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WARNING
This lecture contains graphic
content.
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GRAPH
• A visual display of data
collected during a controlled
experiment
• It shows the pattern or
relationships between sets of
data
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LINE GRAPH
• It displays information as a series of
data points
• Each data point represents an
individual measurement or piece of
data
• It displays TWO numerical variables
• It shows a relationship where the
dependent variable changes due to a
change in the independent variable
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LINE GRAPH
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• LINE GRAPH
• Are used to display data that changes on a
CONTINUOUS SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
• The data must be CONTINUOUS for BOTH
VARIABLES
• Used to show any relationship where the
DEPENDENT VARIABLE (Y-AXIS), changes
due to a change in the INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE (X-AXIS)
• LINE GRAPHS are used more often in
representing biological data
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
• The known variable
• The variable controlled by the
experimenter and not affected by
the other variable
• Located on the X-axis (horizontal
axis)
• Usually time (days, hours, minutes,
seconds) or temperature oC
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How to set up your graph!
X Axis (This is for your
independent variable)
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
• The unknown variable
• The variable being measured
• The variable that changes as a
result of the independent variable
• Located on the Y-axis (vertical
axis) of the graph
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How to set up your graph!
Y Axis (This is for your
dependent
variable)
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S.U.L.T.A.N.
T - Title
Teachers’s Favorite Singer
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S.U.L.T.A.N.
U – Units
L – Label
(axes)
T - Title
Teachers’s Favorite Singer
Y Axis =
Dependent
Variable
X Axis =
Independent
Variable
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S.U.L.T.A.N.
S - Scale
U – Units
L - Labels
T - Title
Teachers’s Favorite Singer
Identify X and Y axis
Decide on an
appropriate scale for
each axis
Choose a scale that
lets you spread the
numbers across
most of the grid
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How to determine scale
• The scale is
determined by
your highest &
lowest number or
range
• In this case your
scale would be
from 2 – 22
Favorite Singer
Number of Teachers
Toby Keith 22
Madonna 15
Elvis 11
Sting 5
Sinatra 2
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How to determine Intervals
• The interval is
decided by your scale
• In this case your scale
would be from 2 – 22
and you want the
scale to fit the graph
• The best interval
would be to go by 5’s
Favorite Singer
Number of Teachers
Toby Keith 22
Madonna 15
Elvis 11
Sting 5
Sinatra 2
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S.U.L.T.A.N.
S - Scale
U – Units
L - Labels
T - Title
A – Accuracy
Teachers’s Favorite Singer
The amount of space
between one number and
the next or one type of
data and the next on the
graph.
Choose an interval that
lets you make the graph
as large as possible for
your paper and data (plot
data where it should be to
make it accurate)
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S.U.L.T.A.N.
S - Scale
U – Units
L - Labels
T - Title
A – Accuracy
Teachers’s Favorite Singer
0
5
10
15
20
25
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S.U.L.T.A.N. S - Scale
U – Units
L - Labels
T - Title
A – Accuracy
N – Neatness
(easier to read or
interpret)
Teachers’s Favorite Singer
0
5
10
15
20
25
LABEL your bars
or data points
Singers
Nu
mb
er o
f T
each
ers
Label the X axis Label the
Y axis
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BAR GRAPH • It consists of parallel bars or
rectangles with lengths that are
equal to the quantities the bars
represent
• One variable is descriptive
(categories, items, events) and the
other variable is numerical
• Used to compare data for several
individual items or events
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SCATTER PLOT
• IT IS USED TO DISPLAY CONTINUOUS
DATA WHERE THERE IS A RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN TWO INTERDEPENDENT
VARIABLES
• A LINE THAT BEST FITS IS DRAWN
THROUGH THE POINTS TO DETERMINE
WHETHER THERE IS A POSITIVE,
NEGATIVE, OR NO CORRELATION
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PIE GRAPH
• A PIE GRAPH DISPLAYS DATA AS A PERCENTAGE
OF THE WHOLE
• THE DATA FOR ONE VARIABLE ARE
DISCONTINOUS (NON-NUMERICAL OR
CATEGORIES)
• THE DATA FOR THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE ARE
USUALLY IN THE FORM OF COUNTS,
PROPORTIONS OR PERCENTAGES
• EACH PIE SECTION SHOULD HAVE A LABEL AND
PERCENTAGE
• PIE GRAPHS ARE USED INSTEAD OF BAR GRAPHS
WHEN THERE ARE SIX OR FEWER CATEGORIES
INVOLVED
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Notebook check
• Sections / Tabs
– Class Information
– Ecology
– Chemistry
– The Cell
– Genetics
– Mechanisms of evolution
– Animal form and function
– Plant form and function
