyissuesforachievinghighyieldsarediscussedbelow.
PlantGenetics
Breedershavemade‘bigstrides’inplantgenetics,althoughthiswouldbetheclaimbywheatbreederstherealityissomewhatdifferent.ViewingtheUKnationalwheatrecommendedlist,wheatyieldsdoshowanupwardtrendinyieldssincetheeighties.Thisisnotmeteoricbutisincreasingwithanaverageyieldimprovementof0.3%peryearsince1984.Traitsofimprovedstrawstrength,andincreasesingrains/m²havebeenimportantattributesmanipulatedbyagronomiststoachievehigheryields.ItcouldbearguedthattheintroductionofEuropeanwinterwheatbreedinglinesintoNewZealandintheearly90’swasthecatalystfortheriseinNewZealandwheatyields.
Nitrogen
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WinterwheatyieldandoptimumNdoseNIABTAGtrials1997-2009Long-termarablesoilsandnoorganicmanures
Figure1:WinterWheatYieldResponseToIncreasingNitrogenRates
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Thegraphoppositeshowstheloose,butundeniable,correlationthathigheryieldsarerelatedtoincreaseinnitrogenlevels.Thedilemmagrower’sfaceisthatatthetimeoffertiliserapplicationthefinalyieldisunknown.TheadvantagethattheUnitedKingdomhasisthatdespitepeople’sconceptstheclimateisbenignandtoapointpredictable.Growerswilltarget12.5t/haandapply(dependingonvariousfactors)240kg/haofNitrogen.Thosechasingveryhighyieldswillspeculatewithadditionalamounts.
DiseaseManagement
DiseasemanagementofcerealsintheUKhasgonethrougharevolutioninrecentyears.In1984theaveragenumberoffungicidesappliedtotheUKwheatcrop,wouldbelessthantwoacrossthecountry,by1997itwouldnearlybethreeandby2015nearlyfour.Understandingandmanagingdiseasehasbecomeakeycomponentofmaximisingyieldbutalsominimisingrisk.
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2015: T0 = 0.15 t/ha T1 + T2 = 0.33 t/ha T3 = 0.0 t/haLong term mean: T0 = 0.10 t/ha T1 + T2 = 1.90 t/ha T3 = 0.36 t/ha
Figure2:WinterWheatYieldResponsesToDifferentFungicideTimings
ThegraphaboveshowsthelongestrunningdatasetonfungicideresponsebytimingintheUKandoutlinesthecurrentfourmainspraytimings.Theaverageresponseof2.36t/haensuresthatgrowerspayattentiontodiseasecontrol.However,thishasbroughtintosharpfocustherelianceonfungicidesandthevulnerabilityofthissystemtoresistanceissues.UtilisingresistantvarietiesandplanningwillhelpTasmaniangrowersadoptandlearnfromthisUKexperience.
CropStructure
ThebreakingoftheworldwheatrecordbyMikeSolari,Invercargillbackin2008,ledtoaflurryofpapersbreakingdownthemechanicsofhowtheyieldwasachieved.Thisincludeddetailedanalysisoftheweatherpattern,tillernumbers,earnumbersandgrainsperearrequiredtofulfiltheyieldachieved.RogerSylvesterBradleypredictedthatthemaximumthatcouldbeachievedinNewZealandwas19t/ha.Manyhighlightedthewholeintheozonelayer,thelatitudeandsolarradiationlevelsasuniquetoNewZealandandthattherecordwouldnotbebeaten.Yetin2015theworldrecordwasbrokeninNorthumberlandintheUK.Cropstructurewascertainlyoneofthekeycomponents,butalsousinghighnitrogenratesandgrowthregulatorswereimportant.Thecoastallocationwasanotherkeyissueforthiscrop,togetherwithfreedrainingsoil.ThereislittledoubtthattheoverridingfactorwastheweatherpatterninJune.LowerJunetemperatureswithhighradiationfigures(40%abovetheaverage)ensuredthatthecropwassuppliedwiththeenergytoproducerecordyields.
Agronomy
Agronomyisalsoakeycomponentwhenconsideringhowtoincreaseyields.Drillinghelpstoensurethatthecropestablisheswellandhaseveryopportunitytoproducearound900tillersinthespring.Thetargetthenistomaintain600fertiletillersforharvest.Thiscombinationofearlydrilling,robustseedratesandhighnitrogenmeansthatnaturaldiseaseresistanceinavarietyiscrucial.HighresistancescoresensurethatdiseasecanbemanagedthroughtheyeartoachieveoptimumyieldsashasbeenshownintheFARNZ20by2020project.
IanSawyerFeedworksLtd
Formulatingthebest-priceddairydiet–whatarethekeyattributesofgrainqualitythatareimportantfordairycownutrition?
ThedairysectorinAustraliaisoftencomparedtoourNZcousins,andthisisparticularlysoinTasmania.Inbothcasesthefocusisoftenonmaximisinggrazingforagegrowthandconsumption.Thatislogicalandentirelycorrect.…notbecausegrassischeap.Whenlandvalueandfinancecostisconsideredgrassisoftennotcheapbutratherbecausepastureutilisationisameasureofcapitalassetutilisation.Greatertonnes/hautilisedmeansbetterassetefficiency,andbetterfarmprofitabilitylinks.
OneoftheAustraliandairysector’scompetitiveadvantagesrelativetoNZisthatwehaveagreatmanyoptionsbeyondgrazedpasturethatcanbevalueaddedeffectivelyintomilk.Itcanbesaidthatthelessreliableenvironmentmeansthisisnecessary….butitisacertaintythattheavailabilityofcosteffectivegraininparticularisanareathatlendscompetitiveadvantagetoourdairysectorrelativetootherregionsoftheglobe,forexampleNewZealand.
Integratedwithgoodlanduseefficiency,wecanusegraintoensurecowproductionlevelsproducebetterfeedconversionefficiency,betterstockingratesandbetterproductivityandprofitabilityperha.Bringittogetherwellandwecanhaveaformidablecombinationoflandandcowuseefficiencythatcanbeverysustainable.Mostcertainlyit’sabetteroptionthanhungrycowsinourlessreliableseasonalconditions!
Sowhatdowewantfromgrainappliedinlocalsector?PrincipallywewantahighMARGINALRESPONSE.Thatistheamountofmilk/milksolidsthatwemakefromtheprovisionofthekgofgrain.Weknowthatthisisavariableparameter,andcansitanywherefrom2+L/kgofgrainprovided….downto0L/kggrainprovided.Regrettablyaninaccuratemiddlegroundisoftenquotedthatsays1kggrain=1kgmilk.It’saterribleguideandinaccurateateitherendofthespectrum.
Asanutritionalsectorwemustbecomebetteratensuringimprovedresponsestoprovidedgrainbasedsupplementsifwewishbettereconomicresponse,andessentiallyfarmbusinessprofitability.
Todothatwemustaddresstwomainfactorsthatimpactonhowsuccessfulgrainresponsesareonfarm:
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1- Associativeeffects:Thisistheimpactthatgrainhasonotherfactorsofcowmetabolismandnutrition.Itcanbebothanegativeorapositive(e.g.grainandstarchcreateruminalimpactsthatreducefibredigestibilityandoveralldietdigestibilityandintake,oreg.graincreatesincreasedruminalmicrobialgrowthandalsoaninsulinresponsethatpromotesbothmilkproteinyieldandmilkvolume).
2- Appropriatemetabolicfuels:itmaysurprisesometohearthatallenergyisnotcreatedequal.Amegajouleisnotamegajoule.Grainisessentiallyastarchsourcewhenappliedinruminants,andstarchisaspecificenergyfuelthatisveryvaluabletocowsatspecificstagesoflactation….yetlesscrucialatotherstages.Evenstarchitselfcanhavedifferentialimpactsbasedonitsrateofbreakdown.Veryrapidstarchbreakdowncancreateissueswithruminalstabilityandsubacuteacidosis,anditcancreatenegativefeedbackmechanismsviathelivertobrainthatdepressgrazedfeedintake.Bothreducethemarginalresponsetograin.
AustraliaisblessedwithaprettylargegrainharvestthatisaccessibletothedairysectorinTasmaniabothlocallyandviathemainland.Mostofthisofcourseiswintercerealgrain(wheat,barley).Thisisofvariablestarchcontent,butinvariablyisrapidlyfermentable.Thechallengewefaceisthatthegrainandstarchthecowprefersisnotalwaysthesameprofileasthegrain/starchweprovideher.Asanextrachallengetheprofileoftheidealgrainchangesnotonlywiththecow’smetabolismacrosslactation,butwiththeamountwefeedherandherlevelofproduction.
Sowhatdoes“ideal”starch(grain)looklikeacrosslactation?
Transition/freshcow:Thiscowhasahighdemandforglucosetosupportlactoseandthusincreasingmilkflow,alsoglucosetobringbackinsulinlevelsandslowbodyweightloss.Starchisthusidealasit’saverygoodprecursorofglucose.Rapidlyfermentedstarchhowevercanproducealoweredoverallfeedintakegrazedbymetabolicfeedback.Sohigherstarchandhighergrainintakeisgood,butslowerstarchbreakdownispreferable.Corn/wheatcombinationsforexampleworkbeautifully.Theyprovideidealmetabolicfuels,reduceruminalimpactsandpromotegrazingintake.Marginalresponsesareoptimisedinthismanner.Specificaminoacidsarealsoneededto“getthemammaryglandinthemood”,soproteinmealslikecanolamealremainimportantevenifpastureproteinishigh.Evenat26%proteinpasturestheproteinQUALITYwon’tgetitdoneforthemammarygland.
Peaklactation:Peakmilkmeanspeaklactosedemand,sowestillneedamplestarchprovision.Itgivesusenergyinaformthatdigestiblefibrecan’tprovide.Boththerumenandtheliverarematchfitnow,sowecanhavefasterfermentingstarchandnotimpactgrazingbehaviour.Thatisgoodforreducingcomplexity.Appropriatedietaryproteinremainsimportanttokeepthemammaryglandkeen.
Postpeak(second100daysoflactation):Milkwillgraduallydecline,andthatmeanstheamountofstarchandglucoseprecursorcandropabitaccordinglyasmilknaturallydeclines6-7%/month.Digestiblefibresourcesbecomeveryviableenergyoptions.Thatmeansbarleyratherthanwheatismoreviablepostpeak(assumeabout10%lessstarchinbarleytowheat).Dependingoncowproductionyoucanreduceyourproteinmealdeliverytoo.Noslowstarchneededmuchhereeither.
Last100days200-305:Increasinglydigestiblefibresourcesandlowerstarchlevelsarefine,andinfactcanbepreferable(againdependingoncowproductionlevel).Sobarleyisgreatinlaterlactation.Higherstarchandfasterstarchinlatelactationfavoursbodyweightgainratherthanthevat.Inlatelactationbringsomeproteininaswelltofavourthevatnotbodyweightgain.Thecownaturallygetsherinsulinstatusbackinlatelactation,sobloodglucosegoestoherbacknotthevat.Theoppositeofearlylactationwhenshebasicallyhastheoverhangofgestationaldiabetes.Butwewantmilkflowlateinlactationsowemustprovidetherightenergyfuelstopromotethat.
Conclusion:Therightoridealgrainvariesacrossthecow’sstatusinlactationaswellasherproductionlevel.Wecanbestmatchthiswithgrainandproteinmealcombinations.Singlegrainsalonemostoftendon’tprovidethebestenergyprecursors.Themarginalresponseisthuslessthanideal.
ALLENERGYISNOTCREATEDEQUAL
WarrenDarlingCroppingFarmer,NewZealand
Whatarethekeyingredientsforaworldrecordbarleyyield?Withover30years’experienceNewZealandfarmerWarrenDarlingknowswhatworksatPoplarGrove,acoastalfarminTimaru,ontheEastCoastoftheSouthIsland.PoplarGrovehasacroprotationofwheat,barleyandoilseedrape.
On23January2015WarrenachievedaGuinnessWorldRecordforthehighestbarleyyieldof13.8tonnesperhectarefroman11.6hectarepaddock.
OverthelastnineyearsPoplarGrovehasusedamin-tillsystembasedonNorthernHemispherefarmingpractice,usingaonepasscultivatorwhichincorporatesresidues,subsoilsandpressesthesoilinonepass,thissystemincreasessoilhealth.Drillingisdonewithacultivatordrillwhichpreparestheseedbedandseedsinonepass.
• Residuemanagement• Soil• Variety• Agronomy• Climaticconditions
RESIDUEMANAGEMENT:
AsuccessfulbarleyyieldatPoplarGrovestartswiththeharvestingofthepreviousseason’swheatcrop–dealingwithresiduewhichisincorporatedbackintothesoiltobuildorganicmatter.
SOIL:
PoplarGrovesoilsarecultivatedtoadepthof250-300mmgivingaconsistentprofileandaimingforevennutrientlevelsthroughouttheprofile.
Avoidsoilcompaction–NB:allsoiltypessufferfromsomeformofsoilcompaction
1. Naturalweathering2. Livestockgrazing3. Machinery
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VARIETY:
1. ChoosingavarietythatperformstoitshighestpotentialonourpropertyusingPoplarGrovemanagement–wedoourownon-goingfarmtrialstoselectthebestvariety.
2. Seedrates–plantspermetre².AtdrillingtimePoplarGroveaimsfor100plantspermetre².
3. Drilling–speedof12kphforevenplantdistribution.
AGRONOMY:
Weusethebestagronomyadviceavailable.
1. Fertiliser–variablerateapplicationsforbasefertiliser–budgetednitrogen:assume25kgN/tonneofgrainproduced.
2. Micronutrients–regularplanttissuetesting.3. Chemicals–herbicidesandfungicides-PoplarGroveuseathreespray
fungicideprogrammebased30dayseithersideofearlyflagleaf.4. Plantgrowthstages–timingofapplicationsiscrucial.
CLIMATICCONDITIONS:
ThesuccessofthePoplarGrovecropsreliesonwinterraintobuildupmoistureinthesubsoil,coastalbreezesgiveuscleanairtolimitdiseasepressure,cooldewynightsduringthefloweringandearlygrainfillandthenplentyofsunshineduringharvestconsistentlyhelpstoproducehighyields.
AndrewThompsonTasmanianFeedlotPtyLtd
Managingfeedlotgrainsupplies-whatareourrequirements?
TasmaniaFeedlotatPowrannaisawhollyownedsubsidiaryofthelargestJapaneseretailerAEON.AllofourgrainfedbeefproductionissoldinJapanthroughtheparentcompanynetworkofstores.Weturnoverabout17-18,000headofTasmanianAnguscattlep.a.(mainlysteersbutalsosomeheifers)plussomelocalcustomfeedingonaseasonalbasis.
OurgrainrequirementsareforF1spec.barleyofabout25-30,000MTp.a.whichformsabout40%ofourration.Weuse100%barleyasourgraincomponentasitislessvolatilethanwheat,particularlyinourwinteryclimate.Thebarleyissteepedwitharound8%moistureaddedovernightthenrolledthenextday.Werequireconsistentlysizedgrainforbettermillingperformance-theintentistocrackallgrainswithoutcreatingtoomanyfinessothatthestarchismoreaccessiblefortherumenmicrobes.Themoreconsistentthegrain,themoreconsistentisthemillingprocessandthecattlethenshowmoreconsistentperformance.
Weareproducinghighquality,safebeeffortheJapanesemarketandneedtoensurethatallfeedcomponentsincludingthebarleyaresafe.i.e.Nogmo’s,noresiduesofchemicals(soweneedasprayhistorytojustifythat,includinganychemicalsusedinthestorageofthegrain).TheJapanesemarkethasastrongaversiontopoppies,sowehavetobeverycarefulnottohaveanycontaminationofgrainfrompreviouslygrownpoppycrops.SoweinsistonF1qualitybarleyandvendordeclarationstobackupthesafetyofthegrain.Wedotestgrainforscreenings,testweightsandmoistureandweretainsamplesfromeverytruckloaddeliveredatthefeedlot.SomeofthosesamplesarethensentawayforresiduetestingtocomplywithourstrictQAsystem(SQF)forourJapanesemarket.Werequiretraceabilityofthegraintoparticularvendorsortoagroupofvendorswhereithasbeenco-mingledinstorages.
WehavebeenusingmainlygrainfromthemainlandinrecentyearsduetotheshortageofbarleyproductioninTasmaniawithanemphasisonpoppiesandwinterfeedwheatsandotherwheatforthedairyindustry.Thatmainlandgrainhasusuallybeenpurchasedonacontracttheyearbeforetoguaranteeoursupplyofgrain.ItismainlysourcedfromVictoriaandsouthernNSW.Themainlandgrainisdeliveredin20ftcontainersonaregularbasis,spreadoverthewholeyear,sodoesnotcreateanystorageissues.HandlingandstorageoflocalTasmanianproductionduringtheharvestseasoncanbeanissue.Wehaveapprox.2000mtofsilostorageatthefeedlotandanadditional2000mtofshorttermcoveredstorage.ThecoststructureofhandlingandstorageofgraininTasmaniaisquitealothigherthanonthemainlanddueessentiallytolackofscale,soanyexpansionoftheTasmanianindustryneedstobeawareofthesecostandlogisticalissues.
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MarkFreemanTIADairyCentre
Influence of physical grain quality on dairy cow performance in TIA research
Sevenseparateexperimentscouldnotdetermineanydiscernabledifferencesbetween“red”and“white”wheatsandtheconclusionfromtheresearchprogramwasdairyfarmersshouldchoosetheirwheatsontheresultoffeedtestsandbuyonqualityparameters.
Theprojectconcludedtherewasevidenceofdifferingratesoffermentationintherumenwithdifferingwheatsamplesandthedifferencecouldbelargelyattributedtotheyieldperhectare,asstarchcontentishigherwithhigheryieldingcrops.Thus,theeffectofenvironmentalconditionsongrainfillingandultimatelywheatyieldsprobablyplayaveryimportantroleininfluencingrumenfermentationcharacteristics.
Thetemperaturesprevailingduringthedryingperiodaffectgrainhardness,withlowtemperaturespromotingalooserproteinmatrix,whichresultsinsofterwheats.Researchindicatestheconditionsunderwhichwheatisgrowncanhaveaslarge(ifnotlarger)affectuponthefinalphysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsofwheat,ascanresultfromthevarietychoice.
Duringtheresearchperiodseveralfactorsthataffecthowgrainisusedondairyfarmswerehighlightedaspossiblecausesofpoorcowproductionwhenchangesaremadetothewheatsourcebeingfed.
Grainsizeandhardness.Forfarmerswhorollorcrushtheirowngrain,grainsizeandhardnesscanaffecthowwellthegrainiscrushed.Changingfromasmallhardwheattoasoftlargewheatandnotalteringthegapsintherollermillwillresultinthewheatbeinggroundfiner,increasingtheriskofacidosisasinrumenfermentationwillbefaster.Grainsizeisbothafactorofvarietyandsite(environmentalconditionswhengrowing).
Hectolitreweights.Manyfarmersareunawareofthedifferingdensitiesofconcentratesobtainedfromdifferentsitesandfailtorecalibratetheirparlourfeederswhenreceivingnewdeliveriesofwheat.Dairyfarmersfeedconcentratesasaweight,butthesystemofdeliveryusesvolumeoccupiedastheproxymeasure.Ifthesystemisn’tcalibratedfordifferingdensitiestheamountofenergysuppliedcanvaryconsiderably.
Drymattercontent.MostwheatspurchasedfromregistereddealerswillhaveaDMcontentbetween87-88%.Howevergrainpurchaseddirectlyofftheheader,
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particularlyinthehighrainfallareasofTasmaniacanbesoldwithDMaslowas84%particularlyifitisknownthewheatwillbeusedimmediatelyandnotstoredlong-term.Whileenergylevelsmaystillbehigh,thechangeinDMwillresultinlessenergybeingfedpervolume.
Weed,insectandothercontaminants.Wheatscanhaveavarietyofweedandinsectcontaminantsthatlowertheoverallqualityoftheconcentrate.Mycotoxinsinwheatsuppliedtodairyfarmerscannotbeexcludedasafactorcontributingtoloweredmilkyields.FeedcontaminatedwiththemycotoxinsFumonism,AflatoxinandVomitoxinhaveallbeenshowntodecreasemilkproductionindairycows,usuallybycausinganoverallreductioninfeedintake.
Screenings.Grainscanbesoldwithdifferinglevelsofscreeningsandgrainspurchaseddirectlyoffaheadermaynothavebeensievedtodeterminethescreeningcontents.
Alltheabovefactors,eithersinglyorincombination,canaffecthowacowperformsonaconcentratesupplementandanyproductiondeclinearisingfromanyoftheabovemayhavewrongfullybeenattributedtothevarietyofconcentrateused.
DrRayKingDairyAustralia
FeedgrainPartnershipresultsonWheatsamplescollectedinTasmania
Forthepastthreegrowingseasons,wheatandbarleysampleswerecollectedfromacrossAustraliabyDenisMcGrath,ExecutiveOfficeroftheFeedgrainR&DPartnership.Sampleswereprovidedbycommercialgrainhandlingorganisations,includingTAPAgriCoinTasmania.TheNSWDepartmentofPrimaryIndustriesfeedtestinglaboratoryatWaggaWagga,completedtheAusScananalysisonthesamplescollected.Thisanalysisprovidedestimatesoftheenergycontentofthesamplesforvariouslivestock,aswellasthecommonanalysisfornutrientssuchascrudeprotein,fibreandstarch.
In2015/16,sufficientwheatsampleswerecollectedinTasmaniawhichallowedacomparisonofthenutritivecontentofsamplescollectedfromdrylandorirrigatedland,aswellasacomparisonbetweenthedifferentvarieties,Einstein,ManningandRevenue.Ineachcomparison,therewasnoeffectofirrigationorvarietyonthenutritivecontentofwheat.Thereweresomeslightdifferencesbetweenyearthesamplehadbeencollected(Table1).
Table1:ComparisonofwheatsamplescollectedinTasmaniafrom2013-2016
Nutrient 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16No.samples 7 46 40CrudeProtein(%DM) 11.2 10.0 10.5NDF(%DM) 11.6 11.4 10.9Starch(%DM) 70.9 73.0 73.8PigEnergy(MJDE/kg) 13.8 13.9 14.0ChickenEnergy(MJAME/kg) 12.7 12.2 12.8Testweight(kg/hl) 74.5 75.2 -Screenings(%) 7.0 3.4 -
Overall,thecompositionofwheatsamplescollectedinTasmaniawasnotdissimilartothosecollectedonthemainland.However,theamountofscreeningsappearedlower,andthevariationinnutritivevaluebetweensamples,ifanythingwaslowerinsamplescollectedinTasmania,particularlyin2014/15whentheamountofscreeningsin46samplesrangedfromonly1%to6%.
OneinterestinganalysisconductedonthewheatsamplescollectedinTasmaniain2014/15wasatheoreticalsegregationofthesamplesonthebasisofstarchandproteincontent,twoofthemostimportantnutritionalvaluesofwheatfor
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ruminants(Figure1).Comparingacompositesampleofthehighstarch/highproteingrains(10.8%CPand74.4%starch)withlowstarch/lowproteinwheats(8.6%CPand71.1%starch),thedifferenceinvaluebetweenthesetwocompositesampleswouldbeinexcessofabout$15.00pertonne,infavourofthehighprotein/highstarchgrains.
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CrudeProtein(%)
Figure1.StarchandproteincontentofwheatsamplescollectedinTasmaniafromthe2014/15harvest.
NickPyke,RobCraigieFARNewZealand
AdvancesincerealgrainproductivityinNewZealand–towards20t/haby2020
Learninghowtogetthebestfromearlysownfeedwheat
From1999tolastseasontheaveragewheatgrainyieldintheNZcerealcultivarperformanceschemehasincreasedfromabout9.5t/hato11t/ha(Figure1).ThecultivarClairehasbeenintheschemefrom2000.TheaverageyieldincreaseofClairehasbeenabout70kg/ha/year.Thisyieldincreaseismostlyfromimprovedagronomye.g.earliersowing.ThedifferencebetweentheyieldincreaseofClaireandtheaverageyieldisameasureofhowmuchprogresshasbeenmadefrombreedingwhichworksouttoaboutanother20kg/ha/yeargivingatotalyieldincreaseof90kg/ha/year.
Somegrowersfrequentlyachieveyieldsof15t/haplus.TheFoundationforArableResearchhasbeenrunninganambitiousresearchprogrammetargetingayieldof20t/haby2020.Theprogrammehasnowcompletedfourseasons.InthisresearchwinterwheatcropssowninFebruaryandMarchhavebeencomparedtomoretraditionalAprilplantings.ResultstodatehaveshownthatcropsplantedinlateMarchcanbemoreproductivethanAprilsowings,butearlierMarchandFebruaryplantingresultsinexcessivegrowth,which“chokes”thecropcausingaperiodofsenescenceinthewinterandearlyspringastheexcessgrowthrotsaway.This“transitorysenescenceperiod”ratherthanincreasinglightinterceptionreducesitintheearlyspringnullifyinganypotentialyieldincreasefromearlierplanting.Overthelastseasontheresearchteamhavebeenexploringwaysofmanipulatingthecropcanopytokeepitgreenerthroughwinterandspringincludingcultivarselection,plantgrowthregulatorprogrammesanddefoliation.ThetwoslowdevelopingcultivarsWakanuiandInfernowerecomparedlastseason.ForMarchsowdatesthecultivarsmaintainedsimilarcanopygreennessandhadsimilaraverageyieldsofabout16t/ha.Althoughtherewasnoyielddifferencebetweenthesetwocultivarswebelievegermplasmmoresuitedtoearlysowingmayofferawayforward.Forthe2016-17seasonarangeofcultivarsselectedbybreedersandseedcompaniesarebeingscreenedfromanearlyMarchsowdate.
Grazingisawayofutilisingtheextraautumngrowthfromtheearlyplantingaswellasprovidingsomediseaseandlodgingcontrol.Workatthe20by2020sitelastseasonhasshownthatgrainyield(16.7t/ha)wasmaintainedfromatreatmentthatwasmowninMayandagaininAugustyielding2,500kgofdrymatter.ThemowingtreatmentdidnotreceiveaPGRanddidnotlodgeinatrialthathadseverelodging.
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Figure1.ThreeyearmeangrainyieldoffeedandbiscuitwheatcultivarsintheCanterburytrialsoftheNZCerealPerformanceTrialsystem(meanofirrigated&drylandtrialsforthe1999–2015period).
R²=0.35
R²=0.50948
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1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Threeyearm
eangrainyield(t/ha)
Year
Claire
Allcul_vars
JonMidwoodSouthernFarmingSystems
Howcanweuseplantgrowthregulators(PGRs)tokeepourcropsstandingwhenyieldsexceed10t/ha?
Protocol6.WheatPGRAgronomyTrialOutput2.B-AgronomytosupportexpansionoffeedgrainproductioninTasmaniaFARtrialcode:FARTASW16-06Protocolversion:Version1(28.01.2016)Location:BadcocksFarm,Hagley,TasmaniaTrialTreatments:12treatmentsTrialDesign:RandomisedcompleteblockTimeofSowing:TOS1–April7Trialcultivar:ManningTreatmentList:No. SowingRate
Seeds/m2Rate Timing
1 200 ModdusEvo200mL/ha+Errex1.3L/ha GS31-322 200 ModdusEvo100mL/ha+Errex1.3L/haf.b.
ExperimentalTrt1GS30f.b.GS32
3 200 ModdusEvo200mL/ha+Errex1.3L/ha Autumn(6leaf)4 200 ModdusEvo100mL/ha+Errex1.3L/ha Autumn(6leaf)5 200 ModdusEvo100mL/ha+1.0L/haofErrex
f.b.ExperimentalTrt2f.b.ExperimentalTrt3
Autumn(6leaf)GS31-32GS37
6 200 ModdusEvo200mL/ha+Errex1.3L/haExperimentalTrt3
GS31-32GS37
7 200 ModdusEvo100mL/ha+Errex1.3L/haf.b.ExperimentalTrt2f.b.ExperimentalTrt3
GS30GS32GS37
8 200 ExperimentalTrt3 GS379 50 NoPGR 10 100 NoPGR 11 150 NoPGR 12 200 NoPGR f.b.Followedby
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N.B.TheuseofPGRactiveingredientsinthistrialisexperimentalatthisstageforresearchpurposesonly.Theuseofproductsintrialdoesnotconstitutearecommendation.Pleaseseekadvicefromyouragrichemicalsupplierbeforeapplyingtheseproducts.
DavidSkipperTasmanianAgriculturalProducers
WhatcerealgrainsandqualitydoweneedtogrowthegrainsindustryinTasmania?
TheTasmaniancerealgrainmarketispredominantlyafeedmarket.Whilstmaltingbarleyhaspreviouslybeentheonlyhumanconsumptioncerealgrainandwasonesectorthatwasupuntil5yearsagoalargeuser,wenowseethissectordiminishingtolevelsnotformerlyseenandarecontinuingtodeclineasthebeveragemarketaltersdirection.
However,weareseeingincreasesintheuseoflocalfeedwheatandnowmillingwheatsforflourproductionandhighproteinaquafeed.Thelocalfeedbarleydemandisstillstrong,whilstnotincreasingsignificantlyitisadominateproduct.Canolaismakingasignificantcomebackandthefutureisbrightforthiscropaslocaldemandincreases.Thisisgreatnewsforproducerswhohavebeenseekingabreakcropespeciallyafteracerealorpoppies.
Thedairyindustryisthelargestuserofcerealgrainsandmanufacturedproductinthestate.Dairyfarmerswhoareusersofcerealgrainsgenerallyuse3typesofwholegrains;wheat,barleyortriticale.Understandablydairyfarmersaredrivenforemostbyprice,qualityandserviceandnormallyinthatorder.Overthelast10years,Tasmaniandairyfarmershaveincreasedtheiruseofsupplementaryfeedandtheshiftawayfrombarleyandtriticaletowheat,whichhasbeenprofoundandsignificant.
Dairyfarmershaveembracedtheuseofwheatasasupplementaryfeedsource,andinparticularASW(white)wheat.Thereisnodiscernibleorscientificdifferencebetweenwhiteandourlocalredwheat.Howeverwedoseethatsomeofthelocalredwheatsarelowerinproteinfromtimetotimeandfromharvesttoharvest.
Thelocalpreferenceforcerealgrains,beginningwithawhitewheatwithAPWorASWcharacteristics,aproteincontentofgreaterthan9.5%,verylittlehusk,lowscreeningsandahightestweightabove78%.Tasmanianbarleyqualityisalreadyofexcellentqualitycharacteristicsandiswellrenownedforproducingsomeoftheplumpestgrainwithgoodtohighproteincontent,andasthisislocal,itislesslikelytocontainweedseedsandothercontaminantswhicharerisksassociatedwithimportedgrains.
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TraceyWylie,NickPooleFARAustralia
Theimportanceofanintegrateddiseasemanagement(IDM)approachtodiseasecontrolinTasmaniancerealcrops
IntegratedDiseaseManagement(IDM)
Achievingeffectiveandcostefficientdiseasecontrolincerealsisnotastandalonedebatebasedonfungicideapplicationandwhichactivetoapplyforaspecificdisease.Anintegratedapproachtodiseasecontroltakesintoaccountallthemeasuresthatcanreducediseasepressureandstartspresowing.ApplyingtheprinciplesofIDMcreatesnotonlytheopportunitytoincreasetheprofitabilityofthecropbutalsoreducesdiseasepressureforthefollowingseasonsandhelpsprolongthelifeoffungicidesavailablethroughfewermoretargetedapplications.
AnIDMapproachtodiseasecontrolincerealswillbeessentialinTasmaniasincealongergrowingseasonandhigherrainfallgeneratesmuchhigherdiseasepressurethanonthemainland.Importantlythislongerseasonresultsinmorefungicideapplicationsinthecourseofaseasoncomparedtomainlandcrops.IncreasedfungicideusagemeansthatTasmaniaisthemostlikelyregiontogeneratepathogenresistancetotheseagrichemicals.AdoptingIDMwillhelpreducethenumberoffungicideapplicationsandslowdownthebuild-upoffungicideresistance.TherearemanyfactorstoconsiderforsuccessfulIDM:
• Cultivarselection,lookforthestrongerresistancepackagesincultivarsadaptedforyourregionbasedondiseasesthatareproblematicinyourregion.
• Rotationpositionandstubblemanagement,whatinoculumhasbeenleftbehindfromthepreviouscerealcrop?Isthisgoingtoaffectthenextcrop,orthecerealcropoverthefence?
• Sowingwindow,earlysowncropsareexposedtopotentialinfectionforalongerperiod,particularlyinthetilleringphase,solooktousemoreresistantcultivarsforearlysowing.
• Thegrazingpotentialofthecrop;hardgrazinginmainlandresearchpreGS30-31hasbeenshowntoreplacetheneedforthefirstfoliarfungicideforthecontrolofleafrustandseptoria.
• WhenfungicidesareusedaspartofIDMapproachlooktorotatebetweendifferentmodesofactionandwhendiseasepressureishighlooktoapplymixturesofdifferentmodesofactiontopreventpathogenmutationsbuildingup.
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Fungicideresistance
TasmaniaiscurrentlytheonlyregioninAustraliawheretheSeptoriatriticiblotchpathogenhasdevelopedtheR8fungicideinsensitivestrainwhichdifferentiallyinfluencestheperformanceoftriazolefungicides.ThisstrainhasthesamemutationsasastrainidentifiedinEuropeandhasgreatestnegativeeffectwhentebuconazoleisusedandmoderateeffectswhenflutriafolisused.TheR8strainispresentintheSTBpopulationontheHyperYieldingsite.ThepresenceofthisstrainandthewetwintermayexplaintherelativelypoorcontrolofSTBachievedwithflutriafolonthesite,whenassessedinSQPRevenueatGS31.Atthe200g/haactiveingredientrate(fullrateofthedoublestrength)controlonthelowestleafassessedwas56%andonly6%at100g/haactiveingredient(labelrateforSTBcontrol).Flutriafolgavesimilarcontrollevelsofleafrustassessedatthesametime.
Newfungicideactiveingredientswithdifferentmodesofaction
Inadditiontoadoptingmoregeneticresistancegrowersarebeginningtoseetheintroductionofnewmodesofaction,inparticulartheSuccinateDehydrogenaseInhibitors(SDHI’s).TheyettobereleasedfoliarproductsproposedtobenamedAviatorXproandCeriaxareexamplesofnewSDHI’s(bixafenandfluxapyroxadrespectively)mixedwithtriazolefungicides.InadditionNewActivesresearchconductedonthemainlandandfundedthroughtheCentreforCrop&DiseaseManagement(CCDM)andGRDChasidentifiedusefulcontrolofSTBwithanexperimentalseedtreatment,whichatGS31wasgiving81%controlonthelowestleafassessed(F-5).
NickPooleFARAustralia
IncreasingwheatyieldsinTasmania-howmuchcanwedowithagronomyversusgermplasm?
OneoftheobjectivesoftheTasmanianHyperYieldingCerealsprojectistohave10%ofwheatcropsyielding14t/haby2020!Sohowarewetoachievesuchanaspirationaltarget?BroadlythefocusoftheresearchcentrehereatHagleyisaddressingthisobjectiveundertwomajorheadings;firstlydefiningthepotentialofnewfeedwheatcultivars(germplasm)todeliverhighyieldsintheTasmanianenvironment,andsecondlythroughnewagronomytechniques.Tofullyexplorethepotentialofnewcultivarstodeliverhighergrainyields,16wheatelitecultivarsprovidedbybreedersarebeinggrownunderfourmanagementregimesagainstthreefeedwheatcontrolsManning,SQPRevenueandBeaufort.
Interceptingmoresunlighttocreatemorebiomass
Theresearchonwheathasbeenestablishedattwosowingdates;6thand27thApril.Theearlierofthesesowingdateshasbeensetuptoexplorewhetherhighergrainyieldscanbecreatedwithearliersowing.Thelogicisthatearliersowinginterceptsmoresunlight,whichinturncreatesmorecropbiomassthatgivesrisetotheopportunityforhighergrainyields.ArguablyearlysowingisalreadywidelyestablishedintheTasmanianfarmingsystemduetoitsgrazingpotential.ButcanearlyAprilsowingsbasedonthecorrectcultivarsboostyieldswithoutbeingdefoliated?Theproblemwithearlysowingandcropswithhigherbiomassisthattheyarepredisposedtogreaterdiseasepressureandgreaterlodgingrisk.Inaddition,ifasaresultofearlysowingtheydeveloptooquicklythentheywillnotforfillthepotentialoftheearliersowingdateastheseasonlengthwillnotbeextended.
Idealattributesofcultivarstoexploitearlysowingwindows(lateMarch/earlyApril)
Inordertosuccessfullyachievehighyieldinggraincropsfromearlysowingcultivarsmusthavethreekeyattributes.Thesearei)excellentdiseaseresistancetodiseasesprevalentintheregion,ii)goodstandingpowertosupport12tplusgrainyieldsandiii) aslowerrateofdevelopmentorphenologythatbettermatchesalongergrowingseason.Grazingwheatcropsclearlyassistswithreducingdiseasepressure,improvingstandinganddelayingdevelopmentbutcouldthedrymatterremovedbygrazingbeputtowardshighergrainyieldsifretained?Grazingandhighinputmanagementwithoutgrazingarecomparedatthecentrethisseason.Rarelyisitpossibletofindnewcultivarsthatcombinethesethreeattributes(diseaseresistance,standingpowerandtheidealphenology)andhighyields.WithSeptoriaresistancerecentresearchfindingsfromtheJohnInnesInstituteintheUKsuggested
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itmaybedifficulttoachievehighyieldsandgoodresistancetothisdiseasesincemodernUKcultivarswerederivedfromacrosswherethesetwotraitswereveryclosetogether,suchthatselectionsforhighyieldcamewithapenaltyofSeptoriasusceptibility.Colleaguesintheprojectwillbecoveringtheagronomytechniquesinothersessionsthatmayallowustocoversomeoftheweaknessesincultivarsthatdonotpossessallthreecharacteristics(JonMidwoodonPGRprogrammesforearlysowncropsandTraceyWylieexaminingdiseasemanagementstrategies).ResearchsofarhasidentifiedasmallnumberofcandidatesthathavesimilarphenologytoManningandSQPRevenue,goodstandingpowerandreasonablediseaseresistancewhensownearly.Harvestwillinformuswhetherthesecandidatescanalsodelivergrainyield.
Yieldimprovementbasedonlowerinputandatraditionalsowingwindow.
Theissuewithmovingsowingdateearlieristhatfewerandfewercultivarcandidatesmakethegrade,sotheotherfocusofresearchatthecentrehasbeentoexplorethepotentialof35newcodedwheatcultivarsthatmighthavehighyieldpotentialunderamore“normal”feedwheatmanagementinatraditionallateAprilsowingwindow.Whilstthefocusisstillonhighyieldpotentialtheprojectteamislookingforhighyieldunderstandardratherthanhighinput.
HeatherCosgriffSouthernFarmingSystems(SFS)
MaximisingtheyieldsandmarginsofbarleyintheTasmanianenvironment
Keymessages
• Varietychoiceiskey-optforbestdiseaseresistanceprofileandlonggrowingseason.
• Oxford(Feed)barleyhadhighestyieldofallvarietiestestedin2013-15.• Sowingratesof180–220plants/m2aresuitableforcropsunderirrigation.• Considersowingmaltingqualityvarietiestomaximisemarketaccess.• Latenitrogenapplicationsincreasegrainprotein,potentiallydecreasing
maltingquality.• Availablesoilnitrogencansignificantlyaffectgrainyieldandquality.Consider
takingsoilcoresamplestotestfornitrogenatdepthbeforeestablishingafertiliserregime.
• ApplicationofPGRrarelyincreasedyieldinplottrials,buthasimproved/modifiedplantstructuretoreducelodging.
VarietyChoice
WestminsterhasreplacedGairdnerasthedominantbarleyvarietygrowninTasmaniawiththetwomajorbreweries,CascadeBreweryandBoagsBrewery,endorsingitformalting,acceptabilitytothebreweriesisanessentialconsiderationindecidingwhichvarietytogrow.OxfordBarleyhasshownthehighestyieldpotentialforearlysowings.Lowfeedgrainpriceshavebeenadrivingfactorinvarietychoicethisseason.SeeTable1.
Seedingrate
Inpasttrialssowingratedidnothaveaneffectongrainyield,protein,testweight,retentionsorscreenings.Sowingratedidhaveasignificanteffectontillernumber,butallsowingratesachievedanequivalentnumberofheadsatgrainfill.Seetable2.
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Table1.Barleyvarietygrainyieldandquality2014.
Table2.Comparisonofphenologicalcharacteristicsofbarleyatdifferentseeding
rates2013.
SowingRatePlantcount(no./m2)13-Jun-13
%plantsemerged13-Jun-13
Headcount(no./m2)13-Jan-14
Tillerno.(no./plant*)13-Jan-14
Low(180plants/m2) 157 c 87.2 a 1172 7.6 a
Std(250plants/m2) 196 b 78.4 b 1250 6.4 b
High(320plants/m2) 241 a 75.3 b 1187 5.0 c
Mean 198 80.3 1203 6.3P-value 0.0001 0.0030 0.4306 0.0037
LSD 12 3.2 NS 0.9
Meansfollowedbysameletterdonotdiffersignificantlyp=0.05,NS=notsignificant.(Source:SFSTasmanianTrialResultsBooks2013,2014)
Nitrogenstrategy
From2014-2015trialsitwasfoundapplyingureatobarleyatfirstnode(jointing)ratherthanearlytillerresultedingreateryield.Grainproteinpercentageincreasedwithincreasedureaapplicationlate,asexpected,butstillfellwithinmaltingparametersatthissite(max12%grainprotein).
Variety Yieldt/ha Protein(%) Testweight(kg/hL) Screenings(%) Plants/m2Oxford 7.88 a 13.6 b 65.6 a 3.88 b 91 bGranger 7.23 ab 14.1 a 63.8 b 3.71 b 221 aWestminster 7.20 b 13.5 b 65.4 a 3.67 b 228 aGairdner 6.29 c 14.3 a 61.7 c 13.50 a 246 a
PanelDiscussion
IncreasingCerealProductivity
TerryHoran,RobertsLimited
PatrickStephenson,NIABTAG,UK
WarrenDarling,CroppingFarmer,NZ
Notes:
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FoundationforArableResearchAustraliaAddress:23HighStreet,Inverleigh,Victoria,3321,Australia
Ph:+61352651290●Fax:+61352651601Web:www.far.org.nz(http://www.far.org.nz/)
ADDINGVALUETOTHEBUSINESSOFCROPPING