This is a multiple-choice exam. Fill in the best answer on ...academic.udayton.edu/RyanMcEwan/Courses/Ecology/ExamIII_Prep.pdf · The _____model of succession states that during succession,

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Exam 3 Name____________________

Ecology (Biology 310): Spring 2016 Dr. McEwan This is a multiple-choice exam. Fill in the best answer on the bubble sheet as is customary. Remember, don’t freelance on terminology. Use terms learned in class!

- - - Good luck - - - Community Dynamics

This figure depicts an experiment where concrete blocks were placed in the ocean and marine organisms were allowed to colonize for various lengths of time 1. This experiment is assessing: (a) primary succession (b) secondary succession 2. Based on general understanding of Ecology, you might reasonably hypothesize that an r-selected species in this community is: (a) Ulva spp (b) Gigartina canaliculata (c) Gigartina leptohynchos (d) Gelidium coulteri (e) Rhodoglossum affine 3. Based on this sequence, which species would you predict to be the most competitive species? (a) Ulva spp (b) Gigartina canaliculata (c) Gigartina leptohynchos (d) Gelidium coulteri (e) Rhodoglossum affine 4. This experiment uses a Chronosequence method? (a) True; (b) False

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5. Henry Chandler Cowles had an exciting early study on the shores of Lake Michigan that: (a) used a “space for time” substitution to study how fish migrate following disturbance (b) used an experimental disturbance regime to investigate colonization of mussels (c) compared “restored” beaches to “disturbed” beaches (d) compared “restored beaches” to beaches from historical records (e) none of these 6. Most forest in Ohio is undergoing: (a) primary succession (b) secondary succession 7. Roughly how much of Ohio is NOT undergoing secondary succession and instead exists undisturbed by humans as it has for many thousands of years? (a) 50% (b) 25% (c) 10% (d) 5% (e) practically none 8. What is NOT an example of how fire influences ecosystems: (a) increases competition (b) alters seed bed characteristics (c) changes nutrient characteristics (d) creates or perpetuates a mosaic (e) reduces forest floor mass 9. Fire is used [(a) often, (b) rarely, (c) never] by natural resource managers as a tool for conservation activities. 10. Here at the University of Dayton, if we just simply stop mowing and spraying random toxic chemicals on lawns then [(a) equilibrium; (b) non-equilibrium] processes will transform it into forest. 11. The ________model of succession states that during succession, one species creates an opportunity for a different species to be successful, and this continues until a species becomes the site dominant. (Fill in the Blank) (a) facilitation (b) inhibition (c) tolerance (d) a & c

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12. Here is an interesting figure! Take a look at the bottom panel. What is that? (a) Paradox of the Plankton (b) Species Area Curve (c) Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (d) Productivity-Diversity Relationship (e) None of these 13. In the set of panels on the top, on the far right graph, look at T1 (right side of graph) why are their fewer species present? (a) disturbance is so frequent only a few species can persist (b) activity of “non-equilibrium” processes dictate fewer species (c) activity of equilibrium processes dictate only a few species can persist (d) a & b (e) none of these

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Ecosystem Ecology

Concerning the photosynthetic pathway on the

right: (a) true (b) false

14. This pathway is found in Fagus grandifolia 15. This pathway is an adaptation so that the stomates can open at night – a chemical mechanism 16. Under what conditions would you expect this mode of photosynthesis to be successful? (a) wet conditions in a temperate zone (b) dry conditions, like a desert (c) dry grasslands 17. What kind of organism would you expect to employ this mode of photosynthesis? (a) cacti (b) grass (c) deciduous tree

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Its time for….Photosynthetic pathway matching! 18. Quercus 19. Andropogon gerardii

20. 21. Hey, here is an idea to ponder… if you wanted to invent a chemical compound that you

would spray on “lawns” to kill everything but the 3 inch tall monoculture you wanted there...one idea would be to create something that makes photosynthesis impossible for some plants but not others. What pathway would you be most interested in destroying in creating your toxin? (chose from pathways above)

(a) C3

(b) C4

(c) CAM

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22. All of the energy generated through photosynthesis in an ecosystem – respiration by both heterotrophs and autotrophs is:

a) Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) b) Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) c) Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

23. The nitrogen cycle differs substantially from the calcium cycle in that (a) trees require calcium to a greater degree (b) nitrogen is fixed from atmospheric sources via a symbiosis (c) calcium is substantially influenced by the activity of leguminous plants (d) none of these 24. In which location would you expect to find the highest productivity ecosystem? (a) wet, temperate, forest (b) tundra (c) desert (d) boreal forest

25. Based on our discussion in class, in aquatic systems, phosphorus additions tend to…

(a)increase (b) decrease (c) cause no change

…to productivity in harbors and bays? 26. Which cycle has symbiosis at its origin (in the absence of humans doing chemistry in a factory) (a) carbon (b) nitrogen (c) phosphorus 27. Either Carbon, Nitrogen or Phosphorus are always the most important limiting nutrients in ecosystems

(a) true (b) false

28. Would it be possible for an ecosystem to have the same productivity as another ecosystem but a much lower biomass? (a) yes, (b) no

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This ecologist who works on slash and burn agriculture wishes you good luck on the rest of the test!! Also, I just noticed…it looks like she is wearing a proton pack!! I wonder if tropical forests are haunted?

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Fill in the empty (white) boxes in this generalized nitrogen cycle. Each box in the diagram has a number, that number is the question on the exam. The box below has your options

32. Ten years from now you and your attractive and generally awesome mate buy a nice “rancher” in the burbs with a stream flowing through the back yard between you and your neighbor’s yard. While you are driving your children back and forth to swim practice and piano, Chemical Bill’s Greenlawn company is caring for your 3-inch tall grass monoculture (aka “Lawn”). If you wanted to prevent nutrients from entering the stream1 … you would?

(a) phosphorus, because of its role in algal blooms (b) NO3: because its charge allows it to flow past soil exchange sites (c) NH4: because its charge allows it to flow past soil exchange sites (d) a & b (e) a & c

(a) Nitrification

(b) N03-

(c) NH4+

(d) Ammonification

(e) none of these

(31)

(29)

(30)

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Global Change

33. The greenhouse effect is a real physical phenomenon. (a) true (b) false 34. CO2 is a greenhouse gas. (a) true (b) false 35. Based on the basic physics of the greenhouse effect, increasing atmospheric CO2 will cause global temperature to (a) increase, (b) decrease, (c) stay the same. 36. The current global atmospheric concentration of CO2 is approximately ______ which is nearly double that of the previous 400,000 years.

a. 200 ppmv b. 300 ppmv c. 400 ppmv d. 500 ppmv e. none of these

37. Over the past several decades global temperature has (a) increased, (b) decreased, (c) stayed the same. 38. Over the past several decades the Greenland Ice has lost mass (melted).

a. true b. false

Global warming is likely to increase the temperature of tundra soils. As these soils warm, microorganisms will become more active, decomposing vast quantities of organic matter. As this occurs, CO2 will be increasingly _________ [(39) a. captured; b. released]. This process is very likely to ___________ [(40) a. diminish; b. accelerate] Global Warming.

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This is a figure from a paper that was coauthored by a UD undergraduate during her time at UD. She was once a student in BIO 310 just like you, but she came up after class and asked to get involved in my research. This is one figure of hers that was covered in class. The y-axis is the first date of the year that the species flowered and the x-axis is the year, so this shows change through time. Please answer the questions below. 41. This figure shows that all species in the Miami Valley respond strongly to climate warming. (a) true (b) false 42. When one species relies upon another to complete its life cycle due to symbiosis, and the different species respond differently to climate, we call that: (a) Paradox of the Plankton (b) Climate-Response Mismatching (c) Catechism of Dune #4 (d) none of these

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I grew up in the bustling metropolis of Berry, Kentucky (population 310) and was taught by my gardening genius grandmother (Gladys Mink) that “You plant your corn when an oak’s leaf is the size of a squirrel’s ear.”

You see, corn is a plant that is easily killed by frost so you want to plant those seeds as early as possible in the spring to maximize the growing season, but not so early that they will be killed. So Gladys had this idea…which uses the phenology of trees in response to spring warming as a guideline. 43. What is the term we use to describe heat accumulation in spring?

(a) Growing Temperature Threshold Theory (GTTT) (b) Growing Degree Days (c) Temperature-Heat Accumulation (d) Temperature-Daylength Accumulation (e) None of these

44. Why didn’t Gladys just pick a day of the year…like May 15th?! (a) because every spring is unique. (b) because date is generally a poor indicator of temperature (c) trees integrate temperature in a way that does not match up with time directly (d) the accumulation of heat as measured by a tree may be superior to human measures (e) all of these

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a. Natural enemies escape b. Novel weapons c. Empty niche d. Invasional meltdown e. none of these

Invasive Species Concept matching 45. Species undergoes rapid evolutionary development leading to advantages in its new range. 46. The invasive species takes advantage of space left available by the absence of native species 47. The invasive species is able to win in competition by using biochemical mechanisms 48. What percentage of invasive species are harmful (or potentially harmful)? (a) 100 (b) 50 (c) 25 (d) 10 (e) <5 49. What percentage of alien species are harmful (or potentially harmful)? (a) 100 (b) 50 (c) 25 (d) 10 (e) <5 50. The terminology behind “invasive species” is confusing? (a) true (b) false 51. The most important threat to biodiversity is:

a. Invasive species b. Climate change c. Human-generated land development and habitat loss

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Invasive species matching! 52.

53.

54. Cryphonectria parasitica 55. Asian carp

(a) Polyphagous insect herbivore (b) Specialist insect herbivore (c) Pathogenic fungus (d) Invasive shrub (e) Threatening the Great Lakes

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Regional Invasive Species Pool

Site Specific Invasion Intensity

Site characteristics Land-use history

Dispersal in time

Landscape matrix

Dispersal in space

Colonization and proliferation potential

habitat space

Site modification by invasive species

Presence of edge

Various modifications

Regional Invasive Species Pool

Site Specific Invasion Intensity

Site characteristics Land-use history

Dispersal in time

Landscape matrix

Dispersal in space

Colonization and proliferation potential

habitat space

Site modification by invasive species

Presence of edge

Various modifications

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(a) Dispersal (b) Colonization (c) Proliferation (d) Landscape Matrix (e) None of these

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58. This image is an illustration of: (a) landscape change associated with European settlement of North America (b) the historical attitude, which still remains to some degree, that Wilderness is evil (c) contrast between “old-growth forest” and an Ideal European Landscape (d) “civilizing” the landscape by Europeans (e) all of these 59. On the left side (clouds above) of this image the forest can be considered old-growth which is NOT a feature of this type of forest: (a) Coarse Woods Debris (b) Uneven canopy (c) Large emergent trees (d) Trees mostly same age (e) All of these are features

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Consider these two land parcels, which are the SAME SIZE. Also take a look at the figure on the right. 60. Since they are the same size, are the land parcels the same from an ecological perspective?

a. yes b. no

61. Which species of bird do you think would occur in the bottom patch, but NOT in the top:

a. American robin b. Ovenbird c. Eastern wood-pewee

62. Which bird do you imagine that you could find with equal probability in either parcel

a. American robin b. Ovenbird c. Eastern wood-pewee d. all of these

63. For a moment, imagine that Ovenbirds could disperse readily into the patch on the top, and then the small populations would shrink to extinction. In a landscape matrix, that parcel would be considered a ____________ (a) source or (b) sink.

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64. Which is not a known ecological influence of habitat fragmentation:

(a) Limited dispersal (b) Restricted access to mates (c) Increased gene flow (d) Edge effects (e) All are known influences

A

B

65. Take a look at these two parcels

of land. If you were a conservation

manager in our region of Ohio.

Which would you recommend

purchasing to add to your system of

parks?

(A)

(B)

(C) Based on only these images I will

assume they are equivalent

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A B

66. Think like a conservation manager again…look at these parcels above. You are able to purchase a pair of properties- X and Y in either location A or B. Assume that for every parameter X and Y are identical. Which do you choose? (A) (B) (C) They are equal since the sites are equivalent from an ecological perspective

X

Y Y

X

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67. Here is a bit of google maps Earth images from space. I have zoomed in on the areas around Rowdy, Kentucky, which is deep Appalachia (and, indeed, rowdy…). All the darker portions of the map are highly diverse deciduous forest. The grey portions are:

(a) devastated landscape created by explosions (b) stripmines (c) areas of biodiversity catastrophe (d) sites where most of the stream life has been extirpated by drainage from the mines (e) all of these

68. The lights in this lecture hall are powered by electricity that almost certainly comes from…

(a) …burning coal from the Appalachians, perhaps from Rowdy, Ky. 69. What ecological law does modern industrialized agriculture violate? (a) chemicals are harmful to the environment (b) climate change makes farming impossible (c) monocultures are unstable (d) row crops are more productive that tier-two agronomics (e) none of these 70. A fork is a lever with you can, daily, move the planet: (a) true (b) false

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Exam 3 Ecology (Biology 310) Dr. McEwan This is a multiple-choice exam. Fill in the best answer on the bubble sheet as is customary. Remember, don’t freelance on terminology. Be precise, use only terms that you learned in the class.

- - - Good luck - - -

Ecosystem Ecology

Concerning the photosynthetic pathway on the right:

(a) true (b) false

(1) This pathway is found in Fagus grandifolia (2) This pathway is an adaptation so that the stomates can open at night – a chemical mechanism (3) Under what conditions would you expect this mode of photosynthesis to be successful? (a) wet conditions in a temperate zone (b) dry conditions, like a desert (c) dry grasslands (4) What kind of organism would you expect to employ this mode of photosynthesis? (a) cacti (b) grass (c) deciduous tree

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(5) All of the energy generated through photosynthesis in an ecosystem – respiration by

autotrophs is: a) Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) b) Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) c) Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

(6) As discussed in class ______________ tend to have a belowground carbon allocation pattern. a) oaks b) maples (7) The nitrogen cycle differs substantially from the calcium cycle in that (a) trees require calcium to a greater degree (b) nitrogen is fixed from atmospheric sources via a symbiosis (c) calcium is substantially influenced by the activity of leguminous plants (d) none of these (8) In which location would you expect to find the highest productivity ecosystem? (a) wet, temperate, forest (b) tundra (c) desert (d) boreal forest

(9) Based on our discussion in class, in aquatic systems, phosphorus additions tend to… (a)increase (b) decrease (c) cause no change …to productivity in harbors and bays? (10) Which cycle is largely geological: (a) carbon (b) nitrogen (c) phosphorus

3

In this figure (above): (11) The y-axis on this figure says “aboveground” why?

(a) aboveground accounts for the only meaningful productivity in ecosystems (b) aboveground is the most accurate measure of total productivity (c) it is difficult to measure belowground productivity so it often goes unmeasured

(d) a & b (12) What is the nature of the relationship in the figure above?

(a) increased nitrogen mineralization means more nitrogen is available for plants, generally increasing productivity. (b) more nitrogen is mineralized, means that less nitrogen is available to plants, slowing productivity.

(c) neither of these (13) Nitrogen or Phosphorus are always the most important limiting nutrients in ecosystems

(a) true (b) false

(14) ___________ is the law we discussed in class regarding limiting nutrients which suggests that plants are limited not by the total nutrient pool available, but particularly by the important nutrient that is the most limited: (a) Ideal Nutrient Law (b) McArthur’s Limiting Nutrient Theorem (c) Liebig’s Law of the Minimum (d) none of these

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(15) Soil are made up of components divided into these categories: (a) sand, organic matter, silt (b) sand, silt and clay (c) sand, clay and organic matter (d) dirt, mud, dust (16) Rank the soil types in terms of total water in soil

(a) silty clay > loam > sand (b) loam > silty clay > sand (c) sand > silty clay > loam (17) Rank the soil types in terms of drainage water (how much water will flow through)

(a) silty clay > loam > sand (b) loam > silty clay > sand (c) sand > loam > silty clay (18) The ion exchange sites on clay (or organic matter) within soil are called: (a) solicitos (b) colloids (c) collectants (d) nitrogenaceiophiles (19) The ion exchange sites on clay within soil are generally ____ charged: (a) positive (b) negative (c) neutral Match the soil horizon with the characteristic: (20) Unconsolidated material (21) Topsoil (22) Organic Layer (23) Subsoil

(a) A layer

(b) B layer

(c) C layer

(d) D layer

(e) O layer

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Fill in the empty (white) boxes in this generalized nitrogen cycle. Each box in the diagram has a number, that number is the question on the exam. The box below has your options

(27) Ten years from now you and your attractive and generally awesome mate buy a nice “rancher” in the burbs with a stream flowing through the back yard between you and your neighbor’s yard. While you are driving your children back and forth to swim practice and piano, Chemical Bill’s Greenlawn company is caring for your 3-inch tall grass monoculture (aka “Lawn”). If you wanted to prevent nutrients from entering the stream you would be especially worried about:

(a) phosphorus, because of its role in algal blooms (b) NO3: because its charge allows it to be tightly bound by soil exchange sites (c) NH4: because its charge allows it to flow past soil exchange sites (d) a & b (e) none of these

(a) Nitrification

(b) N03-

(c) NH4+

(d) Ammonification

(e) none of these

(26)

(24)

(25)

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Global Change

28. The greenhouse effect is a real physical phenomenon. (a) true (b) false 29. CO2 is a greenhouse gas. (a) true (b) false 30. Based on the basic physics of the greenhouse effect, increasing atmospheric CO2 will cause global temperature to (a) increase, (b) decrease, (c) stay the same. 31. The current global atmospheric concentration of CO2 is approximately ______ which is nearly double that of the previous 400,000 years.


32. Over the past several decades global temperature has (a) increased, (b) decreased, (c) stayed the same. 33. Over the past several decades the Greenland Ice has lost mass (melted).

a. true b. false

Global warming is likely to increase the temperature of tundra soils. As these soils warm, microorganisms will become more active, decomposing vast quantities of organic matter. As this occurs, CO2 will be increasingly _________ [(34) a. captured; b. released]. This process is very likely to ___________ [(35) a. diminish; b. accelerate] Global warming.

8

This is a figure from a paper that was coauthored by a UD undergraduate during her time at UD. She was once a student in BIO 310 just like you, but she came up after class and asked to get involved in my research. This is one figure of hers that was covered in class. The y-axis is the first date of the year that the species flowered and the x-axis is the year, so this shows change through time. Please answer the questions below. 36. This figure shows that all species in the Miami Valley respond strongly to climate warming. a. true b. false

9

a. Natural enemies escape b. Novel weapons c. Petrificus totalus d. Invasional meltdown e. Empty niche

Invasive Species Concept matching 37. Species is freed from pests, pathogens or herbivores in the invaded range. 38. The invasive species takes advantage of space left available by the absence of native species 39. The invasive species is able to win in competition by using biochemical mechanisms 40. The most important threat to biodiversity is:

a. Invasive species b. Climate change c. Human-generated land development and habitat loss

10

41. This image is an illustration of: (a) landscape change associated with European settlement of North America (b) the historical attitude, which still remains to some degree, that Wilderness is evil (c) contrast between “old-growth forest” and an Ideal European Landscape (d) “civilizing” the landscape by Europeans (e) all of these

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a. yes b. no

43. Which species of bird do you think would occur in the top patch, but NOT in the bottom:




45. For a moment, imagine that Ovenbirds could disperse readily into the patch on the bottom, and then the small populations would grow rapidly. In a landscape matrix, that parcel would be considered a ____________ (a) source or b) sink.

12

46. Here is a bit of google maps Earth images from space. I have zoomed in on the areas around Rowdy, Kentucky, which is deep Appalachia (and, indeed, rowdy…). All the darker portions of the map are highly diverse deciduous forest. The grey portions are:

a. devastated landscape created by explosions b. stripmines c. areas of biodiversity catastrophe d. sites where most of the stream life has been extirpated by drainage from the mines e. all of these

47. The lights in this lecture hall are powered by electricity that almost certainly comes from…

a) …burning coal from the Appalachians, perhaps from Rowdy, Ky.

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a. Wilderness Preservation b. Conservation Biology c. Restoration Ecology d. Novel Ecosystems e. Reconciliation Ecology

48. By far, the group of organisms that are currently most threatened with extinction are: a. Large mammals such as tigers b. Plants such as orchids c. Mussels such as pearly mussel d. Reptiles such as Parker’s fence lizard

Management

The Endangered Species Act: (a) true, (b) false 49. Requires the creation of a recovery plan 50. Allocates money based on species that are most threatened 51. Does not apply on private property 52. Requires management for growing populations of white-tailed deer

Natural Resource Management Concept Matching, select what is most closely matching:

53. Human commerce is unstoppable, can we find some synergy with ecological systems? 54. Indiana Bat 55. Pollinator planting at Cox Arboretum 56. Land must be preserved in a state that is “untrammeled by man.” 57. Focus on pushing systems toward ”some historical state that is ecologically superior”. 58. What is the value/function of new assemblages? 59. Tightly linked to the Endangered Species Act. 60. Do “invasive species have positive effects?”

1

Exam 3 Ecology (Biology 310) Dr. McEwan This is a multiple-choice exam. Fill in the best answer on the bubble sheet as is customary. Remember, don’t freelance on terminology. Be precise, use only terms that you learned in the class.

- - - Good luck - - -

Ecosystem Ecology

Concerning the photosynthetic pathway on the right:

(a) true (b) false

(1) This pathway is found in cacti (2) This pathway is an adaptation so that the stomates can open at night – a chemical mechanism (3) Under what conditions would you expect this mode of photosynthesis to be successful? (a) wet conditions in a temperate zone (b) dry conditions, like a desert (4) What kind of organism would you expect to employ this mode of photosynthesis? (a) conifer (b) grass (c) deciduous tree

2

(5) All of the energy generated through photosynthesis in an ecosystem is: a) Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) b) Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) c) Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

(6) As discussed in class ______________ tend to have a belowground carbon allocation pattern. a) oaks b) maples (7) The nitrogen cycle differs substantially from the calcium cycle in that (a) trees require calcium to a greater degree (b) nitrogen is fixed from atmospheric sources via a symbiosis (c) calcium is substantially influenced by the activity of leguminous plants (d) none of these (8) In which location would you expect to find the highest productivity ecosystem? (a) wet, temperate, forest (b) tundra (c) desert (d) boreal forest

(9) Interpret the figure above that was discussed in class:

(a) across the growing season, nutrient availability peaks in summer (b) a productivity peak is linked with the coldest conditions during the year (c) nutrient availability seems to be linked with temperature, warm temperatures = maximum nutrients (d) productivity peaks in the spring and summer, associated with warm temperatures, and resulting in low nutrients (e) none of these

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(10) Which cycle is largely geological: (a) carbon (b) nitrogen (c) phosphorus

In this figure (above): (11) The y-axis on this figure says “aboveground” why?

(a) aboveground accounts for the only meaningful productivity in ecosystems (b) aboveground is the most accurate measure of total productivity (c) it is difficult to measure belowground productivity so it often goes unmeasured

(d) a & b (12) What is the nature of the relationship in the figure above?

(a) increased nitrogen mineralization means more nitrogen is available for plants, generally increasing productivity. (b) more nitrogen is mineralized, means that less nitrogen is available to plants, slowing productivity.

(c) neither of these (13) Nitrogen or Phosphorus are always the most important limiting nutrients in ecosystems

(a) true (b) false

(14) ___________ is the law we discussed in class regarding limiting nutrients which suggests that plants are limited not by the total nutrient pool available, but particularly by the important nutrient that is the most limited: (a) Ideal Nutrient Law (b) McArthur’s Limiting Nutrient Theorem (c) Liebig’s Law of the Minimum (d) none of these

5

(23) The negative sites on clay (or organic matter) within soil are called: (a) solicitos (b) colloids (c) collectants (d) nitrogenaceiophiles Fill in the empty (white) boxes in this generalized nitrogen cycle. Each box in the diagram has a number, that number is the question on the exam. The box below has your options

(a) Nitrification

(b) N03-

(c) NH4+

(d) Ammonification

(e) none of these

(26)

(24)

(25)

6

(27) Ten years from now you and your attractive and generally awesome mate buy a nice “rancher” in the burbs with a stream flowing through the back yard between you and your neighbor’s yard. While you are driving your children back and forth to swim practice and piano, Chemical Bill’s Greenlawn company is caring for your 3-inch tall grasse monoculture (aka “Lawn”). If you wanted to prevent nitrogen from entering the stream you would be especially worried about:

(a) phosphorus, because of its role in algal blooms (b) NO3: because its charge allows it to be tightly bound by soil exchange sites (c) NH4: because its charge allows it to flow past soil exchange sites (d) a & b (e) none of these

Global Change

28. The current global atmospheric concentration of CO2 is approximately ______ which is nearly double that of the previous 400,000 years.


29. Based on existing scientific evidence it is a near certainty that global temperature is increasing due to atmospheric CO2 increases associated with combustion of fossil fuels. a. true b. false 30. The Greenland Ice sheet is melting

a. true b. false

Global warming is likely to increase the temperature of tundra soils. As these soils warm, microorganisms will become more active, decomposing vast quantities of organic matter. As this occurs, CO2 will be increasingly _________ [(31) a. captured; b. released]. This process is very likely to ___________ [(32) a. diminish; b. accelerate] Global warming. 33. Throughout the history of the planet, there have been shifts in species distribution due to changing climate conditions. Currently, species distribution changes are: a. likely b. already happening c. not currently, and will never, happen

4

(15) About ____ % of the energy stored in one trophic level is passed onto the next level during consumption/assimilation.

a) 1% b) 5% c) 10% d) 25% e) 50%

(16) In forests or other plant dominated communities: sites of high nutrient availability are associated with: (a) high mineralization rates (b) low mineralization rates (c) high leaf nutrient concentrations (d) a & c (e) b & c (17) Soil are made up of components divided into these categories: (a) sand, organic matter, silt (b) sand, silt and clay (c) sand, clay and organic matter (d) dirt, mud, dust (18) Rank the soil types in terms of water holding capacity (a) silty clay > loam > sand (b) loam > silty clay > sand (c) sand > silty clay > loam Match the soil horizon with the characteristic: (19) Unconsolidated material from with the soil develops (20) Accumulated mineral particles (21) Topsoil (22) Organic Layer

(a) O layer

(b) A layer

(c) B layer

(d) C layer

(e) D layer

7

This is a figure from a paper that was coauthored by a UD undergraduate during her time at UD. She was once a student in BIO 310 just like you, but she came up after class and asked to get involved in my research. This is one figure of hers that was covered in class. The y-axis is the first date of the year that the species flowered and the x-axis is the year, so this shows change through time. Please answer the questions below. 34. This figure shows that all species in the Miami Valley respond strongly to climate warming. a. true b. false 35. In the figure steeper slopes of the lines means a stronger reaction to climate change. a. true b. false 36. Climate response mismatch is: a. the process where a species cannot properly respond to climate and is killed

b. a situation where symbiosis is disrupted because the two species respond differently to climate cues c. can occur when a pollinator responds to climate warming, while the plant responds to photoperiod cues

d. b & c

8

a. Natural enemies escape b. Novel weapons c. Petrificus totalus d. Invasional meltdown e. Empty niche

Invasive Species Concept matching 37. Species is freed from pests, pathogens or herbivores in the invaded range. 38. The invasive species takes advantage of space left available by the absence of native species 39. The invasive species is able to win in competition by using biochemical mechanisms 40. The most important threat to biodiversity is:

a. Invasive species b. Climate change c. Human-generated land development and habitat loss d. Sith lords

41. This image is an illustration of: a) landscape change associated with European settlement of North America b) the historical attitude, which still remains to some degree, that Wilderness is evil c) contrast between “old-growth forest” and an Ideal European Landscape d) civilizing the landscape by Europeans e) all of these

9


a. yes b. no

43. Which species of bird do you think would occur in the bottom patch, but NOT in the top:




45. For a moment, imagine that Ovenbirds could disperse readily into the patch on the top, but then the small populations would eventually die out. In a landscape matrix, that parcel would be considered a ____________ (a) source or b) sink.

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46. Here is a bit of google maps Earth images from space. I have zoomed in on the areas around Rowdy, Kentucky, which is deep Appalachia (and, indeed, rowdy…trust me on that). All the darker portions of the map are highly diverse deciduous forest. The grey portions are:

a. devastated landscape created by explosions b. stripmines c. areas of biodiversity catastrophe d. sites where most of the stream life has been extirpated by drainage from the mines e. all of these

47. The lights in this lecture hall are powered by electricity that almost certainly comes from:

a) Burning coal from the Appalachians, perhaps from Rowdy, Ky.

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a. Wilderness Preservation b. Conservation Biology c. Restoration Ecology d. Reconciliation Ecology e. none of these

48. By far, the group of organisms that are most threatened with extinction are: a. Large mammals such as tigers b. Plants such as orchids c. Mussels such as pearly mussel d. Reptiles such as Parker’s fence lizard

Management

The Endangered Species Act: (a) true, (b) false 49. Requires the creation of a recovery plan 50. Allocates money based on species that are most threatened 51. Does not apply on private property 52. Is behind the success of restoration for wolves in Canada

Natural Resource Management Concept Matching:

53. Human commerce is unstoppable, can we find some synergy with ecological systems? 54. Focus on large mammals, in particular, protecting what remains. 55. Bluebird box 56. Land must be preserved in a state that is “untrammeled by man.” 57. Focus on pushing systems toward ”reference conditions”. 58. John Muir 59. Focus on: watershed, wildlife, recreation and forestry 60. Tightly linked to the Endangered Species Act.

During the initial phases of leaf litter decomposition the __________ portion of the leaf remains relatively stable: a) proteins b) lignin c) cellulose d) hemicellulose e) these all decline rapidly Based on the Climate Time Machine (from the Jet Propulsion Lab at NASA) that I showed in class. If climate change increases dramatically, in the future if you wanted to tour the streets of Miami, Florida, you will need: a) bottled water and flip-flops for crossing a vast desert b) scuba gear for swimming underwater c) the same thing as you do now, bad slacks and mirrored Ray Bans ______ passes through soils readily because of its______ charge: a) NO3; negative b) NO3: positive c) NH4: negative d) NH4; positive e) none of these By the definition given in class, a nascent foci is: a) the initial reduction in native species due to an invasion b) the initial population in founder effect speciation c) the initial colloid in the nitrogen cycle d) the initial populations of a reintroduced species e) none of these During late spring and early summer the primary productivity in lake systems increases. This increase is associated with: a) an increase in energy (temperature & light) and an increase in nutrients b) an increase in energy (temperature & light) and a decrease in nutrients c) an decrease in energy (temperature & light) and an increase in nutrients d) an decrease in energy (temperature & light) and a decrease in nutrients e) none of these.

Documents

This is a multiple-choice exam. Fill in the best answer on ...academic.udayton.edu/RyanMcEwan/Courses/Ecology/ExamIII_Prep.pdf · The _____model of succession states that during succession,