Thomas & Chess

• Longitudinal study in the early 1950s regarding infant temperament

• Measured nine temperament characteristics each of which affects how well a child fits in at school, with their friends, and at home.

• Identified three types: easy, difficult, slow to warm up

(1)activity level (2)regularity-eating/sleeping/elimination (3)new object approach or withdrawal (4)Adaptability (5)sensitivity to stimuli (6)intensity of reaction (7)quality of mood (8) distractibility (9)attention span and persistence

Abraham Maslow Created the Hierarchy of Needs which

includes the most fundamental needs going up to self-actualization

Studied the healthiest 1% of college population

Believed that every human had the capacity to reach highest potential

Stage One Trust

vs. Mistrust

Birth to 18

monthsFeeding Mother

Can I trust the world?

Is it okayto be me?

Stage Two Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

2 to 4 Years

Potty Trainin

gFamily

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

Stage 3: 3 to 5 YearsEgo Development Outcome: Initiative vs. GuiltBasic Strength: Purpose

Stage 4: 6 to 12 YearsEgo Development Outcome: Industry vs. InferiorityBasic Strengths: Method and Competence

Eric Erikson Stage 3 and 4

Copy adults around them Create play situationso make up storieso play out roles

Capable of learning, creating and accomplishing new skills and knowledge-Industry

Social stage of developmentMost significant relationship is with the school and neighborhood

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are needed to see this picture.

“It is only after a reasonable sense of identity has been established that real intimacy with others can be possible.” ~Erik Erikson: Identity and the Life Cycle, 1959

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Adolescent: 12-18 years of age

Success=Virtue of Fidelity

What is my goal in life?Who am I?

Developing a sense of morality: right and

wrong

Devoted to causes, friends,

and ideals

Young Adult:18-35

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Success=Virtue of Love

Can I love?Significant

relationships: marriage

partner and friends

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

Stage 1: Obedience or Punishment Stage 2: Self-Interest

Stage 3: Social ConformityStage 4: Law and Order

Stage 5: Social ContractStage 6: Universal Ethics