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THROUGH DIFFERENT EYES: Biographies of Eighteenth-Century

Residents

EDUCATION OUTREACH

THE COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG FOUNDATION

This packet of materials was developed by Elizabeth L. Maurer of Colonial Williamsburg’s Department of School and Group Services with additional material by Cynthia Burns, Ron

Poister, and Elisabeth Butler. © 2005 The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

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Table of Contents Biographical Roles Patriot: James Anderson ............................................................................................................................. 3 Lydia Broadnax............................................................................................................................ 11 Christiana Campbell..................................................................................................................... 19 Edmund Dickinson....................................................................................................................... 27 John Minson Galt......................................................................................................................... 35 James Geddy, Jr. .......................................................................................................................... 41 John Greenhow ............................................................................................................................ 48 Anthony Hay................................................................................................................................ 55 Judith............................................................................................................................................ 62 Benjamin Powell.......................................................................................................................... 69 Elizabeth Randolph...................................................................................................................... 78 Clementina Rind .......................................................................................................................... 93 Loyalist: Jane Hunter Charlton ................................................................................................................. 103 Eve ............................................................................................................................................. 111 Matthew Hubard ........................................................................................................................ 120 William Hunter, Jr. .................................................................................................................... 126 John Randolph ........................................................................................................................... 134 Undecided: Frances Tasker Carter ................................................................................................................ 141 Alexander Craig ......................................................................................................................... 148 Dennis ........................................................................................................................................ 154 Gaby........................................................................................................................................... 161 Gowan Pamphlet........................................................................................................................ 166 Catherine Rathell ....................................................................................................................... 171 John Rollinson ........................................................................................................................... 178 Adam Waterford ........................................................................................................................ 184 Images Chart .......................................................................................................188 Image Descriptions*............................................................................................190 Bibliography ........................................................................................................194 *More information about images marked with an asterisk (*) may be found in the Image Descriptions (p. 190).

James Anderson

James Anderson was a successful blacksmith. He served as public armourer for both the colony of Virginia and Commonwealth of Virginia after independence was declared. He advertised in the Virginia Gazette for apprentices to train and later offered their wares, nails, for sale. He was married to Hannah Tyler of Essex County and they had 8 children. He died in 1798 and is buried in Bruton Parish Church Yard.

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James Anderson

Character Biography

Name: James Anderson Birth Place: Abingdon Parish, Gloucester, VA Birth Date: January 24, 1739/40 Death Place: Williamsburg, VA (Buried in Bruton Parish Church Yard) Death Date: September 1798 Parents: William Anderson Sarah Pate Anderson Siblings: Anne (b. December 26, 1737/8) Sarah (b. November 23, 1741—d. June 1, 1824) William (b. November 18, 1743) Matthew (b. October 6, 1745—d. November 1803) Mary (b. March 5, 1747/8—d. December 10, 1822) Rachel (b. July 9, 1756—d. December 6, 1825) Education: Anderson could read and write. He was possibly apprenticed to his uncle

Thomas Pate, a Williamsburg blacksmith. Occupation: Blacksmith (1762-1798) Merchant ? (1770-1773) Office(s) Held: Public Armourer—Colony of Virginia (1765-1776) Petit Juror—York County, VA (1770, 1771, 1772) Public Armourer—Commonwealth of Virginia (1776-1782) Captain—Company of Artificers (1780-1782) Residence(s): Abingdon Parish, Gloucester, VA (1740-1762?) Williamsburg, VA (1762-1767) unknown Williamsburg, VA (June 1767-October 1770) Southern half of Lot 19 Williamsburg, VA (October 1770-1780?) Lot 18 Richmond, VA (1780?-1783) Ward 4 Williamsburg, VA (1783-1798) Lot 18 Spouse(s): Hannah Tyler of Essex County, VA (b. December 25, 1740—d. January 12, 1803) (m. February 8, 1766—Prince George County, VA)

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James Anderson

Children: William (b. January 2, 1767—d. September 1802) John Tyler (b. September 7, 1768—d. January 12, 1803 [or 5]) Leroy (b. December 6, 1770—d. November 21, 1837) Ann (Nancy) (b. October 24, 1772—d. after 1840) James (b. October 8, 1774—d. June 15, 1805) Julia (b. March 9, 1777) Henry (b. March 29, 1779—d. after 1840) Robert (b. October 22, 1781—d. 1859) Miscellaneous: According to court records and government records, James Anderson had

a number of apprentices and slaves both in Williamsburg and in Richmond.

Sources: Family Record Book of James Anderson Abingdon Parish, Gloucester County, VA James City County (VA) Sheriff Book Robert Carter Account Book Robert Anderson Papers Virginia Gazette & General Advertiser York County (VA) Records

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James Anderson

Letter from Governor Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee

Saturday the 21st of March 1777. Mr. James Anderson this day agreed to do Blacksmith’s work for the Commonwealth of Virginia at his shop in Williamsburg on the following terms for six months, and for a longer time unless he shall give the Board one month’s notice of his intention to decline the Business, or they shall give him the same notice of their intention to discontinue him via Mr. Anderson is to be allowed fifteen shillings per day for his own wages including Sundays, for the rent of his shop, six setts of Tools and eight Vices for the Gunsmiths Business at the rate of ninety pounds per annum, he is to be allowed 6 per day for boarding each work man, for his two forges and five apprentices three pounds per month each, and if he is deprived of either of them by any accident he is to supply their place with another Hand as good; He is to employ such other workmen as the public Business requires on the best terms he can, and charge the country with whatever wages he pays. Official Letters, Governors of Virginia, Letters of Patrick Henry, Vol. I, p. 127. Virginia Gazette October 3, 1777

Williamsburg; Sept. 25, 1777. GREAT wages will be given by the subscriber to journeymen GUNSMITHS, BLACKSMITHS, and NAILORS, that are good workmen. None others need apply. Six or eight boys are wanting, as APPRENTICES. (tf) JAMES ANDERSON Virginia Gazette March 29, 1776 STRAYED or STOLEN from me when at Williamsburg, about the first of February last, a mouse-coloured mare with a blaze face, about 13 hands and a half high, about 6 years old, but is not branded that I remember. Whoever brings her to mr. James Anderson, blacksmith, or to me in Louisa, shall have 10s. reward. ELLYSON ARMISTEAD

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James Anderson

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James Anderson Ledger 1771 Mr Henry Morse Dr to James Anderson Jan 22 To Cleaning 3 guns @ 3/ 0..9..0 March 22 To Cleaning 3 Do @ 3/ 0..9..0 August 28 To plating Chair Shafts ?..?..3 To mendg a spring 0..2..6 1772 May 25 To a New tumbler pr lock 0..2..6 June 3 To Mending Bridle Bitt 0..0..7 1/2

7 To Mending a Chair 0..2..6 July 30 To Altering a Spring 0..3..9 To Do 2 bolts 0..1..3 May 18 To feeding 2 horses 20 days @ 4/ 4..0..0 To laing axletree pr Chair 0.15..0 To 3 Tiar Nails @ 1 1/2d 0..0..4 1/2 To pr Clamps pr Wheels 0..2..6 July 5 To 2 gallons oats 0..1..3 . . . Decmb 7 To a key pr lock 2/6 mendg lock 1/3 0..3..9 1774 Jany 18 To a Nutt for Chair 0..0..7 1/2 Augt 22 To 8 Dog Nails 8d Cleang a Gun 2/6 0..3..2 1775 May 17 To a Key for a lock 0..2..6 Webb-Prentis Papers (Alderman Library, University of Virginia). Work done for the Capitol by James Anderson 1773 May 24 To Cleaning a Stove 1..0..0 July 26 To 4 Bars prs Statue 2..4..5 Octr 3 To 3 Bars prl Doors @ 2/6 0..7..6 To 4 Do @ 5/. 20 mendg a hinge 2/6 1..2..6

4 To Eight hooks @ 7 1/2 0..5..0 15 To 2 Keys prs locks @ 3/9 0..7..6 To a Box prs do

1773 Country Dr Apr 25 To half a Year Salary as Armourer to the Magazine £10 Anderson Accounts, Brock Collection (Huntington Library).

James Anderson

James Anderson House

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James Anderson

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James Anderson Blacksmith Shop

Lydia Broadnax

Magazine

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Lydia Broadnax

Lydia Broadnax was a slave who later became a free woman. She belonged to George Wythe, who was a prominent member of the gentry class, a lawyer, a Burgess, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. After George Wythe's wife died, he returned several slaves to her family from whom they originally came. Wythe freed the slaves that he himself owned, including Lydia Broadnax. Lydia continued in George Wythe's employment, probably as a cook and housekeeper.


Lydia Broadnax

Character Biography

Name: Lydia Broadnax Birth Place: “Chesterville” in Elizabeth City County, VA Birth Date: ca. 1736 (she was about 33 years old in 1769, about 39 years old in 1775,

about 40 years old in 1776, and over 45 years old when she was freed in 1787)

Death Place: Unknown Death Date: Sometime after September 25, 1820 (when her will was written) Will probated in Richmond on February 26, 1827 Parents: Father—possibly a white overseer at “Chesterville” Mother—Letty, an enslaved woman Siblings: Letty Robertson John Occupation: Cook Boarding House Keeper Residence(s): “Chesterville” in Elizabeth City County, VA Williamsburg, VA Spouse(s): None known Children: None known Sources: Virginia Gazette and Weekly Advertiser Richmond (VA) Hustings Court Records City of Richmond (VA) Personal Property Tax Lists United States Census York County (VA) Project Henrico County (VA) Records Williamsburg (VA) Personal Property Tax Lists


Lydia Broadnax

Letter to Thomas Jefferson

Richmond 9 April 1807

Sir, I beg leave to trouble you with these lines, hoping you will lay such favorable construction as the nature of my distressed situation shall appear & present require. You must know Sir, that since the death of my dear old Master (Judge Wythe) I have already labored under many tedious difficulties, and what is more unfortunate my eyesight has almost failed me. I believe it is owing to the dreadful complaint the whole family was afflicted with at the decease of my poor Master—supposed to be the effect of poison.—It is true I have a tolerable, comfortable house to live in, but being almost intirely deprived of my eyesight, together with old age and infirmness of health I find it extremely difficult in procuring merely the daily necessaries of life—and without some assistance I am fearful I shall sink under the burden. This being my situation I am compelled to resort to this crisis—from the old and intimate acquaintance, and knowing your benevolence do now appeal to you for some charitable aid, which I have no doubt your generous hands will not refuse when considering my embarrassed circumstances—and be well assured that nothing but this, and this alone seises me with fortitude to make my supplications known to you. If this should meet your approbation -& such charity as you shall think proper to bestow to me you will please to inclose in a letter directed to me by the Mail to [crossed out] at this City—and the favor will ever be remembered by Your obt. & humble Servant Lydia Broadnax Jefferson sent Broadnax fifty dollars, but not directly. He instructed his Virginia agent—a cousin, George Jefferson—to forward the money for him. “I have received a letter,” he wrote, “from Lydia Broadnax, the freed woman of my deceased friend Mr. Wythe, stating that she is in considerable embarrassment for the daily necessities of life, & asking some charity. I cannot from here make any remittance, but will thank you to inform her that you are authorized to pay her 50 D. out of the money you are to receive from me.” Excerpt from: Jack McLaughlin, ed., To His Excellency Thomas Jefferson, Letters to a President. (W.W. Norton & Co., 1991), 128-129.


Lydia Broadnax

The Last Will and Testament of Lydia Broadnax City of Richmond Will Book Examined In the name of God Amen. I Lydia Broadnax of the city of Richmond, being old and infirm, but in my perfect senses at present, and in tolarably good health, do make this my last will and testament. I decree and direct that a space of ground twenty feet in length and twelve feet in breadth, in the back part of the lot on which I now live in the City of Richmond, be laid off and forever appropriated to the use and purpose of a burial ground and that my body be interred in that place. And I hereby give, devise and bequeath all my property, subject to the said reservation of a burial ground, which property consists of a house and half acre of ground in the City of Richmond, and my household furniture, and whatever ready money and other goods I may die entitled to, or possessed of, to Philip Wythe ( Judah ) and Benjamin Wythe ( Judah ), free boys of colour, grandsons of my sister Letty Robertson deceased, to them and their heirs and assigns forever. I appoint Mr. Isaac Judah of the said city, executor of this my Will, confiding in his kindness & disposition to do justice and in testimony of all and singular the foregoing devises, dispositions and bequests, I have subscribed my name hereto, and published and declared this to be my last will and testament, this twenty-fifth day of September, in the year of our Lord, one thousand and eight hundred & twenty – her Lydia — Broadnax mark Signed & acknowledged as the last will and testament of the said Lydia Broadnax by her in our presence Wm. Mumford George W. Mumford J H Jude William Blackburn Jr. At a Court of Hustings held for the City of Richmond, at the Court house, on the 26th day of February 1827. This last will and testament of Lydia Broadnax was proved by the oath of George W. Mumford, a witness thereto. And at a court of Hustings held for the said city on the 22nd day of September 1827, the said will was proved by the oath of William Blackburn Jr, another witness thereto, who also proved that Joh H. Jude, the third subscribing witness to the said Will is dead. Whereupon the said Will was ordered to be recorded. Teste Th. B. Howard. clk. 1787 September 15; recorded 1787 September 17. York County Deed Book 6 (1777-1791).


Lydia Broadnax

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p. 351. Orig: York County Clerk’s Office, Yorktown, VA. Microfilm available in CWF Library, M-1.17. Transcribed by Cathy Hellier 5/5/87. I acknowledge the negro woman Lydia freed from slavery by me to have been at the time of her manumission more than forty five Years old, and in testimony thereof put my name and seal hereunto this fifteenth day of September, one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven. Signed and sealed in presence of Joseph Prentis G. Wythe L.S. R. Waller At a court held for York County the seventeenth day of September 1787 This certificate was proved by the Oaths of Joseph Prentis Esquire and Robert Hall Waller and ordered to be recorded. Exd. Teste R. Waller cyc

Lydia Broadnax

George Wythe House

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Lydia Broadnax

George Wythe Kitchen

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Lydia Broadnax

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Lydia’s Room

Christiana Campbell

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Christiana Campbell was a successful tavern keeper in Williamsburg. She was a widow with two children when she opened her first tavern. She moved her business around town several times to take advantage of better locations. Many wealthy and important members of Williamsburg society were guests at her establishment. She owned several slaves, some of whom she sent to the Bray School in Williamsburg. After the Revolution, Mrs. Campbell retired from the tavern keeping business and lived quietly in Williamsburg.

Christiana Campbell

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Character Biography

Name: Christiana Campbell Birth Place: Unknown Birth Date: 1723 Death Place: Fredericksburg, VA (Buried in Old Masonic Burying Ground,

Fredericksburg) Death Date: March 25, 1792 Parents: John Burdett (Keeper of Burdett’s Ordinary, Williamsburg, VA) Mary Siblings: Mary Occupation: Tavern Keeper Residence(s): Blandford (Near Petersburg, VA) (?-1752) Williamsburg, VA (1752/3-Late 1780s) Fredericksburg, VA (possibly 1787-1792) Spouse(s): Dr. Ebenezer Campbell, Apothecary (d. sometime before August 14,

1752) Children: Mary (Molly) (b. ca. 1750—d. ?) Ebenezer (Ebe) (b. 1752—d. 1804) Miscellaneous: Christiana Campbell operated a tavern on the site of the reconstructed

James Anderson House (ca. 1760). She also operated a coffee house on the eastern side of Lot 58 (Charlton Coffee House site) in the spring of 1771. By the fall of 1771 she moved to the tavern east of the Capitol that currently bears her name.

Sources: Colonial Williamsburg Research Report #7102 Colonial Williamsburg Research Report #1098 Virginia Gazette William & Mary Quarterly

Christiana Campbell

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George Washington Ledger A (1750-1772) Feby. 1757 3 By {Money} gave Mrs. Campbell £ 1..15.0 Apl. 1761 13 Mrs. Campbells £ 2..5..0 March 1762

Williamsburg Mrs. Campbell £ 8.17.6 May 1763

By Mrs. Campbell acct. 40/ Novr. 1763 3 By Mrs. Campbells acct. £ 4..4..0 Jany 1764 21 By Mr[s]. Campbells for lodging £ 2..0..0 Decr. 1764 14 By Mrs. Campbell pd. her in Cash £22.7..6 Decr. 1766 12 By Mrs. Campbell for board & Lodge. £17.7..6

Christiana Campbell

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Correspondence of Robert Carter Nicholas to Rev. John Waring 16 February 1769 Negroes now at School [February 1769] Mrs. Prisca. Dawson's Grace 1 Mr. R.C. Nicholas's Sarah 1 Mr. President Blair's Catherine, Nancy Johanna & Clara Bee 4 Mr. Hay's Jerry, Joseph, Dick 3 Mrs. Chiswell's Jack 1 Mrs. Campbell's Mary, Sally, Sukey 3 Mrs. Speaker's Sam 1 Mrs. Vobe's Jack 1 John & Mary Ashby . . free 2 Mrs. Ayscough's Sally 1 The College. Adam, Fanny 2 The Commissary's Charlotte 1 Mrs. Blaikley's Jenny, Jack 2 Hon. Robert Carter's Dennis 1 Mr. Hornsby's Nancy, Judy, Ratchel 3 Mr. Cocke's Mourning 1 Mr. Davenport's Matt, Henry 2

Christiana Campbell

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Journal of Alexander Macaulay (1754 - 1798) pp. 186-188 February 1783

Thus was our time spent until we opened the spires of Williamsburg, & could plainly discern the Geese walking on the top of the Capitol! Theres the Colledge, remarkable for the excellence of its Proffessors in all the different branches of Literature; Law, Physic, & Philosophy; Poetry, Painting, & Musick; all the liberal Arts are here cultivated in the greatest perfection; Theres the Capitol, in which the fate of Empires has been decided like that of ancient Rome. There the eloquence of Demosthenes or Cicero, Mansfield, or Camden has been far outshone. Theres the Church fam'd for its noble Organ of one hundred tones, touch'd by the modern Orpheus-- the inimitable Pelham. Theres the Prison, where there are none confined excepting those unfortunate people who have been guilty of Horse Stealing. On that spot where you see these ruins, formerly stood the Palace which far exceeded the Temple of Diana at Ephesus; or that of the Sun at Palmyra. Theres is the Raleigh Tavern, where more Business has been transacted than on the Exchange of London or Amsterdam; in that Building formerly assembled the rich, wealthy merchants of all Countries from Indies to the pole, from the Tweed to the Orcades; here the Exchange of the world, the relative value of money in every Kingdom on Earth was settled; who has not heard of the fame of the Merchts of this ancient Dominion, your Hansons, Brisbanes, & etc.

There sits the Master of this extensive Building comparing past and present times; alas how changed! The seat of Empire removed, commerce at an end By the fury of a civil War. He is grown grey in the service of his Country & watching the motions of a Hostile, inveterate enemy. By this time we found ourselves at Mrs. Campbells, we alighted & walked in; the House had a cold, poverty struck apperance; a large cold room on the left hand, no white Person yet appeared; several negroes; "Pray does not Mrs. Campbell live here!" "Yes." "Will you be so good as inform her We shall be happy to see her;" presently she came in. But as I did not approve of waiting for her in the passage, I had by this time led Bettsey into the cold parlour. Our Landladys looks were not more inviting than her House. Figure to yourself a little old Woman, about four feet high; & equally thick, a little turn up Pug nose, a mouth scrwe'd up to one side; in short, nothing in any part of her appearance in the least inviting; I wish'd we were out of the House, fairly out of the House; But we were in for it, and I was obliged to accost her, "A-Hem, Madam! Hem--Madam! I ought to make an apology for this liberty, being on way thow Williamsurg Madam, & knowing you formerly kept a very genteel House, We could not resist the inclination we had to call and take a Familly Dinner with you, Madam; We hope we will be no inconvenience. We are not nice, Madam; anything you have provided for yourself, Madam, will do; a few Oysters will not be amiss; my Wife, here she stands, is fond of Oysters Cook'd any way; & in the meantime Madam, will you be so good as order one of your Aids to make a little fire in this room;" By this time we had all the negro's in the House, about a dozen, around us. I thought I had made a Capital Speechification, & stopt to draw my breath & give her time to answer; with a very ill mannered tone, she replied, "I don't keep a house of entertainment,

Christiana Campbell

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nor have not for some years;" Bettsey & I gap'd at one another; at least I recovered Spirits enough to say, "We have been misinform'd, Madam, I Beg pardon for this intrusion, impute it to ignorance only; But as we are fairly landed here" (for By this time Solomon had taken out his Horses) "suppose for this one time you relent, Madam; it will be charity, Madam, and charity covers a mulitude of Sins, Madam; Angels sometime travell in disguise to mark the Deeds of Mortals;" she look'd up at me with the same amiable simplicity, as much as to say, your face is not smooth enough, even for an angel in disguise; and again answered, "I have no entertainment." She was now joined By her elder Daughter Molly, a Maiden Lady of about 45. You know old Andrew Greenhow of your County; I thought it had been him in petticoats; it was indeed high time to take some measures for a retreat from these amiable personages; I therefore immediately directd Solomon to put his Horses to the Carriage, in an audible voice, as we had come to a Damn'd bad Shop. I handed Bettsey into the Carriage, and could scarce help blessing them for a couple of Hell Cats; Miss Molly followed us to the Door, and told us Mrs. Craig was the only Lady in Town who kept a publick House; I thank'd her for her information, & to reward her shall direct my Brother Peter to give her a call the first time he comes to Williamsburg. Perhaps he may be of some service to her. We drove to Mrs. Craigs whose appearance prepossessed us in her favour as much as Mrs. Campbells had against her; We met here with a Col. Monroe, one of the Honorable Council, who appear'd to be a modest, well-behav'd Man, But Rather young for a Counsellor; the good Landlady was extremely kind, gave us a good Dinner, was at pains to send all over the Town untill she procured some Oysters for Bettsey, entertained us with a degree of good nature which is peculiar to Fat people; you probably know her, she is exactly shap'd like a Rum Hdd; she play'd a good knife & forke, & had no objection to a glass of genuine Port, which I assure you did not come amiss to some of the rest of the Company. At four o'clock we bid adieu to our good Landlady, after assuring her that should we come to Williamsburg again, we would most certainly have the pleasure of waiting on her. We arrived safe at his place [Yorktown] with daylight, found everything ready for our reception, Sup'd heartily upon Oysters & went to Bed.

Christiana Campbell

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Memorial (tombstone) Masonic Cemetery Fredericksburg, Virginia In memory of Mrs. Christiana Campbell, late of Williamsburgh, Relict of Doctor Ebenezer Campbell, formerly of Petersburgh, who departed this life 25th March, 1792, in the 70th year of her age. She was humane, generous, and kind, an affectionate and indulgent parent, warm in her attachments, Sincere in her professions, An enemy to oppression, A friend to the distressed, The means whose relief she generously exercised and promoted. She lived respectably beyond the usual period of mortality, Till life's taper gradually declined, and died universally beloved as universally lamented.

Christiana Campbell

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Christiana Campbell’s Tavern

Edmund Dickinson

Edmund Dickinson was a cabinetmaker in Williamsburg. By 1771, he was plying his trade in the shop on Nicholson Street that had belonged to Anthony Hay. He advertised in the Virginia Gazette and sold furniture to well known Virginians like Patrick Henry. Some of the furniture he made was owned by Lord Dunmore, the last royal governor and can still be seen at the Governor’s Palace. He died at the Battle of Monmouth in 1778.

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Edmund Dickinson

Character Biography

Name: Edmund Dickinson Birth Place: Unknown Birth Date: Unknown Death Place: Monmouth, NJ Death Date: June 28, 1778 Parents: Unknown Siblings: Agnes Lucy (Mrs. Robert Gibbons) Mrs. Judith Farrer Mrs. Elizabeth Warren Education: Apprentice Cabinetmaker Occupation: Cabinetmaker Office(s) Held: Captain, 10th Company, of the First VA Regiment of Foot Residence(s): Unknown Spouse(s): Unmarried Children: None Sources: York County (VA) Records Furniture of Williamsburg and Eastern Virginia, 1710-1790 Colonial Williamsburg Journal, Spring 2001

Colonial Williamsburg Research Report: “Cabinetmaking in the Eighteenth Century”

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Edmund Dickinson

Virginia Gazette January 3, 1771 Edmund Dickinson, Cabinetmaker, Williamsburg Informs the publick that he has lately opened the Shop formerly occupied by Mr. Anthony Hay, where may be had all Sorts of Cabinetwork. Those gentlemen who please to favour him with their Orders may depend on their Work being well and punctually executed. He has for Sale two Hundred and fifty Acres of Woodland, within seven Miles of Petersburg, which he will sell for Cash, or short Credit. Virginia Gazette May 10, 1776 STRAYED from York town about three weeks ago, a likely gray horse about 15 hands high, his marks forgot, paces, trots, and gallops well. Whoever brings him to me, at the said place, shall receive 10s. Edmund B. Dickinson Edmund B. Dickinson Will

Williamsburg 28 March 1778

It is my Will & Desire that all my Estate real & personal at My Death after all my Debts . . . shall be Divided Between my Two Sisters Agnes & Lucy Dickinson except thirty pounds to be pade to Elizabeth Warren and twenty pounds to Judith Farrer also if my Sister Warren will incline I do desire that my Nephew Thos Warren may be put to a good school Master or Masters and that Sixty pounds out of Real Estate may be reserved for his Education Edmund B. Dickinson

Maj. Dickinson

Will The Dickinson Family Papers, 1778-1845. MS 2001.9 George Washington specifically mentioned Dickinson’s death in his personal correspondence. In a letter to Governor Patrick Henry on July 4, 1778, General Washington stated that the loss of Major Dickinson “ought much to be regretted by his friends and Countrymen as he possessed every qualification to render him eminent in the Military line.”

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Edmund Dickinson

The Dickinson Family Papers, 1778-1845. MS 2001.9 Letter to sister Lucy Dear Girl I embrace this opportunity to communicate a few sentiments to you as well as inform of the Joy circulating through our Camp at the Glorious news from France which I make no doubt has reached your City by this time ‘tis no less than an offer of Alliance from France & Spain on the most Honourable terms possible. I make not the least doubt but it will cause a Peace before the leaves (which now are just buding out here) falls from their tinder Sprigs. Understand by Billy Nicolson my shirts are comeing on which I thank you most kindly for have desired him to supply you with cash when you may want it as well as your Sister Agnes your provider will direct the proper use of it give my compliments to Mrs. Craig & Husband &c &c &c When you write to your York correspondent you will present my compliments to her & Family while I subscribe myself Your [lov]ing Brother Edmund B. Dickinson Camp Valley Forge May 9th 1778 York County Records, No. 8, Deeds, 1769-1777. The indenture of apprenticeship of James Tyrie to Edmund Dickinson, Williamsburg cabinetmaker, is typical of apprenticeships to cabinetmakers. Dickinson undertook to instruct

. . . his said lawful Apprentice in the same art of a Cabinet Maker which he useth by the best means that he can shall teach and instruct or cause to be taught and instructed finding unto the said Apprentice sufficient Meat Drink Washing Lodging &c during the said term of five years.

Tyrie, at the same time, undertook the obligation that

. . . his said Master shall faithfully serve his secrets keep his lawful commands every where gladly do, he shall do no damage to his said Master nor see to be done of others, but that he to his power shall let or forth with give warning to his said Master of the same he shall not waste the goods of his said Master nor lend them unlawfully to any he shall not commit fornication nor contract Matrimony within the said term He shall not play at Cards Dice Tables or any other unlawful games whereby his said Master may have any loss, with his own Goods or others during the said term, without a licence of his said Master He shall neither buy nor sell He shall not Haunt Taverns nor Play Houses nor absent himself from his said Masters Service Day nor Night—unlawfully But in all things as a faithful Apprentice he shall behave himself towards his said Master and all his, during the said term

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Edmund Dickinson

The Appraisment of the Personal Estate of Major Edmund Dickinson decd. taken this 28th. July 1778. 81 Planes of different sorts £14..2..6 1 large framed Saw £5 19..2..6 1 small framed Saw 30/ 1 Whip Saw 60/ 1 Tenant 1 Panel 1 hand Saw 74/ 8..4..- 3 dove tailed 1 Bow and 1 Sash Saw 30/ 47 Carving Chissels & Gouges 94/ 6..4..- 1 Stock and 20 Bitts 60/ 6 Morticeing chisels 20/ 4..-..- 2 Iron hold fasts 30/ 1 large Cramp 40/ 1 small Do. 20/ 4..10..- 1 bench Vice 30/ 2 Oyl Stones Bedstead Keys 28/ 2..18..- 1 Hatchet 2/6 2 Squares Bevels & Gages 6/ 1 Tool Chest 30/ 1..18..6 1 pr. Pinchers pr. Nippers Saw Sett and Punches 0..12..- part of Case of Drawing Instruments 10/ 2 Irons 5/ 0..15..- 1 black leather Trunk 30/ Grey Cloth Coat and Waistcoat 40/ 3..10..- brown Cloth Coat and Waistcoat £6 1 pr. buff Silk Stocking breeches £5 11..-..- 3 white waistcoats and breeches £9 2 Stript tyke Waistcoats £3 12..-..- 3 pr. Breeches and pr. Drawwers £3..18/ 2 Cloth Waist coats £3 6..18..- pr. black Cloth Leggings 12/ 1 Shirt and 3 Stocks 50/ 3..2..- 2 pr. brown thread and 1 pr. worsted Stockings 3..-..- 1 Case drawing Instruments 40/ 1 Tea Kettle 40/ 9 Pewter Plates 30/ 5..10..- 1 Camp bedstead £5 1 Window blind £3 3 Yard Yellow Canvas 36/ 9..16..- A Marker and Tent £30 “The Preceptor 2 Vols. £1.10/ 31..10..- Fennings Dictionary 15/ Boyers French Dictionary and Grammer 44/ 2..19..- Spectator 8 Vols. and Tapers 4 Vols. 3..7..6 Age of Lewis 15th 2 Vols 18/ Wises Companion 6/ 1..4..- Universal Gazetteer 12/ British Merchant 18/ 1..10..- Conniosseur 4 Vols. 24/ Quintessince of Poetry 18/ 2..2..- Essay on health 6/ Longinus on the Sublime 4/ 0..10..- Types for marking Linnen 15/ Chippendales Designs £6 6..15..- Gold Appulet 12/ Silver Stock buckles 15/ 1..7..- Masons Apron 30/ New Rifle Gun £6 7..10..- Emsons Machanicks 2..12..- £164..6..6 Agreeable to an Order of York County Court We the Subscribers have appraised the Personal Estate of Major Edmund Dickinson decd as above to £164..6..6 current Money of Virginia. July 28th. 1778. Hum’y Harwood Wm. Goodson Benja. Bucktrout Returned into York County Court the 17th. day of August 1778 and Ordered to be recorded. Exd. Teste Thos. Everard Cl: Cur York County Wills & Inventories 22, 1771-1783, p. 401.

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Edmund Dickinson

Portrait of Edmund Dickinson*

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Edmund Dickinson

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Chair made in the Edmund Dickinson Shop*

Edmund Dickinson

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Anthony Hay Shop*

John Minson Galt

John Minson Galt was an apothecary and surgeon. He studied medicine in London and received his M.D. degree from Edinburgh University. He entered into a partnership with Dr. William Pasteur in Williamsburg in 1775 and eventually bought the shop and continued his practice. He served in the Revolution as a military surgeon and was at the siege of Yorktown. Dr. Galt was a vestryman of Bruton Parish and attendant physician for the Public Hospital. He served on the Hospital’s Court of Directors until his death in 1808.

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John Minson Galt

Character Biography

Name: John Minson Galt Birth Place: Unknown Birth Date: 1744 Death Place: Williamsburg, VA Death Date: 1808 Parents: Samuel Galt Lucy Clealand Siblings: James Galt Education: College of William and Mary Medical Education in Edinburgh and Paris (1765-67) Occupation: Apothecary Office(s) Held: Vestryman of Bruton Parish Board of Directors for College of William and Mary Court of Directors for the Public Hospital (Insane Asylum) Residence(s): Williamsburg, VA (1754-1765) Edinburgh, Scotland and Paris, France (1765-1767) Williamsburg, VA (1768-1808) Spouse(s): Judith Craig (m. April 6, 1769) Children: Sarah Trebell Galt (baptized at Bruton Parish Church 1782) Lucy Ann Galt (baptized at Bruton Parish Church June 26, 1785) Miscellaneous: The children of Galt’s slave Betty were baptized at Bruton Parish Church: George Preston (July 6, 1783) Polly Preston (May 1, 1785) Sources: Virginia Gazette William and Mary Quarterly York County (VA) Project Bruton Parish Records

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John Minson Galt

Virginia Gazette April 23, 1772 DR. KEYSER’s famous PILLS are to be had, with full Directions for their Use in all Cases, at JOHN M. GALT’s Shop, near the Capitol, in Williamsburg.

WHO takes the Liberty to give the Publick some Particulars relating to them, that such Persons as are suffering under any Degree of a CERTAIN DISEASE may be encouraged to use the Means for their Recovery, which have hitherto been successful beyond all the other Inventions of human Subtlety. The Preparation has been discovered only eleven Years. The Patient is most effectually cured without any inconvenience to himself, or being exposed to the Shame and Confusion of his Disaster being known to the nicest Observer. When he is condemned to a torturing Salivation, he finds himself blessed in a Reprieve by substituting this Medicine; and it has ever been found a certain Cure after the noisome and excruciating Torments of filthy Salivations have failed. His Majesty ordered the most rigid and nicest Examinations, by twenty seven of the principal Physicians and Surgeons, to be made, not only immediately upon the Persons having been treated with the Medicine, but even for the Space of two Years afterwards, to see if the Cures of all the numerous Patients were durable; when, to the eternal Honour of Doctor Keyser, there was not found a single Instance of Failure. This occasioned the King to establish an Hospital, where these Pills alone are administered, and from whence seven Thousand Soldiers have been dismissed since the 20th of April, 1763, perfectly restored to Health. His Majesty, in Reward for such important Services to Mankind, has settled an Annuity of seven Hundred and fifty Pounds upon the ingenious Inventor. The happy Effects of Keyser’s Pills have been often proved in white Swellings, Asthmas, Suppressions of Urine, in the Palsy, Apoplexies, Sciaticks, in the Green Sickness, and more especially in the Yaws. The Cures are attested by the Duke of Bedford, and Lord Ligonier, in England; and the Dukes of Nivermois, Choiseul, and Praslin, in France. We certify, to all whom it may concern, that since the Establishment of our Hospital, in the Year of our Lord 1757, for the Use of the Soldiers of the French Guards, it appears, by the Registers of the said Hospital, that Mr. Keyser’s Medicine has already cured five Hundred and fifty eight Soldiers, who (by the Accounts of our Physicians and Surgeon Majors) were afflicted with the most severe and inveterate Disorders, many of which were unconquerable by repeated Salivations and other Methods, without our having lost a single Man; whereas, before Mr. Keyes’s new discovered Remedy, we generally lost near Half the Number of those who were treated for this Disorder by the best Methods then in Use; That we caused the strictest and repeated Examinations to be made of the Cures performed; and having no other Motive but that of Humanity in the Preservation of Mens Lives, we thought it, therefore, our Duty to give particular Attention to this Object, in Consequence of which we have supported it with our warmest Protection, &c. We certify, moreover, that, in Consideration of the continual Success of this Remedy, examined and acknowledged, it has pleased his Majesty to purchase the Secret, and to grant a Pension of ten Thousand Livres a Year to Mr. Keyser, which is notorious to all Paris, as also an exclusive Privilege of making and vending his Medicine during his Life; that Mr. Keyser’s Remedy is

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John Minson Galt

adopted and made Use of by Order of the Government, in all the military Hospitals of the Kingdom, from whence we daily receive Letters filled with the greatest Encomiums on its Superiour Virtues. We have, therefore, signed the present Certificate with our own Hands, sealed with the Seal of our Arms, and counter-signed by our first Secretary, the 20th of April 1763. BEDFORD. LIGONIER Marshal Duke of BIRON. Duke of CHOISEUL. (SIGNED) Duke of PRASLIN. Duke of NIVERMOIS. And underneath by their respective Secretaries, with the Seals of their Arms annexed. They are sold in Boxes, with printed Directions for taking them, at two Dollars and a Half and five Dollars each. This Medicine is sold for Mr. James Rivington of New York, the only Person appointed by Doctor Keyser to vend them in America. Virginia Gazette May 8, 1779 To be SOLD to the highest bidder, for ready money, on Tuesday the 18th instant (May) at the late dwellinghouse of Mr. Alexander Purdie, deceased. ALL his personal estate, consisting of a great variety of exceeding good household and kitchen furniture, 130 ounces of plate, two horses and saddles, a neat Italian riding chair and harness, and nine slaves, amongst them a carpenter, gardener, and cook. Also his printing materials and a few books. Likewise his dwellinghouse and lots, and printing office, together with the unexpired lease of the adjoining house, used as a composing and press room. Possession of the dwellinghouse will be given the first of October, and the office immediately. RO. ANDERSON, J.M. GALT Executors

All persons who are indebted to the estate are requested to make immediate payment; and

those who have any demands against the same are desired to make them known.

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John Minson Galt

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John Minson Galt

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Apothecary Jar*

John Minson Galt

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Galt Apothecary Shop

James Geddy, Jr.

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James Geddy, Jr. was orphaned at about the age of 13, when his father died, and was probably apprenticed to a silversmith shortly afterward. In 1760, he purchased the family property from his mother and established his business at the site across Palace Green from Bruton Parish Church. His success in business paralleled his status in the community. He became a member of the Common Council and supported the Nonimportation Agreement. In late 1777 or early 1778 Geddy left Williamsburg and moved his business to Petersburg.

James Geddy, Jr.

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Character Biography

Name: James Geddy, Jr. Birth Place: Probably Virginia, possibly Scotland Birth Date: 1731 Death Place: Petersburg, VA Death Date: May 12, 1807 Parents: James Geddy Anne Geddy Siblings: David William John Elizabeth Mary Anne Sarah Occupation: Silversmith Office(s) Held: Petit Juror—York County, VA Grand Jury—York County, VA Common Council—Williamsburg, VA Member, Committee of Safety—Williamsburg, VA Common Council—Petersburg, VA Alderman—Petersburg, VA Vestryman—Bristol Parish Residence(s): Williamsburg, VA (1733?-1752) Unknown (1753-1759) Williamsburg, VA (1760-1777/8) Dinwiddie County, VA (1778-1783) Petersburg, VA (1783/4-1807)

James Geddy, Jr.

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Spouse(s): 1. Elizabeth (Waddell) (b. 1734—d. December 7, 1799) (m. 1750s) 2. Elizabeth (probable) (m. 1782) 3. Jane Bradley (m. July 10, 1804)

Children: Anne (Nancy) (b. 1750s) William Waddell (b. between 1760 and 1766) Mary (b. April 16, 1766) James (b. 1760s—definitely by October 1803) Elizabeth Miscellaneous: Geddy owned slaves named Grace, Christopher, Man, Nanny, Sukey,

George, and Alice (called Else). He also had additional unnamed slaves listed in Dinwiddie and Petersburg.

Sources: 1787 Census of Virginia Bruton Parish Records Petersburg (VA) Marriage Register York County (VA) Records Bristol Parish Register Petersburg (VA) Hustings Court

James Geddy, Jr.

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Virginia Gazette November 9, 1775 The following gentlemen are appointed a committee to represent this city: James Southall, Robert C. Nicholas, John Tazewell, James Geddy, Robert Nicholson, William Pasteur, Alexander Craig, Humphrey Harwood, George Wythe, Benjamin Powell, Thomas Everard, Gabriel Maupin, James M. Galt, Edward Charlton, Joseph Prentis, Joseph Hornsby, James Hubard, William Goodson, Robert Anderson, John Blair, John Ferguson. Virginia Gazette March 5, 1767 JAMES GEDDY, GOLDSMITH, Near the Church in Williamsburg, has now on hand for SALE, very cheap, for ready money, the following articles, VIZ., SILVER Tea Spoons and Tongs, Mens, Womens, and Childrens Shoe Buckles, Stock and Knee do. Spurs, Plain and Stone Rings, Stone Seals, Plain and Stone Brooches, Plain and Stone Gold Buttons, Plain and Stone Silver Buttons and Studs, Plain and Stone Earrings in Gold, and many other articles. N.B. He still continues to clean and repair WATCHES, and repairs his own work that fails in a reasonable time, without any expense to the purchaser. Virginia Gazette July 18, 1771 THE STORE, adjoining the Subscriber’s Shop, lately occupied by William Russell, is to be LET, and may be entered on immediately. JAMES GEDDY York County Order Book 1774-1784, p. 63 November 21, 1774 Ordered that James Geddys nine Tithables be added to Bruton List.

James Geddy, Jr.

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Virginia Gazette March 26, 1772

WILLIAMSBURG, March 26 [Marriages.] Mr. JOHN BROWN, of the Secretary’s Office, to Miss NANCY GEDDY, Daughter of Mr. James Geddy, of this City. James Geddy to Col. Preston Dr Co: Preston 1771 July 26 To former Balle 0..11..6 Ap. 27 To pr Bobbs 2..0..0 1772 To pr Large Stong Buckles (for Mr Smith) 1..5..0 To a Stone ring 0..10..0 To odd Ear ring 0..11..3 To Locks to pr Do (Mrs Buchanan pays this) 0..10..0 To 2 pr Silver Studs 0..4..0 To repg Watch 0..15..0 £6..6..9

To pr Bobbs (for Mr F. Smith) 2..0..0 To Large Strong Spoon (for my mother) 1..5..9 9..11..9

Engr of To pr knee Buckles 0..7..6Mr. Smith 9..19..3 May 5, 1772 recd the above in full James Geddy Virginia Gazette October 31, 1777

WILLIAMSBURG, October 28, 1777 STRAYED, or STOLEN, from Mr. Geddy’s in this City, about the 10th Instant, a large GRAY HORSE near 15 Hands high, has no Brand, his Tail tolerable long having never been docked, Shod all round when missing, paces slow, trots and gallops, has the Marks of Chair Harness upon his Shoulders. A Reward of SIX DOLLARS will be given to whoever delivers the said Horse to Mr. Geddy, or to Mr. Charles Waddill in New Kent. WILLIAM WADDILL.

James Geddy, Jr.

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James Geddy, Jr.

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Lord Botetourt’s Coffin Plate*

James Geddy, Jr.

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James Geddy House and Shop

John Greenhow

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John Greenhow was born November 12, 1724, in England and died August 29, 1787. He owned a store in Richmond as well as a large store on Duke of Gloucester Street where he sold a wide variety of goods. He regularly advertised in the Virginia Gazette, especially in the issues printed just before the Court was in session. He was married three times and had children.

John Greenhow

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Character Biography

Name: John Greenhow Birth Place: Staunton near Kendal in Westmoreland, Great Britain Birth Date: November 12, 1724 Death Place: Williamsburg, VA (Buried in Bruton Parish Church Yard) Death Date: August 29, 1787 Parents: Unknown Siblings: Unknown Occupation: Merchant Residence(s): Williamsburg, VA (1750s-1787) Spouse(s): Judith Davenport (m. by 1761, d. January 7, 1765) Elizabeth Tyler (b. 1744—d. July 23, 1781—smallpox) Rebecca Harmon (m. March 28, 1786) Children: Greenhow had two children [Robert (b. 1761) and Ann (b. 1762)] by his

first wife; eight children [John (b. 1769—d. 1795), Judith, Samuel (b. 1771—d. 1815), Elizabeth (b. 1773—d. 1804), James, George, Charles, and Patsy] by his second wife; and one child, Patsy (b. 1786—d. 1808) by his sixteen-year-old third wife, Rebecca Harmon.

Miscellaneous: Greenhow had a slave Betty, who had two children: Richard (baptized

May 1, 1763), and Milliuda (baptized December 1, 1764). Sources: York County (VA) Project Bruton Parish Records

John Greenhow

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An extract from the Association of 1770 Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia 1773 - 1776, edited by John Pendleton Kennedy The Association Entered Into Last Friday, the 22d Instant, by the Gentlemen of the House of Burgesses, and the Body of Merchants, Assembled in this City We his Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects of Virginia, declaring our inviolable and unshaken Fidelity and attachment to our gracious sovereign, our affection for all our fellow subjects of Great Britain, and our firm determination to support, at the hazard of our lives and fortunes, the laws, the peace, and good order of government in this colony; but at the same time affected with great and just apprehensions of the fatal consequences certainly to follow from the arbitrary imposition of taxes on the people of America, for the purpose of raising a revenue from them, without the consent of the representatives; and as we consider it to be the indispensable duty of every virtuous member of society to prevent the ruin, and promote the happiness, of his country, by every lawful means, prevent the ruin, and promote the happiness, of his country, by every lawful means, although in the prosecution of such a laudable and necessary design some unhappy consequences may be derived to many innocent fellow subjects, whom we wish not to injure, and who we hope will impute our conduct to the real necessity our affairs: Influenced by these reasons, we do most earnestly recommend is our association to the serious attention of all Gentlemen, merchants, traders, and other inhabitants of this colony, not doubting but that they will readily and cordially accede thereto. And at this same time we, and every of us, do most solemnly oblige ourselves, upon our word and honour, to promote the welfare and commercial interests of all those truly worthy merchants, traders, and others, inhabitants of this colony, who shall hereafter conform to the spirit of this association; but that we will upon all occasions, and at all times hereafter, avoid purchasing any commodity or article of goods whatsoever from any importer or seller of British merchandise or European goods whom we may know or believe, in violation of the essential interests of this colony, to have preferred their own private emolument, by importing or selling articles prohibited by this association, to the destruction of the dearest rights of the people of this colony. . . . . . . Walter Boyd John Page, jun. John Tazewell John Greenhow Thomas Hornsby

John Greenhow

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Virginia Gazette April 11, 1771 SOLD at John Greenhow's Store, near the Church in Williamsburg, very cheap, for ready Money, Linens of most sorts, Breadths, and Fineness, Durants, Tammies, Sagathies, Stuffs, Everlasting, Calicoes, printed Linens, Bed Ticks, fashionable Mens and Children Hats, Hyson, Congo, Green and Bohea Teas, India Damasks, white Calice, India Dimity and Humhums all imported before the Association took Place; Coffee and Chocolate, Pots and Mill for Do., Iron and Copper Tea Kettles, Iron Pots of all sorts and Sizes, Iron Dutch Ovens, Salamanders, Dogs and Backs, Skillets, Mortars and Pestles, Sheet Iron, Tin Sheets, wove Brass Wire for Riddle Bottoms, Dutch Fans and Safes, large, noble and rich China Bowls, and various other sorts of China Ware, Glass, Pewter, Tin, Stone, and Delf Wares of most Sorts, a large Assortment of Surveyor;s Instruments, either in complete Sets or separates, Chapes and Tongues for Silver Buckles of most Sizes, most Kinds of tools and Materials for Carpenters, Silversmiths, Watchmakers, Blacksmiths, Shoemakers, Bricklayers, and Saddlers, Crucibles, Silversmiths casting sand, prepared Emery, and other polishing Powders, Screw Plates and Files of Most Sorts, Mill Saws, Whip Saws and most other Kinds of Saws, Whalebone, and every other Article for the Stay making Business, Stockings, Gloves, Fans, Bugles, Paste Combs and Combs of all Sorts, Hunting Horns tipped and plain, German Flutes and Fifes, Spinnet Wire and Hammers, Teethe Instruments and Teeth Drawers of all Sorts, Crystals and main Springs for Watches, Yellow canvas and Worsted Shades, Whitechapel Needles, Blunts, Sharps, and Squares, a large Assortment of fresh and genuine Drugs and Medicines at an unusual low Price, Spices, of all sorts, Currants, Plums, Almonds, Candy Sweetmeats, best Sallad Oil, Vinegar, Wines, Rice, Barley, split Peas, Sago, Salop, Clover Seed, Lucren, Rope, Saintfoin, Timothy, French Furze, Flax Seed, Linseed and Train Oil, Paints, Brushes and Pencils of almost all Sorts, Shells of Water Coloures, a great Variety of Locks of all Sorts common and curious, Nails, Hinges and most Sorts of Materials for building, Window Glass, Horse Collars, Chain Traces, Wall Chains, Warming Pans, Coopers Tools, Cart and Chair Wheel Boxes of all Sizes, Iron Wire, Spades and Shovels, Seine Twine and Cork, Copperas, Madder, Redwood, Logwood, Alum, Half Gallon square Case Bottles, Iron Weights from one to fifty six Pounds, Weights for Money from one Grain to three Ounces, Hour Glasses, Pewter Measures, House Bells, Barbers weaving Silk and Thread, Toys, Candlesticks, Family Bibles, Prayer Books, Dispensatories, Tissot, (?) and Fothergill on Health, and various other Books and Stationary, Candle Moulds, Fiddles, and Roman Fiddle Strings, Sheep and Tailors Shears, Silver Thimbles of all Sized, Red Screws, Wool, Cotton and playing Cards, single and double Bed Blankets, Pumice and rotten stone, Nipple Glasses, Coal and Dust Shovels and Trivets, Shaving Boxes and Soap, Billiard Balls, Dice and Boxes; Cock Gaffs, Key Rings, Tooth-pick cases, Court Plaister, Shoe Irons, Silk Purses, Rules and Squares, Box and Flat Irons, Fiddlesticks, Beaver and Vermin Traps, Bar Steel of all Sorts, Moor's best Grass and Bramble Scythes, Fish Hooks and Lines, Doctors Vials, Green, Blue and purple Spectacles, for preserving weak Eyes, visual Spectacles, of a new Construction, by Martin the celebrated Optician, Concave Spectacles and Hand Glasses for near-sighted People, convex Spectacles and Glasses of all Sorts, Pocket Steelyards, Shoe Black and Breeches Ball, Smelling Bottles and Salts, Turners Tools of All Sorts and some Hundreds of other useful items.

John Greenhow Virginia Gazette March 28, 1786 Lately married, Mr. JOHN GREENHOW, of Williamsburg, Virginia, Merchant, in his 64th year, to Miss Harman, of James City, aged about 16 years. Bruton Parish Church records

Greenhow, John 29 Aug 1787 decd this date late of this city, merchant

Born in Staunton, near Kendal, Westmoreland, England, 12 Nov 1724. Died after short illness. Next to him buried Elizabeth, dau of John Tyler, his second wife. She born in James City 30 Jan 1744/5, died of small pox 23 Jul 1781. Virginia Gazette September 24, 1787 Williamsburg Agreeable to the last will and testament of Mr. John Greenhow, late of this city, The store and four Lots, beautifully situated on Chalk Hill in Richmond, and on the Monday following, will be sold, all the real and personal estate of the deceased, (except the store Goods) in and about the city of Williamsburg, consisting of a large and commodious Dwelling House on the main street, 6 or 8 houses and Lots on the back street, about 300 acres of Land adjoining the Town and lying on each side of the road to the College Landing, and about 100 acres of well timbered land 3 miles from town, a number of valuable slaves, 12 or 14 milch cows, 2 old cart Horses, and a parcel of elegant household furniture, among which is a beautiful keyed chamber Organ and a Spinnet--three months credit will be allowed the purchaser for all sums above £10, on giving bond with approved security. Robert Greenhow, sole executor

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John Greenhow

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Tombstone Inscription Bruton Parish Church Yard

Here lies, in hopes of a joyful

Resurrection, all that was mortal of JOHN GREENHOW,

late of this City, Merchant. He was born in STAUNTON

near KENDAL in Westmoreland, Great Britain, November the 12th

1724, & died the 29th August 1787, after a very short illness.

On his left side, lies ELIZABETH, the Daughter of JOHN TYLER

his second Wife, who was born in JAMES CITY the 30th. Jany. 1744, and died

of the Small Pox on July the 23rd. 1781, which she endured with the greatest Christian Fortitude & Resignation.

John Greenhow

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Greenhow Store

Anthony Hay

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Anthony Hay was a successful cabinetmaker who left that trade to take up tavern keeping. He owned a shop on Nicholson Street for many years before retiring from cabinetmaking to run the Raleigh Tavern. He sold his cabinetmaking business and continued to rent out his shop to his former journeyman, Benjamin Bucktrout. The Raleigh Tavern was well known as one of the finest taverns in America. The former members of the House of Burgesses used it (after the governor dissolved them) when they reconvened as an extra-legal legislative body. Anthony Hay died before the Revolution, but because he (and his successor), allowed the tavern to be used as a meeting place by Revolutionary leaders he assured its lasting reputation as a patriotic establishment.

Anthony Hay

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Character Biography

Name: Anthony Hay Birth Place: Unknown Birth Date: by 1712 Death Place: Unknown Death Date: by December 17, 1770 Parents: Unknown Siblings: Unknown Occupation: Cabinetmaker Tavern Keeper Residence(s): Unknown Spouse(s): 1. Elizabeth Penman (b. by 1737—d. by July 29, 1758)

(m. by December 6, 1752) 2. Elizabeth Davenport (b. 1743—d. by 1788)

(m. by July 29, 1758) Children: With Elizabeth Penman: Barbara (b. December 6 1752)

Thomas (b. June 26, 1754) With Elizabeth Davenport: Joseph (b. July 29, 1758)

George (b. December 16, 1765) Anthony (b. November 26, 1767)

Miscellaneous: Hay had a number of slaves baptized at Bruton Parish Church, and a

number of them attended the Bray School. Sources: Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography York County (VA) Records

Anthony Hay

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York County Wills & Inventories 21, 1760 - 1771, 149 - 152 The Estate of Mrs. Anna Maria Thornton to John Ferguson June 2, 1762 Dr.

To Paid Mr. Anthony Hay for a Coffin 4..6..0 Virginia Gazette January 8, 1767 Williamsburg, Jan. 6, 1767 The Gentlemen who have bespoke work of the subscriber may depend upon having it made in the best manner by Mr. Benjamin Bucktrout, to whom he has given up his business. - - - - I return the Gentlemen who have favoured me with their custom many thanks, and am

Their most humble servant,

ANTHONY HAY Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia 1773 - 1776, ed. by John Pendleton Kennedy. Williamsburg Wednesday, the 17th May, 1769 About 12 o'Clock his Excellency the Governor was pleased, by his Messenger, to command the Attendance of the House of Burgesses in the Council Chamber, whereupon, in Obedience to his Lordship's Command, the House, with their Speaker, immediately waited upon his Excellency, when he thought fit to dissolve the General Assembly. The late Representatives of the People then judging it necessary that some Measure should be taken in their distressed Situation, for preserving the true and essential Interests of the colony, resolved upon a meeting for that very salutary Purpose, and therefore immediately, with the greatest Order and Decorum, repaired to the House of Mr. Anthony Hay in this City, where being assembled, it was first proposed, for the more decent and regular Discussion of such Matters as might be taken into consideration, that a Moderator should be appointed, and, on the Question being put, Peyton Randolph, Esq; late Speaker of the House of Burgesses, was unanimously elected. The true State of the Colony being then opened and fully explained, and it being proposed that a regular Association should be formed, a Committee was appointed to prepare the necessary and most proper Regulations for that Purpose, and they were ordered to make their Report to the General Meeting the next Day at 10 o'Clock.

Anthony Hay

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York County Wills and Inventories 21 p. 529 - 30 In the Name of God Amen I Anthony Hay of the City of Williamsburgh, being Weak in Body, but of sound and perfect Mind and Memory (blessed by God) to this twentieth day of January one Thousand Seven hundred and Seventy, make and Publish this My last Will and Testament in Manner and form following viz! -- First I Desire that my Body may be buried in a Plain black Pine coffin that my funeral be attended with no Expense, and that none of my Family put on Mourning, unless my Dearly beloved Wife should insist upon it as to herself -- Secondly Whereas my Eldest Son Thomas Hay is more amply provided for by the Will of his Grandfather Thomas Penman late of this City, than I can Provide for any of the rest of my Children, I do give unto my said Son Thomas, the sum of Ten Pounds, as a Pledge of my Paternal Affection for him Assuring him [ ] that tho' he receives no further part of my estate, he shares my Affections equally with the rest of all my Children -- Thirdly I do give unto my Executors (hereafter to be named) all my Estate both real and Personal of every kind for the sole purpose of paying my [ ] debts and trust they will Discharge those in the most Effectual Manner for the benefit of [my] Estate, and the Interest of my Children -- Fourthly I do give unto my Affectionate and beloved Wife Elizabeth Hay, the whole of my Estate of every kind (after the payment of my Debts) for her life to use and Dispose of as she shall think most Prudent for the sole purposes of [ ] support and the maintaining and Educating the Children I have by [her] and after her Death I direct that my whole Estate be divided between the Children I have by her Share and Share Alike, I have given the whole of my Estate to my Wife, for her Life in trust and Confidence, that she will never Marry again but employ her time and her Estate so left her wholly in bringing up her Child[ren] and Maintaining and Educating them in the best Ma[nn]er [about three words missing] the Circumstances of my Estate. If she should Mar[ry] [about four words missing] Estate to be Divided [be]tween [about four words missing] by Equally [About eight words missing or illegible] and worthy friends John Greenhow, Matthew Davenport, William Trebell and Robert Nicholson Executors of this my last Will and Testament hoping that they jointly with my Wife will and or [ ]ke the Execution of it and aid and Assist her with their best advice and most friendly endeavours. In Testimony whereof I have subscribed my hand and Affixed my seal the day and year above Mentioned. -- Signed sealed and Anthony Hay published in presence of

Fred Bryan Tho. Skinner James Hubard

Anthony Hay At a Court held for York County the 17th day of December 1770 This will was proved according to Law by the Oaths of Frederick Bryan and James Hubard witnesses thereto and [ ] to be recorded and at a Court held for the said county the 21st day of January 1771. William Trebell and Robert Nicholson two of the Executors in the said Will Named took the Oath of Executors and together with Peyton Randolph Esq. and Benjamin Powell their Securities entered into an Acknowledged Bond to the Law [ ] and Certificate was granted the said Executors [ ] Obtaining [ ] in due form Liberty being reserved for the other [Executors] to Join in the Probat when they shall think fit

Teste Thos. Everard Co. Cur.

Virginia Gazette December 13, 1770 Williamsburg, Dec. 13 On the 4th instant died, of that painful and lingering disorder a cancer, Mr. Anthony Hay, master of the Raleigh tavern in this City. He underwent several severe operations, in this lip and face, for the disorder, at home; and at length went (unhappily too late) to Prince Edward, where he was some time under the care of Mrs. Woodson, famous for the cures she has made. His death is a heavy loss to his large family, to whom he was a tender husband and kind parent; and he is regretted by his acquaintances, as being a good citizen and honest man. Virginia Gazette January 17, 1771 To be SOLD, on Wednesday the 6th of March, pursuant to the last Will and Testament of Mr. Anthony Hay, deceased, That noted and well accustomed Tavern in Williamsburg called the Raleigh, which has every Convenience to it, and an exceeding fine Stable and Pasture adjoining. At the same time will be sold the Stock of LIQUORS, a great Quantity of HOUSEHOLD and KITCHEN FURNITURE, some CHAIRS and HARNESS, CARTS and HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP &c. Also a very good DWELLINGHOUSE on the back Street, Where Mr. Hay formerly lived, with a large Cabinet Maker's Shop and Timber Yard, and all necessary Out-houses for a Family. And on Tuesday the 7th of May will be sold, before the Raleigh Door, nineteen NEGROES belonging to the said Estate; among them a very good Cabinet Maker, a good Coachman and Carter, some fine Waiting Boys, good Cooks, Washers, &c. Six Months Credit will be allowed for all Sums above five Pounds, the Purchasers giving Bond and Security; and for the Raleigh, the Time of Payment will be agreed on at the Day of Sale.

WILLIAM TREBELL Executors

ROBERT NICOLSON N.B. All Persons who have Demands against Mr. Hay's Estate are requested to make them speedily known, that Provision may be made for discharging them; and those indebted thereto are desired to make immediate Payment. It is hoped none of the Creditors will put the Estate to any unnecessary Charge, by Suits, when we assure them the best Means will be used to pay the Debts with all Speed, and when it is considered that Mr. Hay left a large Family, whose tender Years entitle them to some indulgence. The Executors have thought proper to alter the Day of Sale to the above Date, as it will enable the Purchaser to get the House in Order against the April General Court.


Judith

Anthony Hay Shop

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Judith

Raleigh Tavern

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Judith

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Judith was a household slave owned by William Prentis. Her primary responsibilities were most likely cooking. When William Prentis died, his daughter Elizabeth inherited Judith and Judith's three children. Elizabeth Prentis was only 13 years old when she inherited the slaves. She probably continued to live in the house she grew up in, as her older brother John Prentis became her guardian. Judith and her children remained there as well. Elizabeth died five years later at the age of eighteen, leaving Judith and her children to her brother, John. Judith and her children were separated at the time of John’s death in 1775.

Judith

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Character Biography

Name: Judith Birth Place: Unknown Birth Date: ca. 1740 Death Place: Unknown Death Date: After December 16, 1775 Parents: Unknown Siblings: Unknown Occupation: House Servant to Prentis Family Residence(s): Williamsburg, VA Spouse(s): Unknown Children: James (Jemmy) (baptized July 1763—Bruton Parish Church) Effy Molly Pompey (baptized February 9, 1766—Bruton Parish Church) Nancy Lewis (baptized November 6, 1768—Bruton Parish Church) Tom Miscellaneous: Judith was owned by William Prentis until his death in 1765, then by his

daughter Elizabeth until her death in 1770, then by Elizabeth’s brother John until his death in 1775. It is unknown who owned her after that.

Sources: Bruton Parish Church Register York County (VA) Records Virginia Gazette

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William Prentis Will December 1761 recorded August 19, 1765 IN THE NAME OF [GOD] AMEN I William Prentis, of the City of Willia[ms]burg Virginia Merchant . . .I devise to my beloved Wife Mary Prentis, that part of the Lott whereon I now Live which was conveyed to me by my Father in Law Mr. Brookes to her and the heirs of her body . . . for ever.

ITEM, I give and Devise to my said Wife all my Lands and Slaves except those hereafter particularly mention[ed as well as] . . . Stocks . . . Hogs . . .

ITEM. I give to my Said Wife the use of my Chariott and Harness during her Natural Life and after her decease I give the same to my Daughter Sarah Waters.

ITEM. It is my Will and Desire that all my Slaves and Personal Estate of what Nature or kind soever except my Stock in Trade should be inventoried and Appraised, and as I have already given to my Daughter Sarah Waters a Negroe Woman Nanny, Daughter of Venus whom I value at forty Pounds I also give and bequeath to my Sons John, William, Daniel, and Joseph each the Sum of forty Pounds current Money exclusive of what I shall here . . .

ITEM. I give to my Daughter Elizabeth . . . Negro Woman Judith with her Da[ughter and all her natural] Increase.

ITEM. [I bequeath to] . . . rtis who Lives with me the Sum [of . . . Pounds] . . . only when he shall attain the [age of 21. If he should] Die before he Attain [21 years. Then] hundred Pounds sh. . . of my Estate . . . and Robert . . . Current [money]. And whereas for a number of Years I have been engaged in a Copartnership of Trade with the Honorable John Blair Esqr. and Wilson Cary Esqr. and by a late Settlement dated the twenty fifth day of November last and signed by the said John Blair and myself, there appears to be balance of Stock amounting to seventeen thousand three hundred and ninety one pounds three shillings of which I estimate my Proportion to be seven thousand one hundred and fourteen Pounds; It is my Will and Desire that my part of the said Stock shall be divided in the following manner, that is to say, I give to my beloved Wife One thousand Pounds part of said Stock, to my Son John one thousand four hundred and forty four Pounds other Part thereof, to Mr. William Waters the Sum of Six hundred and seventy Pounds other part thereof, to my Son William one thousand Pounds other part thereof, to my Son Daniel One thousand Pounds other part thereof, to my Son Joseph one thousand Pounds other part thereof, and to my daughter Elizabeth One thousand Pounds the residue thereof, but it is farther my Will and desire that such parts of the said Stock as I have given to my Children who are under Age may during their Minorities be continued in Trade under the Management of my Son John who I desire May account regularly with my other Executors for the Profits of the said Childrens parts of the said Stock and all other matters relating thereto . . .

ITEM. I do appoint Mr. Robert Carter Nicholas Guardian of my son Joseph. ITEM. I do constitute and appoint my Son John Prentis and my Friends Mr. Benjamin Waller, and Robert Carter Nicholas Executors of this my Will and Guardians of my other Children . . . And Lastly I do revoke all other Wills by me heretofore made. . .

IN WITNESS whereof I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my Seal this thirty first Day of December 1761. Wil Prentis

Judith

Bruton Parish Church Records 3 July 1763

Judith slave of Wm Prentis had son James bapt'ed this date 9 Feb. 1766

Judith slave of estate of Wm Prentis decd her son Pompy bapt'd this date. 6 Nov. 1768

Judith slave of Elizabeth Prentis her dau Nancy Lewis bapt'ed this date. Virginia Gazette October 11, 1770. On Friday the 5th instant, departed this life at the house of David Meade, Esq; in Nansemond, Miss ELIZABETH PRENTIS, in the 18th year of her age. She was the daughter of the late Mr. William Prentis, merchant, of this city. Providence, whose blessings are sparingly, but wisely distributed, lent her to the world as a pattern for imitation. At a time of life when few pay more attention to religion than by conforming to its fashion, she well knew and practised its principles. Her chearfulness, her humanity and benevolence, were the effusions of a heart panting to acquire happiness in herself, by imparting happiness to others. The pleasant care of her amiable parents had formed her for every pleasing social intercourse of life; and whilst she hald in its utmost purity the mind and pleasing conduct of a virgin, she possessed a superiority of soul which would have adorned or dignified either sex, or any station. Thus formed to please on earth; thus fitted for a better place; Death (too formidable alas to many) to her seemed only as a necessary conductor to her proper residence: The bosom of her Father, and her God.

EPITAPH.

If love for worth ove ev'ry kind, Which all can wish; which few can find,

E'er claim'd the tribute of a tear: (Here lies a maid whom virtue warm'd,

With ev'ry pleasing grace adorn'd) Stop traveller, and drop it here.

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Judith

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Cowrie Shells*

Judith

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Prentis House

Benjamin Powell

Prentis Store

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Benjamin Powell

Benjamin Powell was a carpenter and builder whose skills moved him into the public eye. He contracted to repair the Public Gaol, build a steeple for Bruton Parish Church, repair the Capitol, enlarge the Governor’s Palace and build the Public Hospital. He also served in a variety of public service positions: petit juror, grand juror, Common Council, Doorkeeper of the Capitol, the Williamsburg Committee of Safety, Marshal of the Admiralty Court and Justice of the Peace for York County. He died in York County in late 1790 or early 1791.

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Benjamin Powell

Character Biography

Name: Benjamin Powell Birth Place: Probably Warwick County, VA Birth Date: By 1732 Death Place: York County, VA Death Date: Between November 19, 1790 and January 17, 1791 Parents: Probably: Seymore Powell

Ann Jackson Powell Siblings: Seymore Powell Thomas Powell Edward Powell Occupation: Wheelwright Carpenter/Joiner Building Contracter Planter Office(s) Held: Petit Juror—York County, VA Grand Jury—York County, VA Doorkeeper, Capitol—Williamsburg, VA Member, Committee of Safety—Williamsburg, VA Marshall, Admiralty Court Justice of the Peace—York County, VA Member, Committee of Inspection and Observation Residence(s): Warwick County, VA Williamsburg, VA York County, VA Spouse(s): 1. Annabelle Powell (m. ca. 1750) 2. Frances Tabb Rowsay (3 children by first husband, William Rowsay) Children: Hannah (b. 1753—d. after 1793) Ann (Nancy) (b. ca. 1754—d. by October 1803)

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Benjamin Powell

Miscellaneous: Powell owned a number of slaves both in Williamsburg and on his property in York County. He hired slaves from Carter’s Grove for his construction projects.

Sources: York County Records Virginia Gazette

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Benjamin Powell

Virginia Gazette December 5, 1771 [Marriages.] Mr. JOHN BURWELL, to Miss NANCY POWELL, youngest Daughter of Mr. BENJAMIN POWELL, of this City. Virginia Gazette November 15, 1776 [Marriages] WILLIAM DREW, esq: clerk of Berkeley, to miss HANNAH POWELL, of this city. Gravestone moved from York County Plantation to churchyard (possibly in 1920s?). Inscription, now illegible, reads: [Here lies in] hopes of a joyful R[e]su[r]rection [t]he Body of M[rs. Annabelle th]e Wife [o]f B[en]jamin Pow[ell, Esqr., of Yorke County. She departed this Life the 4th. Of January 1782 in the 50th

Year of her Age. The Christian Virtues she possessed Were many, her failings few as any.]

Ref: Deed Book 6, 118 Grantor: Benjamin Powell, gent, York County Grantee: Zachariah Rowland, Henrico County Date: 17 June 1782 Recorded: 17 June 1782 Acres: 1 (2 lots) Price: £340 Bounds: south west corner of Waller street, down the street leasing to Queen Mary’s Port 10 poles, then south 89 degrees and a half east 15 poles, then south half a degree west 10 poles to Waller street thence up the said street 15 poles lots 19, 43; purchased by Benjamin Powell from Benjamin Waller Esq. on 1 May 1763 Witnesses: Will Rowsay, Charles Graves, Matthew Anderson, Wm Galt Virginia Gazette December 3, 1767

WILLIAMSBURG, December 3. Monday last being St. Andrew’s day, appointed by the Corporation of this city for the election of a Mayor, JAMES COCKE, Esq; was chosen into that office for the ensuing year. And there being five vacancies in the Common Council, the following Gentlemen were elected to fill them, viz. Dr. GEORGE GILMER, Mr. JOHN TAZEWELL, Mr. ALEXANDER CRAIG, Mr. BENJAMIN POWELL, and Mr. JAMES GEDDY.

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Benjamin Powell

Article of Agreement between Benjamin Powell and the Public Hospital

Articles of Agreement indented made and concluded this eighteenth day of January in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy one Between Benjamin Powell of the City of Williamsburg carpenter of the one part and the Court of Directors of the Hospital for the Reception of Idiots Lunatics and persons of insane and disordered Minds of the other part Witnesseth that the said Benjamin Powell for and in consideration of the sum of money herein after mentioned doth command and agrees with the said Court of Directors that he will erect a large brick Building for an Hospital for the Reception of Idiots Lunatics and persons of insane and disordered Minds on the Lot lately purchased by the said Court of Directors of Thomas Waller agreeable to the plan and explanation thereof heretofore annexed the whole…of hard well burnt brick laid with good mortar the north front of the middle building to have a neat pediment the south east and west ends to be hipped to have a neat mandelian(?) cornic rounds the whole roof to be covered with planks and good cypress shingles the frames and seantling(?) to be of good oak or poplar and of…sizes for such a building the floors to be laid with good pine plank well seasoned one and a half inch thick and…from sap the outward doors and those to the middle rooms be pannelled and the others strong batten doors and the said Benjamin Powell doth agree to furnish all those materials for the said building except the grates and other such things as are usually imported from England and that he will finish and compleat the whole in a neat strong and workmanlike manner agreeable to the plan and explanation thereof aforesaid within two years from the date hereof. In consideration whereof the said Court of Directors do agree to pay the said Benjamin Powell one thousand and seventy pounds in the following manner that is to say two hundred and fifty pounds part thereof in hand and the residue of such times and in such proportions as the Court of Directors shall think fit to direct having regard to the progress of the work. In witness whereof the parties of the those present have hereunto set their hands and affixed their seals this day and year before written Will Russell Henry Tazewell William Nelson George Nicholas Benjamin Powell

(From Court of Director’s Minutes, Eastern State Hospital, 1770-1801, pp. 15-16 [Microfilm, Colonial Williamsburg Research Library])

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Benjamin Powell

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Virginia Gazette September 16, 1773

WILLIAMSBURG, September 14, 1773.

THE PUBLIC HOSPITAL, established by an act of the General Assembly for the reception of idiots, lunaticks, and other persons of unsound minds, being now completed, notice is hereby given that the court of directors will meet at the said hospital on Tuesday the 12th of October next, to receive all such persons as may be sent thereto, according to the directions of the said act, and that the court, for the same purpose, and the better ordering the general business of the hospital, will meet on the same day in every succeeding week, till farther notice. It is hoped that the magistrates in the several counties will in every instance distinguish between such persons as have no estates and those who are able to defray the whole or part of the expence of their support and maintenance as the law requires, and that none but such as are proper objects of the act of Assembly will be sent to the said hospital. By order of the court of directors. JACOB BRUCE, Clerk

Benjamin Powell

Benjamin Powell House

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Benjamin Powell

Benjamin Powell House Property

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Benjamin Powell

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Bruton Parish Church

Elizabeth Randolph

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Betty Randolph was married to Peyton Randolph, Attorney General at the time of their marriage, and later the Speaker of the House of Burgesses. They were one of the best-connected and wealthiest families in Virginia. Betty was responsible for the management of the household and the household slaves. She entertained important members of the government. Peyton and Betty did not have any children, but they were actively involved in the upbringing of Betty’s orphaned brothers and sisters and had several nieces and nephews with whom they had very close, loving, affectionate relationships. Betty was named the executor of her husband's will and also inherited most of his property.

Elizabeth Randolph

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Character Biography

Name: Elizabeth Randolph Birth Place: Possibly Berkeley Plantation, Charles City County, VA Birth Date: ca. 1723 Death Place: Williamsburg, VA Death Date: January 31, 1783 Parents: Benjamin Harrison of Berkeley Plantation (d. July 12, 1745) Ann Carter Siblings: Henry (d. by 1743) Anne (b. ca. 1724—d.. after February 1784) Benjamin (b. 1726—d. 1791) Carter Henry (b. ca. 1732—d. 1794) Henry (d. 1772) Robert Nathaniel (b. 1742—d. 1782 or 1786) Charles Lucy (d. after 1793) Hannah (d. 1745) another daughter (d. 1745) Education: Literate Occupation: Urban Housewife Residence(s): Berkeley Plantation, Charles City County, VA Williamsburg, VA Spouse(s): Peyton Randolph (m. March 8, 1745/6) Children: none Miscellaneous: Elizabeth’s mother died about 1744. The accidental death by lightning of

Elizabeth’s father Benjamin Harrison and two sisters in July 1745 left Elizabeth and her siblings instant orphans with few immediate relatives. For this reason we believe it is likely that the surviving children went to live, at least temporarily, with their sister Anne. Anne had married

Elizabeth Randolph

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William Randolph III [later “of Wilton”] about 1744 and they were living at his “Fighting Creek” plantation in Goochland County in 1745. Anne’s husband was Peyton Randolph’s first cousin. It is also likely that after Elizabeth’s marriage, at least some of her siblings came with her to Williamsburg. Her brother Benjamin was a student at the College at the time of her marriage and was probably a frequent visitor at the Randolph House. All of Elizabeth’s other brothers attended the College in the 1750s and 1760s. It seems likely that the Harrison sisters might have been aware of the advantages of raising the boys in the Attorney General’s household. At any rate, Carter Henry Harrison seems to have had a particular fondness for Peyton Randolph, naming two of his sons Peyton and Randolph. As the years passed and the Randolphs’ brothers and sisters began having children, nieces and nephews (and other children) were frequent visitors. Peyton was especially close to his nephew, Edmund, son of John Randolph. At Elizabeth’s death, her niece Elizabeth (probably the orphaned daughter of Henry Harrison) was living with her.

At her marriage, Elizabeth was a country girl moving to the city. In addition, whereas her father had been a Burgess, her young husband was Attorney General, so that she was moving into a household of greater political influence. Her mother-in-law lived in the house that the newlyweds occupied. Lady Susannah Randolph was a very capable woman, and she might well have considered herself to be the head woman of the household. It is impossible to know now how those family dynamics worked, but the potential for tension was there. Add to that the presence of an “instant family” in the form of some of Elizabeth’s siblings, and we can imagine that Elizabeth probably had many adjustments to make as she entered married life. Pat Gibbs and Cathy Hellier, May 11, 1993

Sources: York County (VA) Records Virginia Gazette Maryland Gazette

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Will of Peyton Randolph York County Records, Wills and Inventories, XXII, 308-310

In the name of God Amen I Peyton Randolph do make this my last Will and Testament. I gave and devise unto my beloved Wife my dwelling House, Lots and all the Outhouses thereto belonging, in the City of Williamsburg, with the furniture of the same, and also my Chariot and Horses, and all her wearing Apparel rings and Jewels, all which Estates Real and Personal I give to her, her Heirs, Executors and Administrators. I Give to my said Wife also little Aggy and her Children, Great Aggy and her Children, Eve and her Children, Lucy and her Children, to her and her Heirs forever. I give to my Wife also the use and enjoyment of my whole Estate real and personal, not hereafter given away, during her natural Life. I Give to Harrison Randolph a Negro boy called Casar, the son of Sue, to him and his Heirs forever. I Give to my Brother John Randolph two Negroe Boys, such as he shall choose out of my Estate, which have not been particularly disposed of to him and his Heirs, after the Death of my wife I give unto my said Brother all my Estate Real and Personal to hold the same during his Life, except my Man Johnny, whom in that Case I Give to my Nephew Edmund Randolph to him and his Heirs. And after the death of my Brother John I Give all the Estate devised to him for life to the said Edmund Randolph his Heirs Executors and Administrators, subject Nevertheless to the payment of five hundred pounds to each of his Sisters Susanna and Arriana Randolph for the payment of which sums I allow him four years, after the Estate shall come into his Hands, he paying them Interest yearly for such sums as Remain unpaid. I do hereby empower my executors to sell my books and Presses to pay my debts, and if that is not sufficient, to sell so many of the negroes as they think can be best spared from the use of the Plantations to answer that Purpose. I do appoint my Wife, my Brother John Randolph, and Mr. James Cocke Executors of this my Will. In Witness whereof I have set my hand and seal this 18th day of August in the year of our Lord 1774. Signed Sealed Published and Declared by the said Peyton Randolph as and for his Last Will (he being present at the [time] of this attestation) In the presence of us Thomas Mason Samuel Henley John Pope At a Court held for York County the 20th day of November 1775 This will was produced in Court an the subscribing Witnesses thereto not being to be had John Blair and Thomas Everard were sworn and Examined who severally deposed that they are well acquainted with the Testators hand writing and verily believe that the said Will and the Testators name thereto subscribed are of his proper hand writing, and thereupon the said will was ordered to be Recorded on the motion of Betty Randolph and James Cocke two of the Executors who made Oath thereto and together with John Blair and Nathaniel Burwell their Securitities entered into and acknowledged Bond as the law directs Certificate was Granted them for obtaining a Probat in due form Liberty being reserved for John Randolph Esqr. the other Executor to join in the Probat when he shall think fit. Thomas Everard, Clerk

Elizabeth Randolph

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York County Willis & Inventories, no. 22 (1771-83) pp. 337-41

INVENTORY AND APPRAISEMENT OF THE ESTATE OF PEYTON RANDOLPH ESQR. IN YORK COUNTY TAKEN JANR. THE 5TH. 1776

12 Mahogany Chairs £15.2 Mahogany tables £8 £23. 0.0 1 Card Table £2.1 Marble Table £2 4. 0.0 4 looking Glasses £20 1 pr. End irons £2 22. 0.0 5 China Bowls £5. 5 China Mugs 15/ 5.15.0 8 doz: red and white China plates £6

22 Do. dishes £5 11. 0.0 1 Blue and White China Tureen 20/

11 Blue & White dishes £4 5. 0.0 4 Blue & White China Sauce boats

10/ 2 Do. potting pots 15/ 1. 5.0 21 Custard Cups & Patty pans 10/

6 Scollop Shells 15/ 1. 5.0 12 Egg Cups 6/ 13 Blue and White Coffe Cups

& Saucers 10/ 0.16.0 18 Blue and White China Plates 22/

5 Beer Glasses 5/ 1. 7.0 4 fruit Baskets 20/ 1 Queen China Mug &

Sugar dish 2/ 1. 2.0 1 Marble Bowl 15/ 15 Water Glasses 30/ 2. 5.0 10 Wine Glasses 12/ 5 punch Do 5/ 0.17.0 1 Mahogany Tray 10/9 Decanters and

4 Baskets 25/ 1.15.0 1 Do. Case containing 2 Bottles 25/ 1. 5.0 1 round Mahogany table 26/ 1 plate Warmer 12/ 1.18.0 492 Oz: plate @ 7/6 184.10.0 1 plate Basket and 2 knives Do.

10/ 3 1/2 doz: knives and forks Do. £5 5.10.0

1 Maohogany tea Board 7/6 Japand Watiers 10/ 0.17.0 1 Chariot and 8 Harness 60. 0.0 1 Mare and Colt £40 1 riding Horse £30 70. 0.0 1 Phaton £15 5 Cows £20 35. 0.0 2 Carts and 1 Tumbrill and Harness 20. 0.0 11 Frying pans at 3/ 1.13.0

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25 Bushels Salt at 3/ a parcel Wool 40/ a parcel Hemp and Flax 10/ a parcel Lumber in the Store house 20/ 1. 0.0

5 Bushels Malt 15/ 15.0 4 old Scythes 10/ 1 Bedstead 15/ a

Cross Cut Saw 15/ 2. 0.0 10 old Sacks 5/ a parcel of Tallow

25 a pr. Stilliards 12/6 2. 2.6 a parcel Corks 50/ a pipe of Sower Cyder 40/ 4.10.0

48 Table Cloths £46.15 36 Towells £2.11 49. 6.0 9 napkins 18/ 11 pr. Sheets £16.10

2 pr. Virginia Do. £2 19. 8.0 6 pr. pillow Cases 15/ 2 Side Boards Cloths 5/ 1. 0.0

a parcel Queens China Ware & Sundry Articles Sent to Wilton 5. 0.0

a Sett of Ornamental China 20. 0.0 1 doz: Mahogany Chairs 24. 0.0 2 fire Screens £5 1 Card table £2 7. 0.0 1 Wilton Carpet L10 1 Tea table 20/

1 Do. 30/ 12.10.0 1 Sett China & Tea Board £3 1 Ditto

& Do. 40/ 5. 0.0 1 Looking Glass £10 1 pr. Tongs, poker

Shovel & Fender 20/ 11. 0.0 1 Black Walnut press £3 3. 0.0 5 Flax Wheets 2 Check Reels & 2 Common Reels 5. 0.0

A dressing table and Glass £5 a Desk and Book Case £7 12. 0.0

6 old Chairs £3 1 Easy Chair 20/ 4. 0.0 a Small Cabinet & a parcel old China 2. 0.0 a Fender & pr. Tongs 3/ 0. 3.0

1 Sett old Blue damask Curtains 30/ 2 pr. Window Do. 30/ 3. 0.0

Sundry Articles in Mrs. Randolph's Closet 3. 0.0 1 Warming pan & pr. Scales & Weights

10/ 2 Spinning Wheels 15/ 1. 5.0 1 Coal Skuttle 5/ 8 pewter dishes 40/ 2. 5.0 2 doz: pewter plates £3 a parcel old pewter 20/ 4. 0.0 3 Copper Kettles £15 8 Copper Stew pans L5 20. 0.0 1 Safe 30/ 5 pales 10/ 2 fish Kettles

and Covers L3 5. 0.0 1 Bell Metal Skillet 15/ 1 Marble Mortar 20/ 1.15.0 1 Small Marble Mortar 5/ 1 Brass Mortar 5/ 10.0

Elizabeth Randolph

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1 Grid Iron 2 dripping pans & 2 frying pans 25/ 1. 5.0 3 Iron potts 40/ 1 Tea Kettle 15/ 1 Do. 15/ 3.10.0 1 Jack, 2 Spitts and a pr. Kitchen Dogs 5. 0.0 8 Stone Butter pots, 7 Milk pans and

1 Stone jug 30/ 1.10.0 1 Iron ladle, 1 Chopping knife and flesh fork 5.0 23 Candle Moulds 23/ a parcel Old

Copper and tin Ware 20/ 2. 3.0 11 Chamber pots 3 Wash Basons, 35 Wine

and 8 Beer Glasses 2.10.0 2 dish Covers, 3 tin Kettles, 8 Sauce pans,

5 Cake Moulds & a Cullender 1.10.0 a parcel Brooms and Brushes 20/ 4 Spades 20/ 2. 0.0

29 Hoes, 1 Chopping knife 6 Scythes & Stones & 3 Cuttg knives 5. 0.0

100 lb Brown Sugar 45/ 150 lb Coffee at 1/3 £9.7.6 11.12.6 part of a Box Glass 20/ 1. 0.0

35 yds Green cloth at 10/ £12.10. 40 yds Cotton £5 17.10.0

7 dutch blankets £3.10 10 yds Crimson Cloth £7.10 11. 0.0

About 30 yds. Green planes at 2/9 £4.2.6 20 Ells Oznbr. 25/ 5. 7.6

7 Sifters 9/ 4 pr. Coarse Shoes 24/ 3 Jack lines 9/ 2. 2.0

6 Flat Irons 7 a pr. Broken Dogs 12/ 1 pine Table 3/ 15.0

a parcel wine in Bottles containing about a pipe 60. 0.0 4 Jugs 8/ 1 Butter Pot 2/ a Box & 1/2

Candles 60/ 3.10.0 a firkin Butter 40/ 5 flasks Oil 10/ 2.10.0

30 Gallons Rum £7.10.0 a parcel Lumber 5/ 7.15.0 2 Soap Jars 15/ 15.0 6 Mahogany Book presses at 30/ 9. 0.0 1 Do. Writing Table £3 1 large Mahogany table L5 8. 0.0 1 Round table 15/ 1 paper press 10/ 1. 5.0 1 Chaffing dish 5/ 1 dry rubbing Brush 3/ 8.0 1 Clock £5 1 pr. Back Gammon tables 10/ 5.10.0 1 old pine table 8/ 6 Mahogany Chairs 40/ 2. 3.0 1 Lanthorn 10.0 1 Dressing Table Glass and Toilet 2.10.0 6 Mahogany Chairs £6 1 Bed Table L1.10 7.10.0 1 China Bason and Bottle 20/ 1. 0.0

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1 Bedstead and Suit Cotton Curtains 15. 0.0 1 Do. and Do. Virginia Cloth Do. 10. 0.0 4 pr. Window curtains 40/ 1 old Carpet 10/ 2.10.0 1 Sett Callico Curtains 50/ 5 Quilts £5 7.10.0 1 Chintz Bed Cover £3 3. 0.0 8 Feather Beds, 7 Bolsters & 9 pillows 40. 0.0 4 hair Mattrases £6 10 Counterpaines £12 18. 0.0 3 Wook Do. £3 6 pr. New Blankets

£9 7 old Do. £4 16. 0.0 51 yards Irish Linnen @ 5/ 12.15

25 yards @ Do. £6.0 19. 0.0 1 ps. Fustian Dimity 25/ 100 lb. Wt. Sugar £7.10 8.15.0

a parcel Sylabub & Jelly Glasses, 4 Salvers, 8 Water Glasses 22 Wine Do. and 3 Glass Candlesticks 3. 0.0

1 Corner Cupboard & a parcel physick 5. 0.0 1 Japann'd Tea Board 5/ 3 Globe Candle Sticks 30/ 1.15.0 1 Screen 30/ a Trussel and 4 old Trunks 20/ 2.10.0 4 Mahogany Chairs £4 1 dressing Glass 30/ 5.10.0 1 Carpet 5/ 1 old Fender Shovel and Tongs 3/ 8.0 1 Bedstead & Suit Virginia Curtains

and Window Curtains 10. 0.0 a mahogany press £3 3. 0.0 1 pine Table and Looking Glass 15/

3 old Chairs 15/ 1.10.0 3 Bedsteads 15/ 1 Fender 5/ 3 Chairs 15/ 1.15.0 1 Bedstead 10/ 1 old Chest drawers 15/ 1. 5.0 1 pine Table 5/ 1 Floor Cloth 20/

1 passage Do. 8/ 1.13.0 5 Hoes, 1 Dung fork, 1 Garden Rake and Spade 15.0 1 Wheel Barrow 8/ 1 pr. Money Scales 10/ 18.0 8 doz: Bottles at 30/ Gro: 1. 0.0

About 100 Bushels dust Coal 2.10.0 a parcel old Casks and Tubs 10.0

1 Steel Mil 3. 0.0 a Library of Books 250. 0.0

£1578.14.6

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Johnny £100.0.0 Jack £ 25.0.0 gone to the enemy Billy 100.0.0 Watt 100.0.0 Braches 10.0.0 Ben 80.0.0 gone to the enemy Cesar 25.0.0 George 30.0.0 gone to the enemy gone to the enemy Henry 30.0.0 Sam 40.0.0 William 30.0.0 Bob 25.0.0 Cosor 30.0.0 Watt 25.0.0 gone to the enemy Eve 100.0.0 Charlotte 80.0.0 gone to the enemy Aggy 60.0.0 Succordia 10.0.0 Little Aggy 60.0.0 Kitty 20.0.0 gone to the enemy Betsey 10.0.0 Lucy 60.0.0 gone to the enemy Katy 20.0.0 Peter 15.0.0 Betty 100.0.0 Roger 60.0.0 Moses 60.0.0 Wmsburg Sct. [?] £2883.14.6 In Obedience to an Order of York Court dated the 20th of November 1775 We the Subscribers being first Sworn before a Magistrate of Said City have Appraised the Estate of Peyton Randolh Esq: as Within

J. Dixon Wm. Peirce Alexr. Craig

Returned into York County Court the 15th day of July 1776 And Ordered to be Recorded Examd. Teste

Thos: Everard Cl. Curr. Granted them for obtaining a Probat in due form Liberty being reserved for John Randolph Esqr. the other Executor to join in the Probat when he shall think fit.

Thomas Everard, Clerk

Elizabeth Randolph

Will of Mrs. Betty [Peyton] Randolph York County Records Wills and Inventories, XXIII, 4-5. In the Name of God Amen I Betty Randolph do make this my last will and testament June 1st 1780. I give to Edmund Randolph, Esq; Nephew of my dear departed Husband, the Family Picture[s?] the Silver Chafing Dishes the 4 New Silver Salt Cellars the Silver Cup and 2 Silver Waiters. I also give him the Suit of Yellow Printed cotton Curtains, the Bed, Bedstead, and Blankets thereunto belonging the Clock, and his uncles Seal which I wear to my Watch. I give to my Nephew Harrison Randolph the Silver Cruet frame Table Spoons, Soup ditto, Punch Strainer ladle the four old silver Candlesticks 2 old Silver Salt cellars the Cross the China bowls the Tea set of India China all my House Linnen and half the Beds with Blankets &c. I give to my Niece Elizabeth Harrison who lives with me the new Tea Spoons 4 Silver Saucers all my wearing Cloths my minature Picture of my dear Husband my Watch and the Treasury Bond of the United States for Ninety Pounds now in the House--I give to my niece Lucy Burwell the set of Chelsea Tea China, as a token she is not forgot. I give to my Nephew Peyton Randolph the Silver Coffee Pot for the same reason. I give to my Nephew Benjamin Harrison of Berkley 4 Silver Candlesticks called the new ones which were given me by my grandmother Harrison I also give him a Mulatto Woman called little Aggy, her Daughter Betsy her son Nathan to him and his heirs forever. I also give him the other half of the Beds Blankets and Curtains. I give to my Nephew Carter Harrison of Berkley a Molatto Boy named Wat, to him and his heirs forever. I give to my Niece Ann Coupland a Negro Woman named Eve and her son George to her use and after her death to her Heirs. I give to my niece Elizabeth Harrison who lives with me a Girl named Kitty, daughter of little Aggy to her use and after her Death to her Heirs. I give to my niece Elizabeth Rickman a Negro Woman called great Aggy and her Son Henry to her use and after her death to her Heirs. I give to my Niece Lucy Randolph Daughter of my Sister Necks a Molatto girl named Charlotte to her use and after her death to her Heirs. I give to my Nephew Harrison Randolph a Negro Woman named Lucy, and her Children to him and his Heirs forever. I have in the loan Office of this Commonwealth the sum of Nine hundred Pounds which I dispose of in the following manner, five hundred Pounds I give and bequeath to my Niece Elizabeth Harrison who lives with me. One hundred to my Br. Charles Harrison, and None hundred to his daughter Betty Randolph Harrison. My Will and desire is that the House and all the Lots in Williamsburg given me by my dear Husband together with the furniture not particularly given away, Chariot, Waggon & Horses in town, and all the Estate I shall die possessed of not particularly disposed of may be sold, and after paying my debts (which I design shall be very few) the Money arising from the sale thereof may be divided into two equal parts, the one half I give and bequeath to my Nephew Harrison Randolph, out of the other half I desire forty pounds may be divided among Servants that shall attend me in my illness as they shall deserve, the remainder to be divided into Six equal parts to be given to Six Persons hereafter mentioned Viz. Peyton Harrison, son of my Br. Carter Harrison, William Harrison, son of my Br. Benjamin the Youngest Son of my Br. Nat, the Youngest Son of my Br. Charles, and the two Sons of my Br. Robert Harrison. If either of my Br. Roberts sons should die before the Age of twenty One the Survivor to take both his own and his Brothers part. My Will & desire is that the heirs of my dear & honored Husband (by whose bounty I have been enabled to make these bequests) may be put to no inconveniency by my heirs, for which reason I desire the Carts Waggons & work Horses on the Plantation & tools for the use of the Plantations tho purchases by me may not be looked on as part of my Estate. I also desire a sufficient quantity of corn and fodder may be left on the Plantations for the use of the Negroes & Stocks. I also direct that whatever Cloths, or materials for making cloths for the negroes, that shall be found in the House shall be given up for that purpose. If I should have any Money in the house or Treasury not already given away I give it to Harrison Randolph. I have lent the Estate Money as Mr. Cocks receipt & Books will show to the amount of One hundred & thirty Pounds which I design should be laid out in a monument to the memory of my dear and blessed husband. My

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Elizabeth Randolph

Will & desire is that the above Sum of One hundred & thirty Pounds due from the Estate be paid to Edmund Randolph esqr. he giving Bond to my Executors to put up a monument in the Chapel of Wm. and Mary College opposite to that of his grandfather Sr. John Randolph (which I have been informed cost about that sum) as soon as possible, he is to pay no Interest for the money only to lay out the sum of One hundred & thirty pounds. My Body which I had almost forgot I desire to be put in the Vault in the College chapel in which the remains of my blessed husband are deposited, the summit of all my wishes with regard to this world & that the expences of the funeral may be paid before the division is made. My share in the Wmsburg factory I give and devise to Harrison Randolph, my Books to his sister Lucy Randolph. I do appoint my Brother Benjn. Harrison, my Nephew Benjn. Harrison & my Nephew Harrison Randolph Exors of this my last Will & Testament. In witness whereof I have set my hand & Seat this 23rd day of October in the Year of our Lord 1780, (Signed) Betty Randolph [Seal] {Witnesses} Rachel Whitaker, Sally Singleton. 1782 July 20th A Codicil to the above Will. Whereas Eve's bad behavior laid me under the necesity of selling her, I Order and direct the Money she sold for may be laid out in purchasing two Negros Viz; a Boy & girl, the Girl I give to my Niece Ann Coapland in lieu of Eve, in the same manner that I had given Eve. The boy I give to Peyton Harrison--Son of my Brother Carter Harrison, to him & his heirs forever. I have lent Charlotte to my Nephew Harrison Randolph during my life. As he will perhaps be at some expence in raising & maintaining other Children she may have as a gratuity I give to him & his Heirs forever her son called Thomas Prouce. I have given in my Will, forty Pound Paper Currency to be divided among the Servants, instead of which I Order Ten Pounds of the Money found in the House to be divided as afore directed. I also Order Twenty Pounds out of the same Money to be given to my niece E Harrison if she should be living with me at the time of my death in order to enable her to pay her Expences to some friendly roof. I thing I have express myself with regard to Thomas Pruse in a manner that my leave room for a dispute to prevent which I declare my Will is that Harrison Randolph is to have the said Thomas Pruse at all events, I give to my Niece Eliza. Harrison my dressing Table and Glass that stands in my Chamber and the Cabinet on Top of the Desk. Betty Randolph This Codicil was Signed, Published and declared to be part of the last Will of the said Betty Randolph in presence of us. {Witness} John Blair

James Madison [Seal] (Presented and ordered recorded 17 Feb. 1783)

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Elizabeth Randolph

Portrait of Elizabeth Randolph*

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Elizabeth Randolph

Elizabeth Randolph

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Portrait of Peyton Randolph*

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Elizabeth Randolph

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Coffee Pot owned by the Randolph Family*

Elizabeth Randolph

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Peyton Randolph House

Clementina Rind

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Clementina Rind was from Maryland. She was married to William Rind, a printer. They moved to Williamsburg in 1765. William began to publish a newspaper that competed with another newspaper already being published in Williamsburg. The motto of his paper was "Open to all parties, but influenced by none." William Rind continued as a printer until his death in 1773. Clementina Rind then took over the management of the business. She was the editor from 1773 until 1774, and, like her husband, was made the public printer for the colony of Virginia. Clementina Rind was the only Virginia woman to print a newspaper or hold the position of public printer during the colonial period. Ill health caused her to stop work. She died September 25, 1774, in Williamsburg.

Clementina Rind

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Character Biography

Name: Clementina Rind Birth Place: Maryland Birth Date: ca. 1740 Death Place: Williamsburg, VA Death Date: September 25, 1774 Parents: Unknown Siblings: Unknown Education: Literate Occupation: Housewife Printer, Virginia Gazette (1773-1774) Lodging House Keeper (1774) Office(s) Held: Public Printer (1774) Residence(s): Annapolis, MD Williamsburg, VA Spouse(s): William Rind Children: William John Grierson Charles James Maria Miscellaneous: Clementina Rind died of tuberculosis on September 25, 1774. The

orphaned Rind children experienced some benevolent treatment as well as some negligence. Two of the boys, William and John, were educated at the expense of the Williamsburg Lodge of Masons for several years. Eventually, William edited newspapers in both Richmond, VA and Georgetown. Another son, James, became a lawyter in Richmond, VA. Charles disappeared from the record; he too may have died of tuberculosis.

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The only girl, Maria, was bound out to an unknown family for three years

after her mother’s death. In 1777, Sarah Norton (wife of John Hatley Norton and daughter of Robert Carter Nicholas) prevailed on Frances Randolph, who married St. George Tucker the next year, to accept Maria in her household.

Sources: Virginia Gazette “Clementina Rind” research report by Jane Carson

Clementina Rind

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Virginia Gazette May 16, 1766

We propose to print this GAZETTE on every Friday, to contain a faithful Account of remarkable foreign Occurrences; Materials for which we shall be amply furnished with, in Consequence of a general Correspondence we have established for that Purpose.

Remarkable domestic Occurrences, with exact Lists of all Entries and Clearances, Accounts of Exports and Imports, and such Proceedings of the Legislature, and Courts of Justice, as may conduce to the Benefit or Entertainment of our Readers, shall find a Place in our Publications.

Essays, useful or entertaining, Schemes for the Advancement of TRADE, ARTS and MANUFACTURES, Proposals for Improvements in AGRICULTURE, and particularly in the Culture of HEMP and FLAX, will be received with a high Sense of the Obligation, and inserted with Pleasure and Alacrity.

The Interests of RELIGION and LIBERTY, we shall ever think it our peculiar Duty to support; and, at the same Time, to treat with Contempt the intemperate, Effusions of factious Zealots, whether religious or political, as Enemies to Virtue, and the Pests of Civil Order. With the utmost Scorn shall we reject every Proposition to make our Paper a Vehicle for the dark Purposes of private Malice, by propagating Calumnies against Individuals, wounding the Peace of Families, and inflaming the Minds of Men with Bitterness and Rancour against one another.

In one Word, we will spare neither Cost nor Pains to make our Paper as useful and entertaining as possible; and, while these Objects are steadily pursued, the Publisher will confidently rely upon the known Generosity and Public Spirit of the Gentlemen of this Colony, for their Countenance and Support to such a useful Undertaking.

Clementina Rind

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Virginia Gazette August 26, 1773

WILLIAMSBURG, Agust 26. On Thursday the 19th Instant, after a lingering illness, died Mr. WILLIAM RIND, publick Printer

to the Colony; who supported the Character of an affectionate Husband, kind Parent, and a benevolent Man. His Impartiality in the Conduct of his Gazette, by publishing the Productions of the several contending Parties that have lately appeared in this Country, cannot fail of securing to his Memory the Esteem of all who are sensible how much the Freedom of the Press contributes to maintain and extend the most sacred Rights of Humanity. His Remains were interred last Saturday afternoon, in the Church of the Parish of Bruton; and, being one of the ancient and honourable Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons, the Worshipful the Master, Wardens, and other Officers and Brethren of the Lodge of this City, met at their Lodge at 3 o’Clock, to prepare themselves for expressing a proper Respect to the Memory of their deceased Brother, from whence they soon after proceeded, in the Order and with the Formalities usual on such Occasions, to the House of the Deceased, and after staying there as long as the necessary Preparations required, they went in Procession to the Church before the Corpse, each Brother being ranked agreeable to his Advancement in the Royal Art. The Corpse was followed by the Relations, and some other respectable inhabitants of the City. The Service in the Church, and at the Grave, was performed by the Reverend John Dixon, one of the Brethren, and Professor of Divinity in William & Mary College; and a solemn Dirge, suitable to the Occasion, was performed on the Organ, by Mr. Peter Pelham, a Brother likewise. As soon as the Service was ended (during which the Fraternity payed all the masonick Honours due to so worthy a Brother) they returned, in the like Procession, to the Door of the Deceased’s Dwellinghouse, and, without entering, repaired to their Lodge. The Whole was conducted with that Regularity and Decorum so conspicuous in the Laws of Masonry and fraternal Affection. Virginia Gazette September 2, 1773

Being now unhappily forced to enter upon Business on my own Account, I flatter myself those Gentlemen who shall continue to oblige me with their Custom will not be offended at my requesting them, in the future, to be punctual in sending Cash with Advertisements, and c. The ardent Desire I have of rendering this Paper as useful and entertaining as possible urges the Necessity of attending to this Request, as it must be obvious to every one that Business of so extensive a Nature cannot be carried on with that Spirit which is necessary, without a sufficient Fund to supply it: Mine, in great Measure, depends on the Punctuality of those who favour me with their Commands. May that All Ruling Power, whose chastening Hand has snatched from my dear Infants and myself our whole Dependence, make me equal to the Task! An unaffected Desire to please, an indefatigable Attention to my Business, and the Assistance of Persons whose Abilities and Attachment I can rely on, will, I hope, make me not entirely unworthy of Encouragement from the Public in general, and from the Honourable House of Burgesses in particular; whose Favour I once more take the Liberty to solicit, and in whose generous Breasts it lies to bestow Happiness and Plenty on my orphan Family, if they find me capable of being their Servant. Cheared by that pleasing Hope, I will try to support, with Fortitude, the painful Sensation of Incertainty, by a firm Reliance on that Candour and Generosity, which have ever been the Characteristic of that honourable Body. I am, with great Respect, The Public’s most faithful, And most obedient, CLEMENTINA RIND.

Clementina Rind

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York County Wills & Inventories, 22, 1771-1783 Outline personal moveable property Inventory and Appraisment of Mr. William Rind, deced taken Sept. 27th [1773] by Alexander Purdie, John Dixon, Robert Prentis & John Pinkney 500 Weight of Long Primer @ 1/3 31.. 5..- 500 ditto of English @ 1/3 31.. 5..- 25 ditto of Double Pica @ 1/3 1..11..3 25 ditto of French Canon @ 1/3 1..11..3 Two Presses 25..--..- Two Imposing Stones 5..--..- 15 Chades 3..15..- One Rack -..10...- Eight Frames 4..--..- 18 Pair of Cases 18..--..- 15 Gallies 1..--..-

Composing Sticks, 12 Letter Boards two large Pine Tables & Sundry other Impliments belonging to the Printing Office 5..--..-

7 Beds three Boulsters and four Pillows 16..--..- 1 Small Matrass -..10..- 7 Bedsteads Cords &c. 2..15..- 13 Blankets 3..5..- 4 Ruggs 1..10..- 4 Counterpanes 3..--..- 7 pr. Sheets 4..--0..- 2 ditto Ozenbrigs ditto -..10..- 6 Pillow Cases -..6..- 9 Towells -..4..6 5 Napkins -..3..- 9 Table Cloths 2..10..- 12 Mahogany Chairs and 2 Elbow ditto 10..--..- 2 ditto Card Tables 2..10..- 2 ditto Square ditto 1..10..- 1 ditto larger 2..--..- 1 ditto Tea Table -..15..- 1 Square Walnut Table -..10..- 1 Walnut Dressing Table -..15..- 2 large and 1 small Pine Table -..15..- 12 Mahogany Chairs (4 of them broke) 4..00..- 6 Walnut Chairs 2..--..- 4 old ditto -..2..6 1 Mahogany Desk 3..--..0- 1 ditto 3..--..- 1 looking glass -..15..-

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1 ditto 1..5..- 1 ditto & Sconces 1..15..- 1 Rim Casters -..6..3 4 Prints and 6 Maps -..15..- 4 Silver Tea Spoons and Tongs OZ dw ts 4 Table ditto 17.13 @ 7/pr. 6..3..6 1Soop ditto 2 China Dishes -..6..- a Parcel Queens China and Stone Ware -..10..- 2 China Bowls -..10..- 1 Decanter, 6 Glasses, 2 Salts & 2 -..7..6 Tea Board and Tea Chinea -..10.. A Parcel Tin Ware -..10..- 1 Case Bottles -..7..6 A Parcel old Pewter -..7..6 12 Pewter Plates and 4 dishes 1..--..- 1 Tin and 1 Copper Coffee Pott -..10..- Old Copper and Brass -..10..- 1 Fish Kettle -..10..- 1 Iron Tea Kettle -.. 5..- 1 Small Carpet -..10..- 1 Larger ditto1.. --..- 17 yds Ozenbrigs -..15..- 1 Brush and Dry Rubber -..5..- 1 Pair of And -..10..- 1 ditto ditto -..15..- 1 ditto Tongs and Fender -..5..- 1 Warming Pan -..6..- 1 Water Jugg -..2..6 2 large Stone Bottles -..4..- 3 Pickle Jars and 4 Pans -..5..- 2 Iron Pots and Hooks -..12..6 1 Frying Pan -..3..9 1 Brass Kettle 2..10..- 3 Flat Irons -..5..- 2 Spits -..5..- 1 dripping Pan -..1..3 1 Jack 2..00..- 2 Flesh Forks -..2..6 1 Large Jarr -..10..- Parcel Tubs Pails c -..6..- 1 Sett Bed Curtains and Rods 2..10..- 14 Bushels Coal at 9d pr. -..10..6 44 ½ lb. Bacon @6d pr1 ..2..3 Cutting Press and other materials for Binding 4..--..-

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6 Knives and Forks ..7..6 Several old Casks -..10..- 1 Cow 50/. 1 ditto 70/l .6..--..- 1 Bible and Prayer Book -..15..- A Parcel Books -..10..- A Saddle and Bridle -..10..- 1 Smoaking Chair (Broke) -..15..- Negro Man Dick 30..--..- New Ledger & Alphabet 2..10..-

£272..5..6 In obedience to an order of York hereunto annexed We the Subscribers have Appraised the Estate of William Rind deced as will appear by this Inventory. Sept. 27th 1773. Will: Russel Dshf A. Purdie

John Dixon Ro: Prentis John Pinkney

Returned into York County Court the 18th day of October 1773 and ordered to be Recorded. Exd:

Teste Thos: Everard Cl: Cur:

Virginia Gazette September 29, 1774 On Sunday last died, Mrs. CLEMENTINA RIND. It ill beseems the printer, he apprehends, as being a relation, to pretend to characterize her. The public, who must in general have been acquainted with her, knew her qualifications. It shall, however, be his most ardent study to protect her children.

Clementina Rind

Virginia Gazette October 6, 1774 From a reader

Ye mournful bards! Why are your lyres unstrung! Shall Clementina’s praise remain unsung! Sooner the lowest of the tuneful throng Shall raise her lays to elegiac song: To her, blest shade, a plaintive verse is due, Lov’d by the muses, and fair science too; And sure a happy proof of this remains, In her soft numbers, and harmonious strains. With manly sense, and fortitude of mind, The softer graces of her sex combin’d, To form a bright example in her life, Of friend, of mistress, daughter, mother, wife. Aid us, religion! To receive the strike, Which fatally those dear connections broke. When worth and genius prematurely die, All men must give th’ involuntary sigh; But when that worth is intimately known, We pay the tribute of a heart-felt groan!

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Clementina Rind

Ludwell Paradise House*

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Jane Hunter Charlton

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Jane Charlton was a milliner who moved to Williamsburg from London in October, 1766, to open a shop. She married her neighbor Edward Charlton, a barber and wigmaker, and they ran a millinery business and a wig shop from their house. On April 29, 1775, Edward and Jane Charlton advertised in the Gazette that they intended to go to England and wished to sell their house. The house was not sold until 1779 and it is not known whether they actually returned to England. They were, however, in Williamsburg from 1778 to 1779 and perhaps into 1782 based on records from York County.


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Character Biography

Name: Jane Hunter Charlton Birth Place: London, England? Birth Date: by 1746 Death Place: Williamsburg, VA Death Date: 1802 Parents: Unknown Siblings: Margaret Hunter (b. by 1749—d. 1787) Elizabeth Hunter Farrow (d. after 1802) Occupation: Milliner Residence(s): England (before 1766) Williamsburg, VA (1766-1802) Spouse(s): Edward Charlton (d. 1792) (m. between June 1770 and October 1771) Children: None Known Miscellaneous: Charlton owned the slaves Aggy, Charlott, Nanny, and Sally. Jane Hunter Charlton is an example of a successful eighteenth-century

business woman. She was a trained milliner, indicating that she had some schooling and probably served an apprenticeship in London. She advertised a wide variety of imported goods, including caps and hats, materials, ribbons, feathers and other trimmings, sewing notions, jewelry, and accessories, and she made hats, cloaks, and other milliner, as well as mounting fans. She was a supplier of the goods that the growing trend of consumerism demanded.

Her legal status changed when she married Edward Charlton. Even

though she kept on running her business as a femme covert, she would not have been in control.


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Jane had an urban upbringing in London, and the nature of her business

dictated that she live and work in an urban setting. Millinery shops were generally located in capital cities where there was a market for expensive fashionable articles and clothing.

Edward Charlton died in 1792, and Jane continued the business as a

femme sole. At her death in 1802 she freed her two slaves, left them money, and provided for the upkeep and education of their two children, who were to be freed at the age of 18. Her estate was worth almost $7,000.

Connections to other families: Ledger pages in the 1790s include

purchases by Joseph Prentis and Mrs. Tucker. Sources: York County (VA) Records Virginia Gazette House History—Colonial Williamsburg Research Department


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Virginia Gazette October 1767 …The Subscriber having a sister just arrived from LONDON, who understands the millinery business, she hopes to carry it on to the satisfaction of those who shall favour them with their commands. They have imported all the materials for making hats and bonnets, in the newest taste; where Ladies may be supplied in the shortest notice, by Their humble servants, M. & J. Hunter Virginia Gazette October 27, 1774

Just Imported, in the Bland, Captain Danby, and to be SOLD by the Subscriber in Williamsburg, A FRESH Assortment of MILLINERY, consisting of Bath, Brussels, and Minionet Laces, Blond and Black Laces, Edgings of all Sorts and Stomachers and Sleeve Knots, Caps of all Kinds, also a compleat Assortment of JEWELLERY, Silks and Satins, White and coloured Gentlements fashionable Silk Hose, Childbed Linen, Baskets, Pincushions, and Cradle Quilts, Ladies Riding hats, Childrens Do.

Jane Hunter Charlton Virginia Gazette April 29, 1775 As the subscibers intend for England, the GOODS they have on Hand will be sold cheap for Cash; and as their continuance here is uncertain, it makes such a Notice necessary. The HOUSE they live in, which is situated in the most public Part of the City, and well calculated for any public Busines, to be sold on long Credit, with Interest from the Date of the Deed, or on an Annuity, with approved Security. Edward Charlton Jane Charlton


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Jane Charlton Account Book Mr. J. Prentis To J. Charlton Dr. 1795 July 15 To 2 hkrs 15/au. 1 & 1/2 yd. Persian 2/3 - 17. .2

To 1 yd. Ribbon 10d 1 yd Do. 6d. Silk 6d - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.10

1796 July 6 To 1/2 yd. Persian 2/3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2. .3

£21. . 4 By Cash 4/7 4. .7

£16. .9 1798

Recd the above in full.

Jane Charlton Jane Charlton Account Book 1793 May 7 Mrs Tucker Bought of J. Charlton

pr Slippers 13/ pr gloves 5/6 - - - - - - - - - £ 18. .6 fan - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7. .6

By Cash recd the Contents £ 6 1795 Mrs Tucker to J. Charlton July 11th pr Sandles 13/ 5 yds ribbon 7/6 - - - - - - - 1. .10. .6

6 yds ribbon Do 8/6 1 yd Muslin 10/6 1 yd Do 8/6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. . .3. .6

pr Slippers 11/6 pr Stockings 60/ tape 7/ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3. .18. .-

needles 1/ pins 1/3 Marking thrd 6d 2. .9 £6. .14. .9

S. G. Tucker requests to know if a draft on Mr Browne of Richmond for the above amt will accomodate Mrs Charlton equally as well as The Money paid her.


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1795 Novr 2 Recd of Mr. Tucker the sum of £ 8. .5 in full of all demands.

J. Charlton 1796 Mrs Tucker to Jane Charlton March hatt 6/ flower 10/6 fan 6/5

sandles 12/ Do 13/ - - - - - - - - - - - £ 1. .15. .6 6 Yds ribbon 9/ hatt 4/6 6 Yds

ribbon 9/ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. . .2. .6 April 2 2 Yds ribbon 3/ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3. . 12 Recd the Conts in full

J. Charlton Jane Charlton Account Book 1796 Ausst Mrs Tucker to J. Charlton

3 Handks 27/ 3 Do 15/ - - - - - - - - - - - - £ 2. . .2. .- 4 1/2 yds Muslin 40/ 1 yd persian 4/6- 2. . .5. .- 5 1/2 Yds edging 9/2 4 1/2 Do 5/- - - - - - 13. .8 2 fans 16/ 1 Do 5/ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. . .1. .- 3 yds ribbon 3/9 3 Do 1 1/2 - - - - - - - - - 4.10 1/2 1 paper pins 1/6 Do 1/2 Do 1/2 - - - - - - 2. .6

1798 Mrs Tucker to Jane Charlton Feby 6th 6 Yds Muslin - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - £ 3. .12. .-

Hatt 13/ 2 1/2 yds ribbons 3 1/2 yds Do- 18.10 1/2 3 Yds ribbon 3/ 1 1/2 yds lawn 8/3 11. . .3 . . . .

February 15 Recd the above in full £ 5. . .2. .1 1/2 Jane Charlton

June 22nd

(edging, muslin, gloves, shoes, fan, &c.) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3. .15. .6

1799 Mrs Tucker to Jane Charlton Jan 30 To 6 pr Stockings July 12

(persian, silk, nedles, ribbon, gloves, thread) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - £ 3. .14. .4 1/2

Recd the contents in full

Jane Charlton


Charlton House

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Margaret and Jane Hunter Millinery Shop

Eve

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Eve was one of 27 slaves owned by Peyton and Betty Randolph. In 1775, Royal Governor Dunmore issued a proclamation declaring that he would “declare all indented Servants, Negroes, or others . . . free” who would join his army against the Rebels. Eve ran to Dunmore’s cause, taking her son George with her. At some point she returned or was returned, but by the time of Betty Randolph’s will had been sold away because of her “bad behavior.” Note: Several thousand men responded to the proclamation and joined Dunmore’s forces with an additional several thousand women and children following.

Eve

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Character Biography

Name: Eve Birth Place: Before 1766 Birth Date: Unknown Death Place: Unknown Death Date: Unknown Parents: Unknown Siblings: Unknown Occupation: Slave belonging to Peyton and Elizabeth (Betty) Randolph Residence(s): Williamsburg, VA Spouse(s): Unknown Children: George (baptized July 6, 1766 at Bruton Parish Church) Miscellaneous: Valued at 100 pounds, Eve was the highest-valued female slave and one of the

most valuable of all the slaves, suggesting that she was of prime age and highly skilled. In his will Randoph bequeathed “Eve and her children” to his wife, Betty Randolph.

One month after Peyton Randolp’s death, Lord Dunmore issued a proclamation that offered “freedom to any slaves who desert rebellious masters and who serve in the king’s forces.” Eve evidently responded to the call, as Randolph’s probate inventory of January 5, 1776, listed eight slaves from the estate, including Eve, as “gone to the enemy.” She must have returned, either by force or choice, to the widow Betty Randolph, however, because Betty Randolph’s will of October 1780 gave “Eve and her son George” to Randolph’s niece. In July 1782 in a codicil to her will, Betty Randolph stated that “Eve’s bad behavior laid me under the necessity of selling her.”

Sources: York County (VA) Project York County Records York County Wills & Inventories

Eve

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By his Excellency the Right Honourable J O H N Earl of D U N M O R E, his Majesty’s Lieutenant and Governour-General of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia, and Vice-Admiral of the same:

s I have ever entertained Hopes that an Accommodation might have taken Place between Great Britain and this Colony, without being compelled, by my Duty, to this most disagreeable, but now absolutely necessary Step, rendered so by a Body of armed Men,

unlawfully assembled, firing on his Majesty’s Tenders, and the Formation of an Army, and that Army now on their March to attack his majesty’s Troops, and destroy the well-disposed Subjects of this Colony: To defeat such treasonalbe Purposes, and that all such Traitor, and their Abetters, may be brought to Justice, and that the Peace and good Order of this Colony may be again restored, which the ordinary Course of the civil Law is unable to effect, I have thought fit to issue this my Proclamation, hereby declaring, that until the aforesaid good Purposes can be obtained, I do, in Virtue of the Power and Authority to me given, by his Majesty, determine to execute martial Law, and cause the same to be executed throughout this Colony; and to the End that Peace and good Order may the sooner be restored, I do require every Person capable of bearing Arms to resort to his Majesty’s S T A N D A R D, or be looked upon as Traitors to his Majesty’s Crown and Government, and thereby become liable to the Penalty the Law inflicts upon such Offences, such as Forfeiture of Life, Confiscation of Lands, &c. &c. And I do hereby farther declare all indented Servants, Negroes, or others (appertaining to Rebels) free, that are able and willing to bear Arms, they joining his Majesty’s Troops, as soon as may be, for the more speedily reducing this Colony to a proper Sense of their Duty, to his Majesty’s liege Subjects to retain their Quitrents, or any other Taxes due, or that may become due, in their own Custody, till such time as Peace may be again restored to this at present most unhappy Country, or demanded of them for their former salutary Purposes, by Officers properly authorised to receive the same,

A A P R O C L A M A T I O N.

G I V E N under my Hand, on Board the Ship William, off Norfolk, the 7th Day of November, in the 16th Year of his Majesty’s

Reign. D U N M O R E.

G O D SAVE THE K I N G.

Eve

Will of Peyton Randolph York County Records Wills and Inventories, XXII, 308-310

In the name of God Amen I Peyton Randolph do make this my last Will and Testament. I gave and devise unto my beloved Wife my dwelling House, Lots and all the Outhouses thereto belonging, in the City of Williamsburg, with the furniture of the same, and also my Chariot and Horses, and all her wearing Apparel rings and Jewels, all which Estates Real and Personal I give to her, her Heirs, Executors and Administrators. I Give to my said Wife also little Aggy and her Children, Great Aggy and her Children, Eve and her Children, Lucy and her Children, to her and her Heirs forever. I give to my Wife also the use and enjoyment of my whole Estate real and personal, not hereafter given away, during her natural Life. I Give to Harrison Randolph a Negro boy called Casar, the son of Sue, to him and his Heirs forever. I Give to my Brother John Randolph two Negroe Boys, such as he shall choose out of my Estate, which have not been particularly disposed of to him and his Heirs, after the Death of my wife I give unto my said Brother all my Estate Real and Personal to hold the same during his Life, except my Man Johnny, whom in that Case I Give to my Nephew Edmund Randolph to him and his Heirs. And after the death of my Brother John I Give all the Estate devised to him for life to the said Edmund Randolph his Heirs Executors and Administrators, subject Nevertheless to the payment of five hundred pounds to each of his Sisters Susanna and Arriana Randolph for the payment of which sums I allow him four years, after the Estate shall come into his Hands, he paying them Interest yearly for such sums as Remain unpaid. I do hereby empower my executors to sell my books and Presses to pay my debts, and if that is not sufficient, to sell so many of the negroes as they think can be best spared from the use of the Plantations to answer that Purpose. I do appoint my Wife, my Brother John Randolph, and Mr. James Cocke Executors of this my Will. In Witness whereof I have set my hand and seal this 18th day of August in the year of our Lord 1774. Signed Sealed Published and Declared by the said Peyton Randolph as and for his Last Will (he being present at the [time] of this attestation) In the presence of us Thomas Mason Samuel Henley John Pope At a Court held for York County the 20th day of November 1775 This will was produced in Court an the subscribing Witnesses thereto not being to be had John Blair and Thomas Everard were sworn and Examined who severally deposed that they are well acquainted with the Testators hand writing and verily believe that the said Will and the Testators name thereto subscribed are of his proper hand writing, and thereupon the said will was ordered to be Recorded on the motion of Betty Randolph and James Cocke two of the Executors who made Oath thereto and together with John Blair and Nathaniel Burwell their Securitities entered into and acknowledged Bond as the law directs Certificate was Granted them for obtaining a Probat in due form Liberty being reserved for John Randolph Esqr. the other Executor to join in the Probat when he shall think fit. Thomas Everard, Clerk

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Eve

Excerpt from Peyton Randolph Probate Inventory, November 20, 1775 Johnny £100.0.0 Jack £ 25.0.0 gone to the enemy Billy 100.0.0 Watt 100.0.0 Braches 10.0.0 Ben 80.0.0 gone to the enemy Cesar 25.0.0 George 30.0.0 gone to the enemy gone to the enemy Henry 30.0.0 Sam 40.0.0 William 30.0.0 Bob 25.0.0 Cosor 30.0.0 Watt 25.0.0 gone to the enemy Eve 100.0.0 Charlotte 80.0.0 gone to the enemy Aggy 60.0.0 Succordia 10.0.0 Little Aggy 60.0.0 Kitty 20.0.0 gone to the enemy Betsey 10.0.0 Lucy 60.0.0 gone to the enemy Katy 20.0.0 Peter 15.0.0 Betty 100.0.0 Roger 60.0.0 Moses 60.0.0 Wmsburg Sct. [?] £2883.14.6 Bruton Parish Records (birth) Randollph, Peyton Esqr. 6 July 1766 George, son of his slave Eve bapt’ed this date.

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Eve

Will of Mrs. Betty [Peyton] Randolph York County Records Wills and Inventories, XXIII, 4-5. In the Name of God Amen I Betty Randolph do make this my last will and testament June 1st 1780. I give to Edmund Randolph, Esq; Nephew of my dear departed Husband, the Family Picture[s?] the Silver Chafing Dishes the 4 New Silver Salt Cellars the Silver Cup and 2 Silver Waiters. I also give him the Suit of Yellow Printed cotton Curtains, the Bed, Bedstead, and Blankets thereunto belonging the Clock, and his uncles Seal which I wear to my Watch. I give to my Nephew Harrison Randolph the Silver Cruet frame Table Spoons, Soup ditto, Punch Strainer ladle the four old silver Candlesticks 2 old Silver Salt cellars the Cross the China bowls the Tea set of India China all my House Linnen and half the Beds with Blankets &c. I give to my Niece Elizabeth Harrison who lives with me the new Tea Spoons 4 Silver Saucers all my wearing Cloths my minature Picture of my dear Husband my Watch and the Treasury Bond of the United States for Ninety Pounds now in the House—I give to my niece Lucy Burwell the set of Chelsea Tea China, as a token she is not forgot. I give to my Nephew Peyton Randolph the Silver Coffee Pot for the same reason. I give to my Nephew Benjamin Harrison of Berkley 4 Silver Candlesticks called the new ones which were given me by my grandmother Harrison I also give him a Mulatto Woman called little Aggy, her Daughter Betsy her son Nathan to him and his heirs forever. I also give him the other half of the Beds Blankets and Curtains. I give to my Nephew Carter Harrison of Berkley a Molatto Boy named Wat, to him and his heirs forever. I give to my Niece Ann Coupland a Negro Woman named Eve and her son George to her use and after her death to her Heirs. I give to my niece Elizabeth Harrison who lives with me a Girl named Kitty, daughter of little Aggy to her use and after her Death to her Heirs. I give to my niece Elizabeth Rickman a Negro Woman called great Aggy and her Son Henry to her use and after her death to her Heirs. I give to my Niece Lucy Randolph Daughter of my Sister Necks a Molatto girl named Charlotte to her use and after her death to her Heirs. I give to my Nephew Harrison Randolph a Negro Woman named Lucy, and her Children to him and his Heirs forever. I have in the loan Office of this Commonwealth the sum of Nine hundred Pounds which I dispose of in the following manner, five hundred Pounds I give and bequeath to my Niece Elizabeth Harrison who lives with me. One hundred to my Br. Charles Harrison, and None hundred to his daughter Betty Randolph Harrison. My Will and desire is that the House and all the Lots in Williamsburg given me by my dear Husband together with the furniture not particularly given away, Chariot, Waggon & Horses in town, and all the Estate I shall die possessed of not particularly disposed of may be sold, and after paying my debts (which I design shall be very few) the Money arising from the sale thereof may be divided into two equal parts, the one half I give and bequeath to my Nephew Harrison Randolph, out of the other half I desire forty pounds may be divided among Servants that shall attend me in my illness as they shall deserve, the remainder to be divided into Six equal parts to be given to Six Persons hereafter mentioned Viz. Peyton Harrison, son of my Br. Carter Harrison, William Harrison, son of my Br. Benjamin the Youngest Son of my Br. Nat, the Youngest Son of my Br. Charles, and the two Sons of my Br. Robert Harrison. If either of my Br. Roberts sons should die before the Age of twenty One the Survivor to take both his own and his Brothers part. My Will & desire is that the heirs of my dear & honored Husband (by whose bounty I have been enabled to make these bequests) may be put to no inconveniency by my heirs, for which reason I desire the Carts Waggons & work Horses on the Plantation & tools for the use of the Plantations tho purchases

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Eve

by me may not be looked on as part of my Estate. I also desire a sufficient quantity of corn and fodder may be left on the Plantations for the use of the Negroes & Stocks. I also direct that whatever Cloths, or materials for making cloths for the negroes, that shall be found in the House shall be given up for that purpose. If I should have any Money in the house or Treasury not already given away I give it to Harrison Randolph. I have lent the Estate Money as Mr. Cocks receipt & Books will show to the amount of One hundred & thirty Pounds which I design should be laid out in a monument to the memory of my dear and blessed husband. My Will & desire is that the above Sum of One hundred & thirty Pounds due from the Estate be paid to Edmund Randolph esqr. he giving Bond to my Executors to put up a monument in the Chapel of Wm. and Mary College opposite to that of his grandfather Sr. John Randolph (which I have been informed cost about that sum) as soon as possible, he is to pay no Interest for the money only to lay out the sum of One hundred & thirty pounds. My Body which I had almost forgot I desire to be put in the Vault in the College chapel in which the remains of my blessed husband are deposited, the summit of all my wishes with regard to this world & that the expences of the funeral may be paid before the division is made. My share in the Wmsburg factory I give and devise to Harrison Randolph, my Books to his sister Lucy Randolph. I do appoint my Brother Benjn. Harrison, my Nephew Benjn. Harrison & my Nephew Harrison Randolph Exors of this my last Will & Testament. In witness whereof I have set my hand & Seat this 23rd day of October in the Year of our Lord 1780, (Signed) Betty Randolph [Seal] {Witnesses} Rachel Whitaker, Sally Singleton. 1782 July 20th A Codicil to the above Will. Whereas Eve’s bad behavior laid me under the necesity of selling her, I Order and direct the Money she sold for may be laid out in purchasing two Negros Viz; a Boy & girl, the Girl I give to my Niece Ann Coapland in lieu of Eve, in the same manner that I had given Eve. The boy I give to Peyton Harrison—Son of my Brother Carter Harrison, to him & his heirs forever. I have lent Charlotte to my Nephew Harrison Randolph during my life. As he will perhaps be at some expence in raising & maintaining other Children she may have as a gratuity I give to him & his Heirs forever her son called Thomas Prouce. I have given in my Will, forty Pound Paper Currency to be divided among the Servants, instead of which I Order Ten Pounds of the Money found in the House to be divided as afore directed. I also Order Twenty Pounds out of the same Money to be given to my niece E Harrison if she should be living with me at the time of my death in order to enable her to pay her Expences to some friendly roof. I thing I have express myself with regard to Thomas Pruse in a manner that may leave room for a dispute to prevent which I declare my Will is that Harrison Randolph is to have the said Thomas Pruse at all events, I give to my Niece Eliza. Harrison my dressing Table and Glass that stands in my Chamber and the Cabinet on Top of the Desk. Betty Randolph This Codicil was Signed, Published and declared to be part of the last Will of the said Betty Randolph in presence of us. {Witness} John Blair

James Madison [Seal] (Presented and ordered recorded 17 Feb. 1783)

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Eve

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Bead Necklace*

Bone Handle*

Eve

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Peyton Randolph Kitchen

Matthew Hubard

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Matthew Hubard was the oldest child of James Hubard, a lawyer who joined the British Army and served until the surrender at Yorktown. James retreated with the army to New York and died there in May, 1782. Matthew was fifteen years old when his father died. He traveled to New York from Virginia to find his father but arrived three days after his father's death. Governor Dunmore, the last Royal Governor of Virginia, took Matthew with him to England to seek financial help. The commissioners in England examined Matthew’s claim for compensation from his father’s losses on July 9, 1783.

Matthew Hubard

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Character Biography

Name: Matthew Hubard Birth Place: Unknown Birth Date: December 25, 1766 Death Place: Unknown Death Date: Unknown Parents: James Hubard, Jr. (Lawyer, Loyalist) Frances Morton (Milliner) Siblings: James (b. February 12, 1765) Meriwether (b. October 16, 1768) 5 other siblings Occupation: Unknown Residence(s): Williamsburg, VA Spouse(s): Unknown Children: Unknown Miscellaneous: During the 1780s and 1790s, Frances Hubard (Matthew’s mother) owned

as many as 5 slaves. In April 1797, Frances Hubard’s house in Williamsburg burned. Sources: York County (VA) Project Virginia Gazette

Matthew Hubard

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Virginia Gazette May 11, 1769:32 Williamsburg, May 16, 1769 The subscriber purposes to practice the law in the county Courts, in and about Williamsburg, in the Cort of Admiralty, and to attend the Council Board on the trial of caveats. Whatever business is entrusted to his care shall be conducted with the greatest dispatch, and to the best of his abilities.

James Hubard 24 Nov 1781 J. PRENTIS TO GOV: NELSON Sir,

At the request of the Common Hall of this city, I am to inform your Excellency, that a number of Persons who were formerly residents of this Town, and who joined the British Army, have, since Lord Cornwallis's Reduction, returned here; and are at this time, quietly enjoying the privileges and advantages of good citizens, which we cannot conceive they are entitled to.

I have inclosed a List of such of them as can be recollected to present, and have no doubt but that some mode will be adopted by the Executive to enquire into this matter.

I am with every sentiment of Esteem & Respect

Yr: Excellency's most ob't S'vt. Jacob Williams Joseph Thompson Henry Drake Watson Benj. Bucktrout James Hubard Jnr: Wm. Hill James Ross

Matthew Hubard

JOHN BLAIR TO GOV: HARRISON 28 May 1782

In behalf of the widow of Mr. James Highboard, who had been allowed without proper authority to leave Williamsburg for New York to see her dying husband, but who now desires to return, altho' she had promised not to do so, adds "I forbear, Sir, to urge in her Behalf Arguments of Compassion. I know it is unnecessary. I know that if the safety of the Public, should in the Opinion of the Honble Board make it their Duty to reject this Application, the Feelings of Humanity will still play their Part in private and need no Prompter. * * *

"If the opinion of the Count de Rochambeau may have any weight, I am authorized to say that he apprehends no Danger from the Indulgence of Mrs. Highboard's request." Audit Office Series 13/031/001 Corresponding Survery Report no .2247 Williamsburg Claim presented by James Minzies on behalf of the late James Hubard Jr.'s son, Matthew Hubard. James Hubard joined the British Army under Cornwallis and served until the surrender at York Town, after which he sailed to New York. His health was failing, occasioned by a disorder he had contracted in the Garrison at York Town, and he died in May 1782. He had a wife and eight children at the time, the oldest, Matthew being fifteen. Matthew had made his way through Rebell Country from Williamsburg to New York, arriving three days after his father's death. Dunmore took up Matthew's cause, took him to England to get him a commission in the Army, and when that failed, helped him appeal to the Committee to receive compensation for his father's losses.

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Matthew Hubard

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Virginia Gazette April 8, 1797

WILLIAMSBURG, April 5

Yesterday between 4 and 5 o’clock in the afternoon, a Fire broke out in the dwelling house of Mrs. FRANCES HUBARD of this town, which in a little time was entirely consumed: Fortunately however, most of the furniture was saved; though not without sustaining considerable injury. The situation of this unfortunate lady, who has not so much as a comfortable dwelling left her, must be sincerely lamented by all who compassionate the unfortunate and sympathize with the distressed. Never did the voice of humanity cry aloud for the relief of the distressed more than on the present occasion. Such were the feelings of those who beheld the melancholy spectacle, who saw an unfortunate woman, the mother of many children, deprived of her only security against the inclemencies of the weather, that a subscription was instantly handed about to alleviate her misfortune. But alas! The loss was too great to be easily repaired. It is however much to be wished, that all who feel for the misfortunes of others, but particularly those who, either from connexion or subsisting intimacy, are concerned for the welfare of the unfortunate Mrs. Hubard, will, without hesitation contribute to her relief. A more worthy occasion never urged a compliance with the duties of humanity. The Printer is most earnestly requested to receive all Contributions which may be made for the relief of Mrs. HUBARD, and to convey them safely to the Rev’d. John Bracken of Williamsburg. Inventory of estate of Matthew Hubberd 1772 September 29 Inventory of the Effects of Matthew Hubberd Deced in the possession of W. Boaz Booth Sept. 29th 1772 Viz. 1 Cow and Calf, 1 Bed 2 Bedstead 1 Rugg and Blanket 1 large Bagg of Feathers, 6 Flagged Chairs & Leather bottom do., 1 Black Walnut Oval Table, 1 Iron Potts, 1 Frying Pan, 2 Powdering Tubbs, 1 old Gun, 1 old Cutlass & Spinning Wheel Examd: Will: Russel DShf

Matthew Hubard

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Courthouse*

William Hunter, Jr.

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William Hunter inherited half a printing business from his father. As an adult, he worked in the shop with his partner, John Dixon. Hunter and Dixon ended their partnership in 1779, probably over issues related to the Revolutionary War. Hunter joined Cornwallis's Army in June, 1781, where he gave information about the Americans to the British. Hunter was forced to leave Williamsburg after the Revolution and, as he left behind valuable property, he later petitioned the British to repay him for his losses.

William Hunter, Jr.

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Character Biography

Name: William Hunter, Jr. Birth Place: Williamsburg, VA? Birth Date: Late 1755 or early 1754 Death Place: Unknown—probably London, England Death Date: After September 1789 Parents: William Hunter Elizabeth Reynolds (b. by 1739—d. after 1779)

NOTE: There is no evidence that William Hunter and Elizabeth Reynolds were married.

Siblings: None Occupation: Printer Merchant Office(s) Held: Petit Juror (1779) Subsheriff and Tax Collector (March-July 1780) Residence(s): James City County, VA (1761-1764) Philadelphia, PA (1764-1767) Charles Parish, York County, VA (1768) Williamsburg, VA (1769-1781) Yorktown, VA (1781) New York (1781-1783?) Nova Scotia (1783?-1784) London, England (1784-1789+) Spouse(s): Elizabeth Hunter Davenport (d. by 1784) (William’s first cousin) (m. 1777) Children: William Hunter (b. +1780?) Joseph Hunter (b. by 1782)

William Hunter, Jr.

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Miscellaneous: Hunter owned several properties in Williamsburg. He was a member of the Williamsburg Masonic Lodge, and he owned a number of slaves. Although he was a member of the Williamsburg militia, Hunter was a loyalist and suffered property losses when the British surrendered.

Sources: Virginia Gazette York County (VA) Records Becoming Americans—People & Revolution

William Hunter, Jr.

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RECEIVED December the twenty eighth 1774 of Benjamin Waller and Thomas Everard Executors of Mr William Hunter decd and by them assigned to me the following Bonds and Papers to Wit

A Bond dated November 3d 1767 from John Thompson junr Thomas Mann Randolph James Pride and William Byrd to the said Executors in the Penalty of Five thousand Pounds current Money with condition for the payment of Two thousand Six hundred pounds current Money on the 18th day of December 1774 with Lawful Interest the Interest on which has been duly paid and accounted for by the said Executors for the use of the said Testators Estate and to Col. John Dixon my Late Guardian to the 18th day of December 1773. Also the said John Thompson’s Bond to the said Executors dated November 3d 1767, in the penalty of Two hundred and sixty Pounds current Money for the payment of One hundred and thirty pounds Current Money on the tenth day of December 1774 Six pounds one Shilling and a Penny part of which has been paid my said late Guardian and is for the Last years Interest on the first above mentioned Bond.

And also a Bond from the said John Dixon with Henry Dixon his Security to the said Executors dated the 12th day of August 1773 in the penalty of two hundred and eighty Pounds current Money for the payment of one hundred and forty pounds current Money being so much of the principal Money of the first above mentioned bond received by the said John Dixon for my Uses Which said several Bonds are in full for the said Testator’s Stock in Trade with Messrs Tarpley, Thompson and company bequeathed me by his Will. Also a bond from Alexander Purdie John Dixon and Haldenby Dixon to the said Executors dated the twenty first day of June 1766 the Penalty of Two thousand four hundred pounds current Money for the payment of twelve hundred Pounds current Money with Lawful Interest for the same being for the said Hunter’s part of Printing Materials Books Stationary Wares&c at the Printing Office sold the said Purdie by the said Executors the Interest on which has been recieved and accounted for by the said Executors to June 21st 1772.

Also the said Executors written Agreement with the said Purdie and Dixon for renting the said Printing Office to them the Rents for the same have been duly accounted for by the said Executors.

And also the Articles of Agreement entered into by the said Executors with Joseph Royle decd pursuant to their Testators directions.

Which Premises are in full of the Legacies bequesathed me by the Will of the said William Hunter decd. WILLIAM HUNTER/s/ Winess John Waller junrBen: C. Waller

And I the said William Hunter to hereby Oblige myself my Executors and Administrators to indemnify the said Benjamin Waller and Thomas Everard from any Claim or demand Which they may hereafter be Liable to as Executors of William Hunter decd.

William Hunter, Jr.

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Virginia Gazette January 7, 1775 “Printed by JOHN DIXON and WM. HUNTER, at the POST OFFICE” To the PUBLICK

The many Orders we have received from the Subscribers to this Gazette for continuing them on our List, and the few who have withdrawn their Subscriptions, encourage us to hope for Success in this Publication. We now present the Publick with our papers, as a Sample of what they are to expect from us in Future...

Whatever may be sent us in Favour of LIBERTY, or for the PUBLICK GOOD, shall be published with Cheerfulness; and in Case of a Scarcity of News, we will endeavour to supply the Room with such moral Pieces, from the best Writers, as may contribute to the Improvement of mankind in General ...

The PAPERS will be published early every Saturday Morning... JOHN DIXON WILLIAM HUNTER Virginia Gazette March 5, 1779

ALL persons indebted to the late partnership of Dixon & Hunter, for gazettes, books, &c. Are requested to pay off their respective balances as soon as possible; and those who have claims against the same are desired to apply for payment. The books are lodged with William Hunter, who will settle all accounts relative to the said partnership.

William Hunter, Jr.

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Loyalist Petition of William Hunter

To the Right Honourable the Lords Commissioners of his Majesty’s Treasury. The Memorial of William Hunter, late of the Colony of Virginia, Printer, Book Seller and

Stationer, Humbly showeth: That your Memorialsit was, at the Commencement of the late Rebellion, settled in a very

lucrative Business in the Colony of Virginia, but from a Spirit of Loyalty and Attachment to his Sovereign, and to avoid Persecution, was obliged to quit his Business and embraced the earliest Opportunity of joining his majesty’s Forces: chusing rather to sacrifice his Life and Fortune in the Service of his King and Country than to bear Arms against them, which, though he had avoided during his Residence in Virginia, he would have been obligated to do when the British Army came into the Neighbourhood in which he lived, or suffer a further Prosecution of which he had already experienced too much.

That in Consequence of his Loyalty he has not only been deprived of the Whole of his Fortune, but banished from his native Country, having returned thither, under the Faith of the Treaty of Peace, in order to settle his Affairs.

That your Memorialist did, both before he joined the Army, and afterwards, endeavour to render every Service in his Power to the Commanders of his Majesty’s Army, which he takes the Liberty to say he believes is well known to Col. Dundas, and which will further appear by Lord Cornwallis’s certificate annexed to this Memorial.

That your Memorialist has a small Family consisting of an aged Mother and two Children who look up to him for Support, which he is absolutely unable to give them, being himself destitute of the Means of Subsistence; Therefore humbly prays that your Lordships will take into consideration his Case, and grant him such relief as you may think his Losses and Services Merit.

And your Memorialist, as in Duty bound, will ever Pray William Hunter London Septr 2 1782 No. 2 Sugar Loaf Court Leadenhall Street

William Hunter, Jr.

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No. 1 An Estimate of Losses sutained by William Hunter in Consequence of his Loyalty and Attachment to his Majesty and Government viz. 1 House and Lott in the City of Williamsburg N47 1 Ditto Ditto N 48 1 Ditto Ditto 1 Small Farm near Williamsburg 4 Negro Men value £75 each 5 Negro Women £60 each 6 Negro Children from 2 to 10 Years old, average £30 each 1 Phaeton & pair Horses in value 1 Waggon & 4 Horses 20 Head of Cattle, 30 Head of Sheep, and a Number of

Hogs in value about Household & Kitchen Furniture in Value about Debts due on Account of his Business 1 Sloop of 40 Tons 1 Sett of Printing Materials a small Quantity of Merchandis in value about

Virginia Currency £ 650

650 350 105 300 300 180 175 170 100 500

Virginia Currency

1200 60 300 100

£5135

William Hunter, Jr.

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William Hunter, Jr.’s Printing Office

John Randolph

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John Randolph was a political moderate in the years before the Revolution, but as the events leading up to the conflict unfolded, he became more and more conservative. He refused to support Virginia's separation from England because he saw it as an illegal and foolish act. Randolph became more and more unpopular with the people of Williamsburg until finally, in 1775, he, his wife, and their two daughters left Virginia for England. Upon his departure, John Randolph had Peyton Randolph as one of three trustees given the task of selling his property in Williamsburg. Despite his political differences with his brother Peyton, they remained close.

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Character Biography

Name: John Randolph Birth Place: Williamsburg, VA Birth Date: ca. 1727 Death Place: London, England (Buried in family vault—Chapel, College of William &

Mary) Death Date: January 31, 1785 Parents: Sir John Randolph Lady Susannah Beverly Randolph Siblings: Beverly Peyton Mary Education: College of William & Mary Middle Temple, Inns of Court, London, England Occupation: Lawyer Office(s) Held: Common Council—Williamsburg, VA Clerk, House of Burgesses—Williamsburg, VA Mayor—Williamsburg, VA Deputy Judge, Court of Vice Admiralty Justice of the Peace—James City County, VA Attorney General Trustee, Public Hospital Burgess representing the College of William & Mary Residence(s): Williamsburg, VA London, England Spouse(s): Ariana Jennings Children: Edmund (b. August 10, 1753) Susannah Beverly (b. ca. 1755) Ariana

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Miscellaneous: Diarist Daniel Fischer, ca. 1750: “John Randolph in speaking of the

disposition of the Virginian, very freely cautioned us against disobliging or offending any person of note in the Colony we were going to; for says he, either by blood or marriage, we are almost all related, or so connected in our interests, that whoever of a Stranger presumes to offend any one of us will infallibly find an enemy of the whole nor right nor wrong, do we ever forsake him, till by open means or other, his ruin is accomplished.”

John Page of Rosewell wrote in his memoirs in 1808 about his service as a

member of the Board of Visitors of the College of William and Mary, and made this reference to John Randolph: “As a visitor, I faithfully supported the rights and privileges of both Professors and Students; and notwithstanding I had been placed at the Council Board by Lord Dunmore, I opposed his nomination of John Randolph as a visitor, boldly declaring that as he had been rejected on a former occasion, as not possessing the disposition and character, moral and religious, which the Charter and Statutes of the College required, he ought not again be nominated, till it could be proved that he had abandoned his former principles, and practices, which no one could venture to say he had. I then proposed Nathaniel Burwell, in the place of Lord Dunmore’s nomination, and he was elected I think by every voice except Dunmore’s.”

John Randolph with William Nelson, Robert Carter Nicholas, George Wythe, and John Blair administered the settlement of Lord Botetourt’s estate.

Sources: The Randolphs of Turkey Island: A Prosopography of the First Three

Generations, 1650-1806. Gerald Cowden, 1977. William and Mary Dissertation

York County (VA) Records Virginia Gazette

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An extract from Considerations on the Present State of Virginia [ca. early July 1774]

My Address is to the Publick. To that Tribunal I apply, as a proper one, to determine on the Rectitude of my Sentiments. When I mention the Publick, I mean to include only the rational Part of it. The ignorant Vulgar are as unfit to judge of the Modes, as they are unable to manage the Reins, of Government. ...To such Judges I appeal; and if what I say be approved of, I hope that those Gentlemen who agree with me in Opinion will have Resolution enough to avow their Concurrence; but if otherwise, I am open to Conviction, and wish to be enlightened with better Thoughts.

The Author of this little Performance was born, and educated, in Virginia. He was nurtured in the mixed Principles of Obedience and Freedom, as they stand ingrafted in the English Constitution. He has ever held in Contempt the Applause of a giddy Multitude, but the good Opinion of the Wise and Virtuous he has at all Times endeavoured to cultivate. He is fully apprised of the precarious Tenure of an Office, should he possess one; and is sensible of the Weight of popular Odium, should it fall on him. Not solicitous about the former, or dismayed with the Apprehensions of the latter, he has ventured to exhibit a few Demands upon the present State of this Colony.

There never was a Country in a more distressed Situation than Virginia seems to be, at this Juncture. We have at our Backs, committing daily Massacres, a cruel, daring, and insidious Enemy; driving our anteriour Inhabitants in, like Sheep, to Slaughter. . . . we are engaged in a Dispute with our Mother Country; which, if maintained on both Sides with the Vehemence that seems to actuate each at this Time, must terminate most certainly in the Destruction of one, and perhaps of both the contending Parties. ...

I have frequently heard the Term Patriotism mentioned. I had the Vanity to suppose that I knew its Import; but, if I am to judge from what I have seen in those who are said to possess it, I fear that I was very much mistaken....

True Patriotism consists not in separate Attachment to any particular Branch, but in the Preservation of the several Parts of Government in that Degree of Strength and Vigour which the Constitution intends that each shall enjoy. England, though called a Monarchy, yet is a mixed Dominion, and partakes of many different Species of Government. The King has a Proportion of Power lodged with him for the Support of his Royal character. . . . the executive Power is placed under his Discretion.

The People have a Share of Power allowed by the Constitution to them also. As their Number is so large that they cannot individually be present in Legislature, they act by their Representatives, who are elected by a Majority of the Votes of the Freeholders qualified to give their Suffrage. . . .it is the Duty of these Deputies to consider themselves as Fiduciaries [one

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who holds the trust] to the People, and to consent to no Laws but such as are likely to produce Advantage to the Community.

The House of Lords form an intermediate State, between the King and People. They, like the Statue of Janus, look two different Ways: Forwards, to see that the King, in the Exercise of his Prerogative, does not infringe the Rights of the People; backwards, to observe, on the other Hand, that the People to not exceed that Line which is the Boundary of their Privileges. There are, within every Government, many inferiour Movements; but, in England, the united Power of King, Lords, and commons, is the great Wheel by which all the others are brought into Motion and Action. This vast political Body, with its Appendages, is like the Earth; it must be preserved in its due Poise, or else it would quickly tumble into Ruin. . . . If the Rulers in Polity below would endeavour to imitate this unerring Pattern, and preserve all the constituent Parts of Government entire, by striving against those only which are redundant, and fostering such as are below the Equilibrium; and, farther, would allow to the King what is his just Prerogative, and take from the People what does not belong to them; would look minutely into those Department with which they are more intimately connected, and without Favour, Affection, or Prejudice, keep the Society moving on its proper Hinges; such a Man, and such only, I would call a Patriot, or a Friend to his Country...The Constitution of England and Virginia resemble each other so much, that what I have said as to the one will hold equally as to the other. The King's Prerogative exists here, in its fullest Lustre and Vigour. The People, by their Representatives, compose a Branch of the Legislature; and the Council, as a middle Power, complete the whole Legislative Body. These integral Parts, as well as the subordinate Ones, as they fall into Decay, demand the same Attention and Reparations which those of every Government require....

The present Dispute between Great Britain and her Colonies is certainly of a very interesting Nature, and has been already carried too far; and yet I am persuaded that it may be adjusted without Noise, and the publick Tranquillity again restored, if Gentlemen would pursue those Measures which are likely to effect what is every Man's Wish to obtain. . . . In Exertion of the Right of Taxation, the Parliament laid a Duty on Stamps and Tea. From the Dissatisfaction occaisoned by the Stamp Act, and the Remonstrances made against it, a Repeal was obtained, before it was carried into Execution. . . . The Americans may argue till Doomsday, but I am afraid that they will find the Parliament deaf to their Resoning, and their Eloquence unavailing. The most stubborn must yield to superiour Force. . . .

IN the Meantime, I hope I shall enjoy my private Freedom, which is to think for myself, and, at this critical Time, to offer my Sentiments with Regard to the Welfare of this Country, to which I profess myself a devoted Servant. [John Randolph] Annonymous, Considerations of the Present State of Virginia Williamsburg, 1774.

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Virginia Gazette July 12, 1775 Williasmburg It having been asserted, and industriously propagated, that some little time before the late meeting of the merchants, in conversation with a person at my own house, I said that the merchants would not meet, because they were afraid of being robbed of their money by Patrick Henry and his followers: I take this opportunity to declare, upon my honour, that I never said or thought any such thing, and that the person who charges me with uttering such expressions must have mistaken my words, or inferred from them a meaning never intended by JOHN RANDOLPH Virginia Gazette August 25, 1775 Williamsburg I do hereby give notice, that I have conveyed my estate, both real and personal, to Peyton Randolph, John Blair, and James Cocke, esqrs. Who are authorized to sell the same. All persons who have any demands against me are desired to make them known to those Gentlemen at the meeting of the merchants, in October next. I intend to leave the colony for a few months; and beg the favour of those who have any business to transact with me, as attorney general, to apply to John Blair, esq; who has been so kind as to engage to act for me during my absence. Virginia Gazette September 8, 1775 This morning the attorney general, with his Lady and daughters, set out for Norfolk, where they

are to take shipping for England.

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Capitol*

Frances Tasker Carter

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Frances Tasker Carter was a member of Virginia’s gentry class. Frances Tasker was married to Robert Carter and together they had 17 children. Her role was that of housewife and mother. She oversaw the running of her household, including the cooking, cleaning, food preservation, gardening, raising of domestic animals, and supervision of slaves. As a gentry mother, Frances oversaw the education of her younger children but not the older ones. This was left to her husband. Her accomplishments as a housewife, mother and manager were documented in the journal and letters of the Carter children’s tutor, Philip Vickers Fithian.


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Character Biography

Name: Frances Tasker Carter Birth Place: Annapolis, MD Birth Date: 1738 Death Place: Nomini Hall, Westmoreland County, VA Death Date: October 31, 1787 Parents: Benjamin Tasker Ann Bladen Tasker Siblings: Education: Domestic, social graces, music, dancing Occupation: Housewife Residence(s): Annapolis, MD Nomini Hall, Westmoreland County, VA (1754-1761) Williamsburg, VA (1761-1772) Nomini Hall, Westmoreland County, VA (1772-1787) Spouse(s): Robert Carter (b. 1728) (m. April 2, 1754) Children: Benjamin (b. 1757—d. 1779) Robert Bladen (b. 1759) Priscilla (b. June 15, 1760) Anne (Nancy) Tasker (b. January 17, 1762—d. after 1796)

Rebecca (b. and d. November 16, 1762) (Buried in Bruton Parish Church Yard) Frances (b. May 25, 1764) Betty Landon (b. October 25, 1765) Mary (b. 1767—d. 1771) (Buried in Bruton Parish Church Yard) Harriet Lucy (b. July 8, 1768) Amelia Churchill (b. 1769—d. 1770) (Buried in Bruton Parish Church Yard) Rebecca Dulany (b. 1770—d. 1771) (Buried in Bruton Parish Church Yard) John Tasker (b. 1772)


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Sarah Fairfax (b. 1773) Judith (b. September 17, 1775—d. September 26, 1775) George (b. 1777) Sophia (b. 1778) Julia (b. 1783)

Sources: Calendar of Virginia State Papers Hening’s Statutes at Large Tyler’s Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine Virginia Magazine of History and Biography William and Mary Quarterly Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia Executive Journals and Legislative Journals of the Council of Colonial VA Journal & Letters of Philip Vickers Fithian, 1773-74


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Extracts pertaining to Mrs. Frances Carter from the Journal & Letters of Philip Vickers Fithian, 1773-1774: A Plantation Tutor of the Old Dominion (Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg, 1943). December 1773 Thursday 16.

I can only to day write down my Misfortune; my poor Horse as he was feeding in a miry Bottom, walked upon a sharp Stick, which stuck into his Thigh on the under Side about four Inches below his Flank!-The stick went in more than three Inches!-He is very lame, but they tell me will revoke, The Hostler, when we had lead him to the Stable, applied Spirits of Turpentine to part, and in the Evening is to fill it with Comfrey roots pounded Soft.

I had the pleasure of walking to Day at twelve o-Clock with Mrs. Carter; She shewed me her stock of Fowls & Mutton for the winter; She observed, with great truth, that to live in the Country, and take no pleasure at all in Groves, Fields, or Meadows; nor in Cattle, Horses, & domestic Poultry, would be a manner of life too tedious to endure; Dined at three. December 1773

At Dinner Mr. & Mrs. Carter gave their opinion concerning what they thought pleasing and agreeable in a person; Mrs. Carter said she loved a sociable open, chatty person; that She could not bear Sullenness, and stupidity-Mr. [Robert] Carter, on the other-hand, observed that it is just which Solomon says, that there is a “time for all things under the Sun”; that it discovers great Judgement to laugh in Season, and that, on the whole, he is pleased with Taciturnity-pray which of the two should I suit? [4 January 1774] Mrs. Carter is prudent, always cheerful, never without something pleasant, a remarkable Economist, perfectly acquainted (in my Opinion) with the good-management of Children, intirely free from all fooling and unnecessary fondness, and is also well acquainted (for She has always bee used) with the formality and Ceremony which we find commonly in high Life...


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[January 1774] Sunday 30 Very stormy this morning with Rain and Hail which instantly freezes; the trees hang bending with Ice, & the ways are all glassy & slippery-None think of going to Church this day-Mrs Carter & I after Breakfast had a long conversation on religious affairs-Particularly on differing Denominations of Protestants-She thinks the Religion of the established Church without Exception the best of any invented or practised in the world. & indeed she converses with great propriety on these things, & discovers her very extensive Knowledge; She allows the Difference between the church, & Presbyterianism to be only exceeding small, & wishes they were both intirely united! Through this whole Day it storms but the Evening is terrible! Almost an Inundation of Rain’ The wind violent at North-East; The Snow, Hail, and Rain freezing together on the Ground! This Evening the Negroes collected themselves into the School-room, & began to play the Fiddle, & dance-I was in Mr. Randolphs Room;-I went among them, Ben, & Harry were of the company-Harry was dancing with his coat off-I dispersed them however immediately. [10 March 1774] Mrs. Carter informed me last Evening that this Family one year with another consumes 27000 Lb of Pork; & twenty Beeves. 550 bushels of Wheat, besides corn--4 Hogsheads of Rum, & 150 Gallons of Brandy.... [17 October 1774] To day I saw a Phenomenon, Mrs. Carter without Stays!--She complains of a pain in her breast, that prevents her wearing them, she says that She is always supposing the worst, & fears it is a Cancer breeding there--I hope it may be only fear--I am more & more every day pleased with the manner, Temper, Oconomy, & whole management of this good Lady.... Monday, April 4, 1774 After Supper I had a long conversation with Mrs. Carter concerning Negros in Virginia, & find that She esteems their value at no higher rate than I do. We both concluded, (& I am pretty certain that the conclusion is just) that if in Mr. Carters, or in any Gentlemans Estate, all the Negroes should be sold, & the Money put to interest in safe hands, & let the Lands which these Negroes now work lie wholly uncultivated, the bare Interest of the Price of the Negroes would be a much greater yearly income than what is now received from their working the Lands, making no allowance at all for the trouble & Risk of the Masters as to the crops, & Negroes.-How much greater then must be the value of an Estate here if these poor enslaved Africans were all in their native desired Country, & in their Room industrious Tenants, who being born in freedom, by a laudable care, would not only inrich their Landlords, but would raise a hardy Offspring to be the Strength & the honour of the Colony


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Portrait of Frances Tasker Carter*


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Robert Carter House

Alexander Craig

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Alexander Craig was a tanner, saddler, and leatherworker. Craig had a large and successful business and owned several slaves. Saddle and harnesses were Craig's specialties, but he seemed willing to take on other projects. Craig, or those working for him, produced shoes and he advertised leather “suitable for cushions for couches, chaises, portmanteaus, and chair bottoms.” In addition to making leather goods, he also imported European goods like chocolate and glass for resale. From his inventory, he seems to have enjoyed a high standard of living and surrounded himself with many luxury goods. He died in January, 1776.

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Character Biography

Name: Alexander Craig Birth Place: Unknown Birth Date: 1717 Death Place: Unknown Death Date: By January 19, 1776 Parents: Unknown Siblings: Unknown Occupation: Saddler Harnessmaker Office(s) Held: Served on York County (VA) Court and Grand Jury Elected to Common Council of Williamsburg (December 3, 1767) Residence(s): Williamsburg, VA (by January 19, 1746/7-January 13, 1776) Spouse(s): Mary (Marie) Maupin (b. by 1734—d. after 1805) Children: Judith (b. August 30, 1749) (m. John M. Galt—April 6, 1769) George (b. August 29, 1751) Mary B. (b. January 26, 1753) Isabelle (b. November 27, 1754) Thomas (b. August 24, 1757) Lucretia (b. February 13, 1760) Ann (b. October 5, 1763) Sarah (b. December 8, 1766) Miscellaneous: Craig owned a slave named Aberdeen, who was five years old in 1762 and

attended the Bray School. He also owned a slave named Sarah who was baptized January 1, 1769 at Bruton Parish Church. Adult slaves also baptized at Bruton Parish Church were: Essex, Seth, William (November 3, 1765), Judith (June 1766), and Ellise (June 5, 1768).

Sources: York County (VA) Project Bruton Parish Records

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Virginia Gazette October 17, 1751

To be sold, at Mr. Alex. Craig's, in Williamsburg, Best Sole and Neats Leather, wax'd Calve Skins and Hides, auitable for Coaches, Chaises, couches Portmantuas and Chair bottoms, in any Quantity.

Likewise best Chocolate, and Window Glass.

Virginia Gazette March 2, 1776

To be SOLD to the highest Bidders, on Wednesday the 6th of March, at the late Dewlling House of ALEXANDER CRAIG, deceased, in Williamsburg,

ALL his Stock in Trade, consisting of Saddlery and Harness Furniture, &c. also a Cart and Horses, several Cows, and some Household Furniture. Six Months Credit will be allowed for all sums above 5 £. Bond and approved Security will be required-All Persons indebted to the Deceased are requested to make immediate Payment; and those who have any Demands will make them, to immediate Payment; and those who have any Demands will make them known to

JOHN M. GALT } GABRIEL MAUPIN } EXECUTORS

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York County Wills and Inventories, No. 22, 330 - 333. Recorded: 15 April 1776 An Extract from the Inventory of the estate of Alexander Craig, taken March 2, 1776 1 Womans Saddle and Mane Comb 2..0..7 1 postillion Whip 0..3..9 3 Velvet Caps 2.10..0 1 pr Straps 0..2..6 1 Lot Old Iron 1.10..0 1 Writing Desk and Frame 0.15..0 Shelves Counters and Glass Case 4..0..0 13 Prints 1..6..0 1 Looking Glass 2.10..0 1 Easy Chair 3.10..0 6 black Walnut Chairs 3..0..0 1 Round Tea Table 0.12..6 1 Lot China and Crockery 4.10..0 16 Glasses 0.10..0 1 Desk and Book Case 7.10..0 1 1b Powder and Powder Horn 0..7..6 Stackhouse History Bible 2..0..0 Smollet's History England 2..0..0 Robertson's History Scotland 1..0..0 American Gazzettes 0.10..0 1 Tea Chest 0..2..6 1 Round Mahogany Table 1..5..0 1 Pinchback Watch 3.10..0 3 Flax Wheels 1.15..0 4 Course Towels 2/ 5 Table Cloths 40/ 2..2..0 1 Lot Crockery Ware 1.10..0 4 Candle Sticks 7/6 1 Cruet Stand 0.11..6 14 Knives and Forks 0.12..6 1 Childs Chair 0..1..0 2 black walnut Bedsteads 3..0..0 1 pine Chest of Drawers 0.10..0 2 Beds, 2 Bolsters and 4 pillows 8..0..0 5 pr Sheets 4..0..0 1 Easy Chair 0..7..6 1 pine Table 1/3 1 Pewter Tureen 10/ 0.11..3 7 Candle Moulds 0..3..6 1 Coffee pot 2/6 1 Skillet 4/ 0..6..6 27½ Ozs of old Silver at 7/ 13..2..6 3 Cows 7.10..0 Parcel empty barrels 0.10..0

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8 sox bottles 1..0..0 1 Copper Kettle 3.10..0 4 Iron pots 1..7..6 1 Frying pan 0..3..9 1 spit 2/6 1 old Tea Kettle 0..6..3 1 Copper Dutch Oven 1..0..0 1 Spinning Wheet 0..3..9 Old Will 15..0..0 Aberdeen 75..0..0 Old Judy 15..0..0 Lydia 25..0..0 Alics 60..0..0 Jamie 25..0..0 Patty 15..0..0 Sarah 50..0..0 5 Horses at £8 each 40..0..0 Cart and Harness 11..0..0

£680..8.10¼ Appraisers: Blovet Pasteau

Wm Goodson James Wood

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Alexander Craig House

Dennis

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Dennis was a young slave who belonged to Robert Carter. The Carters were a wealthy, prominent family, and they had several children. Dennis was close in age to several of the Carter children. When the family lived in Williamsburg, Dennis was sent to the Bray School. This school educated slave, free black, and Indian children for free. After moving to the country, Dennis was allowed to attend some school sessions with the Carter family's private tutor, Phillip Fithian. Dennis' main task in the Carter household was to wait at table when the family ate. He would refill wine glasses, remove uneaten food, and see to any of the family’s needs.

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Character Biography

Name: Dennis Birth Place: Unknown Birth Date: 1761 (baptized at Bruton Parish Church August 30, 1761) Death Place: Unknown Death Date: Unknown Parents: Unknown Siblings: Unknown Education: Attended Bray School Occupation: Slave to Robert Carter of Nomini Hall while the Carters lived in

Williamsburg (1761-1772). Worked as a waiter at Nomini Hall. Residence(s): Williamsburg, VA Nomini Hall, Westmoreland County, VA Spouse(s): Unknown Children: Unknown Sources: Journal & Letters of Philip Vickers Fithian Bruton Parish Register

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Correspondence of Robert Carter Nicholas to Rev. John Waring 16 February 1769 Negroes now at School [February 1769] Mrs. Prisca. Dawson’s Grace 1 Mr. R.C. Nicholas’s Sarah 1 Mr. President Blair’s Catherine, Nancy Johanna & Clara Bee 4 Mr. Hay’s Jerry, Joseph, Dick 3 Mrs. Chiswell’s Jack 1 Mrs. Campbell’s Mary, Sally, Sukey 3 Mrs. Speaker’s Sam 1 Mrs. Vobe’s Jack 1 John & Mary Ashby . . free 2 Mrs. Ayscough’s Sally 1 The College. Adam, Fanny 2 The Commissary’s Charlotte 1 Mrs. Blaikley’s Jenny, Jack 2 Hon. Robert Carter’s Dennis 1 Mr. Hornsby’s Nancy, Judy, Ratchel 3 Mr. Cocke’s Mourning 1 Mr. Davenport’s Matt, Henry 2

Dennis

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Fithian Dec 73 Saturday 25 I was waked this morning by Guns fired all round the House. The morning is stormy, the wind at South East rains hard Nelson the Boy who makes my Fire, blacks my shoes, does errands &c. was early in my Room, drest only in his shirt and Breeches! He made me a vast fire, blacked my Shoes, set my Room in order, and wish’d me a joyful Christmas, for which I gave him half a Bit.—Soon after he left the Room, and before I was Drest, the Felllow who makes the Fire in our School Room, drest very neatly in green, but almost drunk, entered my chamber with three or four profound Bows, & made me the same salutation; I gave him a Bit, and dismissed him as soon as possible.—Soon after my Cloths and Linen were sent in with a message for a Christmas Box, as they call it; I sent the poor Slave a Bit, & my thanks. –I was obliged for want of small change, to put off for some days the Barber who shaves & dresses me.—I gave Tom the Coachman, who Doctors my Horse, for his care two Bits, & am to give more when the Horse is well.—I gave to Dennis the Boy who waits at Table half a Bit—So that the sum of my Donations to the Servants, for this Christmas appears to be five Bits, a Bit is a pisterene bisected; or an English sixpence, & passes here for seven pence Halfpenny. the whole is 3s 1½ d.— January 1774 Fryday 7

This afternoon Dennis, a Boy of about twelve Years old, one of the Waiters at Table, as he was standing in the front Door which is vastly huge & heavy; the Door flew up, and drew off the Skin & Flesh from his middle finger caught between, took off the first Joint, and left the Bone of the greater part of the Rest of the Finger naked.

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September 1774 Fryday 2 Extreme hot to day—Yesterday a Negro Child about six years old sickened as to appearance with the Ague & Fever, & to Day about eleven in the morning it expired! It is remarkable that the Mother has now lost seven successively, none of which have arrived to be ten years old!—The Negroes all seem much alarn’d, & our School make it a Subject for continual Speculation; They seem all to be free of any terror at the Prescence of Death; Harry in special signified a Wish that his turn may be next. I should be glad if his desire were wise; & he was as fit for the business of the other world, as he seems willing to leave the business of this—In the evening this unexpected Death was the Subject of Conversation in the House—Mr. Carter observed, that he thought it the most desirable to die of a Short Illness. If he could have his Wish he would not lie longer than two days; be taken with a Fever, which should have such an unusual effect on his Body as to convince him that it would be fatal, and gradually increase till it affected a Dissolution—He told us that his affairs are in Such a state that he should be able to dictate a Will which might be written in five Minutes, & contain the disposal of his estate agreeable to his mind—He mentioned to us the Substance—“That he would leave Mrs Carter 6000 £ Sterling; & leave the remainder of his Estate to be disposed among his children as the Law directs.”—

He told us likewise, with great firmness, that if he hives [lives] to see his children grown, he will pay no regard to age, but give his wealth to Him who bids fairest to be useful to mankind—That he allows all an equal oppertunity of improvement, but the One who is found then improved shall with the Learning inherit also the Substance—Dennis the Lad who waits at Table, I took into the School to day at his Fathers request, He can spell words of one syllable pretty readily. He is to come as he finds oppertunity.

Dennis

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Collection of Buttons*

Livery Button*

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Robert Carter House*

Gaby

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Gaby was a field slave who belonged to James Burwell at King's Creek in York County. When he was about 40 years of age, he ran away, possibly to Williamsburg. Because slaves often ran away to visit or join family members, the authorities suspected that Gaby had gone to Williamsburg, where his wife lived. Gaby was first advertised as a runaway on September 15, 1768, when he had been gone for three months, and was still missing in late October.

Gaby

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Character Biography

Name: Gaby Birth Place: Unknown Birth Date: Unknown Death Place: Unknown Death Date: Unknown Parents: Unknown Siblings: Unknown Occupation: Slave belonging to James Burwell at King’s Creek, York County, VA Residence(s): Unknown Spouse(s): “he has a wife at Mr. Robert Nicholson’s in Williamsburg” Children: Unknown Sources: York County (VA) Project Virginia Gazette

Gaby

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Virginia Gazette September 15, 1768

King’s Creek, York county, Sept. 14, 1768 RUN away from the subscriber, about three months ago, a tall black Negro fellow named GABY, about 40 years of age, round shoulder’d, bends in one of his knees (in which I have forgot) is very subject to sore legs, has a very long foot; and had on when he left me the usual winter cloathing of corn field Negroes; he has a wife at Mr. Robert Nicholson’s in Williamsburg, where ( in all probability) he may be secreted by her. He is outlawed, and a reward of TEN POUNDS will be given for his head, or Twenty Shillings if safely delivered to

JAMES BURWELL

Gaby

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Tool Fragments*

Pipe Stems*

Spoon Fragments*

Gaby

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Slave Quarter at Carter’s Grove*

Gowan Pamphlet

Gowan Pamphlet was born a slave. Jane Vobe, a tavern keeper in Williamsburg, owned him. Following her death, the executor of her will gained possession of Gowan and set him free in 1793. Gowan was already a well-known preacher having been preaching since 1781. His large church, Williamsburg Baptist Church, became part of the Dover Association of Churches. He died between 1807 and 1810.

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Gowan Pamphlet

Character Biography

Name: Gowan Pamphlet Birth Place: Unknown Birth Date: ca. 1760 Death Place: Unknown Death Date: Between 1807 and 1810 Parents: Unknown Siblings: Unknown Occupation: Baptist Preacher Slave to Jane Vobe Residence(s): Williamsburg, VA (by 1779-1786) Chesterfield County, VA (1786-1791) Williamsburg, VA (1791-1807/10) Spouse(s): Unknown Children: Unknown Miscellaneous: Gowan Pamphlet was owned by Jane Vobe until her death in 1788, then

by David Miller until Pamphlet was freed on September 25, 1793 in York County. Pamphlet owned land in both Williamsburg and James City County (14 acres) in 1805, 1806, and 1807.

Sources: York County (VA) Records James City County (VA) Records Williamsburg (VA) Records Chesterfield County (VA) Records

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Gowan Pamphlet

York County Deed Book #7 1791-1809 Know all men by these presents that I David Miller of York County do hereby manumit emancipate and set free a Negro man named and called Gowin Pamphlet and I do for myself my Heirs executors and administrators hereby declare the said Negro man Gowin Pamphlet exonerated of and from all services whatsoever and do hereby declare him to be a free man and I do renounce all Right title Interest claim and demand whatsoever to the said Slave. In Witness whereof I have hereunto set my Hand and affixed my seal this twenty fifth day of September 1793 David Miller {Seal} Sealed and Delivered In presence of Philip Moody William Stott At a Court held for York County the 16th day of December 1793 This deed of Emancipation was acknowledged by David Miller Party thereto and ordered to be recorded. Teste Exd. R. H. Waller Cl. Cur. Virginia Gazette February 6, 1772 (Advertisement for the King’s Arms Tavern in which he worked) I beg leave to acquaint my former Customers, and the Publick in general, that I have just opened Tavern opposite to the Raleigh, at the Sign of The King’s arms, being the House lately occupied by Mr. John Carter, and shall be much obliged to the Gentlemen with their Company. JANE VOBE ***I am in want of a good COOK, and would be glad to hire or purchase one. Virginia Gazette July 3, 1779 Stolen from the subscriber on Tuesday the first instant by a negro fellow named Gavin belonging to Mrs. Vobe of Williamsburg, a black horse between thirteen and fourteen hands high, a hanging mane and switch tail, his rump remarkable sloping, branded on the near shoulder with either a T or I, about the brand the hair is rubbed off, which makes it appear to be two letters; he is also branded on the near buttock, which appears to be W, his right eye seems to have a film over it, a star in his forehead, paces and gallops. Whoever delivers the said horse to me, shall receive a reward of thirty dollars. C. CUNTHER © 2005 Colonial Â

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Gowan Pamphlet

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Earthenware Pot and Bowl*

Gowan Pamphlet

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King’s Arms Tavern

Catherine Rathell

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Catherine Rathell came to Virginia from England. She was a milliner who moved from city to city in order to make the most of her business. She ordered her goods from England and sold only for cash. She sold a wide variety of goods for both gentlemen and ladies. In early 1775, Rathell advertised that she was returning to England until "Liberty of Importation [was] allowed." In February 1776 word reached Virginia that Rathell's ship had been lost at sea.

Catherine Rathell

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Character Biography

Name: Catherine Rathell Birth Place: England, probably London Birth Date: By 1744 Death Place: Off the coast of England (shipwreck) Death Date: November 26, 1775 Parents: Unknown Siblings: Unknown Education: Literate Occupation: Milliner Residence(s): England (until 1766) Fredericksburg, VA (1766-1767) Williamsburg, VA (1768-1769) London, England (July 1769-August 1769) Annapolis, MD (September 1769-November 1769) Unknown (1770-early 1771) London, England (Spring 1771) Williamsburg, VA (June 1771-October 1775) Spouse(s): Unknown Children: Unknown Miscellaneous: Rathell owned one slave.

In Williamsburg by 1765, Rathell brought a letter of recommendation to Councillor Robert Carter from an English merchant. Her first Virginia Gazette advertisement said she was “Lately arrived from London, [and] at present in Fredericksburg.” During the late 1760s she shuttled back and forth between shops in Annapolis and Williamsburg. She also took at least one trip back to England, maintaining professional and personal ties there.

Catherine Rathell

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In 1771 Rathell rented the Ayscough House in Capitol Square, a location for which she felt she had to apologize. “As it was impossible to get a House on the Main Street . . . [she hoped] the little Distance will make no Difference to her Customers.” Early in the next year she tried to turn this site off the beaten path into an asset: her shop was open evenings when the General Assembly was in session. Burgesses did not give her enough business, apparently, because as soon as possible she moved to Duke of Gloucester Street across from the Raleigh Tavern. at the time, according to her ads, she was living in Petersburg and came to Williamsburg only during Court Days. The rest of the year, her resident manager, Margaret Brodie, ran the millinery shop. Non-importation associations during this period certainly caused difficulties for all milliners since they, by definition, dealt in manufactured goods shipped from England.

Rathell’s life ended tragically. Returning to England in late 1775, she was

shipwrecked and drowned within sight of Liverpool, her destination. Sources: Family Record Book of James Anderson Abingdon Parish, Gloucester County, VA James City County (VA) Sheriff Book Robert Carter Account Book Robert Anderson Papers Virginia Gazette & General Advertiser York County (VA) Records

Catherine Rathell

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Virginia Gazette April 18, 176

CATHERINE RATHALL, MILLINER

LATELY arrived from London, at present in Fredericksburg, Virginia, has a large assortment of European and other goods, suitable for Ladies and Gentlemen, which she sells very cheap. Among other things she has laces, ribbons, fans, stomachers and Knots, jewelry, caps, feathers, gloves and mits, hats, cloaks, stockings, Gentlemen's laced ruffles and bags for wigs, buckles, silver thimbles, pencils in cases, nutmeg graters, needles, stationery items and pills. She also makes all sorts of MILLINERY, in the best and newest taste, for the following prices: Full dress suits at 11s. 6d. laced do. at 9s. 6d. plain do. at 7s. 6d. also washes and makes up all laces and gauzes, so as to be little inferiour to new. As the said Catherine Rathall is but lately come into the country, and her continuance here very uncertain, she sells for ready money only, and at a very low advance; and as she is contented to make a reasonable profit, she assures those who shall favour her with their commands that the fall of the exchange shall be to their benefit. And she flatters herself her goods, and prices, will give general satisfaction; for as they were chosen by herself, and bought with ready money from the best hands, they are both good and reasonable.

Catherine Rathell

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John Norton & Sons Merchants of London and Virginia ed. Frances Norton Mason Dietz Press Richmond, VA To Mr. John Norton Mercht. in Queens Square Crutched Friers London Williamsburg Virginia 31 of January 1772 Mr. Norton Sir I wrote to you the 17th Inst which I purposed Sending by a Ship then at the office for Liverpool, but an hour before My letters got to the ferry She had Sailed, and as my distress for Gentlemens Shoes Was very great I sent it directly of by post. in it I requested you would send me by the very first oppertunity some Shoes, which are Mentioned with some other things in the Inclosed Invoice, I must observe that the gentlemen Now Call frequently for Shoes with long hind Quarters, and that Buckle Low on the foot, so beg youll give orders to Send some of them, if not the most part, as I suppose by the time the Arive, there will be no other Called for, Meeting with a disapointment in getting Shoes I Expected from Dublin, is the Occasion of My present Necessity, No Ships would venture to bring them in, as our men of War are so Strict, perhaps Sir you May Scruple Sending so Much Goods to a person Who you know so little off, but you may depend on My being very Exact in My payments, and for a further Satisfaction to your self, I refer you for Particulars to your friend Coll. Geo. Mercer in Hollis Street, Who is Not unaquainted with My Method of Dailing, and Who can Inform you I Sell for Nothing but redy Cash, so by giving no Credit, I Can at all times Either Command Goods or Cash, I now have got a store Exactly opposite the Raleigh Tavern, which I look on as the best Situation in Williamsburg, Where I hope to do three times the Business I ever did, So that my orders will be the more Considerable, & the very great Character I have had from Many of My Acquaintance of Mrs. Nortons great Carefullness in buying & Sending the Neatest and Cheapest goods in, thats sent to Virginia, Makes me so very desirous of geting goods from your House; As you Must know I Peique myself much on haveg the very best & most fashionable goods in Williamsburg, I left London my self but last July with a very large Cargo. A few days ago I seen Mr. Norton from York, he was Married Sunday the 26th Inst. to Miss Nicholas. Your sending me all my goods With all the Speed in your Power Will very Much Serve and Oblige Sir your Huml. Servt Cathn. Rathell

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Virginia Gazette April 22, 1775 As I purpose going to England as soon as I dispose of my Goods (till Liberty of Importation is allowed) I am under the Necessity of not parting with a single Shilling's Worth without Cash; and I request, as a Favour, that all who are indebted to me will pay off their Accounts this Meeting, and all Persons having demands against me are desired to call immediately for their Money. Virginia Gazette February 17, 1776 Some letters by the above vessel advise that the Peggy, Fisher, from Virginia, was cast away on the 26th of November last, in sight of Liverpool, and that only the Captain, and part of the crew, were saved. Mrs. Rathell, of this city, went passenger in the above vessel, and was one of the unfortunate persons that perished.

Catherine Rathell

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Margaret and Jane Hunter Millinery Shop*

John Rollinson

John Rollinson (also spelled Rawlinson, Rollison) was a free African American shoemaker in Williamsburg. He accumulated wealth and property during his lifetime. He owned houses, lots, stock, household good and slaves. At the time of the Revolution, both John Rollinson and his son Hulett took the oath of allegiance.

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John Rollinson

Character Biography

Name: John Rollinson (Rawlinson, Rollison) Birth Place: Unknown Birth Date: By 1725 Death Place: Unknown Death Date: October 16, 1780 Parents: Father Unknown

Elizabeth Rollinson (African-American) Siblings: Joanna George Occupation: Shoemaker (Free African-American) Residence(s): Williamsburg, VA Spouse(s): Elizabeth Children: Hulett Rollinson (b. 1759—d. after 1804) Mary Robinson Rollinson (baptized 1746) Elizabeth (b. by 1765—d. 1785) Sarah (Mother: housekeeper Elizabeth Garett) Samuel (Mother: housekeeper Elizabeth Garett) Judith (Mother: housekeeper Elizabeth Garett) Miscellaneous: John Rollinson had two families, one within marriage and the other

illegitimate. By his wife Elizabeth (maiden name unknown), he had a son named Hulett Rollinson and a daughter Elizabeth. The daughter married William Cole, Jr. An older daughter Mary Robinson Rollinson is mentioned only in a baptismal record dated 1746, so presumably she died as a child. In 1768 the Bruton Parish Register informs us that Rollinson was the father of Sarah by “Elizabeth Garrett his housekeeper.” From Rollinson’s will we learn that he and Garrett had two other children, Samuel and Judith.

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John Rollinson

John Rollinson owned at least one slave and several improved lots in Williamsburg. His estate appraisement lists “1 old Negro Fellow [valued at] £10 . . . [and] 8 houses and Lotts [worth] £6000.” the appraisement totals £11,063.10..0, an impressive figure even given wartime inflation. John Rollinson and his son Hulett both took the oath of allegiance in August 1777.

Sources: York County (VA) Records Bruton Parish Records

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John Rollinson

Name: Rollison, John Residence: Bruton Parish Will Dated: 6 Feb 1780 Probated: 16 Oct 1780 Ref: WI(22)501 Legatees: Elizabeth Garrett, Samuel Garrett, Judith Garrett, Sarah Garrett, Hulett Rollison (son),

Elizabeth Cole (dau) Witnesses: Isaac Green, John Taylor, Sarah (X) Picket Exec/Admin: Hulett Rollison (son), William Cole Jr. (son in law) Rollison, John IN THE NAME OF GOD AMEN. I John Rollison of the parish of Bruton & county of York being of perfect mind & memory do make & ordain this my last will & testament as follows: IMPRIMIS. It is my will & desire that my houses lots & negros stock & household goods & all my estate real & personal of what kind soever be sold at public sale by my exrs. for ready money arising from such sale (after my just debts are paid) I give & bequeath in manner following: Item. I give & bequeath unto Elizabeth Garrett the sum of £500 as a gratuity for her services. Item. I give & bequeath unto Samuel Garrett the sum of £500 when he shall arrive to the age of 21 years. Item. I give & bequeath unto Judith Garrett & Sarah Garrett the sum of £1000 each when they shall respectively attain the age of 18 years. Item. All the rest & residue of my estate I give unto my loving son Hulett Rollison & my loving daughter Elizabeth Cole to be equally divided between them & Lastly I do hereby constitute & appoint my son Hulett Rollison & my son in law William Cole Junr. sole exrs. of this my last will hereby revoking all other wills by me heretofore made & declaring this to be my true will & testament IN WITNESS whereof I have hereunto set my hand & affixed my seal this 6th day of Feb. 1780. John Rollison L.S. Signed sealed published & declared by the testator in the presence of us who in his presence & at his request subscribed our names as witnesses. Isaac Green John Taylor Sarah (X) Picket Her mark

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John Rollinson

Name: Rollinson, Elizabeth Ref: WI-20-197 Residence: Bruton Parish Ref: WI-20-197 Will Dated: 4 Oct 1748 Probated: 17 Dec 1750 Ref: WI-20-198 Legatees: John Rollinson (son), Joanna Inscho, George Rollinson (son) Witnesses: William Hansford, Wil Timson Exec/Admin: John Rollinson; became admr (w. William Timson and Fips. Jackson, secs.) Remarks: All her estate to John Rollinson

To daughter Joanna Inscho – 1 English shilling To son George Rollinson – 1 do.

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John Rollinson

Shoe Shop*

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Adam Waterford

Adam Waterford was one of the few free blacks living in eighteenth-century Williamsburg. He was a cooper, a skilled tradesman. He made and repaired containers for such important customers as Governor Botetourt, the gaoler, and the House of Burgesses. This seems to imply that his work was well known and respected. In 1768 and 1769, James City County taxed Waterford for two tithables. Waterford paid a tax on himself in addition to either a family member or an employee. Note: A tithe was a tax paid to support the church. All men over 16 and all slave women over 16 were considered tithable. Until 1769, free black women were tithable too. This law changed after 1769.

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Adam Waterford

Character Biography

Name: Adam Waterford Birth Place: Unknown Birth Date: Unknown Death Place: Unknown Death Date: Unknown Parents: Unknown Siblings: Unknown Occupation: Cooper (Free African-American) Residence(s): Williamsburg, VA (Block 2, Lot 26) Spouse(s): Unknown Children: Unknown Sources: Williamsburg-James City County (VA) Tax Book

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Adam Waterford

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Williamsburg-James City Co. Tax book 1768-1777 f. 19 1768 Adam Watterfoot 2 tithes 10 lb Tobo By Cash Recd for 10 lb Tobo f. 20 1769 Adam Waterford 2 tithes 14 lb Tobo By Natt Bingley 14 lb Tobo

Robert Carter Nicholas Accounts Lord Botetourt to Adam Waterford Dr 1770

To 1 Large Washing Tub £0..6..6 To Mending a Bushel £ 2..6 To a New Bottom to the Churn 1..0 To a New Bottom for the Bucket 2..0 To a Hupping Tubs, pails, etc. 8..6

£1..0..0 Sr The above is very just W Marchman Treasurer’s Office Receipt Book Oct. 9, 1777 - April 4, 1778, p. 387 6 November 1777

Received 11/3 for making a Bucket &c for the Capitoll Well.

Adam (x) Waterford Brock Collection BR 40 No date Waterford has made a bucket for the use of the public Gaol for which he charges five shillings. Peter Pelham

Adam Waterford

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Cooper*

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Images Chart

Name of Individual Page # Image For More Information James Anderson 8

9 10

James Anderson House James Anderson Blacksmith Shop Magazine

Anderson Blacksmith Shop

Lydia Broadnax 16 17 18

George Wythe House George Wythe Kitchen Lydia’s Room

George Wythe House and Kitchen

Christiana Campbell 26 Christiana Campbell’s Tavern Christiana Campbell’s Tavern Raleigh Tavern and Wetherburn’s Tavern would be similar in operation to Campbell’s Tavern

Edmund Dickinson 32 33 34

Portrait Chair Anthony Hay Shop

Anthony Hay Shop

John Minson Galt 39 40

Apothecary Jar Galt Apothecary Shop

Galt Apothecary Shop

James Geddy, Jr. 46 47

Botetourt Coffin Plate James Geddy House and Shop

James Geddy House and Shop

John Greenhow 54 Greenhow Store Greenhow Store Anthony Hay 60

61 Anthony Hay Shop Raleigh Tavern

Anthony Hay Shop

Judith 66 67 68

Cowrie shells Prentis House Prentis Store

Prentis Store

Benjamin Powell 75 76 77

Benjamin Powell House Benjamin Powell House Property Bruton Parish Church

Benjamin Powell House

Elizabeth Randolph 89 90 91 92

Portrait (E. Randolph) Portrait (P. Randolph) Coffee Pot Peyton Randolph House


Clementina Rind 102 Ludwell Paradise House Post Office, Printer, Bindery Jane Hunter Charlton 109

110 Charlton House Margaret & Jane Hunter Shop

Wigmaker Margaret & Jane Hunter Shop

Eve 118 118 119

Bead necklace Bone Handle Peyton Randolph Kitchen


Matthew Hubard 125 Courthouse Courthouse William Hunter, Jr. 133 Printing Office Post Office, Printer, Bindery John Randolph 140 Capitol Peyton Randolph House Frances Tasker Carter 146

147 Portrait Robert Carter House

Peyton Randolph House (Mrs. Carter would live in a condition similar to that of the Randolphs)

Alexander Craig 153 Alexander Craig House Harness and Saddlemaker Shop

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Name of Individual Page # Image For More Information

Dennis 159 160

Buttons Robert Carter House

Great Hopes Farm Peyton Randolph House

Gaby 164 164 164 165

Tool Fragments Pipe Stems Spoon Fragments Slave Quarter at Carter’s Grove

Great Hopes Farm

Gowan Pamphlet 169 170

Earthenware King’s Arms Tavern

Bruton Parish Church

Catherine Rathell 177 Margaret & Jane Hunter Shop Wigmaker Margaret & Jane Hunter Shop

John Rollinson 183 Shoe Shop Shoe Shop Adam Waterford 187 Cooper Cooper Shop

Rural Trades Site Governor’s Palace

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Image Descriptions

Edmund Dickinson Portrait, 1770, Watercolor, artist unknown. This is the only known portrayal of Edmund Dickinson, and it is also a rare portrait of an artisan. Chair. Made by Edmund Dickinson at the Anthony Hay Shop for the Royal Governor Lord Dunmore. This chair was one of a set of 16 made for the Palace Supper Room, and was auctioned along with the rest of the Palace furniture upon Lord Dunmore’s departure from the Colony in 1775. Anthony Hay Shop. Edmund Dickinson opened this shop that was formerly occupied by Anthony Hay. John Minson Galt Apothecary Jar, 1740-1770, London. Made of white tin, glazed in blue with a cherub cartouche. The pattern is called Delft. The label, “Syrupus Limonum” denotes the material that was kept within the jar. It was a substance made from lemons. This jar was stored in the Galt-Pasteur shop in Williamsburg. James Geddy, Jr. Lord Botetourt’s Coffin Plate, 1770, made of silver. Another silversmith was largely responsible for the coffin plate, but Geddy may have been associated in some way with it. It is now displayed in his shop. The plate was made in 1770 for Lord Botetourt’s coffin, which was laid in the chapel of the College of William and Mary. During the Civil War, the coffin was vandalized by Union troops and the plate, including some silver handles, disappeared. In 1889, the plate was discovered in an antique dealer’s stall in New York, and it was quickly returned to Williamsburg. Judith Cowrie Shells. Shells were used as tokens, clothing decorations, and hair ornaments. Although these were found at a slave quarters, a slave like Judith, who lived in an urban setting, may have owned shells like these for reasons of fashion.

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Elizabeth Randolph Portrait (E. Randolph), ca. 1770 by John Wallaston, a London-trained artist who painted at least two hundred portraits in America. Portrait (P. Randolph), 19th-century copy of original by Charles Willson Peale. Coffeepot, 1734-1735, made by John Jacob of London. Made of silver and has the arms of the Randolph family inscribed on the surface. The pot was owned by Sir John Randolph and later his son Peyton Randolph, who was the husband of Elizabeth Harrison Randolph. It is a particularly important piece because there are only a small number of French-style London coffeepots in existence in the colonies. Clementina Rind Ludwell Paradise House. William and Clementina Rind lived at this site with their children and ran their printing office in the small shed addition on the back of the house. Eve Bead necklace. Slaves were concerned about their personal appearances as much as anyone else in the colonial period. They could make jewelry or other decorative items or buy them from a local merchant. Since Eve lived and worked with a wealthy, prominent family like the Randolphs, it would have been appropriate for her to have such a necklace as this one. Bone handle. This was a handle that was probably used as part of a fan. It is made of bone and has carved into its side some geometric designs that seem to be African in origin. Perhaps Eve, as a slave of a wealthy family, possessed such an object as this one. Matthew Hubard Courthouse. Matthew Hubard’s father may have practiced law in this court. John Randolph Capitol. John Randolph spent much of his time at this building as Clerk of the House of Burgesses, Attorney General, and Burgess representing the College of William and Mary. Frances Tasker Carter Portrait, 1750-1760, by John Wollaston, a London-trained artist who painted at least two hundred portraits in America.

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Dennis Collection of Buttons. Many buttons have been found in slave quarters. They were used for a variety of purpose, such as decorative objects pinned to clothes, or game pieces. Children sometimes used them as toys. Livery Button. This was perhaps a button on a uniform, or livery, that Dennis might have worn in his capacity as an indoor servant. The livery was usually provided by the master and it was of better quality than the coarse linens worn by outdoor slaves. Robert Carter House. Dennis was a slave that belonged to Robert Carter, who owned this home in Williamsburg. Gaby Tool Fragments. Tools were provided by the master of the plantation. They were necessary in carrying out tasks assigned to the slaves. These are some examples of the kinds of tools that were used. If the master did not supply the tools, the slaves sometimes bought them for themselves. Pipe Stems. Pipe stems make up a large part of the archaeological finds in slave quarters. Like other people of the time, slaves were consumers of tobacco, but they often had to smoke old pipes rather than new ones. Spoon Fragments. Utensils were used by slaves along with various ceramics. Some utensil pieces were found at Carter’s Grove. Slave Quarter at Carter’s Grove. Gaby Burwell lived at James Burwell’s plantation at King’s Creek. Although we don’t know what the buildings looked like at King’s Creek Plantation, it is likely that Gaby lived in similar circumstances to the reconstructed Slave Quarter at Carter’s Grove. Gowan Pamphlet Earthenware. This bowl and broken pot, made of the coarsest kind of ceramic ware, may have been the kind of vessels owned by Pamphlet, a slave who was eventually freed. Catherine Rathell Millinery Shop. Catherine Rathell operated a millinery shop in Williamsburg at the Ayscough House (on the current site of the Gunsmith Shop) and across the street from the Raleigh Tavern. Although we don’t know the appearance of these sites, it is likely that she operated a shop similar to Margaret and Jane Hunter’s Shop.

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John Rollinson Shoe Shop. John Rollinson operated a shoe shop in Williamsburg. Although we don’t know what his home and shop looked like, it is likely that he operated a shop similar to the George Wilson Shoe Shop. Adam Waterford Cooper. Adam Waterford probably had a workshop on his property that looked similar to this work area of the coopers at Colonial Williamsburg.

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Bibliography (All materials may be obtained through interlibrary loan)

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Edmund Dickinson Brown, Mills. Cabinetmaking in the Eighteenth Century. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1959 Hume, Ivor Noel. Williamsburg Cabinetmakers: The Archaeological Evidence. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1971 Krenov, James. The Fine Art of Cabinetmaking. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977 Ormsbee, Thomas. Early American Furniture Makers: A Social and Biographical Study. New York: Archer House, 1957 Stephenson, Mary A. Anthony Hay Shop: House History. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg

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Medical and Chirurgical Services, as Well as of His Trade Practices as a Chymist. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1928 Marshall, Norman. The Pasteur-Galt Apothecary Shop 1760-1776. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1954 Stephenson, Mary. The Apothecary and His Shop. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1949

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Hume, Ivor Noel. James Geddy and Sons: Colonial Craftesmen. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1970

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Kauffman, Henry. The Colonial Silversmith: His Techniques and His Products. New York: Galahad Books, 1974 Stephenson, Mary A. James Geddy House: House History. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg

Foundation, 1965 John Greenhow Gill, Harold. The Retail Business in Colonial Virginia. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1984 Goodwin, Mary. The Colonial Store. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1966 Hole, Donna. Williamsburg’s Four Original Stores: An Architectural Analysis. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1980 Stephenson, Mary. The General Store. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1954 Stephenson, Mary. The John Greenhow House: Historical Report. Williamsburg: Colonial

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and Norfolk., 1990 Stephenson, Mary. The Prentis Store: House History. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1954

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Tate, Thad W. The Negro in Eighteenth Century Williamsburg. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1957

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Williamsburg, Virginia. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1986 Rowe, Linda, and Stephenson, Mary A. Benjamin Powell House Historical Report. Williamsburg:

Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1946 (updated 1972) Elizabeth Randolph Daniels, Jonathan. The Randolphs of Virginia. Garden City, NJ: Doubleday, 1972 Gibbs, Patricia. Peyton Randolph House Historical Report. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg

Foundation, 1978 Lebsock, Suzanne, and Scott, Anne Firor. Virginia Women: The First Two Hundred Years. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1988 Reardon, John. Peyton Randolph 1721-1775: One Who Presided. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1982 Stivers, R. E. Turkey Island Plantation 1679-1864. Washington, DC: by the author, 1964 Clementina Rind Berg, Susan Stromei. Agents of Change or Trusted Servant: The Eighteenth Century Williamsburg

Press, 1993 Godfrey, Laurie. The Printers of the Virginia Gazette 1765-1776: Social Controls and Press Theory.

Thesis: Regent University, 1998 Goodwin, Mary. The Printing Office and Post Office Historical Report. Williamsburg:

ColonialWilliamsburg Foundation, 1952 King, Martha Joanne. Making an Impression: Women Printers in the Southern Colonies in the Revolutionary Era. Thesis: College of William and Mary, 1992

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Jane Hunter Charlton Bullock, Thomas, and Tonkin, Maurice. The Wigmaker in Eighteenth Century Williamsburg. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1971 Fisher, Leonard Everett. The Wigmaker. New York: F. Watts, 1965 Garsault, Francois de. The Art of the Wigmaker. London: Hairdressers’ Registration Council, Reprinted 1961 and translated by J. Stevens Cox Woodforde, John. The Strange Story of False Hair. New York: Drake Publishers, 1972

Eve Gibbs, Patricia. Peyton Randolph House: Historical Report. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg

Foundation, 1978 Pulis, John, ed. Moving On: Black Loyalists in the Afro-Atlantic World. New York: Garland Publishing, 1999 Tate, Thad W. The Negro in Eighteenth Century Williamsburg. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg

Foundation, 1957 Matthew Hubard Adler, Jeanne Winston. In the Path of War: Children of the American Revolution Tell Their Stories.

Peterborough, NH: Cobblestone Publishing Company, 1998 Berwick, Keith. Loyalists in Crisis: A Study of the Attitudes of Virginians in the Revolution. Thesis:

University of Chicago, 1959 Dawley, Karen Ellen. Childhood in Eighteenth Century Virginia. Thesis: University of Virginia, 1973 William Hunter, Jr. Ford, Thomas, and Rouse, Parke. The Printer in Eighteenth Century Williamsburg: An Account of His

Life and Times and of His Craft. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1978 Goodwin, Mary. The Printing Office and Post Office Historical Report. Williamsburg: Colonial

Williamsburg Foundation, 1952

Goodwin, Mary. The Printing Office: Its Activities, Furnishings, and Articles for Sale. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1958

Wilmore, Kathy. A Day in the Life of a Colonial Printer. New York: Power Kids Press, 2000

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Wroth, Lawrence. The Colonial Printer. Portland: Southworth-Anthoensen Press, 1931 John Randolph Berwick, Keith. Loyalists in Crisis: A Study of the Attitudes of Virginians in the Revolution, 1959 Cowden, Gerald. The Randolph Family: A Genealogy, 1973 Gibbs, Patricia. Peyton Randolph House Historical Report. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg

Foundation, 1978 Randolph, John. A Treatise on Gardening. Richmond: Appeals Press, reprinted 1924 Randolph, Roberta Lee. The First Randolphs of Virginia. Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1961 Gaby Coyle, Betty Wade Wyatt. The Treatment of Servants and Slaves in Colonial Virginia. Thesis: College

of William and Mary, 1974 Reiss, Oscar. Blacks in Colonial America. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1997 Stephenson, Mary. Carter’s Grove Plantation: A History. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg

Foundation, 1964 Walsh, Lorena. From Calabar to Carter’s Grove: The History of a Virginia Slave Community. Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, 1997 Frances Tasker Carter Carter, Robert Randolph. The Carter Tree. Santa Barbara, CA: Channel Lithographic Co., 1951 Lebstock, Suzanne, and Scott, Anne. Virginia Women: The First Two Hundred Years. Williamsburg:

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McBane, Susan. The Illustrated Guide to Horse Tack. Devon: David and Charles Book, 1992 Stephenson, Mary. The Alexander Craig House: A House History. Williamsburg: Colonial

Williamsburg Foundation, 1956 Stephenson, Mary. The Taliaferro-Cole House and Shop: Historical Report. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1951 Dennis Coyle, Betty Wade Wyatt. The Treatment of Servants and Slaves in Colonial Virginia. Thesis: College

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Williamsburg-James City County Public Schools and The Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, 1985

Morton, Louis. Robert Carter of Nomini Hall: A Virginia Tobacco Planter of the Eighteenth Century.

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Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1988 Hurdle, Patricia Ann. Millinery and Milliners in Colonial Virginia 1750-1780. Thesis: College of

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John Rollinson Cabell, Eleanor. Shoemaker and Bootmaker from the Encyclopedie by Diderot and D’Alembert. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1988 Fisher, Leonard Everett. The Shoemakers. New York: F. Watts, 1967 Lawrence-McIntyre, Charshee Charlotte. Free Blacks. Ann Arbor, MI: Univeristy Microfilms International, 1986 Wright, Thomas. The Romance of the Shoe. London: C. J. Farncombe & Sons, Ltd, 1922 McWilliams, M. E. Boot and Shoemaker Shop Historical Report. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg

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Publications, reprinted 1976

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