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Third Lateran Council (1179)The reign ofAlexander IIIwas one of the most laborious pontificates of theMiddle Ages. Then,as in 1139, the object was to repair the evils caused by the schismof anantipope. Shortly afterreturning to Rome (12 March, 1178) and receiving from its inhabitants theiroathof fidelity and

certain indispensable guarantees, Alexander had the satisfaction of receiving the submission ofthe antipopeCallistus III (John de Struma). The latter, besieged atViterboby Christian ofMainz,eventually yielded and, at Tusculum, made his submission to Pope Alexander (29 August, 1178),who received him with kindness and appointed him Governor ofBeneventum. Some of hisobstinate partisans sought to substitute a newantipope, and chose one Lando Sitino, under thename ofInnocent III. For lack of support he soon gave up the struggle and was relegated to themonastery of La Cava. In September, 1178, thepope in agreement with an article of the Peace ofVenice, convoked an ecumenical council at the Lateran forLent of the following year and, withthat object, sent legates to different countries. This was the eleventh of the ecumenical councils.It met in March, 1179. Thepope presided, seated upon an elevated throne, surrounded by thecardinals, and by the prefects, senators, and consuls ofRome. The gathering numbered three

hundred and twobishops, among them several Latinprelates of Easternsees. There were in allnearly one thousand members. Nectarius,abbotof the Cabules, represented the Greeks. The Eastwas represented by ArchbishopsWilliam of Tyre and Heraclius of Caesarea, Prior Peter of theHoly Sepulchre, and the Bishop ofBethlehem. Spainsent nineteenbishops; Ireland, six;Scotland, only one- England, seven; France, fifty nine;Germany, seventeen-DenmarkandHungary, one each. Thebishops ofIreland had at their head St. Laurence, Archbishop ofDublin.Thepopeconsecrated, in the presence of the council, twoEnglishbishops, and two Scottish, oneof whom had come to Romewith only one horse the other on foot. There was also present anIcelandicbishop who had no other revenue than the milk of three cows, and when one of thesewent dry hisdiocese furnished him with another.

Besides exterminating the remains of the schism the council undertook the condemnation of theWaldensianheresy and the restoration ofecclesiastical discipline, which had been much relaxed.Three sessions were held, on 5, 14, and 19 March, in which twenty-seven canons werepromulgated, the most important of which may be summarized as follows:

Canon 1: To prevent schisms in future, only the cardinals should have theright to electthepope, and two-thirds of their votes should be required for the validity of such election.If any candidate, after securing only one-third of the votes, should arrogate to himself thepapal dignity, both he and his partisans should be excluded from the ecclesiastical orderandexcommunicated.

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Canon 2: Annulment of the ordinations performed by the heresiarchs Octavian and GuyofCrema, as well as those by John de Struma. Those who have received ecclesiasticaldignities orbenefices from thesepersonsare deprived of the same; those who have freelysworn to adhere to the schism are declared suspended.

Canon 3: It is forbidden to promote anyone to the episcopate before the age of thirty.

Deaneries, archdeaconries,parochial charges, and otherbenefices involving the care ofsouls shall not be conferred upon anyone less than twenty-five years of age.

Canon 4 regulates the retinue of members of the higherclergy, whose canonical visitswere frequently ruinous to the ruralpriests. Thenceforward the train of an archbishop isnot to include more than forty or fifty horses; that of abishop, not more than twenty orthirty; that of an archdeacon, five or seven at the most the dean is to have two.

Canon 5 forbids the ordination ofclerics not provided with an ecclesiastical title, i.e.means of proper support. If abishopordains apriest or a deacon without assigning him acertain title on which he can subsist, thebishop shall provide such cleric with means oflivelihood until he can assure him anecclesiastical revenue that is, if the cleric cannotsubsist on his patrimony alone.

Canon 6 regulates the formalities ofecclesiastical sentences.

Canon 7 forbids the exaction of a sum of money for the burial of the dead, the marriagebenediction, and, in general, for the administration of thesacraments.

Canon 8: The patrons ofbenefices shall nominate to suchbenefices within six monthsafter the occurrence of a vacancy.

Canon 9 recalls the military orders of the Templars and the Hospitallers to theobservation of canonical regulations, from which the churches dependent on them are inno wise exempt.

Canon 11 forbidsclerics to receivewomen in their houses, or to frequent, withoutnecessity, the monasteries ofnuns.

Canon 14 forbidslaymen to transfer to otherlaymen thetithes which they possess, underpain of being debarred from the communion of the faithful and deprived ofChristianburial.

Canon 18 provides for the establishment in every cathedral church of a school for poorclerics.

Canon 19: Excommunication aimed at those who levy contributions on churches andchurchmenwithout the consent of thebishop and clergy.

Canon 20 forbids tournaments.

Canon 21 relates to the "Truce of God".

Canon 23 relates to the organization of asylums forlepers.

Canon 24 consists of a prohibition against furnishing the Saracens with material for theconstruction of their galleys.

Canon 27 enjoins on princes the repression ofheresy.

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About this pageAPA citation. Leclercq, H. (1910). Third Lateran Council (1179). In The Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved August 26, 2010 from New Advent:http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09017b.htm

MLA citation. Leclercq, Henri. "Third Lateran Council (1179)." The Catholic Encyclopedia.Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 26 Aug. 2010.

Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Tomas Hancil.

Ecclesiastical approbation.Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, Censor.Imprimatur.+John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.

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