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Research Highlights
A novel choline chloride based deep eutectic solvent (DES) was synthesized.
The DES was used as a catalyst for the acidic crude palm oil (ACPO) pre-treatment.
The DES showed high activity in the reduction of free fatty acid in ACPO.
The DES can be used for the pre-treatment of the other waste and acidic oils.
Graphical Abstract:
Research Highlights
Deep eutectic solvent (DES) is introduced as a novel catalyst for biodiesel production.
Allyltriphenylphosphonium bromide is used for the first time in the preparation of DES.
Phosphonium based-deep eutectic solvent (P-DES) can be recycled for esterification
reaction four times.
Biodiesel produced from low grade crude palm oil meets EN 14214 and ASTM D6751.
P-DES can be used for many chemical reactions.
Graphical Abstract:
Graphical Abstract:
Research Highlights
Ammonium deep eutectic solvent (DEAC-DES) is introduced as a novel catalyst for biodiesel
production.
The catalyst showed high catalytic activity and it was recycled four times.
The biodiesel produced from DEAC-DES meets the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards.
The introduced DES has many possible applications in the production of biodiesel from different
raw materials.
Graphical Abstract:
Research Highlights
This study introduces low grade palm oil (LGPO) to produce biodiesel.
Treated LGPO can be considered as a new raw fuel material produced via sonoreactor.
The biodiesel produced meets the International Biodiesel Standards.
Sonoreactor proves to be a useful device for biodiesel production from LGPO.
Graphical Abstract:
Research Highlights
A mixtureofACPO and SPO was introduced as apotential feedstock to produce biodiesel.
(1R)-(–)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid was used as a new catalyst for esterification.
The biodieselproducedmeetsthe requirementsoftheinternational standards.
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