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Third World Patterns
Presented by: Adeesha Hack
January 20,1999
Purpose of this Presentation
Democracy Inequality Economic growth Religious beliefs Political system
Exploring different theories
Theory #1
Economic growth is positively related to democracy
Category NLEAST DEV. (42)
DEVELOPING (75)
INDUSTRIAL (50)Missing Data ( 7)
ECON DEVEL -- LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (HDR, 1998)
Rising economic growth
Africa– CAF $4.9b; Nigeria $5.7b; Togo $14.6b; Egypt
$8b; Kenya $4b S. Asia
– India $47.4b; Bangladesh $10.8b Latin America
– Argentina $18.4b; Mexico $32.3b; Columbia $19.5b
Values N1 To 1 (30)2 To 3 (37)4 To 4 (21)5 To 6 (46)7 To 7 (37)
Missing Data ( 3)
DEMOCRACY -- EXTENT OF INDIVIDUAL POLITICAL FREEDOM: 7 = MOST DEMOCRATIC
Democracy in the South
Most democratic nations:– Belize, Trinidad & Tobago, Malta (7)– Argentina, Bangladesh, Botswana,
Panama, Venezuela (6) Least democratic nations:
– Somalia, Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Rwanda (1)
Is economic growth linked to democracy?Rating 1 (least democratic) to 7 (most democratic)
Bangladesh, Argentina (6) CAF, Columbia (5) India, Mexico (4) Egypt, Togo, Kenya (2) Nigeria (1)
Theory #2
Income inequality has an impact on democracy over time
That is, as a developing nation initially experiences economic growth, inequality rises and democracy becomes unstable
Measuring Income InequalityGINI index
What does the GINI index measure?- wealth gap- published annually in World Development Report (WB)
Is there a link between democracy, growth and inequality?
Taking a closer look (1999)
Most unequal nations:50-60%
Brazil
South Africa
Columbia
Panama
Zimbabwe
Chile
Honduras
Guatemala
Niger
Most equal nations:28-32%
Bangladesh
Rwanda
India
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
Egypt
Ghana
* Points of Reference: Canada 31.5%; Sweden 25%; USA 40%
Take note
Country GNP (b$)GNP
(capita)Democracy GINI
Niger 1.9 (1.1%) 190 (4.3%) 5 50.5%
India 421.3 (6%) 430 (4.2%) 4 29.7
Egypt 79.2 (5.1%) 1290 (3.3%) 2 32%
Ghana 122.9 (4.6%) 390 (1.9%) 3 32.7%
Brazil 758 (0%)4570
(-1.4%)6 60.1%
Canada 612.2 (6.1%)20,0020(5.1%)
7 31.5%
Theory #3
There are only 2 ways a nation’s economic growth can have a positive impact on democracy.
1) political culture (ie education)
2) social structure is altered
Education vs. Democacy
Country GNP (b$)GNP
(capita)Democracy GINI
Educat.Spending
Niger 1.9 (1.1%) 190 (4.3%) 5 50.5% 3.1%
India 421.3 (6%) 430 (4.2%) 4 29.7 3.4%
Egypt79.2
(5.1%)1290
(3.3%)2 32% 4.8%
Ghana122.9(4.6%)
390 (1.9%) 3 32.7% 3.1%
Brazil 758 (0%)4570
(-1.4%)6 60.1% 5.5%
Canada612.2(6.1%)
20,0020(5.1%)
7 31.5% 7.0%
Also...
CountryEducationSpending
Democracy
Nigeria 0.9% 1
Myanmar 1.2% 1
Madagascar 1.9% 6
Burkina Faso 1.5% 3
Theory #4
Religion plays a part in democratic development. Specifically, Islamic nations are adverse to democracy. (Huntington)
Islam and Democracy
7.0 (none)
6.0 Bangladesh
5.0 Algeria, Pakistan
4.0 Jordan, Comoros
3.0 Morocco, Iran
2.0 Maldives, Oman
1.0 Brunei, Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Mauritania
In conclusion
Lipset: relationship between democracy and economic development
Dahl: economic development and other factors increase democracy
Huntington: economic development and political leadership increase democracy
More theories
Theory #5
Economic growth does not necessarily improve living conditions.
A Look at Africa - HDI & GDP/capita
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Bots
wana
Gabon
Mauritiu
s
Nam
ibia
Seychelles
Sw
aziland
Botswana .652
Gabon .562
Mauritius .831
Namibia .570
Seychelles .845
Swaziland .582
Atlas $
Good society: wealthy, just, democratic, orderly, control of affairs
Backward society: poor, inequitable, repressive, violent & dependent
Theory #6
Compatibility. A society could and has to make progress towards all goals simultaneously. They are supportive of each other.
Locomotive Train Theory
Liberal: economic growth first
Marxist: equity first
Dependency: break chain of independence first
In Conclusion...
What does this all mean?