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IMPORTANT WATER ENERGY NEXUS CONSIDERATIONS:

A SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF WATER SUPPLY IN COSTA BRAVA, SPAIN

Chelsea Burns

Overview

Regional Context Water Development Trends

Current Supply Sources Energy-Water Nexus Recommendations

Lloret de Mar Tossa de Mar

(Catalan Water Agency 2012)

• June through August population increases from 240,000 to over 1 million • Increase in population during peak season puts pressure on water resources

Regional Context

1980s:

Forced to extend supply networks to the Tordera

Basin further south

1970s:

Recognize local supply cannot meet

demand

1960s: Urbanization trends begin

Lloret de Mar & Tossa de Mar

Source: Lloret de Mar Local Agenda 21

Tossa de Mar Average Seasonal Water Demand 2007-2011

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

Winter Spring Summer Fall

Supp

ly (

m3)

Seasons

max

min

Avg

Main Issues Local Wells

Become Insufficient

Mediterranean Climate

Severe Reoccurring

Droughts

Salt Water Intrusion of the Tordera

Aquifer

EU WFD mandates “good

ecological status”

New Supply Alternatives!

Blanes Desalinization

Plant

Tertiary Treatment

(Water Reuse)

Guaranteed Supply BUT

Attached Unsustainable Consequences

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Supp

ly (

m3 )

Years

Tertiary Treatment

Local Wells

Desalinization

Tordera Aquifer

Tossa de Mar Water Supply

Tossa de Mar Water Supply and Sanitation Energy Consumption

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

En

ergy

Con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

/m3 )

Years

Desalinization

Tordera Aquifer

Local Wells

Wastewater

Tertiary Treatment

Tossa de Mar Energy Consumption of Water Supply & Sanitation 2011

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

�Desalinization �Tordera Aquifer �Local Wells �Total PotableConveyance

�WastewaterTreatment

�Tertiary Treatment

kWh

/m3

Water Supply and Sanitation Sources

Pumped

Treatment

Conveyance

More Sustainability Considerations…

Energy intensity of reuse is uncertain when RO is applied.

Non-energy related drawbacks must be considered.

Lack of complementary infrastructure

Need for new conveyance networks

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

m3

Years

Tossa de Mar Water Reuse Production

Total

To municipality

To sea

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

m3

Years

Lloret de Mar Water Reuse Production

Total

To municipality

To sea

Recommendations

Need to Ensure Water Supply Decision-Making is not Detached from Energy Consumption Realities

Sectorial Integration Required

Institutional Framework for Water Decision Making in Spain

(Source: Ortega & Hernández-Mora 2010)

Sectorial Integration

Member of energy sector incorporated at each institutional level

Water and energy authorities at each level should meet annually

Coordination committee must have arbitration power. Sector liaison needs formative voice.

Ability to monitor and report development impacts is key!

Recommendations Continued

Stronger policies required to encourage efficiency and conservation at the user level

Behavioral changes NOT JUST technological fixes

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