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Claire Underwood MA VetMB PhD Senior Lecturer in Large Animal Diagnostic Imaging The University of Queensland Thoracic Ultrasound Presentation overview 1. Optimising the image 2. Basic technique 3. Advanced technique 4. Disease examples Optimising the image: Creating an image Ultrasound waves Reflected Absorbed Scattered Transmitted Returning waves received by transducer, machine creates an image based on intensity and timing of returning waves

Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

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Page 1: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Claire Underwood MA VetMB PhDSenior Lecturer in Large Animal Diagnostic Imaging

The University of Queensland

Thoracic Ultrasound

Presentation overview

1. Optimising the image

2. Basic technique

3. Advanced technique

4. Disease examples

Optimising the image: Creating an image

• Ultrasound waves• Reflected

• Absorbed

• Scattered

• Transmitted

• Returning waves received by transducer, machine creates an image based on intensity and timing of returning waves

Page 2: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Machine Settings: Frequency

•Higher frequency, better axial resolution, • More attenuation – less depth penetration

•Scan at the highest frequency possible for the required depth

1.5‐5 MHz 5‐8.5 MHz 7.5‐22MHz 5‐7.5 MHz

Equipment for Equine use

• Curvilinear, microconvex and linear probes

1.5‐5 MHz 5‐8.5 MHz 7.5‐22MHz 5‐7.5 MHz

Machine settings: Focus

• Lateral resolution is optimised at the focus depthBest quality image often obtained with just 1 focal zone

Page 3: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Machine settings

• Gain

• Depth

Machine settings: Time Gain Compensation

• Compensates for attenuation of the ultrasound waves asthey travel to increased depths

• must be continually adjusted during a scan in order to obtain the bestimages

• If your  machine has an ‘optimize image/ update but’  should be neutral before you press this button. Then adjust after if necessary

Patient preparation

• Best images obtained by• Clipping

• Washing with soap and water

• Wipe with alcohol

• Liberal application of coupling gel

Page 4: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Patient Preparation 

• Clip: 17th ‐2nd intercostal spaces•Wash, alcohol, gel

• Sedation usually not required

Equipment

• Range of transducers needed if significant pathology• 7.5‐15 MHz for superficial lung pathology

• 2.5‐5.0 needed for mediastinum or deeper lung pathology

• Linear or curvilinear footprint fits best between ribs

• Rectal probe can be used for superficial lung and ribs

2.5‐5 MHz 5‐8.5 MHz 7.5‐15 MHz 5‐7.5 MHz

Basic Thoracic Ultrasound

Page 5: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Equipment

• Range of transducers needed if significant pathology• 7.5‐15 MHz for superficial lung pathology

• 2.5‐5.0 needed for mediastinum or deeper lung pathology

• Linear or curvilinear footprint fits best between ribs

• Rectal probe can be used for superficial lung and ribs

2.5‐5 MHz 5‐8.5 MHz 7.5‐15 MHz 5‐7.5 MHz

Basic scan technique• 17th ‐2nd intercostal spaces• Label images

• Scan from dorsal to ventral

• Transducer selection

Basic quick scan techniqueAdults:

• Cranioventral caudal to heart fluid • Dorsal‐ free gas

Foal:• Entire thorax

Page 6: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Image orientation

Normal Appearance of Lung and Pleura

• Normal lung• Visceral pleura hyperechoic• Glides smoothly againstparietal pleura with respiration

• Reverberation artifacts

fat

Rib vs lung

Page 7: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Abnormal findings:Comet Tail Artifacts

• Interruption of normal aeration at the surface

• Non‐specific

• Significance depends on history, PE, clinical pathology

Fluid

• Check image quality!

• Ventral up to the same level across the thorax

• Confirm with multiple transducers

Fluid

• Check image quality!

• Ventral up to the same level across the thorax

• Confirm with multiple transducers

Page 8: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

• Assess• Echogenicity

• Presence of fibrin

• Free gas

Pericardial Diaphragmatic Ligament

•Normal pleural reflection seen when there is pleural effusion

•Hypoechoic strand in caudoventral thorax

•Should not be mistaken for fibrin

Non‐aerated lung

• Hypoechoic/ anechoic

• Pattern• Ventral

• Diffuse focal areas

• Lung vs fluid

Page 9: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Non‐aerated lung

• Hypoechoic• Compression atelectasis

• Consolidation

• Hepatised lung

• Necrotic lung/Abscess

Pneumothorax

• Curtain sign• Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration

• Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax)

• Without pleural fluid• Comet tail artifacts or lung consolidation aid identification of lung echo

• Gliding sign is absent in free gas• Scan dorsal to ventral looking forbreak in gas echo

Rib Fractures•Ultrasound often superior to radiography for identifying rib fractures

• Scan in 2 perpendicular planes from dorsal to ventral

•Discontinuation of hyperechoic bony echo•Displaced or non‐displaced

•Overlying hematoma or abscess

Page 10: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Advanced thoracic ultrasound

Basic scan technique• 17th ‐2nd intercostal spaces• Label images

• Scan from dorsal to ventral

• Transducer selection

Technique for Cranial Mediastinum

Under triceps musculature• Right side of thorax

• Can image from left if enough pathology to displace heartcaudally

• In horse’s axilla, 3rd intercostal space • Leg forward• Angle towards opposite point of shoulder

Through the triceps musculature

Page 11: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Sonographic Appearance of Mediastinum

• Cranial Mediastinum• Can often see lung through triceps musculature

• Presence of fat is a normal finding: homogeneous, hypoechoic

lung

fat

triceps

Abnormal Sonographic Appearance of Mediastinum

• Cranial Mediastinum• Echoic mediastinal septum best seen when fluid present

• Thymus: can be seen in neonates up to 2 year olds, may bedifficult to distinguish from adjacent fat

Cranial mediastinal abscess

• Hypoechoic

• Monitor

• Care! other differentials

• Thymic hyperplasia• Fat• Pulmonary parenchyma

• Pleural effusion

Page 12: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Cranial mediastinal abscess

Non‐aerated lung

• Hypoechoic• Compression atelectasis

• Consolidation

• Hepatised lung

• Necrotic lung/Abscess

Compression Atelectasis

• Compression of lung by fluid, air or abdominal viscera

• Non‐bulging

• Hypoechoic

• Linear air echoes in medium/ larger airways

• Floats in fluid

Page 13: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Pulmonary Consolidation

• Non‐compressed lung• Filled with fluid and cells• Does not float• No air in small airways

• Hypoechoic and wedge‐shaped

Pulmonary Consolidation

•Air bronchograms in larger airways

•Fluid bronchograms => hepatized appearance

Air bronchogram Fluid bronchogram

Severe pulmonary damage/necrosis

• Loss of normal architecture

• Bulging appearance• Gelatinous with respiratory movement

• Hypoechoic to anechoic• Cavitated areas

• Progress to abscess or bronchopleural fistula

Page 14: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Pulmonary Abscesses• Anechoic-hypoechoic cavitated area lacking pulmonary vessels or bronchi• Dorsal hyperechoic gas cap• May be encapsulated• Serial evaluation

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Pulmonary Abscesses

6 months later

Specific pulmonary pathologies:Rhodococcus Pneumonia

Rhodococcus Pneumonia

Can also see…..

Prominent bronchointerstitialpattern

Miliaryalveolar/interstitial pattern (rare)

Page 16: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Rhodococcus Pneumonia

RhodococcusPneumonia

• If ARDS, pulmonary edema appears as multiple coalescing comet tails

• May see largecavitated abscesses

Pleuropneumonia

• Characterize and quantify fluid• Identify site for drainage

• Identify necrosis, abscesses, bronchopleural fistula• Affects prognosis and length of treatment (cost)

Page 17: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Pleuropneumonia: Fluid

Echogenicity varies with cellularity, types of cells, amount of protein, and free gas present

Fluid level can be described relative to point of shoulder; monitor fluid accumulation

Pleuropneumonia: Fluid

Gas bubbles from anaerobes, chest tube, or bronchopleuralfistula

Pleuropneumonia: Fibrin

Shaggy or smooth layer of hypoechoic material on parietal and visceral pleural surfaces

Page 18: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Pleuropneumonia: Fibrin Loculations

Lacey fibrin and fluid; lung is tethered to parietal pleura by fibrin strand

Thick coating of fibrin on parietal pleura of thoracic wall and diaphragm with fluid pocket; lung is adhered to diaphragm

Pleuropneumonia: Fibrin Loculations

Bronchopleural Fistula

• Bronchus and pleura communicate

• Creates pneumothorax• Dorsal gas cap

• Gas within fluid• DDx Anaerobic infection/introduced gas from chest tube

Page 19: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Prognosis for Pleuropneumonia

• Survival for fibrinous pneumonia 52%, with loculations 40%, mostreturn to performance if survive

• Survival for anaerobic pneumonia 32‐41%, few return to performance

•Treatment days longer for horses with pleural fluid, fibrin loculations, free gas, necrosis or abscess

Reimer et al JAVMA 1989

Not all sonographic abnormalities are bacterial…

Interstitial lung disease

• Pulmonary fibrosis

• Diffuse granulomatous disease

• Fungal pneumonia

• Viral pneumonia

• Pulmonary edema

• Neoplasia

• Coalescing comet tail artefacts/ multiple hypoechoic lesions in pulmonary parenchyma

• Cannot differentiate using U/S

Interstitial Lung Disease

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Pulmonary Edema

• Left heart failure•ARDS• Coalescing comet tail artifacts

Thoracic Neoplasia

•Primary Pulmonary• Granular Cell

•Pleural• Mesothelioma• Carcinomatosis• Hemangiosarcoma

•Mediastinal• Lymphosarcoma• Melanoma• Hemangiosarcoma

Diaphragmatic hernia

Page 21: Thoracic US CU - for proceedings · Pneumothorax •Curtain sign •Free gas moves ventrally during inspiration •Easiest to see with pleural fluid (hydropneumothorax) •Without

Conclusions

• Preparation key

• Basic quick evaluation• Fluid

• Non‐aerated lung

• Pneumothorax

• Thorough thoracic US• Fluid type/ additional pathologies (BPF)

• Consolidation/necrosis/abscess

• Fibrin/ adhesions

• Cranial  mediastinum

• Non‐infectious pathologies

• Always consider findings in conjunction with the clinical picture